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STRAIPSNIAI KUR BUVO LIETUVOS ЮEMЛ? Tomas Baranauskas

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STRAIPSNIAI KUR BUVO LIETUVOS ЮEMЛ? Tomas Baranauskas Kur buvo Lietuvos þemë? STRAIPSNIAI KUR BUVO LIETUVOS ÞEMË? Tomas Baranauskas Lietuvos istorijos institutas, Kraþiø g. 5, LT-2001 Vilnius ÁVADAS XIII a. ðaltiniai paliko labai nedaug duomenø apie to meto Lietuvos valstybës politinæ administracinæ struktûrà, kurioje dar tebebuvo iðlaikytos ankstesnio lai- kotarpio þemiø ribos. Ypaè svarbu nustatyti pirminës Lietuvos þemës teritorijà, kurioje prasidëjo Lietuvos istorija ir kuri buvo XIII a. Lietuvos valstybës bran- duolys. Pirmasis á Lietuvos þemës siauràja prasme egzistavimà atkreipë dëmesá ir jos ribas apibrëþti pabandë Henrykas Ùowmiañskis1. Jo iðvadomis daþniausiai remia- masi iki ðiol, nors konkreti Lietuvos þemës lokalizacija jo studijoje buvo menkai argumentuota. H. Ùowmiañskis panaudojo ne visus ðià problemà spræsti pade- danèius raðytinius ðaltinius, negalëjo atsiþvelgti ir á tuo metu dar menkai iðtirtus archeologinius duomenis. Sprendþiant Lietuvos þemës ribø problemà iki ðiol ne- panaudoti dialektologijos duomenys, o jie ðiuo atveju gali bûti naudingi. XIII a. ðaltiniuose fiksuojami asmenvardþiai atspindi tarmines ypatybes, kurios gali padë- ti lokalizuoti þmones, per kuriuos ðie vardai pateko á metraðèius. Ðio straipsnio tikslas panaudojant naujus ðaltinius perþiûrëti Lietuvos þemës siauràja prasme lokalizacijos problemà. HENRYKO ÙOWMIAÑSKIO LIETUVOS ÞEMËS LOKALIZACIJA IR JOS KRITIKA Sunku suskaièiuoti, kiek kartø Lietuvos þemë siauràja prasme paminëta raðyti- niuose ðaltiniuose, nes ne visada galima atskirti, kur apie Lietuvos þemæ kalbama siauràja, o kur plaèiàja prasme. H. Ùowmiañskis atkreipë dëmesá á du akivaiz- dþiausius Lietuvos þemës siauràja prasme paminëjimus: ISSN 0235716X. Lituanistica. 2002. Nr. 2(50) 3 Tomas Baranauskas 1. Eiluotoje Livonijos kronikoje apraðytas 1250 m. Livonijos kryþiuoèiø þygis per Nalðià á Lietuvà (durch Nalsen kein Littowen), kurioje buvo apgulta neávar- dyta Mindaugo pilis (der kunic in siner burge lac), o nuþygiuota buvo taip toli, kad iki pat kronikos paraðymo laiko (apie 1295 m.) kryþiuoèiai taip toli nebebu- vo nuþygiavæ (da nie cristen her hin quam, / die brudere man da wol vernam)2 (po ðio tolimiausias Livonijos kryþiuoèiø antpuolis, surengtas 1279 m., siekë Ker- navæ3). 2. Voluinës metraðtyje apraðytas 1259 m. Burundajaus vedamø totoriø þygis, kurio metu totoriai bei Voluinës rusinai nusiaubë Lietuvos ir Nalðios þemæ (âîåâàøà çåìëþ Ëèòîâüñêóþ è Íàëüùàíüñêó)4. Ið ðiø ðaltiniø galima padaryti iðvadà, kad Nalðia buvo Ðiaurës Aukðtaitijoje, o Lietuva Pietø Aukðtaitijoje, pieèiau Kernavës (bet nebûtinai Kernavës kryp- timi). Uþuot apsiribojæs ðia paprasta iðvada, H. Ùowmiañskis nusprendë pasakyti daugiau Nalðia esà apëmë vëlesniø Breslaujos ir Aðmenos pavietø teritorijà. Priskirti Nalðià Aðmenos pavieto teritorijai já paskatino Voluinës metraðèio uþuomina apie Burundajaus þygá, kuris neva rodo, jog Nalðios þemë tæsësi toli á pietus. Argumentas akivaizdþiai silpnas: nëra jokiø duomenø, kad Nalðià totoriai rado bûtent Aðmenos kraðte. Atsiþvelgiant á jø þygiø mastus, jiems nieko nereið- kë ásiverþti ir á toliau ðiaurëje