OFPRA, Rapport De Mission Au Sri Lanka Du 13 Au 27 Mars 2011

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OFPRA, Rapport De Mission Au Sri Lanka Du 13 Au 27 Mars 2011 OFFICE FRANÇAIS DE PROTECTION DES REFUGIES ET APATRIDES Rapport de mission en République démocratique et socialiste de Sri Lanka 13 au 27 mars 2011 Mission organisée par l’Offi ce français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides (OFPRA) PUBLICATION SEPTEMBRE 2011 Rapport de mission à Sri Lanka - mars 2011 Rapport de la mission de l’Offi ce français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides (OFPRA) en République démocratique et socialiste de Sri Lanka du 13 au 27 mars 2011 Publication : septembre 2011 Cette mission a reçu le soutien fi nancier du Fonds européen pour les réfugiés (FER) OFPRA 201 rue Carnot 94136 Fontenay- sous-bois cedex FRANCE http://www.ofpra.gouv.fr Photographie de couverture : Grand-rue de Mullaitivu OFPRA 2 Rapport de mission à Sri Lanka - mars 2011 Introduction Le confl it entre les autorités sri-lankaises et l’organisation des Tigres libérateurs de l’Eelam tamoul (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, LTTE) s’est achevé en mai 2009. Après cette date, les demandes de protection internationale de ressortissants sri-lankais en France, devenu le premier pays de des- tination, se sont pourtant maintenues à un niveau très élevé, peu éloigné de la moyenne d’environ 3 500 demandes par an pour la période 2006-2010. L’OFPRA a traité ces demandes en continu. En 2010, le nombre de décisions prises par l’OFPRA, soit près de 2 900, a presque atteint le niveau des demandes (voir cartes infra). Le taux d’accord a été d’un cinquième des décisions prises en 2010 (24% en 2009), alors qu’il atteignait près du tiers des demandes dans les années antérieures à 2008, date de la précédente mission de l’OFPRA à Sri Lanka. Le niveau général de protection est resté relativement élevé, en raison d’une différence d’approche dans le traitement de cette de- mande entre l’OFPRA et la Cour nationale du droit d’asile (CNDA). Ces statistiques pourraient laisser penser que la situation de la minorité tamoule à Sri Lanka resterait extrêmement problématique, comme l’invoque la mouvance des LTTE dans les pays occidentaux. Face à ce paradoxe, Jean-François CORDET, Directeur général de l’OFPRA, a décidé de diligenter une mission à Sri Lanka pour évaluer la situation sécuritaire dans la province septentrionale de ce pays, d’où proviennent la très grande majorité des demandeurs. En effet, les informations fi ables sur cette région restent rares. Depuis la fi n de la guerre, seule une mission de recueil d’informations de l’ho- mologue suisse de l’OFPRA, l’Offi ce fédéral des migrations, avait pu se rendre dans la province Nord pour une période très limitée, du 13 au 15 septembre 2010. L’accès à cette province était, à cette époque, extrêmement diffi cile voire impossible, pour les journalistes, les touristes étrangers et la plupart des ONG, internationales et sri-lankaises. Les institutions onusiennes n’y ont qu’une marge de manœuvre restreinte. Dans ce contexte, envoyer une mission offi cielle française à caractère scientifi que sur un tel terrain apparaissait comme une gageure. En outre, la polémique internationale portant sur les atrocités de la guerre a tendu les rapports entre l’ONU et le gouvernement sri-lankais. A cet égard, la mission n’avait pas à enquêter sur cette question qui n’est pas du ressort de l’OFPRA, mais sur les conséquences de la guerre et la situation actuelle de la population du Nord, en particulier celle des déplacés. Les objectifs de la mission ont été défi nis de manière précise dans ses « termes de référence » : « recueillir des informations sur la situation sécuritaire dans le pays et en particulier dans la province Nord ; évaluer les conditions de réinstallation des personnes déplacées dans la province Nord ; informations sur les conditions d’in- ternement des personnes soupçonnées d’être des combattants des LTTE ; évaluation de la situation de la population tamoule (droits, libertés de circulation et d’installation, contrôles de l’hébergement à Colombo, conséquences des liens avec la diaspora, etc.) ; appréciation de l’état des relations entre les diverses communautés ethniques et religieuses dans le Nord ; dresser le spectre de la représentation politique actuelle des Tamouls du Nord ; informations sur le système et la procédure judiciaires dont achat d’ouvrages juridiques ». Le gouvernement sri-lankais a donné l’autorisation exceptionnelle à la mission d’enquêter dans la province Nord et à Colombo. Il lui a permis d’accéder au camp de personnes déplacées de Menik Farm, à un Prospective and Accomodation Rehabilitation Centre (PARC), qui est un centre de for- mation professionnelle où sont détenus les anciens combattants des LTTE, et à un ancien centre de détention qui était tenu par l’organisation des LTTE. Il l’a autorisée à circuler