E1465 VOL. 3
SATLUJ JAL VIDYUT NIGAM LIMITED D Public Disclosure Authorized
MANAGED RIVER FLOW WATER & ENVIRONMENT
RAMPUR HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT (RHEP) Public Disclosure Authorized
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7w Public Disclosure Authorized
s - i Public Disclosure Authorized
FINAL REPORT DHI (India) Water & Environment SEPTEMBER 2006
MANAGED RIVER FLOW K-71, First Floor Hauz Khas Enclave PROJCT 'HEP' New Delhi 11 00 16, India RAMPUR HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT (RHEP) Tel: +91 112652 0425 Fax: +91 11 26602276 FINAL REPORT e-mail: [email protected] August 2006 Web: www.dhi.dk
Client Client's representative
Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. Mr S. K. Sharma, SM (Quality Control/ER&R)
Project Project No
Managed River Flow Study P3050220 (A)
Authors Date
Vimal Garg Aug 2006 Sonia Gujral Approved by Nidhi Sharma Poorva Gupta Ajay Pradhan
SGU/NSA VGA AJP AUG-06
Final Report
Revi Description By Check Appro Date sion ed ved Key words Classification
Hydroelectric Project D Open Landuse River Profile I Intemal Aquatic Ecology Socio-Economy 2| Proprietary Cumulative impacts Distribution No of copies
By: DHI, India I . I 0 I I Ii
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i i i CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 The Rampur Hydro Electric Project in Himachal Pradesh 1-2 1.2 Description of Project Area 1-3 1.3 General Description on entire Satluj River Basin 1-3 1.4 Hydro Power Potential of Satluj River Basin 1-6 1.5 Power Demand Scenario 1-9 1.6 Integration of the Project with other initiatives in the region 1-9 1.7 Objectives of the study 1-13 1.8 Scope and Methodology adopted for the Study 1-13 1.9 Constitutional, Policy and Regulatory Provisions 1-18 1.10 Structure of the Report 1-28 1.11 Status of the Rampur Hydroelectric Project 1-28
2 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS 2-1 2.1 Catchment Characteristics and Drainage Pattern 2-2 2.2 Flow Profile of River Satluj 2-4 2.3 Geology and Soils 2-20 2.4 Climate and Rainfall 2-21 2.5 Aquatic Ecology 2-24 2.6 Water Source, Use and Quality 2-37 2.6.1 Water Source and Water Use 2-37 2.6.2 Waste Water Disposal 2-38 2.6.3 Water Quality 2-39 2.6.4 Disease Profile of the Area 2-44 2.7 Land Use Pattern 2-45 2.8 Socio-Economic Profile 2-47 2.8.1 Demography of the Area 2-49. 2.8.2 Livelihoods of the Area 2-50
3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND RISKS 3-1 3.1 Scenario Description 3-1 3.2 Anticipated Impacts 3-2 3.3 Impact on Water Environment 3-3 3.4 Environmental Impacts 3-46 3.4.1 Land Environment 3-46 3.4.2 Quarrying Operation and Muck Disposal 3-47 3.5 Impacts on Human Health 3-47 3.6 Impacts on Downstream Hazards 3-49
4 RECOMMENDATIONS 4-1
5 ADAPTIVE CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT 5-1 5.1 SJVNL: Environmental Activities 5-2 5.2 Environmental Institutional Set-up 5-3 5.3 Training needs 5-6 5.4 Man Power requirement 5-7 .1 . I I jI II
I i I i i I I i LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Hydropower Potential of India Table 1.2 Hydropower Potential in Various river basins of Himachal Pradesh Table 1.3 Hydropower potential of Satluj Basin in Himachal Pradesh Table 2.1: List of Villages & Sub-villages falling in Study area (Rampur Tehsil of Shimla District and Nirmand of Kullu District) Table 2-2: Historical Flow Data of River Satluj at various locations Min., Max. Average- Khab (d/s of Spiti Confluence), Nathpa, Rampur, Luhri, Kasol and Suni; Table 2.3-a: Measured Flow data for tributaries of River Satluj between Nathpa-Jhakri for the months of Oct 2005t - April, 2006 by lIT Roorkee Table 2.3-b: Measured Flow data for tributaries of River Satluj between Jhakri-Bael for the months of Feb-March, 2006 Table 2.4: Temperature Data at Rampur Station Table 2.5: Rainfall (in mm) data at Rampur Station Table 2.6: Floral Species in Satluj along Jhakri-Rampur-Bael river Stretch Table 2.7 Faunal Species in Satluj between Nathpa-Jhakri River Stretch Table 2.8 Faunal Species in Satluj along Jhakri-Rampur-Bael stretch Table 2.9 Historical Data Fish Species found in upper reaches of Satluj River Table 2.10 Production of trout seed at Sangla farm and their transplanting in Satluj river system Table 2.11 Angling pressure, licensing fee and amount of revenue earned at Sangla Table 2.12 Details on Water requirements and treatment Table 2.13: Primary Water Quality Criteria as laid by Central Pollution Control Board Table 2.14: Water Quality Data of River Satluj, monitored during study period Table 2-15 Leading Causes of premature mortality (YLL) in male and Female of Himachal Pradesh Table 2.17: Disease Profile of the Study area, Year 2005 Table 2.18: Landuse type in study area Table 2.19: Key Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Study area Table 2.20a: Population Composition in the Study Area in terms of SC-ST Table 2.20b: Population Sex Ratio in the Study Area Table 2.20c: Population Estimates for directly affected areas Table 2.21: Cultivable and Cultivated land (in hectares) in study area Table 2.22: Irrigated Land (in hectares) in Study Area Table 2.23: Cattle Population in the Study Area Table 3.1: Villages and respective population adversely effected due to Nathpa- Jhakri Project in terms of water Supply Table 3.2a: Estimated Sewage Load of villages at right bank of River Satluj Table 3.2 b: Estimated Sewage Load of villages at left bank of river Satluj Table 3.3 a Estimated Sewage Load of villages at right bank of River Satluj for the Year 2011 Table 3.3 b Estimated Sewage Load of villages at left bank of River Satluj for the Year 2011 Table 3.4: Estimated Sewage Load of Rampur Town using Linear Population Growth LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.la i. Geographical Location of Himachal Pradesh in India; and ii. Satluj Basin in Himachal Pradesh, India Figure 1.2 Various Hydro Power projects in the study stretch along Satluj River Figure 1.3: Flow Diversion through Tunnel in Satluj Figure 2.1 A Satellite view of Satluj Basin in Himachal Pradesh indicating the study area. Figure 2.2: Various Streams joining the Satluj river in the study stretch Figure 2.3: Flow Profile of River Satluj in Himachal Pradesh Figure 2.4: Landuse Classification in the Catchment and respective percentages Figure 2.5: Landuse Map of the Catchment area Figure 3.1 Flow Diversion through tunnel (Nathpa-Jhakri-Bael stretch) Figure 3.2: 63 kms of river stretch and main tributaries Figure 3.3: Cross-sections of River Satluj at various chainages (distance in mts from Nathpa dam site) Figure 3.4 Boundary Conditions used for establishing the Numerical Model for river Satluj Figure 3.5-a Flow Velocity Profiles along the stretch for various discharge scenarios. Figure 3.5-b Flow Velocity Profiles along the stretch for a scenario where there is no discharge from the dam. Figure 3.5-c Flow Velocity Profiles along the stretch in the case of flood
LIST OF ANNEXURES
Annexure 1: Format for Village Level Questionnaire Survey Annexure 2: Village Level Primary Information on Demography and Socio-Economic Profile of the Area
Annexure 3: Market survey questionnaires for fish availability in the region I
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I i I I CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION
Managed River flow DH I Water& Environment f 1 INTRODUCTION
India, on account of the great river systems and favourable geographical features, has a vast potential for hydropower estimated over 84000 MW at 60 percent load factor with an anticipated generation of 600 billion units per year. The various hydroelectric schemes presently under operation utilise only about 14-15 % of the total potential. Efforts are on to increase the present installed capacity. For the purpose of hydroelectric development, the river basins could be divided into six major groups namely Indus, Brahinaputra, Ganga, Central Indian Rivers, West Flowing Rivers and East Flowing Rivers. There is a broad consensus in the Government of India to expand power generation by developing the country's hydropower potential of which, very less has been harnessed so far. While State and Central Government agencies are largely concentrating on mega-hydel projects, the private sector is being roped in to execute the mini- and micro-hydel segment projects. Funding for these projects has come in from the World Bank, private banks like ICICI, nationalized banks like Central Bank of India, various State Banks, and institutions like IFCI and PFC. As per the estimates of CEA, region wise hydro power potential of India has been given below:
Table 1-1 Hydropower Potential of India Principal Features of Hydro Project Potential Feasible Potential in Pumped Small Hydro Region at Installed billion kWh per Storage (up to 25 60%Load Capacity in year Feasible MW) Factor MW Installed Potential in Capacity MW . ____ _ .in MW Northern 30155 53405 225 13065 5210 Western 5679 8928 31.4 39684 2100 Southern 10768 16446 61.8 17750 2230 Eastern 5590 10965 42.5 9125 1660 North- 31857 58956 239.3 16900 3330 Eastern Total 84044 148700 600 95524 14530 Source: Estimates of Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
Note on potential: Estimates of Small Hydro potential vary. According to one estimate, it could exceed 10,000 MWT Grid quality power potentialfrom wind, small hydro and biomass is estimated to be about 50, 000 MW.
To tap the existing hydroelectric potential, Government of Himachal Pradesh has undertaken several projects. The sites thus identified by the State Government are complying with the guidelines prescribed by the Central Government and the procedure thus followed insists upon a greater public consultation, better monitoring of environmental and social aspects of projects, improvements in resettlement policy and Practise, as well as in institutional capacity related to project identification, engineering and design.
P3050220 (A)Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-1 DHI Water& Environment 1.1 The Rampur Hydro Electric Project in Himachal Pradesh
Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited (SJVNL) has proposed-to construct a 412 MW Rampur Hydro Electric project (RHEP) on river Satluj in Himachal Pradesh as a joint venture between Government of India (GOI) and the Government of Himachal Pradesh (GoHP) to tap the hydropower potential of the Satluj River between Jhakri and Bael village. The proposed project is conceived as a tailrace development from the 1500 MW Nathpa- Jhakri HE Project (NJHEP); hence the operation of RHEP would be closely interlinked with NJHEP project.
The Rampur project is designed to divert 405 cumecs of de-silted water of the Satluj from the tailrace pool of NJHEP through 15 km headrace tunnel to a surface power station near Bael. On completion, the project would utilise a gross head of 138 m to generate approximately 1969.69 Gwh of design energy in a 90% dependable year. It will then return the water to the river. The catchment area of the Satluj upto Nathpa- Jhakri is 49,800 sq. km. and upto Rampur HEP is 50,800 sq. km. Several tributaries are falling into Satluj between the Nathpa Dam and the Rampur tailrace outfall. One of these tributaries named Shoulding is fully diverted to the Nathpa Jhakri Power Plant headrace tunnel, during lean season. But flow in other tributaries is not restricted. The main works of the project comprise of the Head Race Tunnel from the already constructed Rampur Intake, which envisages diversion of the entire 383.88 cumecs of desilted water from Tail Race Outfall of Nathpa- Jhakri Hydro Electric Project (NJHEP) located on the -left bank of river Satluj- at Jhakri. The water from Rampur Intake structure shall be conveyed to the right bank through a cut & cover Conduit, 10.50 m dia HRT of 15.08 Km length terminating into a 140 m high, 38 m dia Surge Shaft. The length of HRT on left bank is 484 m before it crosses the river Satluj with a 43.2 m long Cut and Cover Conduit. -,The water will further enter into three underground penstocks 5.4 m dia each bifurcating into six Branch Tunnels each of 3.8 m diameter, to feed six generating units in a.surface Power House equipped with Francis turbines -driven generating unit each of 68'.-67 MW'capacity.
The project is proposed to use water from the Nathpa- Jhakri project, and thus the -Rampur scheme will not involve the construction of a dam.or a reservoir, and no further land will be inundated. .Because of this run-of-river design, environmental. and social impacts are expected to be manageable. However, some impacts - both social and environmental - are expected. Environmental and social studies complemented by consultations with local peoples will focus on identifying impacts -and uncertainties associated with the project.
The power generated by Rampur HEP will feed the Northern Indian Energy Grid, directly benefiting consumers in the states of north India and improving the availability of power at reasonable cost. Amongst other'supplies being''developed, this'power can also zbe used to provide service for those who currently have limited or no access to electricity. Sale ofpower will provide the state of HimachalPradesh with a royalty of 12 percent of the power generated- equivalent to some $1 Omillion each year - in addition to the state 's share in the plant's dividends.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09t2006 1-2 DHI Water & Environment 1.2 Description of Project Area
The Rampur Intake/ Nathpa- Jhakri Project is located at the village of Jhakri on the left bank of Satluj. The catchment area of Satluj at Rampur discharge site, about 7 km up stream of the proposed RHEP Power House site, is about 50,800 sq. km, of which about 30% falls in India and the remaining portion falls in China, which is mainly covered with snow. As mentioned above, there are number of tributaries flowing into the Satluj between Nathpa Dam and Rampur tailrace out fall. Flow in no other tributary will be restricted except Shoulding, which is fully diverted to NJHEP headrace tunnel during lean periods. As per the estimates about 20 cumecs of additional discharge is contributed upto Jhakri. During lean periods, restricted flow in this stretch may adversely affect the river ecology, health and hygiene of the downstream population.
In the affected stretch of about 23 km from Jhakri to Bael, the major town is Rampur with more than 24 villages on left bank and 29 villages on right bank. It is observed that the villagers have very little dependence on the Satluj flows for drinking, irrigation and other purposes. Most of these depend for water supply on sources other than the Satluj. There is only limited direct use of water from the river Satluj.
The present technical study is uhdertaken to assess the direct as well as indirect impacts of restricted water flow in Satluj, particularly during lean season, on the riverine system, and the health and hygiene of the downstream population, irrigation practice in the downstream and on aesthetics of the river Satluj.
1.3 General Description on entire Satluj River Basin
The fall of river Satluj from its point of entry into India, near Shipkila to Bhakra reservoir is about 2180 m. The River Satluj -rises in the distant high lands of Tibet from Lake Mansarovar., Numerous glaciers, large & small, drain into the river Satluj at various points of its course. These include' the glaciers of Gangling Gangri, Kailash Mountains and those draining from the peak of Leo Pargial, Baspa tributary of Satluj. On entering Himachal Pradesh at Shipkila, the Satluj is joined by its principal tributary, the Spiti River, which is fed by Pin, Lingti & other smaller streams at Namgia. The Spiti drains a large area behind Himalaya Rangie. After its junction with Spiti, the Satluj becomes a -gushing torrent right up to- the plains with a fall of about 2440 m. Downstreamat Kalpa, in' Kinnaur it is joined by Baspa River draining from a glacier. The Satluj crosses the Great Himalaya near Kalpa, where the range bifurcates. At Rampur, it crosses the Dhauladhar Range through a narrow rocky gorge. Downstream along Shivalik Range the river is deflected several times in its course. At Bh-kra, along Shivalik belt, a major dam has been built across the river. The fall of Satltij from its source in Tibet to the plains of Punjab is very uniform and averages about 6m/km.
Upstream, at Rakshas Lake, the height of Satluj bed is 4572 m, 3048 m near Shipkila, 914m at Rampur, 500m at Bilaspur and less than 300 m where it enters plains of Punjab.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-3 DHI Water& Environment In Himachal Pradesh it has total length of 400 km. Its annual mean flow is 16,755.33 million cubic meters.
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Figure 1.1 a i. Geographical Location of Himachal Pradesh in India; and ii. Satfuj Basin in Himachal Pradesh, India
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-4 DHI Water & Environment Figure 1.1 b: Geographical Location of Rampur Hydroelectric Project Satluj Basin in Himachal Pradesh, India
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow-09/2006 1-5 DHI Water & Environment
1.4 Hydro Power Potential in Himachal Pradesh
The State has been hallowed by tremendous hydropower potential. A comparative overview with regard to hydropower potential of various river basins in the state has been presented below (refer Table 1.2). The total potential of various river basins in the State in terms of power generation is estimated to be 20463.5 MW approx. As of June, 2003, Himachal Pradesh had 145 Hydro Electric projects worth Rs.47, 479 crore in various stages of planning and implementation. Table 1.3 gives an overview of capacities of different ongoing and proposed projects hydroelectric projects on river Satluj in Himachal Pradesh.
Table 1.2 Hydropowerpotential in various River Basins of Himachal Pradesh
S.No River Basin Identified D)otential MW 1. Satlui 9728.25* 2. Beas 4293 3. Ravi 2181 4. Chenab 3301 5. Yamuna 960 Total 20463.5 MW Source: EIA for Rampur HEP, HP, Year 2005 *SJVNL, Infral Consultancy division, Oct, 2005
Table 1.3 Hydropowerpotential of Satluj Basin in HimachalPradesh
S. No Name Installed Capacity (MW) Status 1. Bhakra dam 1325.00 2. Chaba 1.75 3. Nigli Stage I 2.50 4. Ganwi stage I 22.50 5. Sanjay vidyut 120.00 Pariyojna Under Operation 6. Rukti HEP 1.50 7. Rongtong 2.00 8. Baspa II 300.00 9. Nathpa Jhakri 1500.00 Sub Total 3275.25 10. Bhaba 4.50 11. Ganwi 11 10.00 12. Kashang 66.00 13. Kol dam 800.00 Under Constructon 14. Karcham Wangtoo 1000.00 Sub Total 1880.50 15. Rampur 412.00 DPR prepared 16. Shingtong karcham 402.00
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-6 DHI Water & Environment S. No Name Installed Capacity (MW) Status Sub Total 814.00 17. Kashang II 60.00 18. Kashang III 132.00 19. Sorang 60.00 20. Luhri 700.00 Under Investigation 21. Khab 636.00 Sub Total 1588.00 22. Yangthang Khab 261.00 23. Jang Thopan 480.00 24. Thopan powari 480.00 PFR's prepared 25. Tidong -I 60.00 26. Tidong II 70.00 Sub Total 1351.00 27. Kuling Lara 40.00 28. Lara 60.00 29. Mane Nadang 70.00 30. Lare Sumita 104.00 31. Sumta Kathang 130.00 Projects yet to be 32. Chango Yangthang 140.00 studied 33. Ropa 60.00 34. Baspa-I 210.00 35. Bharari 5.50 Sub Total 819.00 Grand Total 9728.25 MW Source: SJVNL, Infra/ Consultancy Division Oct, 2005
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-7 DHI Water& Environment LAHUL & SPm
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Fig 1.2 Various Hydro Power projects in the study stretch along Satluj River
P3050220 (A)Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-8 DHI Water & Environment I
I 1.5 Power Demand Scenario
The power requirement during March-April'03 for Northern Region was 156,610 MU against the availability of 144,218 MU. Thus, there was a deficit of 7.9%. As per the anticipated power supply position in 2006-07 (10th plan), this deficit will increase in future even after accounting the contribution of the upcoming power projects in the northern region. As per the RHEP EIA report, in the year 2006-07, total energy and peak energy demands in the northern region shall be 220,820 MU and 355,540 MU against availability of 181,468 MU and 29,667 MU respectively. Thus, there shall be deficit of 17.8% and 16.5% for total energy and peak energy respectively, in the northern region. These deficit figures for all India are 12.9% and 12.3% respectively. Further, the Report of the Group on Power for 10th Plan estimated the need based capacity addition of 62,213 MW during I th Plan.
1.6 Integration of the Project with other initiatives in the region
The Government of India and State Government of Himachal Pradesh have identified the Satluj River as one of the main sources of hydroelectric projects. As mentioned in the "EIA study for Updation of Nathpa Jhakri H.E. Project" report, the total hydropower potential of Satluj river basin as estimated is 9396.75 MW out of which 2832.75 MW is being harnessed. Therefore, to exploit so much of energy, various hydropower schemes along the entire stretch of Satluj basin have been visualized. These projects are in varying stages of planning, construction, completion and operation.
The present study will give due attention to Nathpa -Jhakri Hydroelectric Project in terms of assessing the impacts of restricted flow in the river on downstream ecology and the environment as the proposed Rampur Hydroelectric project is envisaged as a tailrace development of NJHEP but for the other hydroelectric project only relevant details have been provided to understand the over all scenario of Hydroelectric Power generation in the State as detailed study on others are beyond the scope of the present study.
The main hydroelectric power plants and dams that are under various stages of planning/operation on the Satluj River are as follows:
Khab, Kinnaur District
The Khab HEP located in the Northern Power region is conceived as a run-of-river development on the river Satluj to tap the hydroelectric potential of the upper reaches of river Satluj as it enters into the Indian Territory. The project envisages the construction of 275 m high concrete gravity dam with 12.6 km long and 9 m dia tailrace tunnel and would generate 1020 MW of electricity with a tentative construction cost of 14000
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-9 DHI Water & Environment Crores. It is envisaged that the cost will be shared by downstream benefitting projects due to storage of silt which increases life of downstream reservoirs. For the scheme, diversion works on the river are located at 310 d/s of Khab, the confluence of river Satluj and river Spiti in District Kinnaur of State, about 300km from Shimla.
Karcham Wangtoo HydroelectricProject (1000MW), Kinnaur District The Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Project is envisaged as run-of-the-river development on River Satluj. The project will utilise the head available between the tail waters of Baspa Hydroelectric Project Stage-II and head waters of Nathpa-Jhakri Hydroelectric Project. The project envisages a concrete gravity dam about 43 m high above the river-bed (approx. 98 m high above the deepest foundation level). The dam will have 6 sluice spillway bays of size 9m (W) x 9m(H). The other main component of the Project are: 10.48 m diameter, 17.2 km long head race tunnel, 4.75m dia. 4 nos. pressure shafts, an underground power-house with 4 x 250 MW installed capacity, transforner hall and 909 m long 10.48 m dia tail race tunnel. The diversion of river is envisaged by construction of a Diversion tunnel.
Bhaba Hydel Project (120MW), Kinnaur District The 120 MW Sanjay Vidyut Pariyojna of Bhaba Hydel Project is almost complete. The project includes a weir across the Bhaba Khud, a right bank tributary of Satluj with a desilting basin, a small reservoir 2.5m (finished), 8.4 km long head race tunnel, 5m dia underground surge shaft, underground pressure shaft, and underground powerhouse on right bank of Satluj river. The project was commissioned by HPSEB in the year 1989 and an intake for installed capacity of 340 MW.
Baspa Hydroelectric Project (300MW), Kinnaur District It is located about 200 km from Shimla on NH-22 and envisages construction of a 10 m. high barrage across river Baspa, 8 km long & 4 m. diameter head-race tunnel and underground powerhouse and has installed capacity of 300 MW. Project is complete and is commissioned.
Sorang Hydropower Project (100MW), Kinnaur District The proposed Sorang hydroelectric project is a run-of-the-river type development on Sorang Khad, a tributary of Satluj River, in Kinnaur District. The project consists of construction of trench weir across Sorang Khad at an elevation of + 1943.50 m. The water flow directed shall be fed through + 1.540 km. long HRT and 183 m long pressure shaft and 970 m long buried Penstock to a under ground powerhouse on the left bank of Tikkadda Khad near the confluence with Satluj river. The Project thus utilizes a head rated of 667.15 m. to produce 100 MW of power.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-10 DHI Water & Environment "'I
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Figure 1.3: Flow Diversion through Tunnel in Satlul
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1- 11 DHI Water & Environment : I Ghanvi-I Hydropower Project (22.50 MW), Shimia District Ghanvi -I hydroelectric project is a run-of-the-river scheme on Ghanvi khad a tributary of Satluj River in Shimla District of Himachal Pradesh. The project consists of a trench weir across Ghanvi Khad near village Ghanvi, vortex tube type desilting arrangement, power channel, underground forebay, surface/underground surge shaft, surface/underground penstock and a underground power house on the left bank of Ghanvi khad. The project has been commissioned in the year 2000. The development and operating scheme of Ghanvi-I & II is very similar to that of Sorang Hydroelectric Project.
Ghanvi -Il Hydropower Project (10 MW), Shimia District Ghanvi-II hydroelectric project is being conceived as a run-of-the-river scheme on Ghanvi khad a tributary of Satluj River in Shimla District of Himachal Pradesh. The project consists of a trench weir across Ghanvi khad near village Rungcha, vortex type desilting arrangement, storage reservoir, 1.4 km long head race tunnel, underground surge shaft, surface/underground penstock and an underground power house on the left bank of Ghanvi Khad.
Nathpa-Jhakri Hydel Project (1500MW), Kinnaur District This project is the largest run-of-the river scheme on the river Satluj to harness the Satluj River for hydel power jointly undertaken by Government of India & Himachal governments and is located 140 km from Shimla on NH-22 and includes construction of a 60.5 m. high gravity dam built on Satluj at Nathpa, a 27-28 km. long and 10.5 m. diameter head-race tunnel on the left bank and an underground powerhouse at Jhakri, with an installed capacity of 1500 MW (6 x 250). The catchment area at Nathpa Dam site is 49,820 sq. km. The plant will utilize the available 425m gross head between Nathpa & Jhakri. Project is complete and running with full capacity.
Luhri Hydroelectric Project (465 MW), Kinnaur District The Luhri HEP is foreseen as run-of-the-river developments on Satluj river, in the reach between Luhri and Chaba villages in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh just downstream of confluence of Behna khad with Satluj river near Luhri. The project site is about 80km from Shimla and is an upstream development to the proposed Kol dam electric project on Satluj River. The project envisages construction of a 60M high (above sea bed) concrete gravity dam on the river near the village Nathan for diversion of a design discharge of 477 cumecs, through 4 intakes and underground desilting arrangement into a 15.50 km long, 10.50m finished diameter head race tunnel on the right bank of the river. A gross head of 127m is available at the power station, which shall be utilised to generate 465 MW (3X 155 MW) of power. Kol Dam
800 MW Kol Dam hydro electric project in Himachal Pradesh to be set up by National Thermal Power Corporation at an estimated cost of Rs 5300 crore is located in Distt Bilaspur. It envisages to utilize power potential of Satluj. The project involves construction of 163 m high rockfill dam across river Staluj 6 km upstream from existing
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-12 DH I Water & Environment Dehar power station and installation of four units each of 200 MW. The power generated will be evacuated to power deficient northern region through 400 KV integrated transmission system lines constructed for Nathpa Jhakhri and Kol dam projects.
Bhakra Dam
The construction of this project was started in the year 1948 and was completed in 1963. It is 740 ft. high above the deepest foundation as straight concrete dam being more than three times the height of Qutab Minar. Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the world. There are two power houses namely Left Bank Power Plant and Right Bank Power Plant. It is a Concrete straight gravity with Height above the deepest foundation equal to 225.55 metres (740 feet) Its Height above river bed is 167.64 metres (550 feet). The elevation at top of dam above mean sea level is equal to 518.16 metres (1700 feet). The total installed capacity of left bank power plant is 450 MW - 5 units of 90 MW each and of the right bank power plant is 600 MW - 5 units of 120 MW each. The facility uses the Satluj River to supply drinking and irrigation water for portions of six states.
1.7 Objectives of the study
The study aims to help SJVNL address the issues pertaining to changes in river flow associated with RHEP and suggest mitigation measures for any such issues.
The specific objectives of the study are: . To assess the socio-economic, ecological and environmental impacts and risks (direct, indirect, induced and cumulative) of the proposals for modification of the river flow in the Satluj, due to RHEP. * To recommend whether any additional flows would be required downstream of the RHEP intake and if so, suggest options for managed river flow between Jhakri and Bael, while avoiding and/or minimizing the assessed socio- economic, ecological and environmental impacts. Mitigation and management measures will also be suggested where some impacts are assessed. . To recommend how the planning, design and implementation of any additional flows would need to be managed and arrangements that need to be in place for any mitigation measures. Also define any future requirement to manage these actions. * To make suggestions for augmentation of adaptive management capacity within SJVNL and the other agencies responsible for managing these actions.
1.8 Scope and Methodology adopted for the Study
The study is primarily concentrating on the river stretch between proposed intake structure for Rampur HEP which is same as the Jhakri tailrace outfall of NJHEP and the
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1 -13 DHI Water & Environment tailrace outlet of RHEP where diverted water of RHEP will again join the river Satluj and is predominantly based on information available from secondary sources, including the available project documents. Where necessary the secondary data has been supplemented with primary data/surveys and measurements. The study has taken into consideration all pertinent environmental issues that have been raised in the past because of operation of NJHEP project.
The study has been completed under the following stages:
Site Visits, Kick-Off meetings & Reconnaissance survey A start up meeting with the key representatives of the clients along with the site visits was undertaken to fully understand the perception and expectations of the client to organize and orient the work.
Baseline Data Collection and Data Assessment The study is primarily concentrating on the river stretch between proposed intake structure for Rampur HEP which is same as the Jhakri tailrace outfall of NJHEP and the tailrace outlet of RHEP where diverted water of RHEP will again join the river Satluj and is predominantly based on information available from secondary sources, including the available project documents. Where necessary the secondary data has been supplemented with primary data/surveys and measurements. The study has taken into consideration all pertinent environmental issues that have been raised in the past because of operation of NJHEP project.
The study has been completed under the following stages:
Site visits were made by the project team members at various stages of the completion of project report to fully understand the requirements of the client and local environmental conditions of the project area. The methodology adopted for successful completion of the study is summarized below:
Initial Stage: A site visit (seven days) was carried out by a working team to fully understand the project requirements, client expectations and the environmental conditions at the project site. The specific tasks undertaken during this visit are:
* Stakeholder Consultation * Site Visit of all critical stretches in the study area from Nathpa to Bael * Collection of all existing project reports/ relevant documents * Identification of local working teams to cany out the monitoring work * Meeting with World Bank representatives at SJVNL, Shimla * Procurement of Satellite imageries of the area
All reports/project documents collected during site visit were reviewed and environmental theme data was complied while giving due consideration to issues and concerns raised by Client and World Bank representatives. Accordingly, initial stage analysis was done, theme maps were prepared and data gaps were identified.
P3050220 (A) Managed RiverFlow-09/2006 1-14 DHI Water& Environment Intermediate Stage: To fulfil the data gaps identified during initial stage analysis, second (seven days) level site visit was made by working team during month of February 2006. The tasks completed during this visit are:
* Stakeholder Consultation (Results have been presented in Annexure II) * Carried out Village surveys with major attention given to water sources, usage and disposal practice (refer to Annexure I for a copy of the questionnaire). * Collection of Water Quality Samples from different critical/locations at river Satluj * Visited different concerned departments i.e. Forest department, Census Department, Fisheries Department etc for secondary data collection. * Activities assigned to identified working team for monitoring of aquatic ecology and flow monitoring at various streams for 2 months at 10 days interval of time * Collection of Sediment Samples
Data hence collected through primary surveys/ monitoring and through secondary sources was analysed and put together with the information collected from the existing project reports. Village level inventory was prepared in terms of name, population, economic base, agriculture produces in the area, water usage, water source and mode of disposal, irrigation practice etc. Water Quality Samples thus collected got tested and results were complied and analysed along with the past historical data and similarly other information was also compiled.