esanèias Lietuvos sritis, juo labiau kad popieþiaus Aleksandro IV 1260 m. bulëje nurodoma, jog totoriai nuniokojo didesnæ Lietu- vos valstybës dalá (Lettoviam iam pro maiori parte destruxisse noscuntur)5. Vëliau Romas Batûra dar pabandë ðià Nalðios lokalizacijà papildomai argumentuoti Nal- ðios pavadinimà primenanèiais Galðios (Alðënø) pilies bei Alsio eþero (9 km á Vakarus nuo Pastoviø) vietovardþiais Aðmenos kraðte6 neneigdamas, kad tai tëra tik paprastas sàskambis: Nors tiesioginio etimologinio ryðio ðiuose vietovardþiuose, matyt, rasti negalime, taèiau pateikti faktai, atrodo, bent ið dalies kalba apie tam tikrà minëtos teritorijos vientisumà7. Be abejo, tokia keista argumentacija negali sustiprinti H. Ùowmiañskio hipotezës. Ðitaip lokalizavus Nalðià, Aukðtaitijos pietuose Lietuvos þemei liko tik vëles- nës Trakø kunigaikðtystës teritorija. Su ja H. Ùowmiañskis be jokios papildomos argumentacijos ir susiejo pirminæ Lietuvos þemæ. Toliau jam beliko, pasirëmus 1387 m. Jogailos privilegija Skirgailai, nustatyti pirmines Trakø kunigaikðtystës ribas8. Tokiu bûdu buvo apibrëþta nedidelë teritorija tarp Nemuno, Neries ir Merkio upiø, kuriai priskirtas Lietuvos vardas. H. Ùowmiañskis neatsiþvelgë á ankstyvesniø (XIXII a.) ðaltiniø duomenis, kurie kalba apie Lietuvà iki Lietuvos Didþiosios Kunigaikðtystës susidarymo, taigi dar neatsiradus Lietuvai plaèiàja prasme9. Nors ankstyvieji Lietuvos paminëjimai (1040, 1044, apie 1110, 1131, 1159, 1162 ir 1180 m.10) yra negausûs ir geogra- fiðkai nekonkretûs, visi jie susijæ su Lietuvos ir Rusios santykiais, o tai rodo Lietuvos ir Rusios kaimynystæ. Apie tà kaimynystæ tiesiogiai kalba Kvedlinburgo analø 1009 m. áraðas, kuriame Lietuva minima pirmà kartà praneðant, kad ðv. Brunonas nuþudytas Rusios ir Lietuvos pasienyje (in confinio Rusciae et Litu- ae)11. Taèiau H. Ùowmiañskio þemëlapyje Lietuvà nuo Rusios skiria XIXII a. ðaltiniuose neminima Nalðios þemë. 4 Kur buvo Lietuvos þemë? Jau Henrykas Paszkiewiczius pastebëjo ir kità H. Ùowmiañskio pasiûlytos Lie- tuvos þemës lokalizacijos nelogiðkumà: Lietuva H. Ùowmiañskio sudarytame þe- mëlapyje pavaizduota maþesnë uþ Deltuvà ir Nalðià, nors turëjo bûti didþiausia ir galingiausia ið aukðtaièiø þemiø12. Taèiau nesant alternatyvios lokalizacijos, vëliau istoriografijoje vis dëlto ásiga- lëjo H. Ùowmiañskio versija. Jà pastaruoju metu kiek pakoreguoti ir naujais argumentais pagrásti pabandë Edvardas Gudavièius13. H. Paszkiewicziaus priekaið- tà jis tarsi áveikë praplësdamas Lietuvos þemës ribas á Pietus ir Rytus nuo Mer- kio upës14, bet tai padaræs tik atmetë vienintelá pagrástà H. Ùowmiañskio teorijos elementà Trakø kunigaikðtystës ribø rekonstravimà (kaip minëta, jis buvo pa- remtas 1387 m. privilegijos analize). Kad nubrëþdamas bûtent tokias Trakø ku- nigaikðtystës ribas H. Ùowmiañskis nesuklydo, ðiandien galima ásitikinti ir remian- tis archeologiniais duomenimis. Nemuno, Neries ir Merkio tarpupyje pagal ar- cheologiniø paminklø iðsidëstymà gerai iðsiskiria palyginti nedidelë þemë. Palei Merká dar ir dabar plyti dideli miðkai, o XIXIII a. èia irgi buvo dykra, aiðkiai atskirianti jà nuo Lietuvos ir jotvingiø þemiø. Ðiai þemei bûdingi ir tam tikri materialinës kultûros savitumai (jotvingiø substratas, miniatiûriniai piliakalniai)15. Taèiau ði