partout dans la pro- vince Nord, y compris dans la zone interdite aux civils de l’arrière-pays du district de Mullaitivu. Il a demandé aux autorités civiles et militaires de recevoir la mission et de répondre à ses questions, notamment dans l’aéroport international de Colombo et au camp militaire de Palali. Enfi n, il n’a émis aucune objection sur son programme, lui permettant tacitement de rencontrer des interlocuteurs notoirement opposés à sa politique. La mission s’est rendue à Sri Lanka du 13 au 27 mars 2001. Elle a séjourné à Colombo du 13 au 19 mars, puis a rejoint dans la province Nord du 19 au 26 mars. Pendant cette seconde semaine du séjour, la mission a effectué 1 500 kilomètres sur les routes et les pistes du pays. Elle a pu visi- ter la péninsule de Jaffna et ses îles, l’est du Vanni, de Kilinochchi à Mullaitivu, puis de Mullaitivu à Mankulam, le nord-ouest du Vanni, de Kilinochchi à Pooneryn, le sud-ouest du Vanni, de Vavuniya à Madhu, et de Madhu à Mannar via la forêt et le littoral, et enfi n la côte occidentale de Mannar à OFPRA 3 Rapport de mission à Sri Lanka - mars 2011 Puttalam, en passant par le parc national de Wilpattu (voir carte infra). Au cours de ces trajets, la mission a pu interroger des personnes qui n’avaient pas été inscrites dans le programme et qui n’ont pas de notoriété particulière. Ces personnes ont livré des témoignages spontanés éclairants, qui fi gurent dans le présent rapport. La quasi-totalité des éléments versés dans ce rapport proviennent des interlocuteurs de la mission et des témoins que celle-ci a rencontrés (voir liste des organisations rencontrées et bibliographie à la fi n du rapport). La mission n’a pas rencontré de diffi culté à s’entretenir avec les interlocuteurs choisis, mais a noté la réticence de la plupart des acteurs à se faire identifi er dans le rapport. Le contexte national et surtout celui de la province Nord, notamment la méfi ance à l’égard des institutions étrangères, rappellent que la résolution de la crise humanitaire est d’abord perçue par les autorités comme une question de sécurité. La perception sécuritaire de la réinstallation des personnes déplacées et de la réinsertion des séparatistes peut s’expliquer par la crainte d’une résurgence de la guérilla des LTTE, qui s’était profondément enracinée dans la province Nord depuis deux décennies. En effet, le renvoi massif dans leurs lieux d’origine de toutes ces personnes, parmi lesquelles se trouvait une dizaine de milliers d’anciens combattants des LTTE, pourrait constituer un milieu favorable à la reconstitu- tion d’une guérilla tamoule, dans un contexte où se posent des problèmes matériels incontournables et essentiels, propices à la contestation. Enfi n, le retour de personnes déplacées de longue date, notamment les musulmans et les Singhalais chassés de la province Nord par les LTTE, présente le risque de l’apparition de confl its localisés entre les différents groupes se disputant les terrains dis- ponibles. Dans ce contexte, la réinstallation massive de personnes déplacées et la réinsertion des séparatis- tes se déroule à un rythme rapide, sous le contrôle pesant et omniprésent de l’armée. Cependant, le processus de réconciliation reste problématique du fait d’une représentation politique tamoule divisée et de fractures culturelles au sein de la société de la province Nord. * * * Drapeau et emblème de la province Nord de Sri Lanka OFPRA 4 Rapport de mission à Sri Lanka - mars 2011 Remerciements : La mission souhaite remercier pour l’excellente organisation de ce séjour, l’appui logistique, la par- faite collaboration et la qualité de l’accueil réservé aux missionnaires, son excellence Mme Christine ROBICHON, Ambassadrice de France à Sri Lanka, ainsi que l’ensemble des agents de l’ambassade de France qui ont prêté leur concours à la réalisation de cette mission, en particulier Hugues CAPET, premier conseiller, René DAHER, vice-consul, Constance THIESEN, chargée de mission « coopéra- tion, humanitaire et développement », Serge POPOFF, attaché de sécurité intérieure, Sanat et Tony, chauffeurs. La mission est aussi reconnaissante pour son assistance constante à Jude, interprète. Elaboration du rapport : Ce rapport a été rédigé et illustré par l’équipe de la mission : Fabrice MIGNOT (chef de la mission, chef de section à la Division de l’information, de la documentation et des recherches, DIDR), Emma- nuelle CHARRIERE (offi cier de protection à la Division Asie) et Céline SEYER (offi cier de protection à la Division des affaires juridiques, DAJ). Toutes les photographies présentées ont été prises par ces trois agents de l’OFPRA au cours de la mission. La cartographie et le maquettage ont été réalisés par Fabrice MIGNOT. Avertissement : Pour des raisons impératives de sécurité, les noms d’une grande partie des interlocuteurs, voire ceux des organisations, ne sont pas mentionnés dans ce rapport.
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