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Lim-1991-1-G.-Zabiela.-Kur-Stovejo-Vorutos-Pilis-P.-5-22.Pdf INSTITUTE OF LITHUANIAN HISTORY i , 2 |99t`i'1,r *' VILNIUS 1993 INSTITUT FUR GESCHICHTE LITAUENS JAHRBUCH FUR LITAUISCHE GESCHICHTE 1991 VIINIUS 1993 HHCTHTyT HCTOPHIl jlHTBbl roAH AHTBblr roA iggi BELitbHroc, H3AATEiifecTro HAyKH H 3FI|ItKAOHErARIra, 1993 LIETUVOS ISTORIJOS INSTITUTAS LIETU OS ISTORIJOS METRA§TIS 1991 METAI ® VILNIUS, MOKSLO IR ENCIKLOPEDIJU LEIDYKLA, 1993 UDK 947.45 LI- 237 Redakcine kolegija: r Vytautas Merkys (vyr. redaKt.{ *~?+t±, AlforLsas Eidintas, Eu- . Rita Strazddnaite tsekretore), genijus IJovai§a, Vacys Miliu;, Adolfas Tautavi€ius, Irena V%l,apn*q, Regina ?€ngai!6 {r::]rr`, redaktoriaus pavaduoto]a} d+ 2 `` ,I i _` - td* 26cO Viifeius,kedrkcii®s T. Kasciu3kos`adtie;as{:.i 30` ,,f 151eist.a pagal Lretuvos` istori]os }ngjtituto uzsakyma i\ © Lietuvos istorijos institutas, 1993 ISS.\T 0202~3342 LIETUVOS ISTORIJOS METRASTIS. 1991 METAI. Vilnius, 1993 The Yea!.--Book of Lithuanian History. 1991. Vilnius, 1993 STRAIPSNIAI ER PR`A.T`TE§IMAI GINTAUTAS Z A 8 I E I A KUR STOVEJ0 VORUTOS PILES? Pirmieji Lietuvos vietoviu paminejimai ra§ytiniuose 3altiniuose pasieke mus labai neai3ktis. Zingmas pavadinimas, viena kita ap- linkybe, bendras istorinis kontekstas. Kad tokia ¥ietove nusileistu apt konkretaus Zemes lopinelio, reikia padeti daug paLstangt!. Ne visuomet paie§kos pakrypsta norima linkme arba duoda gerq re- • zultatu. Tokies yra Mindaugo pilies `Vorutos meginimu lokalizuoti •i§davos. Lietuvos istorikai apie ` Voruta suzinojo i§ paskelbto Hipatijaus me.tra§€io I. Iki tol §`is vardas buvo finomas tik Rusijos istorikams, besinaudojantiems §io metra§€i'o nuora§ais ar kitais metra3€iais, vie- naip ar kitaip susijusiais .§u Hipatijaus metra6eiu 2. Pirmasis Lietu- vos istorikas, minintfis Vorutos vardq, yra T. Narbutas 3. 'Jis remiasi Bychovco kroriika, kuri pasak6jima apie XIII a. vidurio ivykius Lietuvoje paeme is to rities Hipatijaus metra§eio 4. VorutQ nrini ir S. Daukaritas, tiesa, kie'k savai`p interpretuodamas metra§€io Zinias ir pili vadindamas Vrute 5. Nuo to qaiko §i Hipat-i].aus metra§€io Zinia apie Voruta nei§eina i§ .istoriku, ra§ap€iu apie XIII a., aki- ra€io G. •o H¥;g:iTgisxixetf;§tL;;:u¥:Jieurnoedbyi¥,0 kvj: t:¥etshr¥]a:s±[P¥ti:i: %rr:tt%' ®, pradeta tapatinti su !vaiiiomis vietoveapis. `Nuo pirint|ju meginimu !pkalizuoti (Cia pirmenybe i,rgi priklauso T. Narbutui 7) iki §it| dienu .