nedidelë þemë vien dël savo dydþio yra netinkama Lietuvos þemës lokalizacijai. NAUJA LIETUVOS ÞEMËS LOKALIZACIJA (ISTORINIAI IR ARCHEOLOGI- NIAI DUOMENYS) Aptarti H. Ùowmiañskio teorijos nesklandumai verèia perþiûrëti Lietuvos þemës lokalizavimo problemà. Visø pirma reikëtø atkreipti dëmesá á liudijimà, kad XIV a. pabaigoje Lietuva siauràja prasme buvo laikoma tik Vilniaus kunigaikðtystë. Tai matyti ið Vygando Marburgieèio kronikoje pateikto 1390 m. Vytauto ir kryþiuoèiø þygio apraðymo: Tad minëtasis marðalas magistro ásakymu ið Gardino þygiuoja per Nerá á Lietuvà (per Nergam in Lithwaniam). Vytautas su saviðkiais atvyko jiems á pagalbà, pereidami á Lietuvos krantà (transeuntes in litore Lith[u]anico), ir paëmë Maiðiagalà, o paskui Kernavæ, kurià lietuviai patys buvo sudeginæ ir pasiðalinæ16. Ið ðio apraðymo paaiðkëja, kad 1390 m. Lietuva buvo deðiniajame Neries krante, o ne kairiajame, kaip turëtø bûti pagal H. Ùowmiañskio hipotezæ. Tai ið pirmo þvilgsnio gali bûti netikëta, nes á ðiauræ nuo Neries XIII a. reikëtø ieðkoti Del- tuvos þemës. Èia reikia atsiþvelgti á tai, kad XIV a. pabaigoje Lietuva siauràja prasme jau buvo iðsiplëtusi, bet vargu ar ji galëjo persikelti á kità vietà. Todël remiantis ðiuo liudijimu pirminës Lietuvos þemës reikia ieðkoti tik Vilniaus ku- nigaikðtystës (vëliau vaivadystës) ribose. XVI a. pradþioje Vilniaus vaivadystë buvo dalijama á dvi dalis: Uþnerio ir Aðmenos pusæ (M. Stryjkowskis jas vadino atitinkamai Uþnerio Lietuva ir Panerio Lietuva Litwa Zawilejska ir Litwa Po- wilejska)17. Uþneris tai buvusios Nalðios, Deltuvos ir Neries þemiø teritorijos18, tad Lietuvos þemæ galima sieti su Panerio Lietuva (Aðmenos puse)19. XIV a. ji galëjo apimti tik lietuviø þemes, nes toliau á rytus buvo savarankiðka Krëvos kunigaikðtystë (minima 1341, 1381 m.)20. Tokia Lietuvos þemës lokalizacija gerai dera su minëtu faktu, kad Lietuva ribojosi su Rusia (1 pav.). 5 Tomas Tomas Baranauskas 6 1 pav. Lietuvos administracinis padalijimas XIV a. pabaigoje (valsèiø ribos iðvestos panaudojus retrospektyvinius duomenis pagal J. Jaku- bowskio, Z. Wojtkowiako, M. Spiridonovo XVI a. administracinio padalijimo tyrinëjimus): 1 kunigaikðtysèiø centrai, 2 valsèiø centrai, 3 vietovës, XIV a. ðaltiniuose priskiriamos Rusiai, 4 þemiø (kunigaikðtysèiø) ribos, 5 valsèiø ribos Kur buvo Lietuvos þemë? Pirminæ Lietuvos sienà su Rusia bandë nustatyti daugelis tyrinëtojø, bet iki ðiol ji vis dar nëra pakankamai aiðki. Paskutiniø studijø autoriai Jerzy Ochmañskis ir Petras Gauèas rëmësi gerokai vëlesniais duomenimis, ypaè vietovardþiais, todël á jø rekonstruojamà etniná lietuviø plotà pateko didesnës teritorijos21. Ðie tyrinë- tojai nepakankamai ávertino XIVXVI a. Lietuvai priklausiusiose Rusios þemëse vykusià intensyvià kolonizacijà, dël kurios atsirado daug nuo pirminio etninio lietuviø ploto nutolusiø salø bei pusiasaliø. Bûdinga, kad tos salos buvo katalikiðkos vadinasi, iki 1387 m. ðie lietuviai buvo pagonys, o Rusios terito- rijoje XIXIII a. gyvenæ etniniai lietuviai ar kiti baltai, net jei bûtø iðsaugojæ savo kalbà, negalëjo likti pagonimis staèiatikiø baþnyèia èia ásigalëjo visuotinai. Kitas akivaizdus kolonizacijos bruoþas tokiø vietovardþiø, kaip Þomoidz, Þemoi- tuki, paplitimas
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