The progress achieved till this stage was appraised to representative of World Bank during meeting held on March 17, 2006 at their office at Delhi. The working team noted the concerning issues raised by the World Bank representative.
Final Stage: Based on intermediate level analysis, issues were listed down, which still needed ground truthing and further clarifications. To fulfil the remaining data gaps, third and final level site visit (seven days) was made by the team during first week of April, 2006. The main tasks undertaken were:
* Aquatic Ecology data collection from secondary sources * Commercial activities of the area * Disease profile and especially prevalent water borne diseases in the area * Policy Level Planning and Capacity building requirement at SJVNL in the field of Environment
Theme-wise details of environmental data, which has been collected, are given below:
Current and Historic River Flow Data: Flow data for tributaries, rivulets etc was collected from the existing sources as well as using flow measurement gauges. Uses of Water: Both direct and indirect uses were identified based on secondary data and the primary village level surveys.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-15 DHI Water & Environment Aquatic Ecology: Representative sampling sites for aquatic ecological data observation were defined for different sections of the study reach. For fish availability and their habitats, monitoring was carried out at places such as Nogli and at the confluence of a few tributaries, where local people reported, during primary village surveys, to have seen fishes. Data so collected, has been vetted with local communities and with relevant literature. Current Pollution Load: Representative water quality sampling was carried out to establish baseline water quality conditions. Standard methods of sampling and testing physical and chemical parameters were used. Water samples have been collected and analyzed from the study area to assess the overall water quality. Depending upon the sampling location, the parameters to be monitored varied a little. Water Borne Diseases: Baseline information on prevalent disease levels especially water borne diseases was collected. Such information was supplemented through public consultation as a part of sample household survey. Interaction with local people: For assessing the direct and indirect water uses from the study area, village level sample surveys have been carried out, detailed discussions were held with local people regarding the direct and indirect usage of water, quality, quantity, adequacy of sources of water existing in the vicinity. Results have been presented in Annexure II. Also, the study teams had discussions with various Government departments like Forest, Water Supply Department (IPH) etc and some NGOs as well, to obtain information on irrigation, drinking water supply, and sewage, grazing etc. The data on other indirect use water, including effluent waste from the town, in water quality has also been compiled in put in annexure II.
Analysis and Management Measures Peak, Lean and operational flows: Based on the collected data, the detailed further hydrodynamic studies were carried out to identify the extent of peak and lean flow periods in the year, viz., * Maximum probable flows * Minimum mean and average flows during lean periods * Levels and volumes of flow in the different sections of the studies reach
For the above studies, based on the data collected for river flows, DiH's proprietary software MIKE 11 has been used to determine the expected water levels in the river downstream of Nathpa dam during varying flow stages in the monsoon as well as lean periods and to fully understand the impacts of high flows and also low flows in the river to understand the impacts of the diversion of flows for the Rampur HE project and plan appropriate mitigative measures. Impacts of managed flow on the quality of water: An estimation on likely impacts on the water quality due to change in hydraulic regime of the river stretch has been made based on the pollution load and modified flows. The analysis has been made for river temperature, nutrient load, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, heavy metals and minerals, mercury contamination etc. Impacts of silt flushing on organic and inorganic nutrients
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow-09/2006 1-16 DHI Water & Environment and on other water quality parameters were also carried out. Indicative minimum flows required so as to maintain river water quality has also been suggested. Managed flow and Impact on use of water: On the basis of the studies carried out, the effect of managed flow on the downstream changing water levels, effect on shoreline, vegetation, induced erosion, sedimentation, and flushing and associated direct and indirect impact on human use of water have been predicted. Managed flow and pollution aspects: Based on the present pollution loading into the river and future scenario, a prediction of future pollution load has been made. Dilution required to offset this increased level of pollution has also been estimated using standard modeling techniques based on Streeter Phelps equation. Minimum flow requirement to maintain the river water quality has been indicated. Managed flow and aquatic ecology impacts: For different flow scenarios, based on the lean season flows, pollution load, silt flushing requirements and baseline aquatic health of the river, DHI assessed the following for different river stretches. * Effect on shoreline vegetation * Impacts on bio diversity
An impact assessment for different scenarios of changed hydraulic regime on migratory and resident fish population has also been made. If any rare and endangered species are observed, impacts on their spawning and rearing habitats would be made. Recommendations for flow requirements for the river for maintaining the healthy environment and ecology of the area consistent with recommendations and requirements of different statutory bodies have been made. A special emphasis will be laid on vulnerable fish species during the study and mitigation measures would be chalked out to safeguard impacts on them.
Human Health Impacts: An impact assessment on human health dependent on river flows has been made in view of changed water supply and changes in water quality due to pollution loads or silt flushing. The flow pattern suggested as part of mitigate measures take into consideration the requirements of human population so as to maintain good hygiene and water quantity and quality. Downstream Hazards: On the basis of above studies the downstream hazards based on predicted water level during different flood stages/scenarios have been predicted. Mitigate and Management measures to protect life and property have also been suggested. These measures shall be helpful in preparing Disaster Management Plan (DMP) and Safety Assurance Plan during operation of RHEP. Adaptive Capacity and Monitoring requirements: A recommendation for adaptive capacity and monitoring requirements to be built in the RHEP to address any potential issues related to in stream flows and maintenance of minimum flow requirements has also been made.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-17 DHI Water & Environment 1.9 Constitutional, Policy and Regulatory Provisions
The following sections details out the following:
Constitutional Provisions, Policy Framework * Regulatory Framework
1.9.1 ConstitutionalProvisions
Water Resources: Under the Constitution of India, which came into force in 1950, 'Water' is primarily a State subject and the Union comes in only in the case of interstate river waters.
Entry 17, List II, i.e. State List in 7 th Schedule of the Constitution states, "Water, that is to say water supplies, irrigation and canals, drainage and embankments, water storage and water power subject to the provisions of Entry 56 of List I". States are thus free to enact "water" laws and frame policies in accordance with this provision.
Entry 56 of List I (Union list) referred to above states, "Regulation and development of inter-state rivers and river valleys to the extent to which such regulation and development under the control of the Union, is declared by Parliament by law to be expedient in the public interest".
Under Article 262 of the Constitution, Parliament may, by law (1) provide for the adjudication on any dispute or complaint with respect to the use, distribution or control of the waters of, or in, any inter-state river or river valley" and (2) "that neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall exercise jurisdiction in respect of any such dispute or complaint" as referred to in (1). Environment: The first constitutional provisions related to environment were made in the Forty-Second Amendment to the Indian Constitution. This amendment was passed in response to India being party to the Stockholm Declaration adopted by the International Conference on Human Environment in 1972. The Forty-Second Amendment inserted Article 48-A into the Directive Principles of State Policy in Chapter IV of the Constitution. This declared the State's responsibility to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. Another provision, inserted in Article 51-A (g), stipulated the duty of every citizen to "protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures." These amendments imposed an obligation on the Government and the courts to protect the environment for the people and the nation.
Article 32 and Article 226 of the constitution confer power on the Supreme Court and the High Courts to issue writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari and prohibition. These Articles can be used to show that river pollution implicates a public authority that has been vested with the responsibility to prevent pollution but is not
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-18 DHI Water & Environment executing its powers. These Articles are emancipatory provisions that allow citizens to challenge the structures of domination from within the constitutional framework.
1.9.2 Policy Framework
Policy framework related to water and environment both at the national and state level has been summarized in
Policy on Hydro Power Development 1998 * National Water Policy 2002, * Himachal Pradesh State Water Policy, * National Environmental Policy 2004 and * National Forestry Policy 1988.
Policy on Hydro Power Development, 1998 The programmed capacity addition from hydel projects during the 9th Plan is 9815 MW, of which Central Sector and State Sector will contribute 3455 MW and 5810 MW respectively and the balance 550 MW will be contributed by the Private Sector. Sanctioned and ongoing schemes under implementation will enable a capacity addition of 6537 MW during the 10th Plan, of which 990 MW, 4498 MW and 1050 MW will be the contribution of Central, State and Private Sectors respectively. In addition, 12 projects (5615 MW) have been identified for advance action in the 9th Plan for benefits in the 10th Plan. The key objectives of the policy to accelerate the growth of hydropower development are:
* Exploitation of vast hydroelectric potential at a faster pace: The Government would initiate advance action for taking up new hydro projects since the ongoing projects will contribute a very small percentage of the desired capacity addition envisioned for 10th Plan and beyond.
* Promoting small and mini hydel projects Small and mini hydel potential can provide a solution for the energy problems in remote and hilly areas where extension of grid system is comparatively uneconomical and also along the canal systems having sufficient drops.
* Strengthening the role of PSUs/ SEBs for taking up new hydel projects: In view of the poor response of the private sector so far in hydro development which may persist for some more years, the involvement of public sector in hydel projects would not only have to continue but will also have to be enlarged.
* Increasing private investment: Even though public sector organisations would play a greater role in the development of new schemes, this alone would not be adequate to develop the vast remaining hydro potential since it will require huge investments which are difficult to be supported from the budget/plan assistance in view of competing demands from the various sectors.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-19 DHI Water& Environment National Water Policy The National Water Policy was first adopted in September 1987. It has been recently reviewed and updated in response to a number of new issues recently have emerged of late. The 2002 National Water policy (Ministry of Water Resources, GOI) , which is a revision of the original has emphasized on several facets that are important from an environmental and social viewpoint including the following statements:
* Water is part of a larger ecological system. Realising the importance and scarcity attached to fresh water, it has to be treated as an essential environment for sustaining all life forms
* Water is a scarce and precious national resource to be planned, developed and conserved and managed as such, and on an integrated and environmentally sound basis, keeping in view the socio-economic aspects and needs of the States
* Water resources development and management will have to be planned for a hydrological unit such as drainage basin as a whole or for a sub-basin, multi- sectored, taking into account surface and ground water for sustainable use incorporating quantity and quality aspects as well as environmental considerations
* Under para 5 it accords ecology a relatively much lower and fourth priority but indirectly recognises water use for fresh water" ecosystems
* In para 6.3 Project Planning, it states "preservation of the quality of environment and the ecological balance should be a PRIMARY consideration" and goes on to add that the adverse impact on the environment, should be minimised and should be offset by adequate compensatory measures
* There should be an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to the planning, formulation, clearance and implementation of projects, including catchments area treatment and management, environmental and ecological aspects, the rehabilitation of affected people and command area development.
* The drainage system should form an integral part of any irrigation project right from planning stage (Para 6.6)
* The detrimental environmental consequences of over-exploitation of ground water need to be effectively prevented by the Central and State Governments. (Para 7.3) * There should be a close integration of water-use and land-use policies (para 9.2)
* Water allocation in an irrigation system should be done with due regard to equity and social justice. (Para 9.3)
* Reclamation of water logged/ saline affected land by scientific and cost effective methods should form a part of command area development programme
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-20 DHI Water & Environment * On resettlement and rehabilitation it speaks of the need of a "skeletal national policy" and would like States to evolve their own detailed policies.
* Effluents should be treated to acceptable levels and standards before discharging them in to natural streams and that minimum flow should be ensured in the perennial streams for maintaining ecology and social considerations (para 14)
* Special efforts should be made to investigate and formulate projects either in, or for the benefit of, areas inhabited by tribal or other specially disadvantaged groups such as socially weak, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes
* There are several sections covering aspects of Flood Control and Management, Water Conservation, Drought-prone Area Development, etc., besides Institutional Mechanism, Private Sector Participation and Participatory Approach to water resources management
Water Policy of Himachal Pradesh The State Policy is in consonance with National Water Policy of 1987. It makes a clear statement of objectives. Some of the statements in this policy document relevant from social and environmental viewpoint are:
* Promotes a participatory approach and involves local communities and stakeholders, including women, in the management of water resources, in an effective and decisive manner in various aspects of planning, design, development and management of the water related schemes. Ensure ecological and environmental balance while developing water resources
* Promote equity and social justice among individuals and groups of users in water resource allocation and management
* Ensure self-sustainability in water resources development
* Provide a well-developed information system, for water related data for resource planning. A standardized state information system should be established with a network of data banks and data bases, integrating the State and Central level agencies and improving the quality of data collection and analysis
* Effective monitoring of policy implementation
* Among the important provisions included in this policy document are:
Non-Conventional methods for augmenting availability of water such as artificial recharge of ground water and traditional water conservation practices like rainwater harvesting, including roof-top rainwater harvesting and use of such water through dual plumbing systems in all buildings need to be promoted. Pilot projects will be supported
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-21 DHI Water & Environment for demonstration effect. Research and development in these areas shall also be supported.
Water resource development projects should as far as possible be planned and developed as multipurpose projects but provision for drinking water shall be a primary consideration. There should be an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to the planning, formulation, clearance and implementation of projects, including catchment area treatment and management, environmental and ecological aspects, the rehabilitation of affected people and command area development. Besides, in projects for hydropower generation involving impounding of water, adequate water shall be released round the year to meet the needs of downstream users. The sustainability evaluation of the Project shall determine "Environmental Discharge" to be prescribed for the Project, which shall not be less than 15% of the available discharge at any given time. In forest areas the extraction of water shall be planned keeping in view the needs of the flora and fauna of the area. The involvement and participation of beneficiaries and other stakeholders will be encouraged at the project planning stage itself.
Ecology & Environment: All water resources projects should be examined from ecological and environmental considerations and remedial measures wherever needed should form a part of the project itself and imnplemented along with it. A minimum flow in the natural streams should be allowed.
Water Harvesting: Water harvesting should be given consideration in planning water resources. Viable projects, especially in scarce ground water areas, should be investigated and implemented to increase the surface water availability would also help in recharging the ground water.
Ecological Health Recreational and other needs: All the water resources projects shall give due regard to the "ecological health" and other needs for which adequate provision shall be made on priority basis.
National Environment Policy The essential components of environmental policy in India are the prevention of pollution at source; the encouragement, development and application of best available feasible technology; the application of the polluter pays principle; the focus on critically polluted areas, and the participation by the people in the environmental aspects of development.
In the Eighth Five-Year Plan, the strategies were set out for prevention and regulation of environmental pollution. For prevention, emphasis was laid on statutory assessment of environmental impacts of projects. For regulation, reliance was placed on the polluter pays principle.
In the Ninth Five-Year Plan, emphasis is being placed on reorienting development policies rather than on direct intervention. It is stated that the measures required to protect the environment will be taken in such a way as to achieve sustainable development.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1 -22 DHI Water & Environment It is further stated that Agenda 21 of the Earth Summit guides the current environmental policies in India. The policy statements bear out the strong commitment that the government has for environmental protection and improvement.
In August 2004, the draft National Environment Policy was formulated and placed on the web for wide circulation. The main features that appear new in the proposed policy are shown below:
Definition of environment has been enlarged to include all entities, natural or manmade, external to oneself, which provide value, now or perhaps in the future, to humankind.
Foundational aspirations have been addressed, which are (i) that human beings should be able to enjoy a decent quality of life; (ii) that humanity should become capable of respecting the finiteness of the biosphere; and (iii) that neither the aspiration for the good life, nor the recognition of biophysical limits should preclude the search for greater justice in the world.
The principles of good governance, viz., Transparency, Rationality, Accountability, Reduction in time, costs and Participation with stakeholders, have been incorporated in the action points.
* Mainstreaming environment in all activities has been explicitly emphasized. * Responsibilities of the State and the citizen have been stated in the light of the amendments introducing fundamental duties in the Constitution of India. * International commitments on global climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, and transfer of hazardous wastes and loss of biodiversity have been specifically mentioned.
Certain new principles for environmental management have been included in the policy, some of them based on judicial interpretations. The new principles include the following:
* The precautionary approach * Polluter pays principle: general and strict liability of the polluter * Economic value of services of environmental resources * Priority for incomparable entities, e.g., Taj Mahal and the tiger * Equity, both intra-generational and inter-generational * Civil liability for environmental damage * State is trustee (not the owner) of all natural resources * Standards should be set in the context of society and economy
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-23 DHI Water & Environment National Forest Policy The principal aim of Forest Policy is to ensure environmental stability and maintenance of ecological balance including atmospheric equilibrium, which is vital for sustenance of all life forms, human, animal and plant. The basic objectives that should govern the National Forest Policy are the following:
* Maintenance of environmental stability through preservation and, where necessary, restoration of the ecological balance that has been adversely disturbed by serious depletion of the forests of the country * Conserving the natural heritage of the country by preserving the remaining natural forests with the vast variety of flora and fauna, which represent the remarkable biological diversity and genetic resources of the country * Checking soil erosion and denudation in the catchment areas of rivers, lakes, reservoirs in the "interest of soil and water conservation, for mitigating floods and droughts and for the retardation of siltation of reservoirs * Checking the extension of sand-dunes in the desert areas of Rajasthan and along the coastal tracts * Increasing substantially the forest/tree cover in the country through massive afforestation and social forestry programmes, especially on all denuded, degraded and unproductive lands * Meeting the requirements of fuel-wood, fodder, minor forest produce and small timber of the rural and tribal populations * Increasing the productivity of forests to meet essential national needs * Encouraging efficient utilization of forest produce and maximizing substitution of wood * Creating a massive people's movement with the involvement of women, for achieving these objectives and to minimize pressure on existing forests. Essentials of forest management include the following provisions: * Existing forests and forestlands should be fully protected and -their productivity improved. Forest and Vegetal cover should be increased rapidly on hill slopes, in catchment areas of rivers, lakes and reservoirs and ocean shores and, on semi-arid, and desert tracts * Diversion of good and productive agricultural lands to forestry should be discouraged in view of the need for increased food production * For the conservation of total biological diversity, the network of national parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserves and other protected areas should be strengthened and extended adequately * Provision of sufficient fodder, fuel and pasture, especially in areas adjoining forest, is necessary in order to prevent depletion of forests beyond the sustainable limit. Since fuel wood continues to be the predominant source of energy in rural areas, the programme of afforestation should be intensified
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-24 DHI Water & Environment with special emphasis on augmenting fuel wood production to meet the requirement of the rural people * Minor forest produce provides sustenance to tribal population and to other communities residing in and around the forests. Such produce should be protected, improved and their production enhanced with due regard to generation of employment and income * The forest policy provides strategy for area under forests, afforestation, social forestry & farm forestry, management of state forests, rights and concessions, diversion of forest lands for non-forest purposes, wildlife conservation, tribal people and forests, shifting cultivation, damage to forests from encroachments, fires and grazing, forest-based industries, forest extension, forestry education and forestry research
1.9.3 Regulatory Framework The regulatory and institutional decision-making framework for environmental management and protection in India, both at the National and State level, is embodied in nine major acts of the Indian Parliament. Among those, the ones applicable to Water resource development projects are:
Acts * Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 * Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 including Rules and Guidelines * Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 * Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 * Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
Notifications * The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 * Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, 1994 * The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 * Himachal Pradesh Fisheries Act, 1976
The Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) is the nodal agency in the administrative structure of the Central Government for the planning, promotion, co- ordination and overseeing the implementation of environmental legislation and programmes. Regulatory functions like Environment Clearance, Forest clearance are part of the mandate of this agency.
Guidelines * Guidelines for Sustainable Water Resources Development and Management, 1992, CWC * National Guidance Manual on Environmental Impact Assessment, 2003, NEERI on behalf of MoEF
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1 -25 DHI Water & Environment 1.9.4 Staged Environmental Clearance process
Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development have been the keystones of the policies and procedures governing the industrial and other developmental activities in India. The principal Environmental Regulatory Agency in India is the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF). MOEF formulates environmental policies and accords environmental clearance for the projects. The State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) accords 'No Objection Certificate' (NOC) and 'Consent for Establishment and Operation' for the projects. On receipt of complain from local public, SPCB also takes task of monitoring the activities of project and if any adverse environmental impacts are being generated due to running of project accordingly issues directions to concerned organization for implementing necessary measures.
Ministry of Environment & Forests has taken several policy initiatives and enacted environmental and pollution control legislations to prevent indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources and to promote integration of environmental concerns in developmental projects. One such initiative is the Notification on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of developmental projects issued on 27.1.1994 under the provisions of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 making EIA mandatory for 29 categories of developmental projects. One more item was added to the list in January, 2000. The objective of EIA is to foresee and address potential environmental problems/concerns at an early stage of project planning and design. EIA/ EMP should assist planners and government authorities in the decision making process by identifying the key impacts/issues and formulating mitigation measures.
Requirements and Procedure for seeking Environmental Clearance of projects Any person who desires to undertake any new project in any part of India or the expansion or modernization of any existing industry or project listed in the Schedule-I of this Notification has to submit an application to the Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi. a) The application has to be made in the proforma specified in Schedule-II of this notification and has to accompanied by a project report which should, inter alia, include an Environmental Impact Assessment Report, Environment Management Plan and details of public hearing as specified in Schedule-IV prepared in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests from time to time. However, Public Hearing is not required in respect of (i) small scale industrial undertakings located in (a) notified/designated industrial areas/industrial estates or (b) areas earmarked for industries under the jurisdiction of industrial development authorities; (ii) widening and strengthening of highways; (iii) mining projects (major minerals) with lease area up to twenty five hectares, (iv) units located in Export Processing Zones, Special Economic Zones and (v) modernization of existing irnigation projects. b) In case of the following site specific projects: * mining; * pit-head thermal power stations;
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-26 DHI Water & Environment * hydro-power, major irrigation projects and/or their combination including flood control; * ports and harbours (excluding minor ports); * prospecting and exploration of major minerals in areas above 500 hectares;
The project authorities have to intimate the location of the project site to the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests while initiating any investigation and surveys. The Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests then has to convey a decision regarding suitability or otherwise of the proposed site within a maximum period of thirty days. The said site clearance is then granted for a sanctioned capacity and shall be valid for a period of five years for commencing the construction, operation or mining. c) The reports submitted with the application is evaluated and assessed by the Impact Assessment Agency (IAA), and if deemed necessary it may consult a committee of Experts, having a composition as specified in Schedule-III of the Notification. The Impact Assessment Agency (IAA) is the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests. The Committee of Experts is constituted by the Impact Assessment Agency or such other body under the Central Government authorized by the Impact Assessment Agency in this regard. The said Committee of Experts has full right of entry and inspection of the site or, as the case may be, factory premises at any time prior to, during or after the commencement of the operations relating to the project. The Impact Assessment Agency then prepares a set of recommendations based on technical assessment of documents and data, furnished by the project authorities supplemented by data collected during visits to sites or factories, if undertaken and details of the public hearing. The assessment is completed within a period of ninety days from receipt of the requisite documents and data from the project authorities and completion of public hearing and decision conveyed within thirty days thereafter. The clearance granted is valid for a period of five years for commencement of the construction or operation of the project. The schedule I, II and III which specify the list of projects requiring environmental clearance from the central government, Procedure for seeking environment clearance of projects, Composition of the expert committees for environmental impact assessment, procedure for public hearing.
1.9.5 HPPCB Notification
Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board had issued a notification on July 16, 2005 vide which directions in exercise of the powers conferred by the provisions of Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 were issued for quantum of minimum flow of water to be released and maintained immediately downstream of diversion structures of existing and up-coming hydel projects through out the year should be threshold value of not less than 10%. This notification has been partially modified vide notification No PC-
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-27 DHI Water & Environment F(2)-1/2005 dated Sept 9, 2005. This stipulates that the quantum of minimum flow of water to be released and maintained immediately downstream of the diversion structures of existing and up-coming hydel projects through out the year should be threshold value of not less than 15% of the minimum flow observed in the lean season; to main river water body whose water is being harnessed by these projects. 1.10 Structure of the Report
The structure of the report has been briefed below:
Chapter 1: The Chapter gives an overview of the proposed Rampur Hydroelectric Project on river Satluj, the objectives and methodology adopted for the study. The chapter also talks on interlinking of the proposed project and other hydroelectric projects that are proposed or under operation in the region.
Chapter 2: The Chapter include baseline environmental status of the river stretch between Jhakri to Bael in terms of Drainage, Geology, Climate, Hydrology, Soil, Ecology of the area, Land use and Agricultural pattern of the area and Socio-Economic profile.
Chapter 3: The Chapter presents the overall scenario description of the area and summarises the analysis results. Environmental and Socio-Economic impacts that are foreseen due to hydroelectric project proposed and that are in operation in the vicinity are also summarised. Based on impact assessment analysis, this section of the report provides description on overall scenario in terms of peak, lean and operational river flow, channel instability/stability and sedimentation changes. The River Flow Modelling used for the particular study has also been described.
Chapter 4: The chapter gives the recommendations for the study.
Chapter 5: The Mitigation and Management Measures for maintaining the river ecology and for improving the Human health in the local area is the part of the final Chapter. Suggestions for augmentation of adaptive management capacity within SJVNL and the other agencies responsible for managing these actions have also been formulated.
1.11 Status of the Rampur Hydroelectric Project
Rampur Hydroelectric Project has been considered by the Expert Committee of Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India and accorded environmental clearance on March 31, 2006 as per the various stages mentioned in the Environmental Clearance procedure discussed above.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 1-28 DHI Water & Environment I I I CHAPTER -2 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
Managed River flow DHI Water & Environment I I I 2 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
The study has been undertaken to assess the flow pattern in river Satluj between Jhakri to Bael during peak and lean seasons. It requires a sound knowledge of the pre-project scenario in terms of the discharges in the stretch and the manner in which they influence the various ecological and socio-economic functions in the area. For this purpose, the chapter details out the existing environmental and socio-economic conditions based on data collected from several local departnents, which is firther substantiated with primary surveys and inventories (Ref. Annexure II).
The area for the purpose of study on 'Managed River Flow' has been considered as river stretch of about 23 kms of Satluj between Jhakri-Bael and catchment of major perennial/seasonal streams (Kajo, Tunan, Kunni, Kasholi, Barauni, Pashada, Darshai, Jakho, Racholi, Badgai and Nogli) draining into the River Satluj. The fall of the river in the study stretch is 140 m. However, the model has been set up for the entire stretch between Nathpa and Bael. The various land use types falling under the study area have been mapped along the river Satluj (ref. Fig 2.5).
For the purpose of impact assessment, due to the absence of village boundary information, data has been collected at tehsil level and gram panchayat level for Shimla and for Kullu districts.
The study area comprises several villages in the stretch of about 23 km from Jhakri to Bael, the villages falling at right bank of the river are mainly of Nermand Tehsil (ref. Table 2.1) of Kullu district and the villages at left bank of-the river are of Rampur Tehsil of Shimla district. Only Rampur is a major town which falls in the study stretch.
Table 2-1: List of Villages & Sub-villages falling in Study area (Rampur Tehsil of Shimla District and Nermand o Kullu District) Name of Name of Name of Village District Panchayat Shimia Racholi Racholi, Khanari, Odda Singla Singla, Shaneri, Uru, Kalna, Besri Baharwali Kumsu, Kamiahu, Rajpura, Masarna Duttnagar Bhadrash, Duttnagar Lalsa Lalsa, Nalakhobar, Darshal Dansa Makroli, Karali, Thana, Jaguni, Dhar,Dansa Munish Munish, Jogni, Barkal, Mataina, Thala, Bhali, Urman Kuhal Chiksa, Kuhal, Majholi Keem, Deothi, Prog, Kareri, Anu Rakshi Kashapat Kandi, Pal, Kasha Jhakri Jhakri, Gaso, Badi (SV), Kharkag (SV), Landless colony (SV), Garora (SV), Shanti nagar (SV), Shokcha (SV), Shankari ______(SV ) Kullu Kushwa Shroo , Bdari, Kindla, Kushwa, Shoduwar, Kimcha, Roprikater, Seri, Shah, Narku, Shaich, Dogri, Bahan, Kafti, Kund Kharga Kumahar, Duwari, Kharga, Suraage, Tharwa, Bakhan Tunan Bishlai, Tunan, Sharshaya Nishani Pujarli, Nishani, Tawar Arsu Sohach, Arsu, Dandidhar, Badhidhar, Dishol, DhoulBahau
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-1 DHI Water & Environment Name of Name of District Panchayat Name of Village Bari Damehli, Pankwa, Palli, Kasholi Chail Tharla, Jaon, Dogari Poshna Poshna, Brow, Panasha Sarga Bagani, Badijan, Humku, Bahan, Dhar, Kailiage, Mohali, Thaledhar, Dhanikater, Thach, Barguridhar, Sarga, Dugilog, Gad, Dogri, Ropri, Neokundar, Firliol, Kiundhar Gadej Gadej, Veri, Dharopa, Baei, Koel SV: Sub village Source: District Census Data for Shimla and Kullu Districts, Himachal Pradesh, Year 2001 & Document on Catchment Area treatment Plan for July, 2005, amended in November 2005, CAT Plan Division, Nichar, Forest department, GoHP 2.1 Catchment Characteristics and Drainage Paffern
Rampur Hydroelectric project is proposed on river Satluj, which rises from Rakas near Mansarovar Lake beyond Indian borders in the southern slopes of the Kailash Mountain, as Longcchen Khabab River in Tibet. It is the largest among the five rivers of Himachal Pradesh. It flows in a north-westerly direction and enters in Himachal Pradesh at the Shipki Pass, where it is joined by the Spiti River. It cuts deep gorges in the ranges of the Himalayas, and finally enters the Punjab plain after cutting a gorge in a hill range. The total catchment area of the Satluj above Bhakra Dam site is about 56,875 sq. km and above the Nathpa diversion site is about 49,820 sq. kms. The river Satluj drains an area of about 50,880 sq. kms at Rampur discharge site. The catchment is considerably narrow below Nathpa.
A gross fall of 2180 m is available in the riverbed from Shipkilla to Bhakra in a length of about 320 km and about 990 m from Shipkilla to Shongtong Barrage site. The fall of the river in the study area is about 140 m along the length of approximate 25 km form Jhakri to Bael.
The valley is narrow in the portion from Shipkilla to Pooh and from Thopan to Rampur. In the portion between Pooh to Thopan and Rampur to Bhakra the valley is comparatively wider. From Rampur to Koldam site, riverbed slope is of order of 1:300. It is the flattest in the Bhakra reservoir area. The satellite imagery of the area as part of entire river basin in Himachal Pradesh has been procured (ref. Fig 2.1). The study stretch has been marked in the imagery. The red colour on this false colour composite shows vegetation, cyan shows snow cover while blue and black show water bodies.
The principal tributaries in study area that significantly contribute to Satluj flow especially in peak season are Gaura, Barauni, Pashada, Machhada, Darshai, Jakho, Racholi and Nogli . In addition, several small nallas also drain into the river Satluj between Jhakri to Bael stretch (Ref. Fig No.2.2).
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-2 DHI Water & Environment l 76'30'OE 77-01E 77°30'0"E 78'0'0'E 7830'0E
Study stretch
76'30O0`E 77O'OVE 77-30`0E 78-0'0'E 78'30'0"E A satellite view of Satluj basin in HIP ______
Figure 2.1: A Satellite view of Satluj Basin in Himachal Pradesh indicating the study area.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow- 09/2006 2-3 DHI Water & Environment I I I 2.2 Flow Profile of River Satluj
The course of river Satluj in Himachal Pradesh is 320 km from Rakas Lake, with principal tributaries in India are Spiti, Kashming, Baspa, Bhaba, Nogli, Kurpan, Nauti, Shoulding, Seer, Bahrari, Ali and Gambher. River Spiti, which confluences at Nangia, 14 km upstream of Pooh is the biggest tributary.