},I nustatyta `maziausiai 13 dabartines Lietuvos ir Baltarusijos vie- tt} (1 pav.). Kaip matyti' i§ vietoviu i§sidestymo, -Vorutos ie§kota gana dideleje teritorijoje. KieKvienas i§ megini'mu lokaLlizuoti re- mesi vienais ar kitais arghinentais, i kuriuos btitina atsizvelgti ai§- kinantis Voruto: vieta. Ta€iau I.u neimanoma gailutinai suprasti be svarbiausio ir vienihtelio §altinio, bylojan€io apie V6r.uta, -Hipa- tijaus metra5€io -Zinutes. Vorutos lokalizacijai I.i reik§minga vi- sais atfvilgiais, todel duodame visa jos vertimQ. „0 Tautvilas atbego i `ZemaitijQ pas !sa'vo dede Vykint3, pasitelke jotvingius ir femai€ius ir Danieliu i pagalba,/ kuriQ anks€iau jam Danilas buvo daves, Zygiavo prie.§ MindaugQ. MindaLugas pasirenge ir. nusprende ne!siifeauti ,ou ju pulku, !Zenge i pil±, vardu Voruta, ir nakti i§siunt-e savo tsvainj, ir i§vaike ir rusus, ir jotvingius. 0 rytQ 5 1 pav. Vorutes lckalizavimo vietes: I - konkre€ios vietoves: 1 - Berzgainiai (P. Tarasenka), 2 - Buteikiai (K. Zebrys). 3 ~ Gorodl`§Ce (T. Narbu- taLs), . - Kernave (F. Paps). ,5 ~' Kareli€iai (in. Jar.molovicius). \6 - Li§kiava {J. To- toraitis). 7 - Roeisk6 (L. K§ivickis), 8 - Seimyni§keliai (E. Voltel.is), 9 - t}turial (V. Keneinskis).10 -Varnenai {J. Latkovskis), " -Vilnius (R. Battira); 11 ~.'r.egionai: 12 -DaugaLi-Varena (H. Lovmianskis},13` -twtedvegalis--Varniai (K. A. SteponaLitis) J. i§jojo vokie€iai su aJrbaletais, ir uZpuole juos rustai. Su polovcais, ginkluoti lankais, o jotvingiai -svaidomosiomis ietimis, ir vaikesi po laukq tarsi Zaisdami, o i§ ten gr±Zo i Zemaiti-ja" 8. Dabartineje i,storiografijoje yra isigalejes `¥iek,i krioks ivykiu prie Vorutos aprasymas, kilQs i§` 6-ajame de§imtmetyje i 1i,etuvlu kalba verstos HipaLtijaus inetra§€io istraukos 9. Cia, matyt, .ideolo- giniais ,sumetimais praleistas sakinys aLpie vokie6iu daLlyvavlng Su- siremimuose prie Vorutos Mindaugo puseje t°, klaidingai i§versta apie Mindaugo ,svainio nakties i3puolio padarinius [t. 'Kaip matyti i§ cituoto ivykiti apra§ymo, Vorutos vieta geografi§kai neapibrezta. 1§ teksto tera ai3ku, kad• tai ne Zemaitija, . nest .v VorutQ , , apgulusi ka- ;I:£3Fde=a!a':±tbo:n±ai;ut±Jk°Sz:¥g:!±j:tj:j°v;rrugtr±Z°±et§kzoe]%a}€.`u±:2icr£:®, k+Ssk3LPTu:dinrigt±tjao3Euu]j::'£:,e::n{£f±4Rma.sengiFuds:ufeptyfe;E[;u{:°re¥:#4:®, Pagal V. Ken6inskio logikQ §ios Zem6s turejo btlti ,dovanotos netoli nuo vyskupijos rezidencijos, kartu ir nuo katedros, o §i galejo st8- veti tik ten, kur rezidavo Mindaugas, t., y. sostineje, tapaLtinamo]e su Voruta`. Tokia `sostine minetame regione pagal §ioki toki kalbini Pana5una i Vorutq tapo t}turiai (`sukeitus priebalsius „t" ir „r") 15. V. Ken€inskio istoliniu tyrimu i3vadomis pasek?s L. K5ivickis Vo- ® ® ±rt¥|i£¥tea%]np:]}:E:±ins±:§:ankRrgi&gukaaTE[:P6¥£EzP±:`;5akvaa[Eftuo:(Lfb[±,%ufra)I nuo jo prasideda Vereduvos kaimas, kurio pqvadinimas. kiek pri- mend Voruta I?. Tai L. K§ivickiui tapo papildopru pagrindu speti, jog Voruta grei€iausiai bus buvusi Roei§kes piliakalnyje 18. 