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To Download the PDF File INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MILITARY CULTURE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION: A CASE STUDY OF THE RWANDAN DEFENCE FORCES by Robin Camken A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Political Science Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Copyright © 2005 Robin Camken All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Library and Bibliotheque et Archives Canada Archives Canada 1*1 0-494-06756-X Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: Our file Notre reterence ISBN: N O TIC E: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n’y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. i + a Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT When the army was formed in 1960, military culture in Rwanda was corrupted by colonial policy, ethnic bias, and elitism. Under the First and Second Republics, the military was moulded on an ideology of regionalism, racism, and hostility towards the Tutsi population. After the Genocide in 1994, the Rwandan government introduced a deliberate program to create a new national army by promoting an inclusive ideology, advancing professionalism, and improving civil-military relations. The goal was to make the military an institution that decreased ethnic tensions and built public confidence. This study examined the evolution of military culture in the Rwandan army from the colonial period to the present. The research found that military culture can be changed to reduce conflict, increase security, and contribute to conflict resolution. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................ ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS........................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF APPENDICES................................................................................................... vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................... viii GLOSSARY............................................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 1 The Study of Militaries in Africa ................................. 2 Conflict and Conflict Resolution .................................. 4 Military Culture .............................................................. 7 Gaps in the Literature .................................................... 9 Research Questions ....................................................... 10 Hypotheses...................................................................... 10 Why Rwanda as a Case Study? .................................... 11 Methodology................................................................... 13 Chapter Overview........................................................... 15 1. THE RWANDAN ARMY DURING THE PRE-COLONIAL AND 21 COLONIAL PERIODS Ethnic History.................................................................. 22 Formation of the State .................................................... 23 Pre-colonial Rwandan Army ......................................... 24 Military Culture in the Pre-colonial Army .................. 29 Colonial Influence on Ethnic Identity .......................... 29 Rwandan Army in the Colonial Period ......................... 33 The 1959 Rwandan Revolution ..................................... 37 Summary........................................................................... 43 2. FORCES ARMEES RWANDAISES (FAR) - THE RWANDAN ARMY 49 FROM INDEPENDENCE TO GENOCIDE Politics Under the Transition to Independence 49 The First Republic ........................................................... 50 Garde Terriotiale - Garde Nationale du Rwanda 51 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Tutsi Rebel Attacks ........................................................ 52 The 1973 Coup ............................................................... 54 Second Republic ............................................................. 57 Forces Armees Rwandaises ........................................... 59 1990 Civil War Begins................................................... 60 Rapid Expansion of FAR 1990-1993 ........................... 62 The Interahamwe Militia ................................................ 63 1993 RPF Offensive ....................................................... 63 Significance of the Arusha Accord ............................... 65 1994 Genocide Begins .................................................... 66 FAR Resistance to the Genocide ................................... 67 FAR Retreat..................................................................... 68 Rwandan Hutu Insurgency ............................................ 69 FDLR Ideology............................................................... 72 Conclusions ...................................................................... 73 3. THE RWANDAN PATRIOTIC ARMY 80 Seeds of the Refugee Revolution .................................. 80 From the Rwandan Alliance for National Unity to the Rwandan Patriotic Front ................................................ 82 Ideology and Code of Conduct ...................................... 83 Personnel Profile ............................................................. 84 Tactics and Strategy........................................................ 85 Civil-Military Relations.................................................. 89 Conclusions ...................................................................... 93 4. THE RWANDA DEFENCE FORCES 97 Integration of Forces Process ......................................... 99 Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration 103 Paying the Troops........................................................... 108 Reorganisation of Security Forces ................................ 110 Local Defence Forces ..................................................... I l l Professionalization .......................................................... I l l Taking the Military Out of Politics..............................
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