It leaves Himachal Pradesh to enter the plains of Punjab at Bhakhra. Its total catchment area in Himachal Pradesh is 20,000 sq. km. The Satluj finally drains into the Indus in Pakistan. The catchment area of about 50,140 km. of Satluj River is located above the permanent snow-line at an altitude of 4,500 metres. The upper tracts of the Satluj valley are under a permanent snow cover. The prominent human settlements along the banks of the Satluj are Namgia, Kalpa, Rampur, Tattapani, Suni and Bilaspur.
Maximum discharge of river Satluj goes up to 10000-12000 cumecs and minimum discharge remains in the range of 70-80 cumecs. To understand the changes in the river flow profile over the course of time, the historical flow data giving the minimum, maximum and average discharge, at the locations where river gauge stations are available, viz. - Khab (d/s of Spiti Confluence), Nathpa, Rampur, Luhri, Kasol and Suni, have been compiled and plotted from the available project documents and data obtained from SJVNL (ref. Table No.2.2). Also, Daily data for Rampur, for the months of February and March for the year 2006 have been presented.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-4 DHI Water & Environment I Table 2-2: Historical Flow Data of River Satluj at various locations- Khab (dls of Spiti Confluence), Nathpa, Rampur, Luhri, Kasol and Suni; Source: 1. PrefeasibiltyReport on 465 MW Luhri H.E.P, March 2004 2. Khab Detailed Project Report, SLVNL a. Discharge Data at Khab Wls of SDiti Confluence) in Cumecs a. Discharge Data at Kbab (dis of Soti Conilutentce) in Cumecs othy | 10-daily
-- Miniginutin Maxiniunti aily Mink Odal Ma Aveiage 1972 46.63 543 44 617 171.83 1973 41.66 960 40 1238 334.58 . ------. 1974 43.67 668 43 743 207.75 1975 41 670.66 39 858 242.17 - 1976 39 591.33 38 670 154.67 1977 37.66 814.33 40 938 208.33 1978 55 734.33 53 923 265.67 1979 55 1001.33 51 1459 307.92 1980 54.33 882 53 940 268.5 - - - 1981 57.66 753.66 55 946 223.5 1982 57.33 954.33 1 53 983 281.58 1983 51 867 52 775 259.5 1984 22 51 668 21 698 189.25 Discharge Data at Khab (dis of Spiti Confluence)
1986 28 795.33 24 1041 217.08 in Cumecs 1987 21.33 635.66 6 681 177.83 1988 44.66 769 21 828 263.64 1600 ------1989 42.66 693.33 44 832 198 - 1990 45.66 659.33 40 947 264 1400 1991 61 1011 44 1136 306.67 4 1200 - Monthly Min 1992 88.33 500 60 643 218.67 1l00 MonthlyoMax 1993 79 329 78 399 163.92 1 8 2 f .A . .
1994 64.33 735.33 64 898 218.92 80 . .10DiyM 1995 65 488 59 51 167 600 -"-10 Daily Ma 1996 49.66 580.66 49 906 195.83 400 - --*- Average 1997 37.33 430 36 600 131 . 080 Ofn 1998 26.33 950 22 1084 238.83 1999 3 3492533 40 1326 12892 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
2001 21 227 19 259 81.67 Year 2002 17.33 365 17 440 114.42
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow- 09/2006 2-5 DHI Water & Environment b. DISCHARGE (IN CUMECS) DATA OF RIVER SATLUJ AT NATHPA
b. DISCHARGE tIN CUMECS) DATA OF RiVER SATLUJ AT NATHPA
Year | Monthly 10-Daily Average Miniiiiun MaximuniMinlinum Maxlmum I I 1990 82.89 1240.46 77.5 1718.54 476.115 DISCHARGE (IN CUMECS) DATA OF RIVER SATLUJ 1991 87.39 1332.94 74.89 1896.6 462.44 AT NATHPA 1992 117.49 1017.84 105.03 1760.99 399.89 1993 114.53 842.28 106.91 1223.08 321.75 2500 1994 128.37 1867.785 113.62 2258.65 591.64 1995 90.45 1137.53 85.4 2230.46 486.54 2000 MonthlyMin 1996 97.45 1164.28 93.13 1793.63 386.35 4- Monthly Max
1997 7476 761.635 71.21 741.51 344.61 1500 - -. . 7 : l 1998 99.42 1962.39 94.7 2226.47 748.93 10 Daily Mi 1999 106.17 1220.98 100.78 1808.21 407.075 . .10 Daily Max 2000 100.18 1536.48 95.91 2317.77 44082 500 -w+-Average 2001 92.44 701.33 83.2 880.25 285864 . _ ._. _ _ __.__ 2002 74.74 864.765 70.58 1106.5 355.81 0 10 2003 7369 901.46 70.2 1172.64 33654 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2004 67.548 555.7 59.03 1019.92 203.51 Year 2005 59.53 1347.21 47.53 1895 45 381.88 .
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-6 OHI Water & Environment c. Dsch~rgje~ Data- ati Ramp~u-r (Ciiiiecsll
Yeat Monthy 10-daily Average
Mininwnniii Maxiiihnun Minimiiumi Maximutiini 1972 77.66 882.66 77 1116 313.42 1973 90 1618.33 88 2215 534.5 1974 08.66 851.66 85 1053 304.00 1975 87.66 1308 76 1551 492.42 1976 98 1143 94 I 1390 341.17 1977 87.66 1266.66 86 1433 396.5 1978 87.66 1176.33 88 1466 441 1979 94.66 1285 93 1840 431 1980 90 1124 90 1221 377.08 1981 72.66 1060 77 1293 347.92 1982 75.33 1318.66 78 1333 347.5 1983 87.66 1101.66 88 1270 411 1984 81 801.66 80 929 309 1985 69 780.66 65 833 305 Disclharge Data at Rampur (Cumecs) 1906 72.66 1138.33 67 1365 381.42 1987 104 1063.66 97 1133 346.58 20 1988 76 1039.33 71 1128 374.35 20 1989 103.66 979.66 102 1183 339.75______1990 96.33 935 89 1340 399.85 -a- 2000 -.. Monthly Min 1f99 1 86 1193 87 1318 404.08 EMotlMa 1992 110 841.66 104 1047 340.83 U 150boo-Mothy a 1993 100.66 727.33 I 94 876 298.42 10 Daily Min 1994 98 1210.33 93 1308 355.42 1000 -"-0Dal a 1995 103 805.66 104 893 358.08vrag 1996 103 1026.33 102 1483 365.42 500 -- vrg 19 97 91.66 715.33 69 789 268.58 1998 81.33 1265.33 80 1487 426.92 0 "A. ^eW% S,.% 1999 121 800.66 117 1037 324.33 2000 106 680.33 100 926 273.33 17 9019 0021 2001 84.66 622.66 82 712 1247.67 Year 2002 76.66 738.66 75 869 343.25 ______
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-7 DHI Water & Environment d. Discharge Daia at Gihrij Cumecs) - - Year MW 10-d Average MNnimmn Maxm Minmum Maimum 1972 79.33 790.67 79 981 331.5 1973 90.66 1677 84 2283 557.83 1974 92 899.33 90 1102 321.42 1975 88.33 1360.67 78 1670 514.5 1976 99.66 1142 97 1444 355.83 1977 90 1329 82 1474 359.17 1978 90.67 1275 90 1483 469.42 1979 99.67 1302 95 1460 439.42 1980 90.6 7 1181 86 1277 390.67 1981 73 1104 56 1332 364 1982 79.67 1303 76 1317 418.25 1983 88.33 1183 86 1308 409.92 1984 85 831.67 81 964 371.33 1985 70 816.33 69 877 337.08 1986- 74.67 1l197.67 71 1419.. 396 Dshr.Dt tLhi(ues 1987 104.67 1106.33 102 1165 344.17 Discharge Data at Luhri(Cumecs) 1988 78.67 1103.33 72 1199 395.83 1989 106 1023 104 1236 326.42 2500 1990 99 1018.67 94 1364 426 1991 93.67 1244 90 1375 421.42 i 2000 - -+ Monthly Min 1992 111 892.33 105 1135 358.17 2.. Monthly Max 1993 103 778 99 - 966 319.17 . 1500 Daily Min 1994 96.67 1270.67 89 1386 402.28. 10 Daily Mi 1000 1995 107.33 878.67 104 951 365.92 s - .. -- 10 Daily Max
1996 106 1059.67 102 1521 426.33 * 500 ;--Average- .- 1997 101.67 765.33 92 841 281.08 c lp, 1998 89 1288.33 88 1500 431.5 .. O - .______;.__'i______1999 124.67 915.33 118 1172 351.25 0 2000 112 754 105 1016 297.58 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2001 85 687.67 84 801 273.83 Year 2002 79 823.6667 76 868 352
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow- 09/2006 2-8 DHI Water & Environment e. Dischasge Data at Studi(Cumes) -
Year Moltly 104.r Average - Mintlmumi Maximumil Miiinimii Maximii.nim 1972 82.33 999.33 82 1044 358.36 1973 94.33 1755.66 88 2375 580.31 1974 95.33 960.33 94 1168 33861 1975 91.66 1425 81 1749 515.08. 1976 104 1208.66 101 1517 387.33 . 1977 93.66 1399.33 86 1548 388.28 1978 93.66 1344 93 1557 511 1979 101 1328.66 94 1706 432.33 1980 88.33 1208.66 85 1317 394.86 1981 80 1195 78 1383 385.64 1982 83.33 1313.33 82 1332 434.68 1984 918766 1241.33 88 1311 3581.9 Discharge Data at Suni (Cumecs) 1985 72 975 71 1074 366.03 1986 77.33 1278.33 75 1527 415.14 2500 19987 106 1165 104 1237 387.08
1988 82.66 1190.66 83 1295 435.97 '; 2000 - 1989 109.33 1081.66 111 1308 371.33 0 ..- Monthly Min __ ~E- 1990 102.33 1131.33 101 1396 455.92 . = 1500 An-- -i Monthly Max 1991 97 1213.66 96 1261 423.47 ... 10 Daily Min 1992 112.66 963.33 106 1254 379.69 E 1-9-93 847 105 1089 326 1001I--100105.66 10 Daily Max 1994 94.33 1352 75 1491 454.83 o 1995 109.66 978 105 1035 383.33 500 1996 110.33 1105.66 103 1575 431.89 1997 102.33 836.33 101 948 298.53 0 . . 1998 99 1319.33 97 1386 454.93 . 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1999 126.66 1071.33 121 1355 397.57 2000 116.33 861 111 1139 330.09 Year 2001 86 794 84 922 289.58 2002 75.66 1057 78 1089 393.96
P3050220 (A)Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-9 DHI Water &Environment f. Discharge Data at Kasol (Cuumecs Year Motlhly 10 daiy Average Mhililuii Maximum Minimum Maxilmml 1972 = = = . .
1973- - - - 1974 = = .. . 19751___- 1976 ...... 1977 ,. 1978 446.67 1979 121.66 l226233 117 lRg% 402.58 980 JJR1 133 380.05 1981 92.66 1142 79 1499 441.58 1982 87 fi6 134j 85 1420 479.19 1983 90 1409 f6i6 7 158S6 368.19 1984 85.6f 945 78 975 371.25 1985 74 33 996 73 1063 452.08 1986 jj~14133 76 J531653 379.587.6 Discharge Data at Kasol (Cumecs) 1987 90 1258.33 83 1359 475.67 1988 75 .66 1377 74 1584 400.58 1989 114 120533 1483 499.33 2000 1990 91466 1211-6 923 1~553 472.67 1991 U331 fi3366 76 1553 419.5 1500 - -. Monthly Min
1992 3 10.6566 93 1369 333.25 2 . -+- Monthly Max 1993 sonT3 69 a6 1205 460.92 >'t2 Oaiyi 1994 79 3251733 772 166 438.58 ,1000 1995 17 1304 434.35 . . 10 Daily Max 1996 117.6 123 njj 1j31 336.831 . 500Avrg 1997 9566 899 1033 477.42 0Average 1998 1 1401 6f il 1657 428.75 . O ______2000 8 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
2001 - Year
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-10 DHI Water & Environment Table: Minimum Flow at various location from Khab to Suni (cumecs)
Minimum flows at various locations from Khab to Suni (Cumecs)
Site Monthly min 10 Daily min 90 percentile 60 percentile 90 percentile 60 percentile Monthly min 10 Daily min Khab 64.33 45.66 59 44 17.33 8 Nathpa 116.01 91.45 105.97 93.13 59.13 47.53 Rapmur 104 91.66 102 89 69 65 Luhri 107.7 97.6 104 90 70 56 Suni 110.33 99 106 96 72 71
140 ; -.
120; - ;- -tj- -,...f 120 -_ * .- "m- Monthly min 90 percentile
E . * - Monthly min 60 percentile so80 -10 Daily min 90 percentile CL 6 010 Daily min 60 percentile
40 I Monthly min " 1| L] 40 * .10 Daily min
Khab Nathpa Rapmur Luhri Suni Location
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-11 DH I Water & Environment I I DAILY DISCHARGE AT SATLUJ RIVER OBSERVED AT 1OAM AT RAMPUR AT G &D SITES February 2006
DISCHARGE INCUMECS u/s of Rampur (at Jagatkhana d/s of Rampur (at SJVN Bridge DATE Bridge site) site) FEBRUARY 4-Feb-06 127 128 5-Feb-06 150 151 6-Feb-06 134 135 7-Feb-06 137 130 8-Feb-06 106 106 9-Feb-06 134 137 10-Feb-06 109 109 11-Feb-06 106 150 12-Feb-06 113 114 13-Feb-06 106 158 14-Feb-06 104 105 15-Feb-06 126 126 16-Feb-06 112 113 17-Feb-06 106 109 18-Feb-06 116 118 19-Feb-06 145 143 20-Feb-06 142 144 21-Feb-06 103 104 22-Feb-06 105 106 23-Feb-06 112 113 24-Feb-06 122 124 25-Feb-06 116 117 26-Feb-06 109 110 27-Feb-06 128 129 28-Feb-06 127 128
March 2006
MARCH 1-Mar-06 103 104 2-Mar-06 110 112 3-Mar-06 104 106 4-Mar-06 102 103 5-Mar-06 96 97 6-Mar-06 120 122 7-Mar-06 147 149 8-Mar-06 148 145 9-Mar-06 153 152 10-Mar-06 103 105 11-Mar-06 103 105 12-Mar-06 121 122 13-Mar-06 112 110 14-Mar-06 110 111
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-12 DHI Water & Environment 15-Mar-06 111 112 16-Mar-06 101 102 17-Mar-06 67 70 18-Mar-06 98 100 19-Mar-06 101 100 20-Mar-06 83 85 21-Mar-06 104 105 22-Mar-06 146 147 23-Mar-06 154 155 24-Mar-06 158 157 25-Mar-06 156 155 26-Mar-06 145 150 27-Mar-06 108 107 28-Mar-06 107 108 29-Mar-06 108 109 30-Mar-06 106 107 31-Mar-06 155 157 Source: SJVNL
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-13 DHI Water & Environment |0 A ARLA TO.RECONGP
| SARGHA.4
-,b*'l -.-- < - JDr - -- *---,AJL -- c- KARO~R SHARON ~I1 (!~jj 1$ ~IHVU~L~4 !KARS-Af'
I~~DA1-I -' XH~~')~
Fig 2.2 Various Streams joining the Sat/u] river in the study stretch
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow- 09/2006 2-14 DHI Water & Environment I Similarly, flow pattern of the principal streams contributing into the river Satluj has also been taken into account so that in later stages of impact assessment, it could be estimated that after the restricted river flow due to NJHEP and RHEP, how significantly the tributaries will contribute into the river to maintain the minimum desired flow in it. The flow data for tributaries meeting Satluj between Nathpa and Jhakhri stretch has been compiled using data measured by IIT Roorkee on 10 daily basis and is presented below for the months of Oct, Nov, Dec 2005, Jan, Feb, Mar and April 2006.
Further, the principal tributaries between Jhakri up to Bael have been identified and mapped; accordingly, a flow measurement campaign for the tributaries/ khads was 6arried out for two months (Feb-March, 2006) at 10 days interval of time. Considering comparatively lesser flow, the 'Current Velocity Meter' method was adopted to measure the flow in streams i.e. Kajo, Kunni, and Racholi etc. For Nogli khad, which is having reasonably higher flow, 'Float method' was used for flow measurement.
The flow data for all tributaries (khads) from Nathpa to Bael is presented below. Table 2.3-a gives data for tributaries from Nathpa to Jhakri and table 2.3-b gives data for tributaries from Jhakri to Bael.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-15 DHI Water & Environment I I Table 2-3 a: Measured Flow data for tributaries of River Satluj between Nathpa-Jhakri for the months of Oct 2005t -April, 2006 by IIT Roorkee
Tributary Average ten daily discharge (cumec)
October November December January February March April
I 11 III I II III I II III I II III I II1 III I It III I |I III
Manglad 1.44 1.35 1.32 1.23 1.15 1.12 0.592 0.589 0.563 0.572 0.787 0.619 0.587 0.537 0.505 0.662 0.725 0.934 0.979 1.099
Chaura Khad 0.62 0.58 0.61 0.60 0.56 0.51 0.485 0.450 0.406 0.464 0.563 0.488 0.470 0.446 0.438 0.686 0.748 0.812 0.867 1.049
Chaunda Khad 1.01 0.87 0.91 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.437 0.460 0.392 0.407 0.468 0.443 0.419 0.408 0.352 0.589 0.669 0.684 0.744 0.962
Rupi Khad 1.74 1.46 1.37 1.40 1.15 0.98 0.637 0.535 0.526 0.515 0.706 0.534 0.546 0.516 0.538 0.739 0.771 0.816 0.884 1.106
Sholding Khad 1.93 1.84 1.56 1.27 1.16 0.98
Sumej Khad 1.66 1.56 1.32 1.08 1.03 1.00
Gaanvi Khad 1.92 1.67 1.56 1.53 1.60 1.12
Sorang Khad 1.58 1.21 0.96 0.75 0.72 0.44
Silaring Khad 0.91 1.19 1.09 0.69 0.60 0.45
Unoo Khad 0.134 0.136 0.153 0.162 0.215 0.162 0.149 0.146 0.121 0.155 0.195 0.217 0.246 0.301
Daaj Khad 0.107 0.094 0.085 0.114 0.152 0.128 0.120 0.114 0.108 0.214 0.221 0.226 0.240 0.308
Kaowil Khad 0.165 0.118 0.102 0.129 0.170 0.157 0.148 0144 0.133 0.183 0.195 0.251 0.275 0.350
Gatti Khad 0.158 0.150 0.136 0.136 0.168 0.149 0.144 0.138 0.135
P3050220 (A)Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-16 DHI Water & Environment Lean flow data for tributaries between Nathpa and Jhakhri Tributary Average ten daily discharge (cumec)
October November December January February March April Lean Lean month
I - 1 II n --- II I - - - - I I if II - I - - - I - II flow Laot
Manglad 1.44 1.35 1.32 1.23 1.15 1.12 0.592 0.589 0.563 0.572 0.787 0.619 0.587 0.537 0.505 0.662 0.725 0.934 0.979 1.099 0.505 Feb
CKhauda 0.62 0.58 0.61 0.6 0.56 0.51 0.485 0.45 0.406 0.464 0.563 0.488 0.47 0.446 0.438 0.686 0.748 0.812 0.867 1.049 0.406 Dec
Chaunda 1.01 0.87 0.91 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.437 0.46 0.392 0.407 0.468 0.443 0.419 0.408 0.352 0.589 0.669 0.684 0.744 0.962 0.352 Feb Khad
Rupi Khad 1.74 1.46 1.37 1.4 1.15 0.98 0.637 0.535 0.526 0.515 0.706 0.534 0.546 0.516 0.538 0.739 0.771 0.816 0.884 1.106 0.515 Jan
Sholding 1.93 1.84 1.56 1.27 1.16 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 Nov Khad
Sumejj 1.66 6 1.32 1.08 1.03 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nov Khad 1__56 _ 1______32 ______
Gaanvi 1.92 1.67 1.56 1.53 1.6 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 Nov K had _ __ I______I______
0.44 Nov rhad 1.58 1.21 0.96 0.75 0.72 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44
Siaring 0.91 1.19 1.09 0.69 0.6 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 Nov K had ______
Unoo 0.121 0.121 0.121 0.121 0.121 0.121 0.134 0.136 0.153 0.162 0.215 0.162 0.149 0.146 0.121 0.155 0.195 0.217 0.246 0.301 0.121 Feb
Daaj Khad 0.085 0.085 0.085 0.085 0.085 0.085 0.107 0.094 0.085 0.114 0.152 0.128 0.12 0.114 0.108 0.214 0.221 0.226 0.24 0.308 0.085 Dec
Kaowil 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.165 0.118 0.102 0.129 0.17 0.157 0.148 0.144 0.133 0.183 0.195 0.251 0.275 0.35 0.102 Dec Khad
Gatti 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.158 0.15 0.136 0.136 0.168 0.149 0.144 0.138 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.135 Feb
Gharsoo 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Feb
0.2 Feb KCmha 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
ShimIa 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Feb Khad 0,5 _ 0.5__ 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.. 5.5
Dharal 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Feb Khad Managed River Flow - 09/200I(A)I_I 2-17 DHI Wt&Evo e
Wadhal 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 05 0.5 0.5 Feb RB
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2- 17 DHI Water & Environment Mang[ad 0. 0. 0. 0.II I I IIII PBd 0.5 | 0.5 |05 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 0.5 |05 | 0.5 0.5 05| 0 10.510.5.5 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 | Feb
Source: IIT Roorkee data and EIA NJHEP & RHEP
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-18 DHI Water & Environment I I Table 2.3- b: Measured Flow data for tributaries of River Satluj between Jhakri-Bael for the months of Feb-March, 2006
S. No. Name of stream Date Discharge (cumecs) Min Discharge cumecs 06.02.2006 0.422 16.02.2006 0.502 1 Kajo 27.02.2006 0.432 0.422 06.03.2006 0.508 15.03.2006 0.526 25.03.2006 0.575 06.02.2006 0.290 16.02.2006 0.304 2 K 27.02.2006 0.268 0.290 unni 06.03.2006 0.283 15.03.2006 0.316 25.03.2006 0.312 09.02.2006 0.113 16.02.2006 0.147 28.02.2006 0.131 0.113 3 Tunnan 06.03.2006 0.166 15.03.2006 0.179 25.03.2006 0.184 09.03.2006 0.103 17.02.2006 0.141 4 01.03.2006 0.102 0.102 4 Racholi 07.03.2006 0.131 16.03.2006 0.121 26.03.2006 0.114 17.02.2006 0.107 01.03.1006 0.097 5 Jhako 07.03.2006 0.114 0.097 16.03.2006 0.111 26.03.2006 0.112 08.02.2006 0.101 17.02.2006 0.117 01.03.2006 0.118 0.101 6 Pashada 07.03.2006 0.131 16.03.2006 0.120 26.03.2006 0.114 18.02.2006 0.133 02.03.2006 0.095 7 Barauni 09.03.2006 0.092 0.082 18.03.2006 0.083 27.03.2006 0.082 -- 18.02.2006 0.145 02.03.2006 0.127 8 Kasholi 09.03.2006 0.119 0.091 18.03.2006 0.104 27.03.2006 0.091 18.02.2006 0.175 02.03.2006 0.119 9 Badgai 09.03.2006 0.106 18.03.2006 0.101 0.089 27.03.2006 0.089
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-19 DHI Water & Environment S. No. Name of stream Date Discharge (cumecs) Min Discharge cumecs 14.02.2006 3.39 23.02.2006 4.01 10 Nogli 03.03.2006 3.54 10.03.2006 3.77 19.03.2006 4.01 3.54 28.03.2006 4.15
Critical Flow diagram (Nathpa-Bael) 0-63000mts, with the flow contribution from different tributaries along the stretch
75
70-
E U 65
Li.
60
55 - 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 Chainage (mts)
2.3 Geology and Soils
The tract lies in the Western Himalayas. Geologically, Himalayas is one of the youngest orogenic belts and therefore represent unstable regions of the earth. Regionally, the region belongs to Jutogh series of formation, which is co-relatable to the archaen group of rocks. These are the oldest sedimentary systems that have metamorphosed and occur more or less as a continuous band between the central axis
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-20 DHI Water & Environment of higher Himalayas and outer ranges. The project area lies in lesser Himalayas with general altitude above elevation 1000 mts. The area consists of deep and narrow valleys and gorges having steep cliffs and escarpment faces. The rock types in the area comprise a variety of metamorphic rocks like gneisses, schist, gneissose schist and basic intrusive and granite. These unfossiliferous rocks belong to Rampur block and surrounded by the Jeori-wangtu, Jutog group, sakala group.
The bedding seen in the Rampur group and that in the Jeori-wangtu complex is in the form of compositional banding. In the Rampur area the strike direction varies from N 40 E-S40° W to N60° W with southerly dips ranging from 200 to 400. At some places gouge seams are also associated with some of the joints. The foliation trend generally varies from N70°W-S70°E to N70°E-S70°W having an average dip of the order of 350 in the northerly direction. The Himalayas lie in the orogenic belt making them prone to earthquakes and project site falls in Seismic Zone IV. The region has a history of occurrences of earthquakes above the scale of 5 on Richter scale and the last major earthquake had occurred in 1991.
The morphology of the two valleys has been shaped by glaciations that are responsible for their broad, U-shaped cross-sectional profile. Much of the land in the valley floor and lower slopes is composed of alluvium in the form of terraces and fans. The soil is generally sandy-loam and the depth is shallow except in the areas having vegetation cover where it is fairly deep. In the regions above 1,500 m, the soil is generally deep. 2.4 Climate and Rainfall
The climate is generally temperate but due to large variations in the altitude, there is a wide range of climatic variations, from the tropical climate of sub-mountainous areas at the bottom of the Satluj valley to the alpine in the upper reaches, parts of which are perpetually under snow. The climate in an area also changes with the change in aspect. The study area experiences four distinct seasons:
Severe cold winter (December to February), Summer (April to June), Monsoons (July to mid-September), and * Autumn (mid-September to November)
Temperatures vary widely due to variations in the altitude during a particular season. The temperature generally rises from March till June, which is the hottest month of the year with mean minimum and maximum temperatures of 15.60 C and 240 C, respectively. With the onsets of monsoons by June end, temperature begins to fall. The month of January is the coolest with the mean minimum and maximum temperature of 1.70 C and 8.90 C. Under the influence of the western disturbances, the temperature falls appreciably during winters and may even go below O° C.
Table 2-4: Temperature Data at Rampur Station
Year | Jan Feb March April (IC) May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 1989 Max. 16.84 19.32 23.56 30.01 33.18 33.31 32.19 31.39 31.97 29.48 23.48 17.75 Min. 3.58 6.2 8.99 12.47 17.38 20.16 22.59 20.98 18.96 13.85 8.53 5.5
P3050220 (A)Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-21 DHI Water &Environment 1990 Max. 20 17.46 30.08 28.24 31.97 34.66 30.53 31.72 30.68 28.56 25.51 19.58 Min. 6.21 6.52 7.52 12.38 18.13 21.33 - 21.72 19.81 12.84 8.81 5.75 1991 Max. 19.26 10.04 23.4 27.07 33.1 34.18 35.34 31.39 31.68 29.73 23.74 19.26 Min. 2.47 6.42 9.28 11.87 16.73 20.62 23.67 22.02 20.48 13.9 8.42 5.44 1992 Max. 17.25 18.96 21.39 28.94 32.11 35.11 31.61 30.98 30.75 28.24 23.77 0.66 Min. 5.66 5.42 9.87 14.18 16.05 20.31 21.45 21.98 19.59 13.65 9.68 5.39 1993 Max. 15.82 20.77 21.39 29.4 34.46 33.85 34.64 28.01 31.63 24.03 22.68 18.45 Min. 4.64 7.36 8.13 13.01 17.77 22.88 22.5 17.31 14.62 7.49 8.11 5.5 1994 Max. 18.27 18.86 27.74 26.35 32.65 35.96 32.29 31.16 30.88 28.96 25.2 18.96 Min. 5.5 5.21 9.36 11.87 16.81 21.7 22.24 21.89 18.27 13.18 8.46 5.86 Source: IMD
It can be observed that the minimum temperature has been 2.47 0 C in the month of Jan and maximum temperature 35.960 C in June.
Precipitation is in the form of rain and snow in the study area. The major rains are received in the months of July and August because of the monsoons. The area also receives winter rains and snow due to the western disturbances in the months of January to March. Snowfalls occur above 1600 m but sometime goes down to 900 m also, however the snow seldom lies for long periods below 2200 m.
Table 2-5: Rainfall (in mm) data at Rampur Station
Year Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total 1999 78.9 19.9 5.4 0 31.4 19.6 185 60.9 18.5 0 0 5.2 424.8 2000 0 0 0 0 0 244.9 337.9 21.3 12.1 0 0 0 616.2 2001 20 40 105 34 103 113.9. 60 123.1 60 0 16 41 716 2002 61.5 142 93 104 13 45 10 152 104 0 0 1 725.5 2003 55 110 60 61 11 41.5 264 132 107 0 4 41 886.5 2004 67 4 0 69 57 114 93 244.5 24 81 2 6 761.5 Source: IMD
It can be inferred that driest month is Nov with no rainfall while wettest is July with 337.9 mm rainfall.
To validate the monitoredflows in various tributaries, an attempt has been made to correlate rainfall data with the measured flows in tributaries. As a sample case, Kasholi has been taken for validation. The catchment of Kasholi has been delineated (refer fig below) and catchment areafor Kasholi is 16.25 sq km. It is an elongated shaped catchment with a length of the catchment as 7.5 km. The average rainfall data for Rampur station is 50 mm and 40 mm respectively for the months of February and
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-22 DHI Water & Environment 77°35WE 77°360'E 77'37O'E 77'380'E
31°31'0'N
pp'?N
31 29'0'N
3128'7"N
31,26O01
77°35'0E 77°35O'E 77°37'0"E 77°38'0"E Kasholi Catchment
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-23 DHI Water & Environment March based on the last available data. This is the same period during which the flows have been monitored in the tributaries. The monitoredflows relate well with the precipitationover Kasholi catchment.
As mentioned in earlier in Table 2.2, between 1999 to 2003 the average flow at Khab is 239.5, 128.92, 81.67 and 114.42 cumecs and atRampur 324.33, 273.33, 247.67 and 343.25 cumecs respectively. Hence it can be worked out that average flows between the same period for the intercepting catchment would be 84.83, 144.41, 166 and 228.83 cumecs respectively. The total rainfall figures from 1999 to 2003 are 424.8, 616.2, 716 and 725.5 mm respectively. As evident from data, it can seen that flow from intercepting catchment very well corelates with rainfall data.