6 Sis pavyzdys plaeiau pateiktas kaip daugeliui tyrinetoju bGdin- gas vietos nustatymo kelias. 1§ pimo Zvilgsnio vickas gama logi§ka, :ffi::,k::3]€:ru¥:ne#+;sn¥tz:i:##o]¥{±eT§gLaes:¥#d:n3:teLsk¥±: 2avino klaida -Vorutes tapatinimas su .Mindaugo rezidencijos vie- ta ar-met su `Lietuvos sostine. 'Kaip matyti i§ cituotos Hipatijaus metra§€io vietos, Cia nieko nekalbama nei apie rezidenci'jos vieta, nei tuo labiau apie §osting. , Voruta Cia-tiesiog Mindaugo pilis ir ne daugiau. Kiek Mindaugas tuiejo tokiu pfliu, nezinoma. Sosti- nds klausimas apskritai dirbtinai sukurtas. Ankstyvosios Europos feodalines .vaistybes (kaip tik tokia ir buvo Mindaugo Lietuva) , nuo- latinds sostinds neturejo. Tai irode Oar R. Va,rakauskas L9, ir papil- domai §iuo klausimu diskutuoti, pasitelkiant nauju pavyzdzit!, ne- tikslingao Dar viena istoriku klaida susijusi su paeiu Zodziu „Vo- ruta"o Hipatijaus metrdstiis` ai§kiai a mini, jog pilis buvo „vardu Voruta"a Tai ne bendrinis+ daiktavardis, kaip tvirtina kai kurie istorikai 20. Sito tiesiogiai neteigia-, ir' K,: BG.ga 2t, nors kaip tik juo paprastai. remiamasi ?i§kinant Z®di. `K. Btiga ,hagrineja Zodfici „VO- ruta6fl kiLme, ir Sis ai§kinimas (§aknis „vor" rei§kia `„tvirtove") vi- si§kai 9ti'kinamas.. Taeiau pagal tai Voruta laikyti bendriniu daikta- vardzi,u 22 yra tas pats, Has .teigti, jog kaimas, vardu „Piliakalris" 23, yra papraseiausiai, supiltas kainas, ir tiek. .Beje, F. .`Pape .Zodi „Vo`- ruta" tiesiog isvert6 i „vartai" 24., kas papildemu komentarLi nerei- kalauja. Kiti peginimai pagaLl §akni „var" ie§koti pana§iu vieto- vardziL! dar maziau vyke. J. Latkovskis tiesiog pagal ,pirmQji Zodfio skiemeni, pla€iau nepagr±sdamas, Voruta isieja su Varnenais (Vor- <nianais) 25. Vietovardzit!, prasidedan€iu „var", yra daugiau kaip 5imtas26, ir vien tai rodo tckit| >meginimu nu§tatyti vietQ` nesek- mingumQ. , `.+ Atskiraa problema, ,susijusi su Vorutos` `vardu, yra skirtingas uZ- ra§ymas fvairiuose ffipatijaus metra36io nuora§uose. Seniausiame, apie 1425 in. datuojamame, nuora§e 27 i§laikytai originali ra§yba. Velesniuose, lchlebnikovo '(XVI a.