2.5 Aquatic Ecology
Ecology comprises of the inter-relationship between the biotic and the abiotic environments. The river also serves ecological functions and thus a study of the ecology of the area is an essential component of a managed river flow study to determine the impacts on the ecology in the river stretch because of a less than normal flow and to determine the minimum requirements to maintain certain ecological functions. The aquatic ecology is one of the key aspects that are directly dependent on the river flow, hence study of aquatic -ecology of the area has -been considered as an indicator to assess the minimum flow requirement of the river.
The plankton population that are often used as indicators of envronmental and aquatic health because of their high sensitivity to environmental change and short span of life and serve as a base for the food chain-that supports the fisheries, has been primarily considered for study. Both the flora and fauna in the study stretch have been described in the following paragraphs. The information is-based, on secondary data and has been supplemented with primary studies. The analysis has been done in a sequential manner using information collected from different sources and that are available studies, findings of village level survey and results of primary level monitoring.
The following section describes both the aquatic flora as well as aquatic fauna in the study stretch. A special attention has been given to fish-population of the area. Following documents/ references have been used to establish a useful database/ account on aquatic species:
1. Interaction with Dr. KL Sehgal and reference to Report on "Ecology and Fisheries of Mountain Streams of the North-Western Himalayas", KL Sehgal, ICAR, Nainital, 1988 2. Information collected from Himachal Pradesh Fisheries department/reservoir, Shimla 3. Report on 'Environmental Impact Assessment for Updation of EIA for Nathpa- Jhakri Hydroelectric Project', Year, 1998
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-24 DHI Water & Environment 4. Report on 'Environmental Impact Assessment for Rampur Hydroelectric Project', Year 2005 5. Aquatic survey/ Monitoring carnied out during February, March 2006 6. Market Survey (for fish availability) at Tapri, Bhabanagar, Rampur and Bael. Interaction with local fisherman, in Nogli region near Rampur town. Filled-up Questionnaires have been appended as Annexure III.
Sequentially, the findings have been put together to analyse the results and to canry out the impact assessment. The parameters mainly considered for assessing the minimum requirements for survival of aquatic species in the river are altitude, current flow velocity and water temperature. Some of the other principal variables are type of sub- stratum and dissolved salts that may affect the density and quality of benthic biota.
a. Aquatic Flora
Jhakri-Rampur-Bael: A monitoring survey was conducted for this stretch in the month of March 2006. The following floral species have been found in the river stretch:
Table 2.6 Floral Species in Satluj along Jhakri-Rampur-Bael stretch Type Species Genearl Characteristics Green Algae Tetraspora, Ulothrix and Contains chloropyll, hence use Oedogonium captured light energy to fuel the manufacture of sugars. Blue green Microcystis, Chrococcus, Gloecapsa, The blue green algae do not algae Arthrospora, Oscillatoria, Lyngbya, possess flagellated motile cells and Phormidium, Schizothrix, Richella, hence found attached except a few Anabaenopsis, Cylinderospermum, forms like Oscillatoria which shows Wollea, Nostoc, Anabaena, Gloetricha, slow creeping movement. Fisherella. A large number of blue green algae are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen e.g. Nostoc, Anabaena, Cylinderospermum etc. Diatoms Navicula, Gyrosigma, Nitzschia and unicellular algae Suriella. cell walls of these organisms are made of silica, and are of varied shapes Bryophyta Riccia fluitans, Marchantia simlana "amphibious" in nature Pellia endiviaefolia, Madotheca grow in moist and shady places on the sides on river water Pteridophytes Equisetum ervense, E debile, E containing all the vascular plants that ramosissimum and E diffusum do not bear seeds: ferns, horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns Source: EIA for Updation of Nathpa-Jhakri Hydroelectric Project, Year 1998; Monitoring carried out during March, 2006
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-25 DHI Water & Environment b. Aquatic Fauna
Micro fauna
The faunal communities have to adapt to the various hydrological parameters of fast flowing riverine conditions. Great hazards are caused due to variable velocities of water, ice formation during winter, occurrence of periodic floods due to cloud burst and continuous rolling of bottom material consisting of boulders, stones, gravels etc. High flood causes dislodging of benthic animals, but still turbulent river Satluj has provided microhabitats for various animals to get suitably adapted to the environment. Between Nathpa-Jhakri river stretch: The following faunal species had been monitored in the river stretch in past:
Table 2.7 Faunal Species in Satluj between Nathpa-Jhakri River Stretch
Phyllum Order/ Class Name of Species Invertebrates Naids of Epeorus, Caenis, Ecdyonurus. Heptagenia, Arthroplea Ephemeroptera Ironoedis, Psuedocloeon, Procloeon, Heterocloeon Baetis, Ephemerella, Rhithrogena, Iron Naids of Odonata Ophiogomphus, Octogomphus, Agrion Naids of Plecoptera Peltoperla, Atoperla, Aeronuria, Isoperla, Nemoura, Pereinella, Allocapnia Larvae of -Hydropsyche Rhyacophila Glossoma Polycentropus Trichoptera Brachycentrus Leptocella Philopotamus Phrygena Larvae of Diptera Simulium, Chironomus, Antocha Atherix, Tabanus, Dixa, Deuterophlebea, Hexatoma, Tipula, Tendipes Blepherocera, Probezzia, Sarcophaga, Psychoda Larvae and adults Psephenus Gyrinus Elmis Hydrophilus Haliplus of Coleoptera Troposternum Turbellaria Planaria Vertebrates Amphibia Tadpoles of Rana Fishes Salmo trutta fario (Fry and fingerlings), Schizothorax richardsonii (Young stages), Nemacheilus gracilis, N. stolizkae, N. botia, Glyptothorax stoliczkae, G. conirostre Source: EIA for Updation of EIA for NJHEP, Year 2003
Jhakri-Rampur-Bael: The following faunal communities had been found in the river stretch:
Table 2.8 Faunal Species in Satluj along Jhakri-Rampur-Bael stretch Phyllum Species Characteristics Invertebrates Arcella. stagnate water containing much vegetation was found growing at-least 20 meter away from the riverbank. secretes yellow to brown thick hard transparent and Ihemispherical shell
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-26 DHI Water & Environment Diffusia free living symmetrical shell feeds upon algae, hence it is in plenty where algae are in abundance Planaria Found at the bottom where it is found resting on the Eg. Dogesia undersurface of stones and on the aquatic leaves. Planarians were collected for laboratory analysis by baiting shallow streams with raw pieces of raw liver Coleoptera,Elm forewings are leathery possess antenna is Psephenus, Mouth parts are chewing type. Hydrophilus. Vertebrates Amphibia Tadpoles of Rana Fishes Only Trout (Schizothorax richardsonii (Asla)) was found during the survey conducted in March2006. Salmo trutta fario (Fry and fingerlings), Schizothorax richardsonii (Young stages), Nemacheilus gracilis, N. stolizkae, N. botia, Glyptothorax stoliczkae, G. conirostre Source: Monitoring Results, March, 2006. EIA for Updation of EIA for NJHEP, Year 2003
Fish type and availability
As mentioned above, for this purpose, the references that were used:
1. Interaction and referring to the Report on "Ecology and Fisheries of Mountain Streams of the North-Western Himalayas", KL Sehgal, ICAR, Nainital, 1988 2. Information collected from Himachal Pradesh Fisheries department, Shimla 3. Aquatic survey/ Monitoring carried out during February, March 2006 4. Market Survey (for fish availability), at 4 local markets-two upstream of Nathpa dam-Tapri, Bhabanagar, and two downstream of the dam-Rampur and Bael. 5. Interaction with local fisherman, in Nogli region near Rampur town. i. Name of the fisherman : Mr. Arjun ii. Contact No. : +91-9816199347
Another fishing licence holder in that region is Mr. Jaguram who is local resident.
A small survey was carried out in the markets of above said locations to confirm the source, availability, quantity and type of fish found in this particular stretch. (Filled-up Questionnaires have been appended as Annexure III.) It was found that main Satluj river has very less fish population in the stretch between Nathpa and Bael and there too it comes from khads meeting Satluj. The fish species found is mainly Trout. The fish found in main Satluj river generally comes from the khads. That is the reason, the fish catching is mainly practiced at confluence of Nogli tributary with Satluj. At other above mentioned places, no fish catching is done for selling purpose. There are four licenses issued to the local people at the Nogli confluence area, for carrying out fishing. In this region, about 2-2.5 kg can be caught from Nogli khad. It was found during the market survey that for selling purpose, fish is mainly brought from Bilaspur.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-27 DHI Water& Environment Interaction with the Deputy Director, Mr. Tapesh, Fisheries Department, Himachal Pradesh confirmed the same. According to him, the study stretch has very less fish population. They are mainly confined to the side streams like Nogli, Samej and Kurpan. For commercial selling, fishing is only done at Nogli khad by local fishermen. However, major portions are brought from Bilaspur. As per the historical information collected from the Fisheries department, the streams of river Satluj at high reaches i.e. upstream of Bilaspur, harbored 51 species of cold water fishes (ref. Table No.2.9) including exotic trout, snow trout and several species of hill stream fishes.
Table 2.9 Fish Species historically reported in upper reaches of Satluj River
Family Species Cyprinidae Barilius bendelisis, B. vagra, B. barila, B. modestus, Oxygaster bacaila, Rasbora daniconius, Carassius auratus, Cirrhinus reba, C. mrigala, Crossocheilus latius, Catla catla, Labeo dero, L. dyocheilus, L. bata, L. calbasu, L. rohita, Cyprinus carpio var. communis, C. carpio var nudus, C. carpio var specularis, Schizothorax richardsonii*, S.plagiostomius, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophthalmicthys molitrix, Tor putitora*, Garra gotyla gotyla, G. lanita , Puntius sarana, P. ticto, P. chola and P. sophore. Cobitidae Biota dario, B. birdi, B. lohachata, Noemacheilus botia, N. rupicola, N. monatanus, N. kangrae and N. horai Bagridae Mystus seenghala and M. aor Schilbeidae Clupisoma garua - Sisoridae Glyptothorax pectinopterus and G. cavia Belonidae Xenentondon cancila Ophiocephalidae Channa gachua and C. punctatus Mastocembelidae Mastocembelus armatus armatus Salmonidae Salmo trutta fario* Source: Himachal Pradesh Fisheries Department, Shimla
*Migratory fish
The same was confirmed by referring to the thesis on "Ecology and Fisheries of Mountain Streams of the North-Western Himalayas", KL Sehgal, ICAR, Nainital, and Year1988), which reported a large number of fish species mainly belonging to 13 taxonomical families (51 species) inhabited the Satluj River in Himachal region in the past. As per discussions with Dr. K. L. Sehgal, these species have been reported in the entire Satluj basin up to downstream before coming up of Govind Sagar project. Refer table below. Fish Specie reported historically found in Ri er Satluj, Himachal Pradesh Family Species Local Name Fish Type Notopteridae Notopterus chitala (Hamilton) Pari . N. notopterus (Pallas) Moh Cyprinidae Barilius barila (Hamilton) . B.bendelisis chedra. (Hamilton) Patha B.vagra(Hamilton) Lohari B.shacra (Hamilton) Chilwa Danio (danio)devario (Hamilton) Parrandah D. (Brachydanio) rerio (Hamilton) Kangi
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-28 DHI Water & Environment Family Species Local Name Fish Type Esomus danricus (Hamilton) Makni Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton) Chindolachal Tor chilinoides Tor putitora (Hamilton) Migratory Sharp Mahseer decline in catch chiniaru
Catla cat/a (Hamilton) Theila Cirrhina mrigala (Hamilton) Mori C.reba (Hamilton) Sunni Crossocheilus latius punjabensis Tiller (Hamilton) Garra gotyla (Gray) Kurka Puntius chola (Hamilton) Chidu P.chonchonius (Hamilton) Chidu P.ticto (Hamilton) P.sophore (Hamilton) Labeo boga (Hamilton) Morah L.calbasu(Hamilton) Kalbaus L.dero (Hamilton) Gid L.dyocheilus(MeClelland) Kunni Sharp decline in catch over the years Lgonius (Hamilton) L.pangusia(Hamilton) L.rohita (Hamilton) Rohi _ Schizothorax richardsonii Trout (Migratory) Cobitidae Botia birdi Chipar Noemacheilus botia(Hamilton) Sundal N.botia aeurus (Hamilton) Sunda N.corica (Hamilton) Talana N.kangrae(Menon) Siluridae Ompak bimaculatus(Bloch) Pallu Wallago attu (Hamilton) Mullae Bagridae Mystus (Mystus) bleekri (Day) M.(Mystus) vittatus (Bloch) Kingra M. (Osteobagrus) seenghala Singhara (Sykes) Rita rita (Hamilton) Khagga Amblycipitidae Amblyceps mangois (Hamilton) Sundal Sisoridae Glyptothorax conirostris (Steind) Nao G.pectinopterus(Hamilton) Mochi nao. G.stoliczkae(Steind) Naiya Schilbeidae Clupisoma garua (Hamilton) Bachwa Belonidae Belone cancila (Hamilton) Takla Muglidae Mugil cascasia (Hamilton) Buah Channidae Channa gachau (Hamilton) Dauli C.marufius (Hamilton) Saul Mastocembelidae Mastacembalus armatus Bami (Lacepede) Salmonidae Salmo trutta fario Trout Source: 'Ecology and Fisheries of Mountain streams of the North- Western Himalayas',KL Sehgal, ICAR, Nainital, 1998
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-29 DHI Water & Environment The above-mentioned thesis also mentions that as compared to other mountain streams of N-W Himalayas, the fish population in river Satluj (like Chenab, another Indus River) is scanty. The river flows through deep gorges alternating with oblong and wide valleys. Advance debris and/or glacial moraines and landslides continuously cause modifications in the morphology of Satluj. In the river course such places are clearly marked by a sudden widening of the valley indicating a damming of the river and the creation of a natural reservoir. These changes have resulted in different stream ecology.
In contrast to our traditional way of considering a self-contained system in a water body, the mountain stream is not governed by principle where everything released into the medium tends to be carried away downstream and possibility of being recycled on the spot is a very rare phenomenon. If at all any recycling takes place it is continually dislodged in downstream direction.
Based on stream velocity alone, streams have been classified in Europe, North America and Canada. The Satluj can be considered Category A or high mountain stream ranging 0.92 - 2.68 m/s in velocity. The other abiotic parameters which affect the biotic communities are source of water, size, elevation, slope, substratum, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, water hardness etc. Many of these parameters control the biological productivity either singly or in combination.
The data available on quantitative qualitative analysis of micro and macro-benthic communities in the river stretch reveal that river Satluj and its tributaries are represented by major benthic invertebrates and vertebrates. The micro-biotic communities are represented by diatoms, blue-green and green algae on which the invertebrate and benthic fish subsist. The invertebrates are represented by young stages of insects which contribute up to 80% of total invertebrates' density. The vertebrates are represented by benthic fish species belonging to garrids, nemacheilids and glyptothoracids groups. Nektonic fish are represented by Schizothorax richardsoniiand Salmo truttafario.
Although no data are available in the literature on utilization of micro- and macro- biotic life by the fish in river Satluj but considerable literature is available in closely related rivers of the Indus system. In river Beas, Sehgal (1988) and Sehgal et al. (1984) worked out a coefficient of accessibility or availability factor or forage ratio (Pf/Pb where Pf is percentage of animal/plants foraged and Pb is percentage of benthic biota in the stream) in S. richardsoniiand S. truttafario.It was observed that forage ratio ranged 2.8- 4.2, 0.3 -1.0 and 0.3 - 3.7 for larvae of Diptera, nymphs of Ephemeroptera and larvae of Trichoptera in young of S. richardsonii (15-65 mm in total length). In the grown up specimens 140-480 mm in total length, the fish subsisted on benthic algae. The food quotient ranged 0.9 -1.2, 0.3 -1.6 and 0.5 -2.8 for diatoms, blue green and green algae respectively. The brown trout S. trutta fario which is sight feeder has been studied in Beas and Jhelum. Fish ranging 101- 200 mm in total length consumed 74.2 % of Ephemeroptera in total animal foraged although other groups were fairly abundant. Specimen ranging 201- 400 mm in total length consumed larvae of Trichoptera to the extent of 54.6 % in total invertebrates and on aerial insects and other small land animals to the extent of 20.9%. The forage ratio for Ephemeroptera ranged 0.6 -1.1 against 1.0- 4.3 for Trichoptera. Based on the results obtained for other rivers of North West Himalayas it is presumed that ecology of river Satluj is conducive for propagation of
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow- 09/2006 2-30 DHI Water& Environment two commercially important species. Due to high velocity, low temperature, lack of spawning beds (pebbles, gravel etc) in the project area, fish is induced to enter the tributaries, which maintains comparatively higher temperature where they mature and spawn. The newly hatched young fish remain in the tributaries till they are able to take care of themselves.
The probable reasons fish being scanty in river Satluj are as follows:
a) The flow regime in river Satluj is very unstable. This makes the upper reaches, difficult habitats for fish. Frequent occurrence of spates makes conditions worse for breeding and propagation of cold-water fish. Sometimes entire species type from the river body disappears due to devastating floods, as happened in case of river Ravi. The flood in 1947 caused complete removal of brown trout population in Ravi.
b) Poor catches in the main Satluj are contributed by many factors especially the high velocity, lack of suitable shelter for the fish to escape fury of high floods and absence of suitable gear which can be operated in torrential waters. There is no professional fishing community. Cast net of 1.5 - 2.0 mm dia, when spread, is a universal gear used by persons engaged in fishing. Due to torrential nature of the river, the cast net is operated near the shore area. The catches are small and hence it is a subsistence fishery.
c) The refered thesis also states that cold-water streams are inherently poor in biological productivity due to low temperature and scanty food. Most of the energy of cold-water fishes is utilised in maintaining their position in fast-flowing waters and hence they live under continuous physiological stress.
d) The current velocity and natural biota are also the factors inhibiting fisheries in the area. Average stream velocity of 2.00 m/s is high and hence fish enter the side streams for feeding and breeding.
e) The hydrological factors also change the structure and consistency of the substratum of the river channel thus making less favorable for well-being and propagation of cold water fish.
f) According to the thesis, most of the energy of cold-water fishes is utilised in maintaining their position in fast-flowing waters and hence they live under continuous physiological stress and exhibit poor biological productivity.
Fish population specific to study stretches Karcham-Nogli: As per WAPCOS EIA report, low fish population in the Karcham- Nogli stretch of river, may be accounted by the prevailing low water temperatures of 7.5-8.2°C during March to April. This temperature is comparatively less favourable for growth of fish type that is identified for the river stretch. The stenothermal (tolerating a narrow range of temperature species) like fry and fingerlings of S. trutta fario, S.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-31 DHI Water & Environment richardsonii, Namacheilus sp. and Glyptothorax sp. have been observed in such climatic conditions.
Nogli-Luhri However, literature reviews have shown that the downstream river stretches, even during this period from March to April, show presence of relatively more fish species like trouts. The river stretch from Nogli-Luhri during same time has a temperature of 13.4 to 15.8°C, which is favourable for propagation of species such as N. botia, Glyptothorax stoliczkae and G. conirostre in addition to S. richardsonii.
Aquatic Monitoring To assess the existing scenario of fish type available in the river body, 20 days monitoring campaign was carried out in month of March as already mentioned in earlier part of the section. Small-narrow thread system, which is quite prevalent in the area, was used in the tributaries for fish catch. In the study area no fish was encountered in Satluj River during 20 days monitoring campaign. However, fishes were monitored in the Nogli Khad, Sumej Khad and Kajo Khad, near its confluences with Satluj River.
Also, a fisherman was engaged to catch fish in Nogli region. The sole fish species monitored was a trout (Schizothorax spp, Schizothoraichthys spp.) and it was caught downstream of the confluence of Nogli khad with main Satluj river. Schizothorax belongs to taxonomical family Cyprinidae and sub-family Schizothoracinae. It is a small sized, migratory fish variety and is locally known as "asla".
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-32 DHI Water & Environment Plate I LOCAL FISHERMAN ENGAGED IN CATCHING FISH IN MAIN SATLUJ RIVER, DOWNSTREAM OF NOGLI
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P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-33 DHI Water & Environment e N
Migratory Fish species
When the temperatures start rising above 22 'C to 25 0C, sometimnes during Feb-March, S. richardsonni species in Satluj starts migrating upstream to colder reaches of the river from downstream. But there again they experience an unfavourable low temperature of 8-9.5 "C, due of the influx of snow-melt water, which is not conducive for the ripe fish to spawn. Hence, these trouts enter the side streams of the river, which receive warm ground waters (17.5-21.5"C) and spawn profuisely (density of fertilized eggs 20-23 per sq. m and hatch.ngs 37-40 sqm) (Ref. D Sc dissertation Dr. K. L. Sehgal).
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-34 DHI Water & Environment ASLA (Schizothorax and Schizothoraichthys)
Genus Schizothorax and Schizothoraichthys, (Cyprinidae, Schizothoracinae) are cold water river fish locally, and are known as Asia and more generally as snow trout. They are widely distributed in the Himalayan and sub-Himalayan region of the Indian- Chinese sub-continent. It needs a high dissolved oxygen concentration. Asia has a conical head with slender, elongated and strong body to resist the strong water current of the hill streams and rivers. The body is covered with minute silvery scales and the abdomen with lighter brown scales. Snout bears nuptial tubercles and the size and number are well developed in males. They are grayish black on the dorsal side and silvery on belly and sides. A distinct suctorial disc in addition to 4 barbels is present on the chin for attachment to stones. Maximum weight and size are 1.5 kg (48 cm).Schizothorax has a blunt snout and suctorial lip whereas Schizothoraichthys has a pointed snout and no suctorial lip.
Feeding habits
The feeding habits of asla have been reported by many authors (Shrestha, 1979; Masuda and Karki, 1980; Terashima, 1984; Sharma, 1989). Asia is a phytophagous fish, with its mouth adapted to scraping attached algae from the surfaces of stones. It feeds on attached algae including Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Oedogonium, as well as on the benthic insect larvae of mayflies, caddis flies, ephemeropterans, etc. S. plagiostomus is herbivorous and feeds on aquatic plants and algae attached to stones and rocks (Shrestha, 1979). Asia food was found to contain predominantly green and blue-green algae, folilowed by detritus and aquatic insects. Diatoms attached to rocks, stones and boulders as aufwuchs form the primary source of food in torrential streams whereas aquatic macrophytes, decayed organic matter and green algae are minor diets.
Spawning
Asia spawns when two years old, depending on food supply. Sexual dimorphism is developed in S. plagiostomus (Rajbanshi, 1971) and in S. macrophthalmichthys, S. nepalensis and S. raraensis (Terashima, 1984) in anal fin, presence of nuptial organs and size of the basal sheath scale. Mature asia has a change in colour during the breeding time. Mature males develop tubercles on either side of the snout, faint yellow colour of the body, and reddish colour of fins. Females spawn in natural as well as in artificial environments. Asia can spawn naturally or by stripping the wild/cultured mature female during the spawning season. It spawns in September/October and March/April.
Sport fisheries
Sport fisheries are not fully developed in these areas. Low water temperatures along with difficult terrain, high turbulence compel the fishermen to operate their net only for a very short period of time and at selected locations only. The sport fishery in the area is constituted by brown trout, Salmo truttafarioand Rainbow trout (Salmon gairdneri). The sport fishery is confined mainly in river Baspa and its tributary. The first transplantation in the Baspa was made in 1930. Subsequently, to meet the ever-increasing demand of such transplants, a medium sized farm was established at Sangla in 1962. The details of production of Fry at Sangla and their transplantation in Baspa river system are given in
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-35 DHI Water & Environment Table-2. 10. The details on number of anglers, licensing fees and the revenue earned have been collected from Fisheries Department, Shimla, H.P are given in Table-2. 11
Table 2.10 Production of trout seed at Sangla farm and their transplanting in Satluj river system
Year No. of green eggs No. of Fry No. of fry transplants Rainbow trout Brown trout 1992-93 1,15,900 93,262 68,907 24,355 1993-94 1,02,270 54,570 31,096 11,737 1994-95 60,985 23,332 21,340 1,992 1995-96 69,180 35,509 35,509 1996-97 1,24,250 68,949 4Z213 13,568 1997-98 75,700 23,631 - - 1998-99 80,800 3,000 827 57,612 1999-2000 55,000 48,659 - 25,437 2000-2001 88,000 57,200 - - 2001-2002 102,000 72,267 44,082
2002-2003 6000 55,287 _ 2003-2004 23,000 Source: Himachal Pradesh, Fisheries Department, Shimla
Table 2.11 Angling pressure, licensing fee and amount of revenue earned at Sangla
Year Number of anglers Daily licencing fee Revenue earned (Rs.)
.(Rs.) 1992-93 21 10 210 1993-94 23 10 230 1994-95 95 100 9,500 1995-96 87 100 8,700 1996-97 31 100 3,100 1997-98 53 100 5,300 1998-99 29 100 2,900 1999-2000 39 100 3,900 2001-2002 7 100 700 2002-2003 7 100 700 2003-2004 15 100 1500 Source: Himachal Pradesh Fisheries Department, Sangla, H.P.
Outcomes of the study on fish availability
It seems essential to quantify the current scenario of existence of the fish type in the river stretch but the limited time schedule of the study did not permit for an upstream river stretch study. However, after assessing the available historical data and the results of the monitoring campaign that was conducted, and interaction with concerned departments, fisheries expert and fisherman, it may be concluded:
1. It was found that main Satluj river has very less fish population in stretch between Jhakri to Bael. The fish found in Satluj river in this stretch comes from the khads. Fish species mainly found are Trouts viz, Snow trouts and Brown
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-36 DHI Water & Environment trouts. S . richardsonii (Snow trout) is most common fish in river Satluj. The species is neither a rare nor endangered fish but is categorized as vulnerable one. (Sehgal 1988 and 1994)
2. All species available in River Satluj (stretch from Jhakri to Rampur to Bael) are endemic excepting the brown trout which is exotic.
3. The side streams like Nogli khad, Samej khad have fish populations. The probable reasons might be less flow instability, favorable temperature and less turbidity. Also fishes have also been sighted at the confluence points of khads (Nogli, Sumej and Kajo).
4. Fish catching is not very prevalent in the area. Only a few fishermen do fishing at Nogli for selling purpose. Four fishing licence have been issued in this region. For commercial purpose, the fish is mainly brought from downstream areas like Bilaspur. At upstream, few sites have been identified for sport fishing i.e. Sangla.
5. Construction of a dam across a river usually has a profound effect on free passage of migratory fishes like the snow trout etc., to and fro from their spawning grounds located upstream, owing to changes in water velocity, volume of discharge, water chemistry, temperature and turbidity. But this impact is not foreseen here as the stretch has very less fish population and that too has been found to mainly exist in tributaries and their confluences with river Satluj.
6. Mahseer is migratory fish and its migration is affected by construction of Bhakra dam on the Satluj. Its availability in project area is a remote possibility due to low water temperature.
A detailed study could be required for the entire stretch to understand the exact route that is being followed by the fisheries in the river especially after construction of hydroelectric projects and to understand the microclimate needed for the fish growth in the area.
2.6 Water Source, Use and Quality 2.6.1 Water Source and Water Use The uses of water can be classified as direct and indirect uses. Direct uses of water are that, which are apparent to the consumer, for example, washing, bathing, cooking, etc. The indirect uses of water are those that are not immediately apparent to the consumer. For the purpose of this report, we will be considering the use of water for drinking, washing, irrigation, and livestock rearing as direct uses. However, as such no indirect use of water is witnessed during village level surveys except disposal of domestic effluent into the river.
The river Satluj is not the main source of water in the study stretch. The natural springs and 'chashme' are the key sources of water for people living in the area for their own consumption, livestock use and irrigation purposes. In most of the villages
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-37 DHI Water& Environment except those, situated on high hills, IPH Department has laid down the pipelines to connect the natural springs (at upper reaches) to the households for water supply through storage tanks after providing primary treatment (ref. Table.2.13). The villages those are located on higher reaches depend directly on natural springs or khads flowing in vicinity.
Jhakri, the place where around 1000 houses has been built for the officials of Staluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. under Nathpa-Jhakri Hydroelectric Project. There are two sources of water supply for this colony. First, one is Sumej Khad, which caters 60 % of water demand of this colony. The rest 40% is being fulfilled through seepage of Surge Tank as the water, which is getting stored in this surge tank, is in surplus even after meeting requirements of Nathpa- Jhakri Power project. The details on water requirements and treatment are given below:
Table 2-12 Details on Water requirements and treatment
Water Requirement for the Jhakri Residential Colony 0.65 to 0.75 MLD Water Supply Sources Sumej Khad Surge Tank Seepage No. Of Sedimentation Tanks 2 3 Nos. with capacity Water Supply Pumps 125 HP 135 HP Pumping Rate 45, 000 Lts/hr Capacity of Water Treatment Plant 1.6 MLD Source: SJVNL
The seepage from surge tank, which is being utilised for water supply, goes to treatment plant through gravity with flow rate of 20,000 lt/day.
Irrigation canals also exist in some of the villages especially in the downhill parts of the study area. These canals are basically known as 'Khuls' and having capacity of only 3-4 cusecs. People living alongside as on requirement, especially for livestock purposes also use the water available in the streams/khads. The primary surveys carried out for the entire study stretch as well as secondary data thus collected has confirmed the lack of dependence of people on the river Satluj for meeting their daily water demands. No cultural activities/religious ceremonies directly related to the main river have been cited.
2.6.2 Waste Water Disposal Rampur, which is only town in the study stretch, consists of sewerage scheme of IPH. This sewerage scheme has three zones with in the town.
Under Zone I: It has 1.0 Mld capacity of STP covering 4173 persons + 2800 floating population + 100 population of hospital.
Here floating population include tourists as well as labours staying in Rampur town. Presently only 60% population is being surveyed by septic tanks as due to flash flood in Satluj River on 26/06/2005, huge damages have been occurred particularly the main line has been washed away. Also heavy silting during flash floods has caused damages
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-38 DHI Water & Environment to the pumping machines in the STP. Presently only 50 households are being served by this plant.
Under Zone II: This zone has 0.5 Mld STP covering 1737 persons
The reconstruction of this STP has to be taken up, work of site development has been completed,
Under Zone III: It has provision of one septic tank covering 157 persons + 2200 college students and serving well.
Other than Rampur, from no other place, effluent is coming into the river. As in Jhakri township established under Nathpa-Jhakri project, total no. of households are one thousand and that are connected to sewage pipeline network , which is finally connected to eight no. of septic tanks.
Most of the villages have provision of soak pits for collection of human excreta. In some of the effluent houses of the villages, even up to 20-30 ft deep pits are available as reported by the dwellers during village surveys. Generally these pits have two compartments, second is used once first one is filled up. Liquid effluent leaches into the ground and solid effluent is converted into manure after mixing with soil.
There are no industries that could result in pollution thus removing another potential source of pollutants in the study stretch.
2.6.3 Water Quality The Central Pollution Control Board has classified water resources of the country according to their uses for setting water quality objectives for different water bodies (ref Table 2.13).
Table 2.13: Primary Water Quality Criteria as laid by Central Pollution Control Board Designated Base Use Class of Criteria Water Drinking water source 1. Total Coliform organism MPN/1 00ml. shall be 50 or without conventional less. treatment but after A 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5. disinfection 3. Dissolved Oxygen 6 mg/l or more. 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 2 mg/l or less. Outdoor bathing 1. Total Coliform organism MPN/100ml.shall be 500 or (Organized) less. 2. pH between 6.5 and 8.5. B 3. Dissolved Oxygen 5 mg/l or more. 4. 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 200C 3 mg/l or less. Drinking Water Sources 1. Total Coliform organism MPN/1 00ml.shall be 5000 after conventional or less. treatment C 2. pH between 6 and 9. 3. Dissolved Oxygen 4 mg/l or more. 4. 4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 200C 3 mg/l or less.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow-09/2006 2-39 DHI Water& Environment Propagation of Wild Life 1. pH between 6.5 and 9.5. Fisheries. D 2. Dissolved Oxygen 4 mg/l or more. 3. 3. Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/I or less. Irrigation, Industrial 1. pH between 6.5 and 9.5. Cooling E 2. Electrical Conductivity at 25-mg/cm max. 2250. Controlled Waste. 3. Sodium absorption ratio Max. 26. _ 4. Boron Max 2 mg/I.
If three parametersfalls in category 'A ' but fourth parameterfalls in category C. The overall quality of river willfall under Class 'C'.
As per the above criteria, the Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board, has kept the river Satluj under 'A' category of water quality with respect to pH, DO and BOD in general. The critical parameters observed in past is Total Colifonn according to which category of river comes down to 'C' category.
Considering above, a sampling programme was designed to assess the water quality of the river Satluj and special attention was given for monitoring of faecal coliforms in the study stretch. Representative water quality sampling was carried out to establish baseline water quality conditions in the river stretch from Jhakri to Bael. Standard methods of sampling and testing physical and chemical parameters have been employed to get the results. The identified sampling locations have been taken as potentially critical and representative in nature, such as confluences of tributaries, upstream and downstream of Major Township etc. Flow variations and back flow effects have also been taken into consideration while carrying out sampling in the river stretch. Samples had been collected from four points along the study stretch, which are:
* Downstream of the Jhakri tailrace outlet; in order to capture the pollutant load at upstream of the Jhakri and to know the dilution due to river flow. * Upstream of the Rampur town; to determine the water quality before the river enters the town. * Downstream of Rampur; to assess the pollution load coming from town and relative dilution for the rivers flow through Rampur. * Bael; to determine the baseline water quality status at the location of the power station so that the any change in the water quality because of reduced flows can be assessed. As there is neither any direct intake of water from the river at any point nor discharge (except at the Rampur sewage discharge site for which upstream and downstream samples have been collected), the collected sample analysis will give a representative and comparative data for purpose of the undertaken study.
Depending upon the sampling locations, the parameters that are monitored include:
pH TDS Faecal Coliform EC Turbidity Arsenic BOD DO Hexavalent Chromium COD Magnesium
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-40 DHI Water & Environment Iron Manganese Calcium Sodium Potassium Fluorides Sulphates Nitrates Phosphates Chlorides Total hardness Cadmium
Location of Aquatic -B7t ; Locationi of WateF t; HRON-
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In addition to primary data, to assess the baseline water quality status of the river Satluj in the area, time series water monitoring data has been procured from different stretches of the river from different sources i.e. Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board, SJVNL and other project reports. This has been put together with the monitoring (Feb, 2006) results obtained by the consultant for the purpose of analysis (ref. Table 2.14).
Table 2-14: Water Quality Data of River Satluj, monitored during study period (Feb-2006)
Parameter Below NJHEP Rampur u/s Rampur Bael tailrace d/s Town outfall DO 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.0 BOD (mg/L) 1.00 1.05 1.2 1.00 COD (mg/L) 19.36 19.36 19.36 53.24 TSS (mg/L) 22.0 29.0 39.0 28.0 TDS (mg/L) 290 320 360 380 Turbidity (NTU) 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.4 PH 7.88 7.95 8.10 8.10 Electrical Conductivity 490 530 600 630
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-41 DHI Water & Environment Parameter Below NJHEP Rampur u/s Rampur Bael tailrace d/s Town outfall (pS/cm) Total hardness as CaCO 3 175 175 170 175 (mg/L) Total Alkalinity (mg/L) 186 186 186 186 Faecal Coliform (MPN/100 ml) absent absent 4 na Total Coliforms (50 standard na na 14 na value) Mercury as Hg (ppb) 7.11 - - nd Iron as Fe (mg/L) < 0.05 - - < 0.05 Nickel as Ni (mg/L) < 0.02 - - < 0.02 Cobalt as Co (mg/L) 0.051 - - 0.077 Cadmium as Cd (mg/L) < 0.1 - - < 0.1 Chromium as Cr (mg/L) < 0.003 - - < 0.003 Zinc as Zn (mg/L) < 0.05 < 0.05 na: not available, nd: not detectable
Baseline Water quality status in river Satluj as per monitoring carried out by WAPCOS in Year 2004 have been reported below. Also, Water Quality data of Satluj along Nathpa-Jhakri stretch monitored in Year 2003 has been presented.
Water Quality Data of River Satluj dls of Nathpa dam, monitored by WAPCOS during July 2004 (BDL: Below detectable limit) Parameters Sampling Locations 100 m u/s 100 m d/s Near Downstream of Nathpa of Nathpa power oftailrace Dam Dam house pH 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.5 Electrical conductivity (ps/cm) 210 290 203 263 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 130 179 125 163 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 466 60 558 880
Total alkalinity (CaCO3 ),mg/l 98.4 118 118 118 Carbonates, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil BOD, mg/l 3.2 2.1 2.7 13.2 COD, mg/l 18.4 13.8 18.5 27.6
Nitrate as NO3 , mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL Phosphate as P04 , mg/l 0.28 BDL 0.16 0.40 Fluoride as F, mg/l BDL BDL 0.2 BDL Chloride as Cl, mg/l 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9
Sulphate as S0 4, mg/l 45.3 56 49 86 Sodium as Na, mg/l 11 11 8 9 Potassium as K, mg/l 1 2 1 1 Calcium as Ca, mg/l 34.7 44.2 28.4 38.7 Magnesium as Mg, mg/i 1.9 1.9 4.8 3.3 Oil & Grease, mg/l BDL BDL BDL BDL Phenolic Compound BDL BDL BDL BDL Total Coliforms 21 21 21 12 MPN 21 21 21 12
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-42 DHI Water & Environment Water Quality data of River Satluj (Year 2003 Monitoring Results) along Nathpa-Jhakri stretch; Source.: HP State Environment Protection & Pollution Control Board, 2003 Parameter uls d/s uls d/s uls Nathpa Nathpa N.Sari N.Sari Jhakri BOD (mg/L) 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.30 COD (mg/L) 16 20 14 14.80 48 TSS (mg/L) 214.90 322 29.70 36.10 208.90 TDS (mg/L) 254 258 80 68 207 Turbidity (NTU) 72.80 104 25.00 26.40 68 pH n 8.20 8.17 7.40 8.05 7.93 Total hardness (mg/L) 160 152 26 28 134 Total Alkalinity (mg/L) 105 15 35 30 165 Faecal Coliform (MPN/100 ml) na na na na na Total Coliforms (50 standard value) na na na na na Mercury as Hg (ppb) nd nd nd nd nd Iron as Fe (mg/) 0.03 0.09 nd 0.06 0.12 Nickel as Ni (mg/L) 0.08 nd 0.10 0.46 0.08 Cadmium as Cd (mg/L nd nd nd 0.01 nd Chromium as Cr (mg/L) 0.03 nd 0.23 nd 0.01 Zinc as Zn (mg/L) 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.01 na: data not available; nd: value not detected
Specific Findings of River Quality The level of DO observed during monitoring carried out in Feb, 2006 varies from 8 to 8.5 (mg/l) between Jhakri to Bael, The high DO levels in the river indicate high water quality in the study stretch. It may be because of higher water flow in the river and low environmental temperature.
The pH value as observed is 8.1 and 7.88 at Bael and Jhakri respectively indicates that the river water is slightly alkaline in nature. The level of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) observed in the river is around 1.0 mg/l at all places except at downstream of Rampur town, where value observed was 1.2 mg/l. Water Quality in terms of pathogenic bacteria appears to be fine except at Rampur downstream, where faecal Coliform was observed as 4 MPN/1OOml and the value of Total Coliform was observed as 14. Otherwise none of the samples (Jhakri outfall, Rampur u/s, Bael) has shown the presence of faecal contamination.
Iron and Zinc were found <.05 at Jahkri outfall, and at Bael but value of Mercury was observed on higher side. Mercury was found 7.11 (ppb) at Jhakri outfall that may be due to mecahnical processing taking place in Jhakri Power house.
In WAPCOS samples results, the total hardness in various water samples was well below the permissible limit. The low calcium and magnesium levels are responsible for soft nature of water. The carbonate hardness (for water with alkalinity level as observed in the study area) is equal to the alkalinity level. The non-carbonate hardness accounts for the balance hardness. Normally non-carbonate hardness can be removed by boiling. However, hardness levels in the area do not warrant any treatment.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-43 DHI Water & Environment The low EC and TDS values indicate the lower concentration of cations and anions. This is also reflected by the fact that the concentration of most of the cations and anions are well within the permissible limit. The fluorides level was of the order 1 mg/l which just meets the permissible limit for drinking purposes. The BOD and COD values are very low, which indicates the absence of organic pollution loading. This is mainly due to the low population density low agro- chemical dosing and absence of industries in the area. In past, no major epidemic has been reported in the area. Thus, it can be said that although, there are no sewage treatment facilities in the area, the pollution loading (organic and bacteriological) is well within the carrying capacity of the water available for dilution in river Satluj and its tributaries.
Variation in the water quality parameters could be attributed to the fact that WAPCOS sampling was carried out in the month of July while DHI's sampling was carried out in the month of February.
2.6.4 Disease Profile of the Area Information has been collected on disease profile of the area, while doing so; consideration has been given towards prevalent water borne diseases in order to co- relate the disease profile with water quality of the river/streams.
In absence of the village vise health data, information was collected at district level and than to strengthen our findings primary level village level survey was done. Also, an interaction meet was organized with SMO. Information has been collected from Rampur Hospital for the area (refer Table 2.15).
Table 2-15 Leading Causes of remature mortality (YLL) in male and Female of Himachal Pradesh Male % Female % Road accident 12.75 Diarrhoeal diseases 13.25 Diarrhoeal diseases 10.77 Other unintentional 11.32 injuries Other unintentional 9.34 Road accident 9.67 injuries Ischaemic heart diseases 9.09 Lower birth weight 9.23 Tuberculosis 6.54 Tuberculosis 8.32 Lower birth weight 5.85 Ischaemic heart diseases 7.87 Self inflicted injury 5.78 Self inflicted injury 7.44 Other unintentional 5.48 Other unintentional 6.23 injuries injuries Chronic Obstructive 4.12 Other digestive diseases 4.82 Pulmonary Diseases I _ Other digestive diseases 3.32 Chronic Obstructive 3.55 Pulmonary Diseases I Source: Department of Health & Family Welfare, Himachal Pradesh
The common leading causes of disability (YLD) in both sexes of Himachal Pradesh are obstructive pulmonary disease, iron deficiency anaemia, diarrhoeal disease, and other unintentional injuries as shown in Table 2.16.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-44 DHI Water & Environment Table 2-16: Leading Causes of disability (YLD) in male and Female of Himachal Pradesh Male % Female ____ | Chronic Obstructive 26.09 Iron deficiency anaemia 20.13 Pulmonary Diseases -_- Iron deficiency anaemia 14.19 Chronic Obstructive 17.15 Pulmonary Diseases Other unintentional injuries Other unintentional 12.24 Diarrhoeal diseases 13.04 injuries Dental caries 7.08 Other unintentional injuries 12.68 Diarrhoeal diseases 6.15 Other infectious diseases 11.64 Asthma 5.92 Dental caries 7.31 Other unintentional 5.23 Asthma 5.87 injuries Upper Respiratory 4.80 Tuberculosis 5.61 Infection Lower Respiratory 3.24 Road accident 5.38 Infection I Otitis media 2.28 Upper Respiratory Infection 4.78 Source: Department of Health & Family Welfare, Himachal Pradesh
The information on prevalent disease for the area has been collected from Khaneri Government Hospital, Rampur and is tabulated below:
Table 2-17: Disease Profile of the Stud area, Year 2005 Name of Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov. Dec. Disease -_ -_- G.Entritirs 12 15 15 - 21 42 31 44 27 10 14 10 Diarrhoea 1 2 . 4 10 4 5 1 7 - Dysentry 9 - 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 - 6 7 Pneumia 5 4 5 7 10 11 3 4 7 - 6 7 Br. 3 5 14 5 7 10 11 3- 4 7 na na Pneumia Br. Asthma 5 2 6 8 - - 11 - na na na na COPD* 36 31 48 38 29 11 16 25 31 29 29 12 PGO 15 12 4 8 5 15 13 4 6 13 AOD** 7 4 3 3 7 27 3 3 7 Source: Khaneri Government Hospital, Rampur
* COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; ** AOD: Arterio-sclerotic occlusive disease
2.7 Land Use Pattern
Land use pattern has been studied using latest satellite data (IRS P6, LISS III sensor) for the entire Satluj basin. Raw digital satellite data was procured from National Remote Sensing Agency and processed in house using the hardware and software facilities available with the consultant. The land use classification has been presented in the table below:
P3050220 (A)Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-45 DHI Water& Environment Table 2-18: Landuse type in study area S.No. Landuse Category Percentage of total Satluj basin area 1. Agricultural land 10.95 2. Fallow land 0.08 3. Plantations 0.25 4. Land without scrubs 1.68 5. Forest areas 24.96 6. Water bodies 0.69 7. Snow covered area 37.87 8. Settlement 0.21 9. Barren areas 20.16 10. Grassland 3.16 Total 100 Source: Satellite Imagery, Year 2004
Landuse Classitication
*Agncultural land HF all ow land - -P lartat ions - 0 Land v.thoL* scrubs .- *Forest areas *Water bodies - Snow covered area ESettlement EBarren areas HGrassland
Figure 2.4: Landuse Classification in the Catchment and respective percentages
The study area falls in valleys and high elevations and in general, the catchment area is characterised by undulating hilly terrain, steep hills and deep valleys. The cultivation is possible in small terraces of holdings in the high hills and the khad basins in most parts. In the valleys, cultivation is spread over vast areas. It is only in the valleys that the land is flat and cultivation is done.
Landuse Map of the catchment is presented below:
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-46 DHI Water & Environment Figure 2.5: Landuse Map of the Catchment area 2.8 Socio-Economic Prorile
In order to describe the socio-economic characteristics, the study area has been divided into the following two sub-areas:
* Sub-area falling under Shimla District (Left bank of the Satluj River) consists mainly of the Rampur Tehsil.
* Sub-area falling under Kullu District (Right bank of the Satluj River) primarily consists of fringe areas of the Kullu District along the river Satluj. These include Nermand Tehsil.
The villages in the sub-areas have been studied along the perennial and seasonal streams exist in vicinity. An overview of key socio-economic characteristics of the study area based on the primary survey, substantiated with latest census data is presented below (ref. Table 2.19).
Table 2.19: Ke Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Study area Characteristic Shimia District Kullu District I I Rampur Tehsil Nermand tehsil
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-47 DHI Water & Environment Characteristic Shimia District Kullu District ______Rampur Tehsil Nermand tehsil
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Population 66,373 (Census, 2001) with both 47,917 (Census, 2001) of rural urban and rural population population Ethnicity and The population in the area is primarily Hindu, which speaks both Hindi Language and various dialects of Western Pahari. Livelihoods People are primarily involved in Primarily the rural population is farming activities including both agrarian in the region with some agriculture and dairy farming. employed as labour for farming and Apart from this, people are also construction activities. Apart from employed as labour for farming this people in villages own shops and construction activities in the and are mostly self-employed. area. Salaried employment is also Fishing is not a source of livelihood prevalent in areas near urban in the study area that has been localities. Fishing is not a source surveyed. of livelihood in the surveyed sub- area. Agricultural Small land holdings scattered Altitudinal variation commands the Practices over the region are used for nature of crops grown in this sub- cultivation of all kinds of crops area also. The key distribution is depending on the altitude. similar with cereals predominant in Cereals such as wheat and maize the valleys and orchards of apples, are grown at the lower altitudes plums, cherries, khurmani, etc. in while temperate fruits such as the upper reaches. Manure is used plums, apples, walnuts, chilgozas as the primary source of fertilizer in etc. are found in the upper the area with some dependence on reaches. Most places are self- chemicals for orchards in the upper sufficient for food grains except reaches. for Rampur M.C., which has to import them. The percentage of irrigated cultivable area is relatively low (5.64%) with people mostly relying on natural sources. Manure is the primary fertilizer. Industries No key industries have been located in the area that could be potential sources of pollution to the Satluj.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-48 DHI Water & Environment Characteristic Shimia District Kullu District Rampur Tehsil Nermand tehsil Basic Water is primarily available from Sources of water for drinking and Infrastructure taps, wells, tanks and canals other purposes include taps, tanks, (some areas). Other sources canals (some areas) and natural include bowlis, springs, nallahs, sources such as bowlis, springs, etc. Most villages have more than nallahs, etc. Apart from drinking one source of water for drinking people mostly, rely on the natural and other purposes. sources of water.
Other basic amenities and Benefits of education, health care, infrastructure in the form of health post and telegraph and power care facilities (dispensaries, facilities are available within most of health care centers, etc.), postal the villages. Though communication facilities, electrification and roads facilities are fairly well established, (kuccha and pukka) are present in the access to pukka road is a most villages but not all. Almost concern in the area. Pits are the all the villages have pits for primary form of sewage disposal in sewage disposal with open this sub-area. defecation being practiced in some places. Rampur M.C. has a sewerage system in place with plans underway for its extension.
Water borne No prevalent water borne diseases have been reported other than the diseases incidence of malaria in the summer months in some places. Source: District Census for Shimla & Kullu Districts, Year 1991 & 2001 and Primary Survey
2.8.1 Demography of the Area
In general, population densities in the tehsils are very low due to difficult hilly terrain and climatic conditions. The villages are sparsely located in the area though those in Shimla district have higher population density (141 persons per sq. km) than in Kullu (41 persons per sq. km). The population primarily consists of Hindus. Buddhists, Sikhs, Muslims and Christians are also there. Pahari consisting of various dialects is the spoken language of the villagers in the study area. However, with the spread of communication, increase in literacy rate among the masses, predominant population can now speak Hindi along with Pahari, though Pahari is still the preferred language. The current literacy rates in Shimla and Kullu districts are 79.1% and 72.9%, respectively.
The people are primarily agrarian and maintain some livestock simultaneously. Horticulture is also prevalent in the stretch especially in the upper reaches. Salaried employment has increased in the past with the establishment of various hydropower projects in the area. The population in the study area consists of about 40% SC and 1.5% ST (Ref. Table 2.20 a). The approximate sex ratio (number of females per 1000 males) for the study area is lower than the sex ratio for the state as a whole of 968 (Ref. Table 2.20 b).
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-49 DHI Water & Environment Table 2.20(a) Population Composition in the St dy Area in terms of SC-ST SC ST Tehsil Area Total Populati SC SC Popul ST ST (District) (hectares) Population on (Male) (Female) ation Male Female Nermand (Kullu) 2222 15926 7641 3933 3708 76 38 38 Rampur* (Shimla) 6772 17100 5411 2713 2698 373 190 183 Total 8994 33026 13052 6646 6406 449 228 221 * Population of Rampur town and Jhakri Township have not been included Source: District Census for Shimla & Kullu Districts, Year 2001
Table 2.20(b): Population Sex Ratio in the StudyArea Tehsil Area Total Male Female Sex (District) (hectares) Population Population Population Ratio Nermand (Kullu) 2222 15926 8128 7798 959 Rampur* (Shimla) 6772 17100 9359 7741 827 Total 8994 33026 17487 15539 * Population of Rampur town and Jhakri Township have not been included Source: District Census for Shimla & Kullu Districts, Year 2001
The estimates for population group directly affected by RHEP are given below:
Table 2.20 (c): Population Estimates for directly affected areas Particulars Magnitude Detail of Dattnagar Fatti Fatti Bayal Gadech Grand Total affected Nirmand (Koel) families/persons Project affected 10 15 69 39 133 Families Vulnerable 4 12 28 2 46 Families Project affected 59 326 77 209 671 Persons PAFs Not 1 2 1 2 6 Available*
2.8.2 Livelihoodsof the Area
Agricultural Production The study area falls in valleys and high elevations thus cultivation is possible only in small terraces in the high hills and the khad basins while it is practiced over larger areas in the valleys. Apart form these areas; the land is either under shrub forests or grassy land. Table 2.21 shows that more than 80% of the land in the study area can be classified as cultivable land, however in the sub-area of Shimla district only about 16% of it is under cultivation while in the sub-area of Kullu district, about 90% of cultivable land is under cultivation.
P3050220 (A)Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-50 DHI Water &Environment Table 2.21: Cultivable and Cultivated lnd (in hectares) in s udy area Area Cultivable- Area %-Cultivable Area Cultivated_Area %-Cultivated Area Kullu District 15595 13629 87.39 12336 90.51 Nermand (T) 7745 6732 86.92 5896 87.58 Shimia District 102399 85450 83.44 13959 16.33 Rampur (T) 86552 71363 82.45 10238 14.34 Source: District Census for Shim/a & Kullu Districts, Year 2001
The population in the study area is primarily agrarian. With the variation in the soil conditions and the agro-climatic regimes across the study area, a wide variety of crops, including cereals, vegetables and fruits, are: * Cereals - wheat, paddy, maize, barley and pulses; * Vegetables - seasonal vegetables, seeded potatoes; * Fruit trees - plum, apple, walnut, apricot, cherry, khumani, chilgoza, etc.
Bee keeping is also being promoted in the study area as it helps in pollination of the apple crop.
From the agricultural point of view the study area can be divided into three broad regions:
1. Valleys and basin areas 2. Mid Hills 3. High Hills
It is only in the valleys that the land is flat and most fertile. Thus the cultivation of cereals, pulses, maize as well as off-season vegetables is practiced in these areas. Sloped areas of high altitudes are most suitable for horticultural purposes, especially for growing varieties of apples, plums, cherry and stone fruits, such as, almonds, walnuts, etc. In the mid areas there is a potential for growing of cereals, vegetables and horticultural products (ref. Pic a-d).
-v- 020 - ,- D .-
. ..
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-51 DHI Water & Environment -a
Pic a-d. Agriculturalpracticesof the region
A study of the data also reveals that the percentage of cultivated land being irrigated is less than 5% in case of the both the sub-areas (ref Table 2.22). The irrigation canal has been found to supply water to some of the villages Duttnagar, Bhadrash, Tunan, Gadej, Bael and others. Otherwise, most of the places rely on rain and other natural sources i.e. springs etc. for irrigation.
Table 2.22: Irrigated Land (inhectares) in Study Area
Area Irr Area Unirr-Area Culd-Area % Cultd-Area % lrr Area Kullu District 15595 477 11859. 12336 90.51 3.86 Nermand (T) 7745 424 5472 5896 87.58 7.19 Shimia 102399 579 13380 13959 16.33 District 4.14 Rampur (T) 86552 521 9717 10238 14.34 5.08 Source: District Census for Shimla & Kullu Districts, Year 2001
The villagers generally use chemical fertilizers for cultivation and the primary survey bring to light the use of chemicals for horticultural purposes in orchards, though now people are also adopting bio-farming but still use is not very extensive. Information on quantum of chemical fertiliser use in the area could not be gathered, however, during village surveys and ocular survey of area the site does not indicate any signs of direct agri-effluent from agriculture fields going to the river/streams. Due to hilly terrain and slope conditions, effluent from sparsely located fields gets dispersed, hence, no concentrated effluent stream comes to the river.
Live Stock Livestock is an important source of income in the primarily agro-based economy in the area. Most households keep a few cows, buffaloes, sheep and goats. Besides providing a source of supplementary income, livestock also serves as a source of balanced diet for the people in the rural as well as surrounding urban areas. Milk, meat and egg are an integral part of their diet and manure is used in the fields. Because of the difficult hilly terrain, bullocks are mainly used for ploughing the fields.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-52 DHI Water & Environment According to the data collected from the field and the recent census report, the break up of the live stock population in the villages in the study area is as follows (ref. Table 2.23)
Table 2.23: Cattle Population in the Study Area Name of District Name of Gram Total Cattle Population (Cow/Ox / Sheep Panchayat /Goat) Shimla Racholi 506 Singla 523 Bharawali 782 Duttnagar 231 Lalsa 445 Dansa 875 Munish 3565 Kuhal 2633 Kashapat 3804 Jhakri Kullu Sarga 1681 Kushwa 1578 Kharga 2524 Tunan 1272 Nishani 1054 Arsu 1910 Bari 3289 X_ =_=_ Kot 4207 X Poshna 631 Deem 1478 Source: District Census for Shimla & Kullu Districts, Year 2001 and Report on Catchment Area Treatment Planfor Rampur Block, ForestDivision, Rampur
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 2-53 DHI Water& Environment I I I CHAPTER -3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND RISKS
Managed River flow DD te&dEnwirron nt I I I I 3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND RISKS
An attempt has been made to assess the existing environmental and socio-economic scenario in the area and potential impacts that are being foreseen due to operation of proposed Rampur Hydroelectric Project (RHEP) especially by restricting the river flow. While doing the impact assessment, terms of reference of the study have been thoroughly considered.
The study would be helpful in taking the advance measures to run the project by efficiently utilising the full design capacity in later stages of the project without putting adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts on regional settings. This particular section of the report highlights the scientific approach adopted for assessing the impacts due to restricted flows as proposed under the project. A detailed description on impact assessment has been provided in later section of the chapter for all concerned environmental and socio-economic themes. Along with the description, pictorial mosaic of the area is also presented to give a better understanding of existing site conditions.
3.1 Scenario Description
Existing scenario of the area demands a detailed assessment of environmental and socio-economic parameters and the consultant through studying all issues and potentials interlinked with both Nathpa -Jhakri and proposed RHE projects, has tried that.
\ Bhabha Khad Galnvi Kl\ad So rang
Nath pa Dam
- zKarcham Dam
Jhakri) BAEL P.HH
Lhuri a Nogli KhNad
Fig 3.1 Flow Diversion through tunnel (Nathpa-Jhakri-Baelstretch)
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-1 DHI Water & Environment The Nathpa-Dam is having catchment area of 49,820 sq. km. The annual average flow of river at Nathpa varies from 300-550 cumecs, while during lean season monthly river flow remains of the order of 80-90 cumecs. The existing practice at Nathpa dam site is to divert the lean river flow through 27.4 km long tunnel, which is having diameter of 10.15 m. The headrace tunnel is designed for the capacity of 405 cumecs. The tunnel ttaverses below the bed of Manglad Khad. In addition to the lean season river flow, around 6 cumecs flow of perennial stream named Shoudling is also being tapped. However, as per the HPPCB Notification, it is proposed to release 7 cumecs in the river. Thus for about 45 km of the stretch downstream of Nathpa, river is having very nominal flow of 7 cumecs, which is in addition to flow being contributed by the perennial/seasonal streams (ref. Table 2.3a and 2.3b of Chapter 2).
Ultimately, the flow diverted through tunnel is again joining Satluj at Jhakri tailrace point. The lean monthly flow observed at Jhakri tailrace is in order of 90-100 cumecs.
Further, under RHEP project, it is proposed to divert the river flow at Jhakri through 15 km headrace tunnel to a surface power station near Bael to meet the demand of 405 cumecs in order to run the proposed RHEP project.
3.2 Anticipated Impacts
The impact under 'Managed River Flow' could be broadly considered for three basic environmental components likely to get affected viz. land, water and biological environment as mentioned under article -3.0. Their effects in turn, can be classified into following:
S. No. Impact Assessment 1. Impacts on Water Environment Hydrology Water Source and Use Water Quality 2. Biological Impacts Impacts on Aquatic Ecology 3. Impacts on Land Environment 4. Impacts on Human Health 5. Impacts on Socio-Economy Impacts on Human Settlements Employment Opportunity Infrastructure development 6. Down Stream Hazards Floods Landslides Bank Erosion and Earthquakes 7. Impacts on Cultural and Historical Structures 8. Impacts on the Aesthetic Environment
The present study on 'Managed River Flow' carried out systematically would help to predict and assess these impacts and identify appropriate mitigation measures. Study would consider a few alternatives and incorporate methodologies for trade-off analyses to help in taking a final decision regarding a particular choice.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-2 DHI Water & Environment Superimposing the project details on the baseline environmental status, potential impacts have been identified that are expected to result due to the proposed project. Wherever, possible the impacts have been quantified and otherwise, qualitative assessment has been provided. This chapter deals with anticipated positive as well as negative impacts due to the construction and operation of proposed project.
3.3 Impact on Water Environment
3.3.1 Managed River Flow & Water Source/Usage The flow of river at Jhakri outfall location is proposed to fully divert through 15.1 km headrace tunnel under Rampur Hydroelectric project and the same would be again released to the river at Bael, which is at downstream but since there are no existing or proposed irrigation/ water supply schemes linked to river Satluj, thus no significant impacts are anticipated.
The natural springs, khads, chashme and bowli (kachchi and pukki) or tributaries flowing in vicinity are the key sources of water for villages falling along the river stretch. Majority of these sources are perennial with seasonal variations in the water flow. The discharge rate varies from 0.7 I/sec to 0.005 I/sec. The same source is used for all purposes, including drinking, cooking, bathing, livestock rearing, etc.
Irrigation in the area is rain fed or water demand for agriculture practice is being fulfilled by khuls (canal). As reported by the IPH, Rampur, their water supply schemes are also dependent on natural springs/bowlis located on upper reaches of mountains, hence, the reduced flow in the river due to proposed project will not hamper the water supply schemes in the area.
However, considering the following adverse impacts of Nathpa-Jhakri Hydro Electric Project, it is advised to take pre- project precautionary measures.
1. The water supply schemes of IPH were affected during Nathpa-Jhakri construction project due to several construction activities and blasting process. The restoration of these schemes is in process and SJVNL is providing financial support to IPH department. In RHEP, an inventory of existing ones has been prepared before commencement of blasting. The villages those were badly affected due to construction of NJHEP are:
Table 3.1: Villages and respective population adversely effected due to Nathpa-Jhakri Project in terms of water Supply
S. No. Name of scheme Name of habitation Present Population 1. WSS Maghara Majholi Majhewali 490 Koshgar Koshgar 130 2. WSS Kartot Chandpur Kartot 437 Chandpur 138 3. WSS Khasha Shah Gaso 622 Jaleend Shah 326 4. WSS Sharn Rattanpur Rattanpur 151 Rattanpur II 50 Basara 329
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-3 DHI Water & Environment Sanarsa 282 Haiti 229 5. WSS Jhakri Jhakri 4980 Total 12 habitation 8164 Source: IPH Department, Rampur
However, the proposed RHEP is a run of the river project and not involving construction of dam / reservoir thus as such, no adverse impacts are foreseen on existing water supply schemes.