} ir Pogodino -(XVII a. pradzia), nuora5uose 28 vietoj „o" atsiranda „er", ir Zodis tampa Vruta29. Matyt, '8ai perra§inetoju ivestas pakeitima:, salygotas to laiko ra- 5ybes normu. Zodziai, prasidedantys. „Vr", lietuviu kalbai nebti- dingi,9 uztat aptinkami slavu kalbose. Perra§inetoju padarytu pa- keitimun ar klaida3° reikctu laikyti Bychovco kronikoje minima wBorutQ" 31. , i AF.skipdi reikia aptarti dvi Vorufos lo`kalizavimo tendencijas, ku- riu pirmoji kyla i§, bendros XIII a. vidurio istorines situacijosr antr®ji-i§ aitsk`iru piliakalniu stlkelto ispiidzio. Pirmosios tenden- cijas §alininkai dalijasi i dvi grupes. Vieni istorikai Mindaugo veikl©s ¢entru.`ar sostine laiko Naugarduka, kiti -Mindaugo do- men© i©,€ko dabartineje piett| Lietuvoje. Pirmosios istorikng grupes argum©ntus gama pla€iai analizavo R. Batdra 32, ir Cia plaeiau sustoti galima nebent tik ties pa§ktitiriiai,s M. tJermblovi€iaus darbais. Tis irodineja, jog Lietuva buvusi dabartineje Baltarusijo§ teritorijoje 33; €iat ie§k®. fir Vor`utos. Remdamasis V. Pafuta,` M. Jerinoldvieius tei- `7 gia, kad Naugarduko. metra§tininkas galej.o para§`yti, jog Minda`ug.as ±e'jo i pi.li, i Ruta, ir tikl velesnis peira§inetojas, nesuprat€s `teksto, pakeite i VorutQ34.,^Pagal tai Vorutos ie§koma prie Rutos upelio ir spejama, kad ji Bali bdti dab'artiniq Karelieiu vietoje, kur, M. Tka- €iovo duomenimis,. esap piliakainis 35.I V.isa §i teorija, pradedant labai abejotina i§eities pozicija (Lietuvos centre. ie§kojimas palei Naugar-- duke), remiasi spejimais (V. Pa§u.t-os `prielaid.ai del metra§eio ra5ymo vienuolyne ta,r'p Na-ugarduko ir Lietuvos pr`ie Nemuno) ar apsk,ritai nepaai§kintais , dallykais (Kareli€iai, 5iuo pavadiniinu finomi nuo XIV a„ yra prie Serve€iaus upes, ir` Cia piliak'alnis <neminimas 36)t. Kol kas rimt.a i..a laikyti neverta. Istorikai, ! Vorutas ie§kaintys Mindaugo -domene €arba, Lietuvoje siauraja prasme, savo Zvilgsnius kreipia2 daugiau i Pietu LietuvQ, kur jie l`okalizuoja §i dcinena. Tokiam paie§ku regiono apitrezimui Hipatijaus. inetra§tis. pagrindo neduoda. H. Lovmianskis Vorutos ie5tko Daugu apylinkese, kur XVI a.. minimi bajorai i§ Pavareio§r teka Varen€le, t stovi Varena 37. Kdnkre€ios jos vietos 'jis nenurodo. H. Pa§kevieius, `smulkiau nenagrinedamas §ios problemos, sek.a No Ka- Tamzinu `ir Mindaugo sostinds .ie§ko ,.Kernaveje 38. E. Gudavieius laikosi H. Lovmianskib nuostatos, kad Voruta „ie5kotina §iu diehu pietiy€iu Lietuvoje buvusfoje Lietuvos, iemeje"9. 1248-1252 in. vidaus karQ vairduojaneiame Zemelapyje Tautviilas 'i Vorute ky- giuoja kazkur prie.+Merkio 4P. <Taeiau dabartinis Varenos rajonas ¥ana. neturt`ingas velyvuju\ archeologijos pam'inklu; prasti dirvo- Zemiai ` (smelynai) ~ver€ia abejoti, ei`a buvus .Lietuvos siaurQja prasme ceht`rQ. a. {spdding.ri piliakalniu paveiktas J.
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