2. Due to construction of Nathpa-Jhakri project, the local residents of the area had reported the complete drying of natural springs but as that time, no monitoring was done to.keep the track of change in flow of the streams/natural springs and water level of the bowlis in the area, no significant conclusion could be drawn.
Nevertheless, to avoid such circumstances under Rampur Hydroelectric project, a detailed monitoring programme has been planned and being implemented by the SJVNL, Rampur under which, regular monitoring of the flow of natural streams/khads is being measured and documented so as to take pre project measurement actions.
3. The supply has been augmented in some places like Tunnan, Kund, Dogri and others, by provision of pipelines by IPH. Some places such as Veri and Shatal Dhar, which have no natural water source nearby are supplied by IPH or water is being supplied for use by water tankers.
4. Both the provision of public and private taps is there in the area, though in some places, people still rely directly on natural sources of water. The provision of private taps is however very limited.
5. Over the past few years, some of the water sources have dried out, some have reduced water levels and some have changed their outlet points. The videos of monitoring campaign prepared by SJVNL indicate that the water levels have reduced over the past 4 years in Tunnan bowli and four to five sources have dried out in Koel.
People have also reported the drying up of certain stream outlets due to blasting and frequent floods. The upper outlet of a chashme along the Kajo khad had closed during the 2001 floods and since then a new outlet has opened.
3.3.2 Managed River Flow & Water Quality Adequate flow in the river especially during lean season becomes very essential to provide desired dilution to the sewage, which is being disposed into the river with or without treatment. It is important to maintain the river ecology aesthetically as well as for the sustenance of its natural functions i.e. aquatic habitation etc.
As restricted flow in the river between Jhakri to Bael as proposed under RHE project, may effect the dilution of the sewage coming to the river, which may further
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-4 DHI Water & Environment deteriorate the aesthetic condition of the river, a detailed assessment has been done keeping the following in view:
* Existing Water Quality of the river Satluj * Impacts on dilution needed for disposal of sewage coming from existing villages * Impacts on dilution needed for disposal of sewage coming from Rampur town * Impacts on dilution needed for disposal of sewage coming from Jhakri colony * Impacts on dilution needed for disposal of sewage coming from proposed project colony * Impacts on dilution needed for disposal of sewage coming from temporary labour shelters * Impacts on dilution needed for disposal of Effluent crushers * Effluent from other sources i.e. disposal of muck
The related issues have been discussed in detail:
> Existing Water Quality of River Satluj The level of DO observed during monitoring carried out in Feb, 2006 varies from 8.0 to 8.5 (mg/l) between Jhakri to Bael. The high level of DO is seen as an indicator of high turbulent flow in the river and low environmental temperature.'
The pH value as observed is 7.88 and-8.1 at Jhakri and Bael respectively. The level of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) observed in the river is about 1.0 mg/l and value observed at Rampur d/s, too is 1.2 mg/l.
Water Quality in terms of pathogenic bacteria appears to be fine except at Rampur d/s. The value detected for faecal coliform at Rampur d/s was 4 MPN and total coliform was 14 at the location.
Iron and Zinc were found <.05 at Jahkri outfall and at Bael but value of Mercury was observed on higher side. Mercury was found 7.11 at Jhakri outfall. - Effluent from existing villages The study area has already been defined in Chapter 2.0, which include Kullu district on right bank and 'Shimla -district on left bank. jFor the purpose of estimation of sewage generation for the villages coming in study area, few-assumptions have been made based on primary village level' surveys and a study conducted on rural infrastructure for village in Solan District. The total population residing at right bank of the study area is approximate 15,926 and the population at left bank is 25,753.
For the purpose of estimation of domestic effluent coming to the river Satluj from the villages habited along right and left bank of the river, few assurnptions have been made based on findings of primary village level surveys and those are:
1. It is assumed that domestic effluent that is being generated form existing villages along river Satluj is being finally disposed in to the adjacent perennial/seasonal streams.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-5 DHI Water & Environment 2. Worse case scenario has been considered for assessing the minimum flow requirements of river Satluj for adequate dilution of effluent and in this it has been considered that entire domestic effluent from existing villages is ultimately meeting with river Satluj as a point source through seasonal/perennial streams. 3. For estimating the population of sub-villages, household size has been considered as 6. 4. Based on findings of primary level village survey (which says that on an average a water usage is 4 normal buckets per person /day for all domestic purposes), water requirement of villages has been estimated considering rate of 40 1/per capita per day. 5. It is assumed that 80% of the water consumption will be generated as sewage
Estimated Per capita Water Demand in the Villages: 40 lpcd Total Water Demand: 0.393 MLD Total sewage generation: 0.314 MLD (taking 80% of Water demand)
Table 3.2(a): Estimated Sewage Load of villages at right bank of River Sat'uj (Year 2001)
Name of Stream in Population Estimated Water Estimated Sewage Village Vicinity (Survey/ Census Demand in MLD Generation in MLD .- . ____ 2001) Duwari Kajo 240 0.010 0.008 Kafti Kajo 54 0.002 0.002 Kharga Kajo 350 0.014 0.011 Kimcha Kajo 48 0.002 0.002 Kumahar Kajo 400 0.016 0.013 Kund Kajo 60 0.002 0.002 Narku Kajo 42 0.002 0.001 Seri Kajo 12 0.0005 0.0004 -Shaich Kajo 42 0.002 0.001 Suraage Kajo 390 0.016 0.012 Tharwa Kajo 320 0.013 0.010
._ _ .0.063 Brow Kasholi 120 0.005 0.004 -Damehli Kasholi 750 0.030 0.024 --Kasholi Kasholi 1018 0.041 0.033 Palli Kasholi 450 0.018 0.014 Panasha Kasholi 250 0.010 0.008 -Pankwa Kasholi 1320 0.053 0.042 Poshna Kasholi 3552 0.142 0.114 Sharshaya Kasholi 378 0.015 0.012 Tunan Kasholi 4115 0.165 0.132 0.382 Gad Kunni 120 0.005 0.004 Bishlai Kunni 350 0.014 0.011 0.015
Bael Satluj 636 0.025 0.020
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-6 DHI Water & Environment Table 3.2 (b. Estimated Swage Load of villages a left bank of river Satluj(Yer 2001)
Name of Stream in Population Estimated Water Estimated Sewage Village Vicinity (Survey/ Census Demand in MLD MLD 2001) Jhakri Barauni 5890 0.23560 0.18848 Darshal Jakho 287 0.011 0.009 Khanari Jakho 1038 0.042 0.033 0.042 Racholi Racholi 915 0.037 0.029 Odda Racholi 437 0.01 7 0.014 Kandi Racholi 900 0.036 0.029 Pal Racholi 608 0.024 0.019 Kasha Racholi 1920 0.077 0.061 0.153 Shingla Satluj 890 0.036 0.028 Shaneri Satluj 713 0.029 0.023 Uru Satluj 220 0.009 0.007 Kalna Satluj 382 0.015 0.012 Besri Satluj 293 0.012 0.009 Kumsu Nogli 937 0.037 0.030 Kamiahu Nogli 438 0.018 0.014 Rajpura Nogli 114 0.005 0.004 Masarna Nogli 337 0.013 0.011 Makroli Nogli 90 0.004 0.003 Karali Nogli 379 - 0.015 0.012 Thana Nogli 68 0.003 0.002 Jaguni Nogli 706 0.028 0.023 Dhar Nogli 306 0.012 0.010 Dansa Nogli 595 0.024 0.019 0.207 Duttnagar SatIuj 1213 0.049 0.039 Total 11248 0.450 0.630
Table 3.3 (a): Estimated Sewage Load of villages at right bank of River Sa lu; for the Year 2031
Name of Stream in Estimated Water Estimated Sewage Village Vicinity Population Demand in MLD Generation in MLD (projected 2031 ) Duwari Kajo 458 0.019 0.015 Kafti Kajo 102 0.004 0.004 Kharga Kajo 668 0.026 0.020 Kimcha Kajo 92 0.004 0.004 Kumahar Kajo 763 0.031 0.025 Kund Kajo 114 0.004 0.004 Narku Kajo 80 0.004 0.001 Seri Kaio 23 0.001 0.001 Shaich Kajo 80 0.004 0.001 Suraage Kajo 744 0.031 0.023 Tharwa Kajo 611 0.025 0.019
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-7 DHI Water & Environment 0.117 Brow Kasholi 230 0.010 0.007 Damehii Kasholi 1432 0.057 0.045 Kasholi Kasholi 1942 0.079 0.063 Palli Kasholi 859 0.034 0.026 Panasha Kasholi 477 0.019 0.015 Pankwa Kasholi 2520 0.101 0.080 Poshna Kasholi 6779 0.271 0.218 Sharshaya Kasholi 721 0.029 0.023 Tunan Kasholi 7854 0.314 0.252 0.729 Gad Kunni 230 0.010 0.007 Bishlai Kunni 668 0.026 0.020 0.027 Koel Satluj Bael Satluj 1214 0.048 0.038
Table 3.3 (b): Estimated Sewage Load of villages at left bank of river Satlujfor the Year 2031
Name of Stream in Estimated Water Gieneration in Village Vicinity Population Demand in MLD MLD (projected 2031) Jhakri Barauni 11242 0.450 0.360 Darshal Jakho 548 0.021 0.018 Khanari Jakho 1982 0.080 0.063 0.081 Racholi Racholi 1746 0.071 0.056 Odda Racholi 834 0.032 0.026 Kandi Racholi 1719 0.069 0.056 Pal Racholi 1160 0.046 0.037 Kasha Racholi 3665 0.147 0.117 0.292 Shingla Satluj 1698 0.069 0.054 Shaneri Satluj 1360 0.055 0.044 Uru Satluj 420 0.017 0.013 Kalna SatIuj 730 0.029 0.023 Besri Satluj 559 0.023 0.018 Kumsu Nogli 1789 0.071 0.057 Kamlahu Nogli 837 0.034 0.026 Rajpura Nogli 218 0.010 0.007 Masarna Nogli 644 0.025 0.020 Makroli Nogli 171 0.008 0.006 Karali Nogli 724 0.029 0.023 Thana Nogli 130 0.006 0.004 Jaguni Nogli 1347 0.053 0.044 Dhar Nogli 584 0.023 0.019 Dansa Nogli 1135 0.046 0.037 0.395 Duttnagar Satluj 2315 0.093 0.075
Above values have been used for assessing the DO profiles along the main river.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-8 DHI Water & Environment > Sewage Generation from Shimia District As per the findings of primary level village surveys, in absence of sewerage system in the area, open defecation is prevalent among 50% of the village population. As such there is no direct disposal of sewage into the river Satluj but due to open defecation, human and animal excreta finds its way to Satluj through seasonal and perennial streams due to natural slope of area ultimately it comes into the river. But due to lesser population density and sparse location of human settlements, the impact on river gets insignificant due to dilution of sewage in streams itself. Rest 50% of population is having provisions for soak pits in their houses. The soak pits in the area are not lined at bottom, hence, ground leachate also takes place. In absence of any scientific study on related issue, a rough estimation has been done on BOD loading due to domestic sewage assuming the worst case scenario, wherein entire sewage load generated from different gram panchayat is directly meeting with river Satluj as a point source at different locations. , Effluent Disposal from Rampur town Rampur is the only major town falling in the diversion tunnel site under Rampur Hydroelectric project. Presently it has a provision of STP with total capacity of 1.0 MLd to serve total population of 7083 persons (this also includes 2800 persons under floating population) but due to huge damages occurred to the machinery part and particularly to the main line, presently only 50 households are being served by the STP. Total about 60% of population is being served by Septic tanks.
One another STP with capacity of 0.5 MLD is under re-construction for 1737 persons. The other zone has provision of septic tank covering 157 persons and 2200 college students.
Considering the scale of development taking place in the town due to hydro-electric project development in the area and also noticing that very soon administrative status of the town is going to change from Block level to District level, which may induce heavy growth in the area and may attract heavy population inflow.
However, in existing conditions, there is sufficient water available in the river for providing enough dilution to the effluent waste of the town, but the reduced flow in the river as proposed under the RHEP and induced growth of the town as foreseen, it may lead to deterioration of water quality in the river.
The decadal variation in the population as noticed over the period with available population data and decadal projections has been made using linear growth pattern to estimate the generation of sewage load.
Table 3.4: Estimated Sewage Load of Rampur Town using Linear Population Growth S. No. Year Population Water Demand (MLD) Effluent generated I (MLD) 1. 1981 3310 0.39 0.312
2. 1991 4342 0.52 0.416 3. 2001 5653 0.68 0.544 4. 2011 7354 (projected) 0.88 0.704
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-9 DHI Water & Environment | 5. | 2021 | 9055 (projected) 1.08 0.864 6. 2031 1,0756 1.29 1.032 (projected)
It is to be noted that the population given above is not including floating population. Thus it becomes essential to give due attention towards installation of adequate capacity of sewage treatment plant and to maintain minimum flow in river especially during lean season to provide enough dilution for disposal of effluents.
> Effluent Disposal from Jhakri Colony In Jhakri Township, which was constructed under under Nathpa-Jhakri project, total no. of households are one thousand. This township is well connected to sewage pipeline network, which is finally connected to eight no. of septic tanks. However, presently storage capacity of these septic tanks is adequate and as such, no directs disposal into the river has been planned.
*Effluent Disposal from proposed project colony The effluent will be purely domestic sewage in absence of any major construction activity during operation of the proposed hydropower plant. If assume the population of proposed colony is 3000, the water demand would be around 0.3 mld (taking 100 lt/capita/day water requirement). The sewage load would be about 0.24 mld. The total BOD load would be in order of 71 kg/day, which is insignificantly low to generate any adverse impacts on river water quality. To avoid any concentrated point source impact, it is advised to plan for installation of adequate sewage treatment facility for the colony.
> Effluent Disposal from temporary labour shelters Taking total population inflow of 12000 during 6 years of proposed construction activities under RHEP projects, the total water requirements would be 0.84 mld ( ( 70 lpcd ). Thus, total sewage generation would be 0.67 mld (80% of water supply). The corresponding BOD load would be 541 kg/day.
Generally, durilig construction stages, labour camps get installed at two or three different locations but even considering the entire sewage disposal as a concentrated point source enough dilution is available in river Satluj.
As observed from the modelling results, no impacts are anticipated on water quality of river Satluj but to have pre-cohstruction measures, appropriate treatment facility (septic tank etc.) should be provided to avoid any adverse conditions.
> Effluent Disposal from operation of Crushers As stated in the EIA report prepared for Rampur Hydroelectric project, crusher of capacity 120-150tph will be commissioned at the project site during construction period and water will be required for washing of boulders and for lowering of temperature of the crushing edge. About 0.1 m3 of water will be needed per tonne of material crushed.
Expected effluent from the crusher: About 12-15 m3/hr Expected discharge: 0.0033- 0.0042 cumecs Expected suspended solids: 3000-4000 mg/lt
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-10 DHI Water & Environment Considering the present minimum flow, which remains in order of 60-70 cumecs, the impact due to disposal of crusher effluent could be considered insignificant, however, it is advised to avoid single point disposal instead multiple location, could be identified at sufficient intervals to provide enough dilution. It is also advised to have provision for primary treatment to effluent prior to disposal in river.
) Effluent from other sources i.e. disposal of muck The four sites have been identified by SJVNL for muck disposal generated during digging operation for construction of 15.1 km long tunnel under RHEP. However, SJVNL has proposed to reuse maximum part of muck during construction activity and some of the villages falling in project-affected areas for construction of school buildings, playgrounds etc. It is strongly recommended to have estimates for muck generation and quantity that is proposed for reuse, as it could be a very serious concern if it finds a path in river Satluj. It is also advised to adopt scientific technology for preparation of muck disposal sites including landscaping to avoid deteriorating impacts on river ecology. Mostly muck disposal sites identified by the SJVNL are on right bank of river as most of the village settlements are along the left bank of the river.
3.3.3 Managed River Flow and Channel Stability It is proposed to divert the water at TRT outfall of Nathpa-Jhakri hydro-electric project through 10.15/10.5 m dia and 15.1 kms long headrace tunnel. After generation of hydropower, the water would outfall through 72 m long shore shoe shaped concrete -lined section. Henceforth, there would be decrease in the river flow in Jhakri to Bael stretch equivalent to water released from Jhakri outfall. In this particular stretch, requirements would be met by flow coming from perennial and seasonal streams/khads. The main khads falling in study stretch are Barauni, Kajo, Pashada, 'Wishai, Jakho, Tunnan, Kunni, Racholi, Kasholi, Badgai and Nogli. The total flow coming to the river from main perennial streams falling in Jhakri outfall to Bael river stretch is 5.54 cumecs as measured by the consultant during lean season. The balance requirement as stipulated in environmental clearance should come from upstream constituting releases from dam and flows of tributaries between Nathpa and Jhakri.
The hydro-dynamic practice has been performed to have flow velocity profile of Satluj, River between Nathpa and Bael so as to determine most favourable flow condition,.for flushing of sediments, dilution for BOD load and for growth of aquatic life. The different scenarios have been simulated for different flow releases varying from :1 curnecs to 10 cumecs as well as zero release.
In addition, different BOD loads for the different tributaries have been used for DO modeling. The scenarios considered for this are with BOD loading variation between 5 mg/l to 8 mg/l and with different releases varying between 1 cumecs to 10 cumecs as well as zero release. It has been observed that for BOD loading of less than 5 mg/l, the DO levels at no point along stretch at even release of 1 cumecs goes below 8. The results so obtained have been tabulated subsequently.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-11 DHI Water & Environment * Velocity profiles for different releases along the river stretch between Nathpa and Bael
* DO profiles between Nathpa and Bael for different inflows varying discharges at Nathpa.
The processed baseline data used for running the model i.e. river network, river cross- sections, boundary conditions and longitudinal profiles have also been presented. A brief description on Model inputs used for this particular study along with model results has been given below using easy to understand graphical presentations:
Description of the model
MIKE 11 is a professional engineering software package for the simulation of flows, Water Quality and Sediment Transport in estuaries, rivers, irrigation systems, channels and other water bodies. It constitutes the dynamic and numerical core in the flood management tool. MIKE 11 offers a unique and user-friendly tool the detailed design, management and operation of both simple and complex river and channel systems. Here it has been used to model the 63 kms stretch of river Satluj. The MIKE 11 Models describes the river and floodplain topography through a cross section data base.
It consists of various computational modules out of which the Hydrodynamic Module (HD) is the core of all modules. The MIKE 11 hydrodynamic module is based on an efficient numerical implicit finite difference solution of the complete non-linear St. Venant equations for Unsteady 1-D Free Surface Flows. MIKE 11 describes sub critical as well as supercritical flow conditions through a numerical scheme designed to adapt according to the local flow conditions in time and space.
Rainfall-Runoff
|Hydrodynmc|}~/-'2
Advection- Sediment Dispersion Transport
Water Quality
Major Data Used for Setting up MIKE 11 HD Model
Study Area/River Network
Although for the present study the area of concern is about 23 kms of river stretch ie between Jhakri to Bael but for the assessing the changes in river flow profile at
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-12 DHI Water& Environment downstream with varying flow releases at Nathpa dam site, model has been established for 63kms of river stretch between Nathpa to Bael.
The 63 kms of river stretch was mapped with the help a toposheet and was fed into the model. The river network with different streams meeting with river has been resented below.
Figure 3.2: 63 kms of river stretch and main tributaries 10000
9000 ,- - - -
8000 , - 6 -
7 0 00 ------2 3 ------
6000 -. ------
4000 --- - e ,~~ ~ ~ -~------'------
4000 - X@ ------
50644.4 t
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 1000C
P3060220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-13 DHI Water& Environment Hydrometric Data
All available discharge data for river Satluj at various locations have been used. In addition the flow data as monitored for various tributaries falling under study area has been inserted. It is to be noted that for various streams constant flow data has been used due to un-availability of time series data. The Discharge (Q) and Water Level (wl) data in the tributaries are used to calibrate the Rainfall Runoff model, while Q and wl in the main rivers has been used as boundary conditions for the hydrodynamic model.
Existing and new river Cross-Sections
All the available cross-sections (X-S) of the river in the study area have been plotted using MIKE 11 tool. It is to be noted that only those cross-sectional data has been used for running the model that was made available by the Client Agency SJVNL. The cross-sectional data was available only for three locations for 63kms of river stretch and these are: 1. Nathpa Dam Site (U/s)- Cross-sectional data (for about 3 kms of river stretch) 2. Jhakri Outfall (approximate middle of the stretch) (for about 2 kms of river Stretch) 3. Rampur Power House (Bael in D/s) (for about 1 km of river stretch) Raw cross-sectional data at some of the locations (corresponding values of transverse distance and elevation) has also been provided for ready reference (refer Figure 3.3).
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-14 DHI Water & Environment [meter] SUTLEJ -2006 -00000 [meter] SUTL EJ - 2006 -1193.0000 1600 ------2.0
1.94
1600 3 1670 ------I------1.6
1450 .- 28
...... 26 141400 ------
1644
20 S ~~ ~ ------~ ~ ~ 1315 ------. .I. .. . - - - 1- - - -r ...... - -2 1260 - . . 18--
1610------L------1600300 1490 0.6-- 110------120
049 100
1. . 6. 0 0 - ...... -- - - - 1460--- 027 - 12 14606
20001-- 0-- 100 -- 0- 0----r 0.100.1. Cros[eter secionX daa -30 20 100 0 10 20 30 Cross se------io------data - -- [meter]--
P305220(A)ManaedFlo - 9/206 ive -1 5Df-l Wter Eniromen [meter) SUTLEJ - 2006 - 3392.0000 [meter] SUTLEJ - 2006 - 45000.0000 ______2.0 r 2.0 1600 - .Ar------1 ------...... 1.6 1.9
1590 - 1560 --:---- -.;- ---- 1.8 e 1580 ;-...... ; . ------. 1.7 1.7 1570 157- ... ------. .; - - -- . -. .S - 140.160 - -;.------r- - -1 . 6 r1. 1.3
1140 - ... -- .------. 0 ------r-- 1.6 14 1.4 160T ------. . -r. . . . . 1620 .. * *;-* ;- 1216- . -12 14000 ------i----n--. 1.3 1.2
15600 3 0 1.2 1.2.
1510 . ------, 13 00 -.- ...... ;..- ..
1500 3- DHI Water & r
1490 - -- -- I------. . . .1250 -...... ------1540 ------..------t------~nt------t--- -- 03110~ T --- l------~~- .
1460 ------1530 . ..-.-. ..---... - - ...... -- . ------...... ---...... 0..,\0.7 01 1200 ------0.7 1470 ------I------. ...- - - - 0.60.6
1460 .. .. 1160 . ..- ...... 0.5 0.6 -20100010 -- 200 - -100 - 0-100 - 200-30 1450------0.4 0.4 1100 ------. . . . . 1440 ------. . . - - - -03 0.3
1430------r ------021060 ------0.2---
1420 ------......
1410 ...... - - - -1000 ------I - - - -
-200 -100 0 100 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 Cross section X data [meter] Cross section X data [meter]
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3 -1 6 OHI Water & Environment [meter] SUTLEJ -2006 - 61 100.0000 [meter] SUTL EJ - 2006 -69000
820900 -.
-0.14 890 888 ------19
86888------
0.13 888 ------. . .
-0.12 882 880------&.
-0.11 878 ------878 .. . ..-...... ------...... - . 878 ------
0o.10 874 ------I- - - 2
6872 ------. . . - - - - . . . ..
87 ------a P -009870 ...... 1o0
868
0.08 868 - - - - - ...... -08
--- 884---- 07... 882 -0.07 862 0-----8... 860 -- - - -8 0 ------...... -06 -0.08 868 ------. . .. ------O
0.3 8 4- 0. 0-- - - - I620.2 852 ------852 ------...... -- 860...... 860...... ------______0.04
Cross section X data [meter] 06 0 6 Cross section X data [meter[
Figure 3.3: Cross-sectionsofRiver Satluj at various chainages (distance in mts from Nathpa dam site)
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3 17 DHI Water & Environment Boundary Conditions
For the purpose of running the model, the boundary conditions that have been considered are discharge and water level- stage-discharge relation (refer Figure3.4). The various scenarios have been worked out depending on varying discharge released from Nathpa Dam site in the range of 0-10 cumecs.
Z. Em S;ii- I.,- r!,,z. .- ...... File Edit View Tools Window Help -- .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- - - .-.-- .-- .. ..-....- -...... --.
Boundary Depbtion Boundary Type Branch Name Chainage Chainage 6ate ID| Boundary ID| pen Inflow SUTLEJ 0_-_-0 2 Point 5ource : Inflow SUTLEJ 1873.56 - 0- 3 Point Source Inflow_-_ SUTLEJ - 10575.6 - 0 4 Point Source Inflow SUTLEJ 13946.5:: 0 5 Point Source Inflow SUTLEJ 14425.5 - 0 6 Point Source Inflow SUTLEJ - 15043.1 - 0 7 Point Source - Inflow -SUTLEJ 17636,2 0 8 Point Source -_-_- InRow SUTLE] J, 22498.4 0 9 Point Source Inflow SUTLEJ 1 22932.8 . 0
RInclude HD calculation ElInclude AD boundaries [IlMike 12
Data Type[4-Typej File / Value i TS Info 1Discharge: [! 7 Inflow
Figure14 Boundary Conditions usedfor establishing the Numerical Modelfor river Satluj
As in,i.cated above, inflows from various main tributaries have also been considered as point source while working out the boundary conditions. It helped in giving the flow velocity results for entire 63 kms of river stretch and especially in down stream on varying the discharge at Nathpa Dam site.
Model simulations are carried out for varying flow conditions at Nathpa Dam site and Simulations results are viewed and analysed using the MIKE View module.
Flow Velocity Profiles of river Satluj have also been worked out for different flow conditions at Nathpa Dam Site. Based on discussions with Stakeholders, varying discharge at Nathpa Dam site in the range of 0-10 cumecs has been considered to
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-18 DHI Water& Environment assess the corresponding flow velocities at different stretches of river. In addition, a simulation for 1500 cumecs is also carried out to observe velocity profile of the river in worst case scenario of a flood. Flow Velocity Results of Model have been plotted and presented below (refer Figure 3.5 a, b &c):
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-19 DHI Water & Environment Velocity Along the River for Different Discharges 4 -
3.5 . .
3 ------"------
- Discharge - 1 Cumec 25 - - 2.5 ~ '*;~ - Discharge - 2 Cumecs
- Discharge - 3 Cumecs
2 -- D---har---4-C----
.5 lDischarge - - 6 Cumecs 1. ------Discharge - 7 Cumecs - Discharge -86 Cumecs
- Discharge - 7 Cumecs
0.5------I------I------I------Di ha g - OC m s
0 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 Distance (m)
Figure 3.5 a Flow Velocity Profiles along the stretchfor various dischargescenarios.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-20 DHI Water& Environment Velocity Along the River for Discharge= 0 cumecs
3
- Velocityprofile
2 ------
0.
( 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70 00
-0.5 Distance (m)
Figure3.5 b Flow Velocity Profiles along the stretchfor a scenario where there is no dischargefrom the dam.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-21 DHI Water & Environment VeIocdi'WAIong the, -ibrDischarge 450JCmQcs"i mI
14 ]______
12 ------'------r------
- Discharge 1500 cumecs o0 ------I ------\ --'' -- ' - ' -
b ------
0f 3000 13000 23000 33000 43000 53000 63000 Distance (m)
Figure3.5 c Flow Velocity Profiles along the stretch in the case offlood
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow.- 09/2006 3-22 DHI Water & Environment Velocity profiles as shown above are indicating variations in flow velocity at different locations as we move in downward direction from Nathpa Dam site to Bael Power House. The velocity profiles are for varying discharge release at Nathpa.
With release of 1cumec discharge at dam site, velocity changes from 0.118 to 2.651 m/sec, at 4 cumecs, velocity changes from 0.123 to 2.745 m/sec, at 8 cumecs, velocity reduces to 0.127 at downstream from 3.592 at Nathpa dam site and at 10 cumecs of release, velocity goes down to 0.473 from 3.095 m/sec. It also indicates that even after considering the maximum release of 10 cumecs from Nathpa, the velocity, which we achieve at downstream, is in order of around 0.47 m/sec.
Above results also indicates that the flow release of less than 4 cumecs from Nathpa Dam site generate very less upstream flow velocity with order of 1.0 m/sec which further goes down in downstream.
In scenario when 1500 cumecs of water is discharged from the dam, velocity changes from 0.6 to 12.7 m/sec. The average velocity found from upstream (x=0 km at Nathpa) to downstream till 53 km, is more than 12.7 m/s.
Variation in DO Levels of the river with BOD loading from different streams
An effort has been made to estimate the DO deficit, which is taking place in the river stretch due to BOD loading coming from different tributaries falling in the river stretch. To estimate the DO deficit, -the flow velocity results as obtained from Numerical Modelling has been used for various locations. It is also to be noted that the task of DO deficit estimation has been limited to only study area (Jhakri to Bael) as .corresponding estimations for water supply, sewage generation and hence BOD load was done only for those habited villages , which are falling in the study stretch.
As villages are sparsely located in the area and as use of soak pits are also in practice for disposal of sewage, net BOD load-coming into the streams from households and further to river could only be roughly estimated based on certain assumptions.
As per estimates, BOD load coming out is in range of 2-8 mg/It for different streams. As the impact of BOD loading with value less than 5 mg/lt has been observed very minimal on change in DO levels, different scenarios have been worked out for BOD loading in the range of 5-8 mg/it with varying discharge from Q= l to 10 cumecs. Scenario 11 shows a case where Q= 0 cumecs, with varying BOD loading from 5-8 mg/lt.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-23 DHI Water & Environment I. Scenario 1: Q-1, BOD Ioadinc-5-8 mg/It
Chainag Flow Release BOB ______S.No. Stream e StFeams d flow Load_st
____ -mts) (cumeos) 0umecs reamu (m.gfitJ DO profile along the river stretch, Q=l cumnecs,- 1 Silarinc 2900 0.5 ___ 1 5 7.9933 ~ =m/ 2 Shouldin $00 0,75 1 ___ 5 8.1686 =m/ 3 Caunda 10800 0.425 1____1 5 8.1906 4 Soeane 12000 0.75 ___ 1 5 7.9941____- 640 ______-5 Rup...... 136001 0.53 11 5 7.99721 8.4000 _ __..... 6 Ch aUFa 15600 0.45 I1 5 8.0973 30 Ii50 _____7 Gatti 21800 0.14 I ___ 5 8.2125 8Ganvi 23200 1 1 ___ 5 7.9931 - .3000 fI 9 Unoo 24500 0.14 1 5 8.1035 __ 8.2500 10 Manplad 26800 0.54 1 5 7.9967 .8 .2000 ______.- Ovle
112 Kaowil 27600 0.14 1 5 8.2016...... 08.50 ____ aai 30400. 0.12 .26o610 I 13 !ame 32100 0.6 1 5 7.9974 8.0500 14 Barauni 30561 0.1 1 5 0.201 800 ______15 Kalo 38991 0.5 1 _ __ 5 0.19880______16 Jakho 42772 0.11 1 ___ 5 8.3183750 __17Kni 44332 0.3 1 5 802...... 0 5 10 15 20 25 ___18Rcholi 44940 0.2 1 ___5 8001...... Lconpit ____19K 1o 47999 0.2 ___ 1 8.4016 Location5
1 Silaring 2900j cUrcs 1CUUOC98 DO profile alonig the river stretch Q=I1curnecs, 2 Shoulding 6600 0.75 1 6 8.1526 L=un/ 3 Chaunda 10800 0. 25 I 6 8.1817 .. 4 Sorano 12000 0.75 I 6 7.9903 __ 5 FuDi 13600i 0.53 11 6 7.9944 8.5000 6 Chaura 15600 0.45 1 6 8.0943 . -- 840 7 Gatti 21800 0.14 1 6 8.2090.840 8 Ganvi 23200 1 1 6 7.999...... '.30 9 Unoo 24500 0.14 1 6 8.1026 10 'Manc ad 26800 0.54 1 6 7.9928 . .8 .20 -- Do values . 11Kaowjl 27600 0.14 1 ____6 8.2011 12 Oaa* 30400 0.12 1 ____6 8.2047 iz 8.1000 13 Samei 32100 06G 1 6 7.9949 14 Barauni 38561 0.1 1I 6 8.0179 8.0000 15 Kawo 38991 0.5 1 6 8.1979 7 ______-__ 16 Jakho 42772 0.11 1 6 8.3149 790 17 Kunni 44332 0.3 1 6 8.0002 0 5 10 1s 20 25 18 Racholi 44940 0.2 I 8.00 191Kasholi 47999 0.2 1 6 .95.Location points 20 No i 564 0167 1 6 .91 ______
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-24 DHI Water & Environment Chainag Flow Release BCOO S.No. Stream e Stireams d flow L.ad_St n ______mts) (cumfeos] (umecsi Feam (migft) 1 ilaring 2900 0.5 __ 1 7...... DO profile aloing the giver stretci Q=11curnecs, 25 h1dmin 6600 0.75 ____1 7 8.1367.- 3 Chaurnda 10800 0.425 ___ 1 7Z 8.1727 L=in/ 4 Eoi-jna 12000 0.75 ____1 7 7.9865 0.4500- ____5 RuIrn.... 13600 0.531___ 1 7 7.9815 840 __ _6_ Chawfa 15600 0.L5 _ __ 1 7 8.0913 8______4000______7 GiaUtl 21800 0.14 _____1 7 8.20551830 8 anvi 2320 1 __ 1 7 7.9058 8.3000 9 Unoo 24500 0.14 __ _ _1 7 8.1018 8.2500 ______10 Manalad 26800 0.54 1 7 7.9890 . 8.2000 -- D au 11 Kaowil 27600 0.14 ____1 7 8.2007 __ 08.1500 ___12 DaaL 304001 0.12 ____1 7 8.2035 8.100 ___13 Samed 32100 0.6 ____1 7 7.9924 8.50 14 Barauni 38561 0.1 ____1 __ _7 8.015-7 .00I it____ I..I 15 Ka.jo 38991 0.5 ______7 8.19699 7.______500______16 Jaho 42772 0.11 I 8.3115 790 17 Kunni 44332 0.3 __ 1 __ 7 7.9978 0 5 10 15 20 25 18 Racholi 44940 0.2 ___ 1 ____7 8.0004Loonpit 19 Kasholi 47999 0.2 ___ 1 ___ 7 8.3974 Lo__o_oit 20 Nogjl 569421 3.811667 _ _ _ 1 _ _ _ 7 8.0730 -. ______
Chainag Flow Release BOD prfiealn S.No. Stiream e Stireams d Flow Load_st DOprflaon the river stretCh Q=1 CUMeCS. f___mts) (cameos] cumecs ream (nigilti 1-LSMg/l 1 Silaric 2900 0.5 I ___ 8 7.971737 _ _ 2 Shouldinc 6600 0.75 1 ____8 8.120724 3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 1 __ 8 8.163717 -- 84 ____4 Sorana 12000 0.75 1 879-82672--i___ 8.4 ____5 lu.2i 13600 0.53 1 ___ 8 7.9886161__ . ____6 Chaura 15600 0.45 1 ____8 8.08828 8.35 7 Gatti 21800 0.14 ___ 1 ____8 8.202053 _ .8.3 ___ _8 Ganvi 23200 1 _ __ 1 ____8 7.982141 __ _~ 8.25 ____9 Ulnoo 24500 0.14___ 1 __ 8 8.10099 ___ 8.-c Dvaue 10 Manalad 26800 ______0.54 1 8 7.885212 _____ 8.15 a 11 I(aoj.. 27600 0.14 ___ 1 B.__ 8.200198 ___ 12 Oaal 30400 0.12 ____ 1 ___8. 8.202197 ___ 8. 13 Samel 32100 0.6 ____ I___ 8 7.989953 8.05- 14 Sarauni 38561 0.1 1 ____8 8.013499 8- - 15IKajo 38931 0.5 ___1 ___8 8.195978 ___ 7.95 16 Jakho 42772 0.11___ 1 ____8 8.308054 17 KFunni 44332 0.3 __ 1 __ 8 7.995508 0 5 1 0 1 5 20 25 181IRaholi 44940 0.2 ___ 1 ____8 8.000011Loainpis * I 191Kasholl 47999 021 ____1 ____ 8 8.3321 -, 201Nogii 56942i 3.811667____ 1 __ 08482
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-25 DHI Water& Environment II. Scenario 2: Q-2 BOD loading-5-8 mg/tt
(Wts) (eameos] cunoms ream (rngfkj DO profile along the river stretch, Q=2cumecs,
2 Shoudnq 6600 0.75 2 5 8.1828 1-L5mg/I - 3 Chaunda 10800 0A25 2. 5 8.2048
5 FRuD 13 00 0.53 __ 2 __ 5 8.0017 I8.5000
7 uitt 280 0.14 2 5 8.2184 840 8 Garwi 23200 1 2 5 7.9982 8.3000 9 unc 24500 0.14 2 5 8.1047 10 Man lad 288 0 0.54 2 B 8.0026 8.2000 --- DO values 11Kaowfl 27600 0.14 2 5 8.2024 12 Daal 30400 0.12 2 5. 8.2080 8.1 000 13 same 310 0.6 2 5 8.O12 8.0000 II I 14 Barauni 38561 0.1 2 5 8.0238 15 Kab 38881 0.5 2 5 82003 7.800 l6 jakho 42772 0.1 2 5 8.3238.0 5 10 5 20 5 17,Kunni 44332 0.3 2 5 8.006 - - 0 15 0 2 1aholi 44940 0.2 2 5 8.0018 oonoit 18Kahli 478 j022 5 8.4052 ______1 201 Nogli 56942 3811 7 2 - 5! 8.1449!______
Chalnag Flaw Release BOO______S-No- Stream e Stireams d Flow Load st - ___ mS) jeUMe.S] CuMeeS Fean, (mgIfkJ DO profile along the river stretch, Q=2cumecs, 1-7Smg/I ___ ISilarmn 2800 0 ___ 2 __ 6 8.0003 ____2 Shouldmn 6600 0.75___ 2 ____6 8.1847 3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 ____2 ____6 8.1980 4 Sorana 12000 0.75 ____2 ____6 7.9875 -...... 8.5000 5 Ruoi.. 136001 0.53 ___21___ 6 8.00001 6 Chaura 15600 0.45 ____2 ____6 8.1004 . 8.4000 ___ _7 Qatt 21800 0.14 __ _ _2 __ _ _6 8.2166 _____ 8 vanil 23200 II__ 2 __ 6 7.99589_ _ 8.3000
___ Urnoo 24500 0.14 ___2 ___ 8.1043 820OVle ____0 Mancilad 26800 0.54 __ 2 s__68.0004 i .00 -t-f--~f--t--i---~~-Ovle j 1 11Kaowil 27600 0.4 ___ 2 ____6 8.2021 0fJ ~ 12 Damaj..... $0400 0.12 ____2 ___6 8.2074 ~ 810 13 Sam3ne... 32100 0.6 __ 2 1 __6 7.9997, 8.0000 ____ 4 Baraunl 38561 0.OA__ 2 ____6 8.0227 -. 8 0 38801 0.5 __ 2 __ 6 8.1988 7.900 15 Kaio 20 5 is6Jakho 42772 0.11___2 ___ 8.3221 0 5 10 5 1 15 20 5 17 Kunni 44332 0.3 ____2 ____6 8.0052 5 18 Rlaoholi 44840 0.2 ___ 2 ___ 6 8.0016 oaiipint 18 Kasholi 478989 0.2 ____2 ____ 6 .4041LoainPnt 201 Nogii 56942, 3.811667 ___ 2 ___ 6 8.1236
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-26 DHI Water & Environment Chainag Flow Releas* BOO ______S.No. Stream e Streams d how Loadst D fms cumecs) comets ream mtiDO protile along the river stretch, Q=2cumecs,
6600dlao 0.75 ____2 7 8.1766 Lmf 3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 ____2 7 B.AR2 4 Soranq 12000 0.75 ____2 7 7.9955 850 -5RP AuL... 13600 0.53 __ _21 7 7.9984 850 6tch ua 1560l 0.45__ 21 7 8.0986 8.4000 7 Gatt 21800 0 _14 2 7 8.2148______-8 iny 23200 1 2 7 7.9936 ____ 8.3000 - Un...... 24500 0.14 __ _2 7 8.1039
11Kaowil 27800 0.14 _ _ 2 10 aaflOa 26800 .4__ 2 7 7.29828.2019 S .0 U--DOvle 120j..... 40 .12__ _2 7 826 8.1000 ____13 Samei 3210 0.1 2 7 7.9982 800 14 Baraunl 38561 0.1 ____2 __ _7 8.0215 ____15 Ka*o 38991 0.5 __ 2 ___ 7 8.192 7.90 l6 Jakho 42772 0.11 ___2 __ 7 8.32030 5 10 5 20 5 ____17 Kunni 44332 0.3 ____2 ___ 7 8.039 - -1 0 0 2 ___18 Racholi 44940 0.2 ____2 ____7 8.0014-Lotonpnt ____19 Kasholl 47999 0.2 ____2 ____7 8.4030. oainpit 20r.Jo gi 569421 3.811667 ___ 21____7 812 . ______
Chaimag Flow Release BO ______S.No. Stream e Streams d flow _Load st 11ts Ommc ufesra !~lJ -DO profile along the river stretch, Q=2cumecs, 1 SiIarnn 2900 0.5 ____2 ____8 7.9926L=m/ _____2 Sho1dm 6600 0.7 ___ 2 ___8 8A188 ____3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 ____2 ____8 8.1905. - ...... 4 Sotano. 12000. 05 _ _ 2 ____ 8 7 9934 8.5000 __ _5 Ru..i 13 00 0.3 __ _2 8 7.9968 ______6 Chaura 15600 045 ____2 ____8 8.0969 ----- 8.4000 7G3atj.L. 2180 Q. 2 ___ 8.2129 ______8 Ganvl 23200 1 2 ____8 7.99135830 __ ..... Unoo.... 24500 0.14___2 ___8 9.1035 13000 - 0 ManQlaj 26800 0.54 __ 2 8 7.9960 8.2000 I-.---DO VaIU7es 11Kaowilj 2700 0.14 _ 2 1 _8 8.2016 _ 0 12Oaai 30400 0.12__ 2 ___8 8.2061 8100' 13Sam6 32100 0.6 ____2 ___8 7.9967 14 Barauni 38561 0.1 ____2 ___8 0.0204__- 8.0000 -- 15 Ka*o 38991 0.5 __ 2 ____ 8.1987 7.9000- _____ 6Jakho 42772 0.11____2 ___ 8 8.3186 ___17 Kunni 44332 0.3 ___ 2 __ 8 8.0026 ___0 5 10 15 20 25 ____18 Racholi 44940 0.21___ 2 ___ 8 8.0012Lo tonIOft ___19 Kasholt 47999 0.L2 Locati2on poin8t.401 .-- 20 Nogijj 56942 3.8116671 21___ 81 8.0808
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-27 DHI Water& Environment Ill. Scenario 3: Q-3, BOD loading-5-8 mg/It
Chaima Flow Releas BOD I S.No. Stream 2 Stream ed Flow Loa______lots [cumeos cume tiream lit) - -- .~....~. 1 Silarmng 2900 0.5 ___3 __ 5 8.0077 DO profile along thie river stretch, Q=3cuunecs, ------* ---- 2 Shaouldin 6600 0.75 ____3 5 8.2011. L=5mg/I 3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 __ 3 __ 5 8.2089 4 SFang~ 12000 0.75 __ 3 5 8.0017 ___ -- SRup 13600 0.53 3 5 8.0033 . 800 6 Chiaura 15600 0.451 3 5 8.1040 ___0( 7 Gattl 21000 0.141 3 5 8.2105___ 8.4000 8aGanvi 23200 11 3 5 8.0005 __ -- 8 Unoo 24500 0.141 3 5 8 __ 8.340 10 MAanglad 20800 0.541__ 3 5 8.00498.00 . /--Dvle - Ovle ll Kaowil 27600 0.14 __ 3 5 8.2024 I-820 12DOaao 30400 0.2 a_3 .05..... 8.1000. 13 Samei 32100 0.6 ____3 -5 8.0028 14 Barauril 38581 0.1 31 - 8.0247 8.0000 115 Kaio 38991 0.5 31 5 8.200979 0 .______16 tJakho 42772 0.11 3 5 8.3250 17Kunni 44332 0.3 3 807 0 5 10 15 20 25 - 10 Racohal 44940 0.2 _ 3_ 5802 19 Kashoai 47999 0.2 ___ __58.4064 Lctoipit 1 201NagH 56942 3.811667 3__5 8.1586 .. - -.-.--.- . . . .
ISilarin 2900 0.5 3 - 6 8.0052 DO profile alonig the river stretch, Q=3curnecs, . . . - - . 2 Shoujldin 6600 0.75 3 6 8.1%060 -L6gI.. 3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 3 6 8.2059 4Sorarg 12000 0.75 3 6 8.0003- _ _ _ _ 8FRup . 13600 0.53 __ _ 3 61 8.0022 _ _ 8.5000 ______SChaura MO60 0.45 3 6 8.1028 _ 7Gatlg 21800 0.141 3 6 8.2184 8.4000 - 8 Banal 23280 1 3 6 7.99008.3o* .
... lO Manglad 26800 0.54 _ 3 _ 6 8.0033 * ~ 8.2:0-____ ll Kaowml 27600 0.14__3 6 8.2023 [) I(-.D'oue 2D 30400 0.12 3 6 8.2081 8.100 I i * 13 Sae 32100 0.8 8.0017 14 Baraunl 38561 0.1 31 6 8.02391_ 8.0000 15Kawo 38891 0.5___ 3 6 8.2006 .790 16 .Jakho 42772 0.1 ___ 31___ 6 8.3239 700 17 Kunnii 44332 0. 31 6 8.0070 0 5 10 15 20 25
19 Kasholi 47998 0.2 31 6 8.4057Lotonois 20 Na ii 56942 3.811667 31 6 8.1406
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 3-28 DHI Water & Environment Chaima Flow Releas BoO S.No- Stiream ge Stiream ed flow Loa dLs ______fmtsl cun,eas tFe.~11am(m lt - 1 Sgilaring 2900 0.5 ___3 7 8.0027 DO profile aloing the river stretch, Q=3cumecs,. .... 2 Shouldin 6600 0.75 __ 3 7 8.1908 L.=7mng/I 3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 __ 3 7 8.2029 *. Chart Title 4 Sorang 12000 0.75 ____3 7 7.99880 5R i 13600 0.531___ 3 7i 8.011 8.5000 S Chaura 15600 0.45 __ 3 7 8.1016 _ 7 Gattl 21800 0.14 __ 3 7 8.2172 8.4000- 0 Ganul, 23200 1 __ 3 7 7.9872 ~ 830 O Unoo 24500 0.14 _ 3 7 8.1044 -. *I 10 Man lad 26800 0.54 __ 3 7 8.00108 , 8.2000 -. Ovle
__Kaw_260_.4 8.102021
13 Samei 32100 0.6 __ 3 7 8.0007 800 14 Barauni 38561 0.11___ 3 7 8.0232 _ 15 Kajo 38991 0.5 ____3 7 8.2002 .* 7.9o 16 Jakho 42772 0.11__ 3 7 8.3227.0 5 10 5 20 2 17Kunnl 44332 0.3 3 7 8.0061, 10 Racholl 44940 0.2 3 7 8.00171 Locafton points 19 Kasholi 47889 0.2 3 7 8.4043 -
20 No8 6421 3.811667 31 7 8.1226 - -
Chaima Flow Heleas BOO S.No. Stream ge Stream ed flow Load_s n (mts [onmcs: cuameo treaml Ig It) 1 Silaring 2900 0.5 __ 3 ___8 8.0002 . -DO profile along the river stretch, Q=3cumecs, 2 Shouldin 6600 0.75 ____3 ____8 8.1856 L=8mg/I ____3 Chaunda 10900 0.425 ____3 a___ 8.1889
- -4 Soran 12000 0.75 ____3 ___8 7.8874 __ -5 RuP 136001 0.53 __ 3 __ 8 8.0000 ~.- 8.5000 6 Chaura 156001 0.45 ____3 ____8 8.1004 .- 840 7 Gatti 218001 0.14 3 __ _ _ 8 8.2160 ______8 Ganyl 232001 1 __ 3 __ 87.86_ .30 9 Unoo 24500 0.14 ____3 __ 8 8.1041 10 Manoiad 26800 0.54 ___3 ___98.0003 _ 8.2000 A--Oaus. 11 Kaowf 27600 0.14 ___3 ___8 8.2020 r 12 Daai 30400 0.12 _ _ 3 _ _ 81 ___ 8.2072 8.1 000 ______. . .. -- 13 Samej 32100 0.6 ____3 ___81 7.8886 14 Barauni 38561 0.1 __ 3 __ 8 8.0224 ~ 800 15 Kalo 38381 0.5 ____3 ___8 8.19890___ 7.9000 18akho 42772 0.11____ 3 ____8 8.3216 _ llKunni 44332 0.3 3 0 8.00520 5 10 5 20 2 - 18 Racholi 44940 0.2 3 8 8.0016 .Location points 19[Kasholi 479981 0.2 3 8 8.4042
______...... ------
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-29 DHI Water & Environment IV. Scenario 4 Q-4, BOD Ioadig-5-8 mg flit Chaina Flow Releas BOD S.No- Streamr e Stream ed Flow Loads D Kilts) 'cmeosn cumec tFeaM Im lit 1 Silaring 2900 0.5 4 5 8.0092 ____ DO profile alonig the river stretch, Q=4curnecs, 2 Shouldin 6600 0.75 4 5 8.2047 L=5mg/l .. ..- - 3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 4 5 8.2107 4 Sorang 12000 0.75 4 5 8.0025 _ _ _ 5 Ru i 13600 0.53. 4 5 8.0041 8.5000 ______-- 6Chaura 15600 0.451 4 - 5. 8.1048 7Gatti 21800 0.141 4 5 8.2197 840 8Ganvi 23200 1 4 5 8.0017 ~ 30 9 Unoo 24500 0.14 4 5 8.1049 _ - - . 10 Manglad 26000 0.54 ___ 4 5 8.0059 8.2000 j--.DOvle 11Kaowal 27600 0.14 4 5 8.2023 12 Oaaw 30400 0.12 4 5 8.2085 8.1000 13 Samei 3210 0.6 4 5 8.0037 8000 I 14 1Barauni 30561 0.1 4 5, 8.0417 .. 15 Ka*o 30991 0.51 4 5 8.2013 790 16 Jakho 42772 0.11 4 5 8.3177 -- ~ 0 5 10 15 20 25 -- 17Kurnn 44332 0.3 4 5 8.0122 18 Racholl 44940 0.2 4 5 8.0021 Location poinft 19 Kasholi 47999 0.2 4 5 8.4073 20 No ii 56942 3.811607 4 5 8.1686
______Chart__ Area
1 Slain 90 0.5oe 4um 6ra 8.04 __ profile along the river stretch, 0=41cumecs, 2 Shouldin 0600 0.75 4 6 8.2011 L=6mg/I 3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 4 6 8.2085
5 Rupi 13600 0.53 ____4 6 8.0033 8.5000
7 Gatti 21800 0.1 ___ 4 - 6 8.2188 - 840 8G3anyi 23200 1 ___4 ___6 8.0004 A830 9 Unoo 24500 0.14 4 6 8.1047 .------___ lKaowil 27600 0.14 4 6 8.2022 8.000~.- Ovle 12 Daao 30400 0.12 4 6 8.2082 0 8.1 000 - . 13 Samei 32100 0.6 ____4 __ 6 8.0028 800 14 Barauni 38561 0.1 ____4 6 8.0408 800 IS Ka'o 38991 0.5 ____4 - 6 8.2010 7.9000
18 Racholi 44940 0.2 4 - 6 8.00201 Location poinits 19 Kasholi 47999 0.2 4 6 8.4067 r- 20 N i 56942 3.011667 4 6 8.1531
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 3-30 DHlWater& Environment Chaina Flow Reinas BOO SiNo. Stream ge Streamf ed Flaw Load_s (mtsl cmneos cameo btieam mglt) ___1 Silaring 2900 0.5 4 7 1.0056 - DO profile along the river stretch, 0=4cumnecs, 2 Shouldin 6600 0.75 4 7 811974 3 Chaunida 10800 0.425 4 7 12063 *,.Llmg/I ___4 Soring 12000 0.75 ____4 ____7 10005 . - SRupj 13600i 0.53 ____41___ 7 8.00241 8.5000 6 Chaura 115600 0.45 ____4 ____7 8.1030. ____7Gatti 21800 0.t4 ____4 ___7 8.2179 8.4000 8. Ganul 23200 1 ____4 7 7.9992 - 9 Un ~250 0.14 ____4 ____7 11045 ~ e 8.3000 A ) 10Manglad 26800 0.54 ____4 ___7 1.0036 _ F______11Kaowil 27600 0.14 4 7 8.2021 a .00-- Ovle 12 Daai 30400 0.2___4___7 109 - 8.100 Ico lSamei13_ 32100 0.6 ___4 7 1.0020 -14 Barauni 38561 0.1 ____4 ___7 1.0399 8.00 -is Kajo 39991 0.5 ___ 4 7 8.2007 16 Jakho 42772 0.11____4 7 8.3165 790 17 Kunni 44332 0.3 __ 4 __ 7 1.0103 0 5 10 1S 20 25 18 Racholi 44940 0.2 ____4 7 8.0019Lotonpis 19 Kashoi ~rI479991 02.2___ 41 7 8.4061Loanpiit 1 201 Nogli 569421 3.8116671___ 4 1 7. 8.1376 ______
Chaina Flow Releas BOB Sgo tem e Stream ed flow Load_a.. fmts) camneos cumec treae imglt ....-..- ...... ___1 Silaring 2900 0.5 ____4 ___8 810037 2 Shuldn075 ___600 4 ____8 1938DO profile along the river stretchi, O=4cuinecs, ___3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 ____4 __ 8 8.2042 L=8mg/I - 4Soring 12000 0.75 ____4 a___ 7.9996 5 RupL 136001 0.53 __ 41___ 8 1.0016I 6 Chaura 15600 0.45 ____4 ____8 8.10221 8.5000 ____7Gatti 21800 0.14 ____4 __ 8 8,2171...... 8.4000
8 Ganuli 23200 1 4 __ __ 7.9979 ______------9Utnoo 24500 0.14 ___4 _ 8 1.1043 1~ 8.3000II-- 10 Manglad 26800 0.54 ____4 ____8 10025 ______11 Kacwil 27600 0.14 4 ____8 12020 .. 820008__ - -- DO values - ___12 DaaiL 304001 0.12 41___ 8 8.20768 .oo 13 Samej 32100 as6 4 ____8 8.0012/ 14 Barauni 38561 0.1 4 ____8 8.03901 8.0000 15 Kajo 38991 0.5 4 ____8 8.2004 16 Jiakho 42772 0.11 4 ____8 8.3159. _ _ 7.9000 -. 17 Kunni 44332 as3 4 __ 8 1.0094 0 s 10 15 20 25 18Rcol 44940 0.2 4 ____8 8.0018 1iasli 47999 0.2 4 ____8 814056 ___ Location points 201NogIi 56942i 3.811667 4 ____8 8.1222
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-31 DHI Water & Environment V. Scenario 5: Q-5, BOD loadin ,58mg/It
Chaimag Flow Release BODB SJMo. StFeaM e Streawins d Flow Load st D
____Imis i fomeits ( UmDeOs ream mI 1 SUincrin 2~90 0.5&s 5_ 5 8.0099 ___DO profile along the river stretch, 0= 5cumecs, 2 Shouldina 6600 0.75 5 ____5 8265___ 3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 5 ____5 8.14L=5mg/I - ____4 Sorarta 12000 0.75 5 ___ 5 8.0081 8.4500
___ AUDIrn... 13600 0.53 5 __ 5 8.0044 _ _ 8A4000 6 Chaura 15600 0.45 5 -5 8.11052 ~ 830 I Gatti 218001 0.14 5 ____5 82194 .. 830 8 Ganv, 23200 1 5 __ _ _5 8.0024 8.3000______9 Unoo 24500 0.14 ____5 __ 5 8.1048 __ __ 82500 10 Mancalad 26800 0.54 __ 5 __ 5 U.005 .8.2000- ' -eDO valuel 11Ka~owil 27600 0.14 ____5 ___51 8.2024 _ 08.150 123~... 0400 0.12______5 828 8.100 13 Samel 32100 0.6 ____5 ____5 8.0042 800 1 rauni 38561 0. ___5 ____5 8.0422 __ .05000 15 Kajo 389911 0.5 _ _ _ 5 5 8.2015 ______16 jIakho 42772 0.11____5 ___5 8.31800750 17 Kunni 44332 0.3 5 ___5 8.0129 . -0 5 1 0 1 5 20 25 18 FlRachli 44940 0.2 5 1 5 8.00221Lctonpit 19I Kasholi 47999 0.21 5 _____5 8.40771 Loa-o p-t 201Nogii 56942 3.8116871 5 ___ __ 5 8.1759!______
Clainag Flow Release BCD S.No- Stream e Stireams d Flow Load_st
____mts] (turnees ( cmecs ream (mglit3 1 Silarin 280 0. 5 ___6 8.0085 ___2 Shouldin 6600 0.75 __ 5 ___ 8.2038 __DO profile alonig the river stretch, Q=5CUMeCS, L=6ngfi ____3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 ____5 ____ 8.2097 4 Sorana 12000 0.75 __ 5 __ 6 8.0023 ____5 RUDi 13600 0.58 ___ 5 ____6 8.0038 __8.5000 ____6 Chaura 15600 0.45 ____5 ____ 8.1045-- 7 Gatti 21800 0.14 ____5 ___6 8.2188 - 840 8 Ganvl 23200 1 ____5 ____6 8.0014 - .30 9 Unoo 24500 0.14 ____5 ____6 8.10461 - 10 Manalad 26800 0.54 __ 5 __ 6 8.0056 - 8.2000PltAe--DOvus 11Kaowil 27600 0.14 ____5 ____6 8.2023 12 Daai 30400 0.12 __ 5 ___ 6 8.2084 - 8.1 000 13 Samel 32100 0.6 ____5 s___ 8.0055 - 14 BarauLni 38561 0.1 ____5 6 8.0415 8.0000 15 Kajo 88991 0.5 ____5 6 8.2012 16FJakho 42772 11.11____5 6. 8.3175, 7.9000 17 Kunni 44332 0.3 __ 5 __ 61 8.01211 0 5 10 is 20 25 10 Racholi 44940 0.2 ____5 ___ 6 8.0021 19 Kasholi 47999 0.2 ____5 ___ 6 8.4072~ Lo*ation points 20 N.l 56842 3.8116671____ 5 ____ 8.1622
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 3-32 DHI Water& Environment Chainag Flow Release BOD D S_No_ Stream e Streams d Flow Load_st ______mtsl Icumece] cumecs ream (muglti 1 Silaring 2900 8.5 ____5 ____7 8.0071 *-.DO profile aloing the river stretch, Q=5curnecs, ____2 Shouldin 6600 0.75 ___ 5 ___ 7 8.2010L=m/ 3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 5 4 7 8.20 L=7g S6rano 22000 07? i I ;I 7 8.00 8.4500- ____5 Mtip.. 13600 0.3 ___5'7 8.0031 8.4000 -______6 Chaura 15 00 0.45 ____5 - 7 8.038_ 8.3500 ___7 G~atti 21 00 0.14 __ 5 71 8.21811- 083000. 8 aanvi 23200 1 _ 5 7 8.0004 ~ 820
10 Manglad 268001 0.54 ____5 7 '8.0047 8.200 -DO valuel ___11 Kaowil 27600 0.14 ___5 7 8.2022 08150I f _ _1: 1:aa 30400 02 8___20 _ .il81 ____13 Samei 32100 ____5 1: 0.6 7 8.0028 8.0500 ____14 Barauni 38561 0.1 ___5 - 7 8.0408 8.0000 ____15 Kajo 38991 0.5 ____5 - 7 8.2010 ___ 790 ____1$ Jakho 42772 0.11____5 - 7 8.3171 17Kunni 44332. 0.3 ___5 7 8.0114 0 50 1 5 20 25 18 Racholi 44J940 .2 ____5 - 78.0020 -- _____9 Kasholi 4799.91 .2 ____5 ___7 8.4068 Loainpoints 20 Nol 5j921 .811667 ____ 5 ___71 8.14851-- ______
____mts] Icumecs cameos rea-m (mgiltj 1ISilaring 2900 0.5 5 8 8.0057 2 Shouldin 6600 0.75 __ 5 __ 8 8.1983 DO profile along the river stretch, Q=5cuimecs, L=8mng/I
4 Sorana 120 0 0.75 ____5 ____8 8.0007 ____5Rupi 13600 g.53 5 9___ 8.0025 8.4500 ____6Chaura 15600 P.45 ____5 ___ 8 8.1031 8.4000-ChrA
8 G0anyi 23200 1 5 __ 8 7.9994 . .8.3000 9 Unoo 24500 0.14 __ 5 .8 8.1043 - 8.2500- ____10 Manglad 260 0.4 5 8 803 - !6 8.2000 - -DO values 11KCaowil 276 0 .1I___5____8 .01 .. 0 810 12 Daai. 30400 0.12 ____5 ____8 8.2079 0 13Sm 310 0.6 ____5 ___ 8 8.0022 -. 8.1000
15 Kaj 38991 0.5 ___ 5 ___ 8 8.2008 800 16 Jakho 42772 0.11 ____5 ___8 8.3166 7.9500 ___17 Kunni 44332 0.3 __ 5 __ 8 8.0106 ___0 5 10 15 20 25 18 Racholi 44940 0.2 ______8 8.0019 ______191 Kasholl 47999 02 ____ 5 1__ 8 8.4063 ___Location points ______20 No~B 569421 3.811667______.37______
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 0912006 .3-33 DHI Water & Environment VI. Scenario 6: Q-6, BOD Ioding-5-8 rng/It - -4..-_
Sio.SremCbaimag Flow Release BO0 D SA__tram e 3treamsw d Flow Load_si __ -- ____ms(cumeCs] (umecs rem (multi 1.Silarinc 2900 fl.5 ____ 6___ 5 8.010191
* Shouldina 6(0 - -__75 6 _a 5~ UQ6 DO prorIle along the river stretc4,,Q= 6clmecs, L=5mg,i
-- Rupi 13800 05 __6 __ 5 8.OW 8.5 S Chara 1560 0.45 __6 __5.0 8LI04 ---- 84 7 Gatti 21800 0.4 ___ 6 ____5 8.2 8______8 Ganvl 23200 1 ____6 ____5 8.002842 - 9 Unoo 124500 0.141__ 6 ___5 8104708 I 10 Manolad 126800 0.541___ 6 ___5 8O-0744 -.-.- 8.2 (-' ~- Ovle lI Kaowil 27600 0.14__6 __ 58202361 J f h 12 Daaj 3400 0.1 ___ 6 __ 5 8.208451______08. 13 Sae 32100 06 ___ 6 ___5 8.004479 14 Barauni 38561 0.1 ___ 6 ____5 8.0425288 ____15 Kajo 38991 0.5 ___ 6 ___5 8.201924 1s Jakho 42772 11.11____6 ___ 5 8.318243 7.9- 17 Kunni 44332 0.3 ___6__ 5 8.011331 0 5 10 15 20 25 18 Racholi 444 2____6 __ _5 8.002-98 19 Kasholi+ 479991 0.2 ______6407931_ 5 - -1Location points 20 Noahj 569421 3.8116671_ __ _ 6 __ _ 51 81 7091______
Chainag Flow Release BOB S. NM StFeaM e StFeams d Flow Load St no------..-- ~. ------___ ts) (cumecs cmecs ream (mgllt) ___1 SfaTig. 2900 0.5 ___6 6 8.0091 DO profile along the river stretch, Q=6cumecs, ____?Shouldma 660n7 ___ 6 6 8.03. 3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 ____6 ____ 8.2103 L=6ing/I------4 Sorano 1200 0.75 __ 6 __ 6 8.0025.- 8.4500 5R 13600 0.53 ____6 __ 6 .04- 800 ____8 Chaura 15600 0.45 ____6 ___6 8.088.3500 7 Gatti 21800 0.14 ____6 ___ 6 8.2185 83~ __ I Onvi i2320 1 _ _ 68 ,' ,i 9 Unoo 2450 01 6 6 - 8.25u0 -__It__f___I 10 Man lad 26800 0.54 ___6 __ 6 8 8.2000 - [--DO ya-lue - ____ I Kaowil 27600 0.14 __ 6 __ 6 8.0308.1 500 ___12Daai 30400 0.12 8___6___ 6 8.2082 10 -. 13 Same* 32100 0.8 __ 6 __ 6 8.0039- - 8IN0 Vale () Ais ajr Gridlines
____14 Barauni 38561 0.1 6 -6 8.0419. - 800 ____15 Kaio 38991 0.5 6 6 8.2014 ______16 Jakho 42772 0.11 6 6 8.3178 17.Kunni 44332 0.3 ___ __ 6 8.0127 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 25 18 Rachoi 44940. 0.2 S 6 0.0021 149Kashol~i 4799 02 _____8 ___68.4075 Location points 201Nog Ii 56 949213.811667 ____8___ 8.1694 ______
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 0912006 3-34 DHI Water & Environment Chainag Flow Release SOD 0 S.No- Stfeanm e Stfeams d flow Load_St FMtS (CUMneCS(cumecs Feam (mgiltJ ___1 Silaring 2900 0.5 ____ 7 8.0079 2 Shoulding 6600 0.75 __ 6 7 8.2031 -DO profile along the river stretch, 0=6currecs, L=7Inig! ____3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 ____ 7 8.209Q ____4 Sorana 12000 0.75 ____6 7 8.0011 .5RuO 13600 0.53 __ 6 7 .03 800 ___6 C~haura 15600 0.45 ____6 7 8.1043 840 ____7 E3atti 21800 0.14 ___ 6 7 UR10 40 ____ 0Ganvi 23200 _____6 7 80012 E8.3000- ___9 Unoo 24500 0.14 __ 6 7 8.1045 /~f' ____0 Manalad 26000 0.54 ___ 6 7 8.0053 8.2000 f ~ , t £ e- DO values __11 Kaowil 27600i 0.14 _ _6 7 8.2022 - I I lDaaf12__ 30400 ____ 0.12 7 8.2080 __ 8.1000 ~ ' ____13 Same* 32100 0.6 ___ 6 ____7 8.0034 ____14 B'arauni 38561 0.1 ___ 6 ___ 7 8.0413 -- .00 - 15 Kaioo _ 38991 0.5 _ _ 6 _ _ __7 8.2012 7.9000 -______is___1Jakho 42772 0.11____6 ____7 8.3174 _ 790 1__7Kunni 44332 0.3 6 7 8.0120 0 5 10 15 20 25 F--1-8FRacholi 44940 0.2 ___ 6 ____7 8.002 _ I 191KasholD 479991 0. ___6____7 8.40721- Location points 201Nogl 569421 3.8116670___6____7 871 ______
Chainag Flow Release BOO D S.NO. StFeam e Stireams diflow Load_st 0 ______mtUNS)[cumecs CWRlICS ream (ingilt)...... -- . I Silarina 2900 0.5 ____6 ____8 8.0068 2 Shouldinc 6600 0.75 __ 6 8 8.2010 DO profile alIong the river stretch, Q=6cuinecs, L=8mg 1 3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 ____6 - 8 8.2077 4 Soran 12000 0.75 ____6___ 8. 8.0013 . 5 HuRL 1360 0.53 ___ 8 8.0030 8__.4500 $ Chaura 15600 0.45 ____6 - 8 8.1037.40 __ _7r atti 21800 0,14 6 - 8 8.2175 8.34000 8rGanvi 23200 1 6 8 8.0004 8.3000 -~' 9 Unoo 24500 0.14 6 8 8.1043 C .50/ 10 Mangi~d 26800 U. 4 ___6 8 8.0045 -1 8.2000 - ~ ~--'-DO values - 2111Kaosil 27600 0.14 6 __ 8 8.2022 - 08150 1 DOaai i 304001 0.12 a_ _ 8 8.2078 - 1 1 13 Same4 32100 0.6 ___6 __ 8 8.28 - .10 14 Barauni 38561 0.1 ____6____8 0.04000 __ ___15 Kajo 38991 0.5 ____6___ 8 8.008.0000 16 Jakho 42772 0.11 ____6 ___8 8.107.9500 __17 Kunni 44332 0.3 ___S__ 8 9Q.0J _4 0 5 10 15 20 25 ___18 ahoi 44940 0.2 __ _ _6 _ __ 8 8 ~.0020 ___ 9KsoI 47:99 0.2 ____6 ____8 Location points 2 i 56942 3.811667 ____6 _ _81 8.14047..
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-35 DHI Water & Environment VII. Scenario 7: Q-7, BOD loading-5-8 mg/It----i- -- - **------
CiagFlow Release BOO D S.No0. Stream Stireams d flow Load_St nS (___cameos (cuunec ream (ngEltJ --- --.- ISflrn 2900 0,5 7 ___5 $ 03 -- - 2 Shoudina 6600 0.75 7 __ 5 e 0 DO profile along the river stretch, Q=7curnecs, ____3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 7 __ 7 La=5m_q/1 4 Sorana 12000 0.75 7 ___ 5 840 ____5 Fupi 13600 0.53 7 ____5 88457
-- - - ____ _6 Chaura 15600 0.45 7 ___s eos -84 0 ______7 Gatti 21800 0.14 7 ____5 8.2107 8.3500 8Ganyi 23200 1 __ 7 __ 5 8.0031 8...3000 I -.. 9 Unoo 24500 0.14 ____7 ____5 8.104 I~ 8.2500 10 Manalad 26800 0.54 ___ 7 ____5 .06...... 8.2000 iA [-DO values 11KaoA,l 27600 0.14 ____7 __ 5 8.2024 0 8.1500 2 1 DOaa 30400 0.12 __7__5 8.2084 ii 1 11/3 13 samei 32100 0.6 ___ 7 5 800471 8.1000 14 Bariuun 38561 0.DA__ 7 ____5 8.02i0 -- 800 -- - 15 K'ajo 38991 0.5 ____7 ____5 8.2008 8.00 16 Jakho 42772 0.1il___ 7 ____5 8.3142 7.90 17 Kunni 44332 0.3 7 5 8.0043 ~ 0 5 10 15 20 5 18 Rlacholi 44940 0. ___ __5 8.0018 0 2 19 Kasholi 47998 0.2 7 ____5 8.4044 Location points 201 Noglj 56942 3.811667 71 5 81 875,
ChaiagFlow Release BOD S.No. Stiream e Streams d flow Load_St
___ __ mrsl (cumees (meSream mIgitJ) 1Sharin 2900 0.5 7 6 8.094 __ 2 S oudin 6600 0.75 ___7 __ 6 8.20(62 DO profile along the river stretch, Q=7curnecs, __ 3 Chaunda -10800 0.425 ____7 ____6 8.2106 . L =6mg/I 4 Sorang 12000 0.75 ____7 ___ 6 8.0029 _____ FlupL 13600 0.531___ 7 ___61 8.0043 8.5000 6Chaura 15600 0.45 ____7 ___ 6 8.10505.40 7 Gatti 21800 0.14 - 7 _ 6 .. 8_ 4000______-__ 8 Ganyi 23200 1 ____7 ___6 830 9 Unoo 24500 0.14 __ 7 6 -__8.300 10 Mannolad 26800 0.54 ___7 ___6 8.. 8.200it---Oele 11 KaowhI 27600 0.14 __7 __6 8.2024 . /41 1 l l2 Daal 30400 0.12 7 __ .03~8.1000 I' ' 13 Sarnew 32100 0.6 7 ___ 6 8.0042.v k ____14 Barauni 38561 0.1 7 ___ 6 8.020 8.0000 ____15 Kaio 38991 0.5 7 ___ 6 8.2008 ____16 Jakho 42772 0.11 7 ____6 8.3139 7.9000 ___17 Kunni 44332 0.3 7 __ 6 8.0-041. 0 5 10 1s 20 25 ___10 ahli 449401 0.2 7 _ __ 6 8.017 19 Khi 4799 0.2 7 6 8.04 Location points 201 Nog Ii 569421 3.8116671 71 61 ~8.1779 ______
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 3-36 DHI Water& Environment Chaimag Flow Release 80 Do Silo. Stream e Stffeams d Flow Load_st ___gnt___ ms) (cm(cum cumcs ream (mgiltj 1 Slamin 2900 0.5 __ 7 7 8.004 2 Shoulding 6600 0.75 __ 7 7 8.2045 DO profile alonig the river stretch, Q=7curnecs, 3 Chaunda lOB 0 0.425 ____7 7 8M.29 L~-=7mg/I ____4 Sorana 12000 0.75 ____7 7 8.0024 - 8.5000 ...... RUD 13600 0.53 __ 7 7 0.038 -- -- ____6 Chaura 1560 045 ____7 7 8.1045 BAOOO- 7 Gatti 2180 0.14 7 7 8.2178 -, 8 G6anvi 23200 1 ____7 7 8.0017 .* -8.3000 -. . 9 Unoo... 24500 0.14 __ 7 7 8.1042 . o 10 Manalad 26800 0.54 __ 7 7 8.0057. .I .20 h F-.-D aus 11Kaowil 2760 0.14 2 7 7 8.2023 __ I Oaai 30400 0.12 7 7 8.2081...... 8.1000 13 Same*... 32100 0.6 7 7 8.0037. 14 Barauni 38561 0.1 7 7 8.0205 ____ 8.0000 15 Kajo 38991 0.5 7 7 8.2007 _ is__1 J*kho 42772 0.11 7 7 8.31136 790 17 Kunni 44332 0.31 7 71 8.0039 0 5 10 15 20 25 _____ aRchoIi 44940 02A 7 .007 . Lcti oit 18Kshl 47998 0. 7oc7t8.40p0int 2rJL 56942 3.8116671 71 71 8.16831.
S.Ho Ste m:tIems flow Load_.stw Do
(mt53 (c,mscsj (cumecsl t(glit) .
I___Silarin 2900 0.5 7 ____8 8.0075 __ ___2 Shoulding 6800 0.75 7 8 8.2027 ----- DO profile along the river stretchi, Q=7cumnecs, L=8rngJ1 3 Chaunda 10 00 0.425 7 8 8.2084 ______4 Sorana 12000 0.75 7 - 8 8.01 ____ RunLi 13600 0.53 7 - 8 8.0034 . 8.5000 ____6 Chaura 1560 0.45 7 8 8.1040 840 7 Gatti 21800 0.14 7 - 8 8.21731 8.4000 -______8 Ganw 23200 1 7 ____8 8.0010 . soo 8 Unoo 24500 0.14 7 ___ 8 8.1041 8.2__) 10 Manglad 26800 0.54 __ 7 8 8.0050 _820-.DO values 211 Kaowil 27600 0.14 7 ___8 8.2022 ___.___ l Daai 30400 0.12 7 __ _8 8.2079 __ 8.1000 13 Sae 32100 0.6 7 803 14 Barauni 38561 0.1 7 8 8.0202 ___ 8.0000 - 15 Kajo 38881 0.5 7 - 8 8.2006 7.9000I 16 Jakho 42772 0.11 7 ____8 8.3133 __ 17 Kunni 44332 0.3 7 8 8.0038 _ 0 5 10 15 20 25 18Rcoi 44940 0.2 7 - 8 8.0016 Loatonpont 19asholi 79 0.21 7 8 8.4038 _Loaonont
201Nogii 569421 3.8116671 7 - 8 8.15871 _
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-37 DH1Water& Environment 1600 .45--__- 8-__-_----104 ______--- 7 CGaii2a0 014w 8oasBOD__ 5 .15
S-. o 9 Stea 50 0.14amdflo_ L __a137__st82
10Mnd 26800 0.54 ___ 8 ____5 8.0057______9 OvIe Sudic 27600 0.1475 __ 8 __ 5 8.2019____701 21 =lf 3 Chaund 30400 0.125__ 8 __5 8.206897 . DO poil aln h rie tech =cmcs 13 Soanaj 321000 0.675__ 8 ___51 8.0040 _ _ 10 14 'Rauni 138610 0.1 ___ 8 ____5 80432 _ __ 8.0500 . _.....15 Chaura 38991 0.45 ____8 __ _5 8.2014 86000 - 16 Gatd 427720 0.114______882153___ 535.320 0 2 .... 17.Kanni 44320 0.1 __ 8 _ _ 5 8.01058 83 0 5 0 1 16 Uaoo 244940 0.214 ___ 8 ____5 8.030 19 Kasovll 78 0.254___ 8 ____5 8.4060576 Lcation pointsue ______207 6942 3 .8166 8 __ _ 5 8.0191 ______
13o.Srem e Steream0s0.d o Load_st 0 8..0 -... ~
- ___ Kaloi 28900 0.5 ___ 88_2016 8.0080 is__2akholn 66002 075 ___ 8 ___ 8.32017 7 DOpoieaon hnre srthQ8umc =m 15 25 _ 17_3 un 44a332080 0.423 ______8.2089 51 - 4 Raohol 12000 0.721 __ 81 ____ 6 .0026
17 Kashli.. 21800 0.4 ______8.2150 8o400s Location
I Slrnl 23200 13 8 ____6 8.0022 2 Shuldn 24500 0.14 ____8___ 6 8.1368.00
10 Sorana 1000 0.754 8 __6 8.0053...... 0 11 Kawil 27600 0.14 8 __6 8.0039 £8.2000 F A i I I .fie 1 12har 3504 0.12 8 __6 8.206431) I 11 7 ati 100 0.4 8-215 8.4000 I i- 13 lav 21200 0. 8 ___ 6 8.003 ______14 aUnoo 38561 0.14___ 8 ____6 6.0323 8.30000 - ___ 8 ____6 8.2013 __ _15 Manj wd 38991 0.54 0 vle ___11 Kakoii 427720 0.11 8 ____6 8.3197 7.2000 2 17 Kunni 34433 0.3____ 8 ___ 6 8.20101 0 1_1_2
__ _18 FSameml 44940 0.2 ___ 8 ____6 8.0030
____19 Kashol 47999 0.2 ___ 8 ____6 8.405Loainont
201Nogi 569421 3.8116871___ 8 _____6 8.18351
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-38 DHI Water & Environment Chainag Flow Release BOBD 0 S.lo. Stiream e StFeams d flow Load st ______~Mtsl (cumecs cmc em (lt ____1 Sdlaina 2900 0.5 ____8 ____7 8.0073 - ____2 i'hotddine 6600 0.75 ____ 8___ 7 8.2045 ___3 Chaunda 10800 0.425 ___ 8 __ 8.2081. .- DO profile along the river stretch, Q=8cuinecs, L=7ing!l __ _4ecinc 12000 0.75 9___8___ 7 8.022 _____ i .. 13600 0.53 ____ 8___7 8.0036 8.5000- 6 Chaura 150 .5 8___ 7 .1039 - ____7 Gatt 21800 0.14 ___ 8 ___ 7 8.2147 8.4000- 8aGani, 23O 0 I ___ 8 ____7 8.0017 ___ 9 U oo 24500 0.14 W___8___ 7 8.1036 .. .. _.. 8.3000- 10 Manglad 26600 0.54 __ 8 __ 7 8.0049 J . ___11 Kaowil 27600 0.14 ___8 ___7 8.2018 8.2000 - ' A (-'D va . r l2 DagL,,, 30400 0.2__8 __7 8.2066 __ ~ I 13 Sac 32100 0.6 ____8 ____7 8.0033 0810 14 Barauni 38561 0.1 ____8 ____7 8.0319 __ .00 15 Kajo~ 38991 0.5 ____8 ___7 8.2011 _ ____16 Jakho 42772 0.11____8 ____7 8.3194 -7.9000 17 Kunni 44332 0.3 a___8___ 7 8.0097 0 5 10 15 20 25 18A-hofi - 489401 0. 7 8.0025 oainpit 191Kashtoli 4799_91 0 21__ 7 8.05 Loaio oit 201Nogli .50421 3.811P§71 el. 7 8.1754
Chainag Flow Release BOO0 n S.No. Stream e Stireams d fliow Load st ___mts) (cumecs cornieas ream lk.. -...... - 1ISllarinc 2900 0.5 ____8 e___ 8.0066 ____ 2 Shoulding 6600 0-75 ____8 ___ 8 8.2032 3 Chaunda 10800 0.428 __ __ 8 8.2074 .. . . DO profile alonig the river stretch, Q=8curnecs, L=8mng.: 4 Solana.. 12000- 0.75 __ 8. 8 8.09. ____5 5ujL..i. 1360 0.53 ___ 8 ____8 8.0033 8.5000 ___6 Chaura 15600 0.45 ___ 8 a___ 8.1036 ____ 7 iatti 21800 0.14___ 8 ___81 8.214F3____ 8.48000 8 Banvl 23200 I ___ 8 ____8 8.0012 9 Unoo 24500 0.14 8a___ a___ 8.1035 ___ 8.3000- 10 Manolad 26800 0.54 ____ 0___ 8 8.0044 E 8_____ 11Kaowjl 27600 ___ 0.14 8 ____8 8.2018 ______8.00-'.D les 12 Daajl,, 304001 0.12 ___ 8 ____8 8.2065 km 8.00 13 SarL, 32100 6 ____ 8 __ 8 8.02028__ 14 BaFauni 38561 0.1 ___ 8 ___ 8 8.0315 8.0000 15 Kaio 38991 0.5 ____ 8___ 8 8.20101 ..... 16 Jakho 42772 0.11______8 8.3190 ____ 7.9000- ____17 Kunni 44332 0.3 ______8 8 8.0094 __ 0 5 10 15 20 25 18 Racholi 449401 0.2 ___ 8 ___ 8 8,0028 19 Kahl 47999 0.a___ 8___ 8.4053 ____Location points 201 Nogjl.. 569421 3.811667 ___ 8 ____8 8.1673 ______
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow- 09/2006 3-39 DHI Water& Environment __ IX. -Scenario 9: Q-8, BOD loading-5-8 mg It
------..- ChaimaU Flow Release BCD -- - ~ ------SKo- Strea e StreamLs d Flow Load st . ---
____mts cmamoecs(owecs iream (mulltJ ______1 SHarin 2900 0.5 __ _ _ 9 __ _ _5 8.0102 ______2 Shiouldina 66g0 0.75 9 s 8.2085 ______L=5mgAl.-.* . ___3 Chaunda 109 0 0.425 ___ __ 5 8.2118.- ,DO p)rofile along the river stretch, Q=9curnecs, 4 Soranai 12000 0.75 ____9 ___5 8.003c S RzI)l 13600 0.53 ___9 __ 5 8.0048 -- 8.5000 Chauirj 1560 0.45 _ _9 _ 5 8055 __ _7 Saatti100 01 ______28_00 ____8 Ganyi 232 00 1 ____9 __ 5 8.0033800 9 Unoo 2400 0.14 ____9 __ 5 8.1044 _ 8.3000 ------10 Manqlad 268001 0.54 _ __ 9 __ _5 8.061 1- 11 KaovAU 27 0.14 ____9___5 8.20231 8.2000 f' 12 Daa. 30400 0.12__ 9 __5 8.2082. 0 13 Samn*m 310 0.6 __ 9 __ 5 8.0049-----0 8.1000 - ___14Barauni 38561 0.1 ___ 9 ____5 8.0325* 8000 I 15 Kao 38991 0.5 9 5 8.2014. 16 ~Jakho 42772 0.11 ___ 9 ____5 8.3200 7.9000 20 25 17 Kunni 443321 0.3 ___ 9 ____5 8.0075 __0 5 10 15 18 Rahl 440 0.2 ______8..ooi poEMfks 19!Kasol 489 0.2 ___9 __ 5 801Location ______1 201 Nog 569421 3.8118671__ _ _ I __ 5 1 8.19431-______
Chaimag Flow Release BOD S.No. Stream e Streams d Flow Load_St -. ____mts) (CamICS I cumecS ream (glJ,. ~ 1 SilarirE 2900 0.5 ____9 __ 6 8.0096. 2 Shouldn 8660 0.75 __ 9 __ 6 8202 DO profile along the river stretch, Q=9curnecs, L=6mgil 3 Chaunda 108 0 .4215____9 ___ 6 82110 __ 4 __ 4 Sorrjo.. 1000 0.75 ___9 S._ 8.0032 ______5 Ru i 13600 0.53 ___9 __ 6 8.0044 8.4500- ____6 !Qhpura 15 00 0.45__ 9 __ 6 8.1051 8.4000 7 Gatti 21800 0.14 9 ___ 6 8.15~8.3500 8 CanvL 23200 1 9 ___6 8.0028 8.3000 9 Unoo 24500 0.14 9 ____6 8.1043 ~ 8.2500 10 Manad 26800 0.54 9 6 8.0087 8..!.2000 - A -'----DO values. 1ll Kaowi 2I760 I14 9 S__ 8202 Q 81500- IDaal 300 0.1 91 G 8.2081 i I.F 13 Sae 32100 0.6 9 __ 6 8.046 8.1050 14 Barauni 38561 0.1 9 ___ 6 8.0022 8.000 15 Kajo 38991 0.5 9 ___6 8.2013 16 Jakho 42772 0.11 9 6 0.3197 7.9500- 17. unjj 43g2j. 0.3J 9 8 8.0073 0 5 10 15 20 25 1 440 l 6 aooie8 .7 ~ 6 8.4059 Location points 20 Ng___5_41__81_71 9 6 8.1870
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-40 DHI Water & Environmient S.NO. StFeaM Chainag Flow Release BOO DO ____ e Stueams d Flow Load st ___ (mta) lc..ecsj (CGmeC)____ UlJ I___Silarinc 2900 0.5 ____9 7 9.006874 ___2 Shoudin 0o 0.75 __ 9 7 985235 DO profile alonig the river stretch, Q=9cumecs, 3 C___a3nda 10800 0.4 _____9 ___7 8.21019+ L=7ing/I ____4 Sorano 12000 0.75__ 9 __ 7 8.00285664 *5R Rupi... 13600 0.53 ___ __ 7 8.004098884 6 Chaura 15 00 0.45 ___ 9 ___ 7 S.104785.84 7 Gatti 21800 0.14 ___ 9 ___ 7 8.21719-8.35f ____8 Ganvi 23200 1 ____9 ___7 8.002318 8.3- 9Unoo.... 2450 0.14___9 __ 7 8.104253 - 8.25 10 Manalad 26800 0.541 9______8. 05 8..2 -- DO values - II Kawi 27600 0.14__ 9 __ 7 8.202195...... 01 ____12 Daal 30400 0.12___ 9 ___ 7 8.207-93-7 ____13 Samei 32100 0.6 ____9 71 8.004201 . .0 ____14 Barauni 38561 0.1 ____9 7 8.031876 -. 5v 15 Ka~jo 38991 0.5 ____9 ___7 8.201192 8 16 Jakho 42772 0.11___ 9 7 8.319438 7.95- 17 Kunni 44332 0.3 9______78.'0-07018i 0 5 10 15 20 25 18Rcholi '44940 0. 9______7 8.001733- 19Khl 47999 0.2 ____ 9 7 8.405663 Location points 20Ij No 569421 3.0116671_ _ _ 91 7 8.179591.______
Chainag Flow Release BODO 0 S.NJo. Stream e Streams d flow Load at ____mtS] (cumeeS] (cmeS reaM (Mugilt)- I___Silarinci 2900 015 ___ 9 ____8 8.0082 ___2 S~houldinc 6600 0.75 9 8 8.2047 DO profile along the river stretch, Q=9cumecs, L=elrlg,1 ____3 Chaunda 10800 0,425 ___9 - 8 8.2094
1301 0.5 91 8 8.002381..______6 Chaura 156001 0.45 ____9 - 8 8.1044 7 aatti 21800 0.14 9 ____8 8.2109 8.4000- 8 Ganvi 23200 -1 ____9 ___8 8.00118~ 8 Uno 24500 0.14 - 9 ____8 8.1042 __ 8.3000- ___ _10 Manalad 26800 0.54 __ _ S 8 8.0049 ______11Kaowil 27800 0.14 ____9 ____ 8.2022 8.2000ue 12 Da* 30400 0.12 .27 0j-~I~10090 ____13 Samem 32100 0.6 ____9 _ __ 8 8.0038 ______14 Barauni 385611 0.1 ____9 ___ 8 -8.0316 ____ .0000 j ____15 Kajo 389911 0.5 9 8 8.2011 is .Jakho 427721 1.11____8 ___ 8 8.3191 ___ 7.9000- 17_lKwnni 44332 0.3 __ 9900 8 0 5 10 15 20 25 ___18 _ Racholi 44940 0.2 __ _ _9 _ .... I__2] --- Lo aio oi t __..... 191Kasholi 47999 0.2 ____9 00 Locati8nIpoint 20 N~ogil 56942 3.8116671___ 9 ___ 81 8.17?22_
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 3-4 1 DHI Water & Environment X. Scenario 10: Q-8, BOD loading-5-8 moift -
S o temChaiiag Flow Release BD e Streams, d flow LoadBt.1:- ---- .-- -- . ____mts) cumeos] I cameos ream (ingilt _ ------
___ Slarin 2900 05 10 ___5 8.0 2Shouldin 860 .75 __ 10 ____-- 5 8 3 Chunda 10800 0.425 ____10 ___ 5 8.212 Q=l Ocumecs, L=5mgAl- ___4 So,ranp 12000 0.75 ___ i __ s 00s ----- DO profile along the river xtretch2'
.5 j i 13600 0.531__ 10 __ 5 8.0047-
. 6 Chauira.. 1600 0.451__ 10 ___5 8.=04 8_.sooo 7 GaItd 21800 0.14___ 10 ____5 8.2175 - 8 Ganvl 23200 1 ____10 __ 5 8.OO35 --- 8.4000- 9 Unoo 24500 0.14 ____10 ___ 5 8.1043 8.3000 L 10 Man tad 26800 0.54 ___10 ___5 8.0089 _I 11Kaow(iI 27600 0.14 __10. 5 8.2023 _ . 8.2000 - \ ~ jF DO,uesf 12 Daal 30400 0.12 10 _ _5 8.20810/\ 1 I j ____13 Samei 32100 0.6 ____10 ___ 5 .0850 ___ 08.1000 14 Barauni 38561 0.OA__ 10 ___ 5 8.0197 ~- 800 -15 Ka*o 38991 0.5 __ 10 ___51 8.2014 16 Jakho 42772 0.11 ___1 ___ 8.1...... 700 17 Kunni 44332 0.3 TO__10____ .0103...... 0 5 0 1 20 25 18 Racholi 44940 0.2 ____10 __ 5i 8.0030...... oainpit 19Kshl 7999 0.2 ____10 __ 5 8.4061Loainpnt 201No i 1 569421 3.811667 ____10 __ 5 8.193 ______
Chacinag Flow Release BOD SMNo. Stream e Stireams d flow Load.st D fmis amuiens I Guineas ream mlt...... ------
3Chaunda 180 0A425 10 6 _ 8211 DO profile along the river stretch, Q=lIOcumecs, L=6mgil 4 Sorana 12000 0.75 10 __ 6 _ .00 . 5RUDI 13600 0.3 10 6G .0I - ____6 Chauira .. 1600 04 __ 10 ____6 8105' 850 7 Gautl 21000 .14 10 6 -827j-. 8.4000 8 Ganvi 232001 1 10 6 -- 8.0031 ______...... -.---.. 9 tUnoo 245001 0.14 10 6 _ 8.1042 8.3000 --- ___ 0Manglad 268001 r.54 10 6. 0.0065- a Chart Area ]- ____11 Kaow!l 27600I 0.14 10 6 -8.2022 .020008 - 12 Dala ~ 30400 0.12 lo]1 6- 82080 8.10..i\0 i __ _ _ 13 Sa e 32100 0.6 10 6 8997- . -______14 Barauni 38581 0.1 10 6 _8.0188 .00 15 Kajo~ 38991 0.5 10 6 - 8.201 8.00 16 Jakho 42772 0.11 10 6 .147.9000- 17 Kunni 44332 0.3 10 6 8.010 0 5 10 15 20 25 1Racholi 44940 0.2 10 6 8.0029 ___19Kasholi 799 02 1 6 8459Location points 201Nogii 569421 3.8116671 10 6 8.1896 ______
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -09/2006 3-42 DHI Water& Environment -- 2 Shioulding 6600 0.75 10 7 8.2083 3 Chaund 1080 0425 10 7 8.215 DO pr 4 Sorang ofile along tile river stretchi, Q=lIOct.necs, L=lmgil 1000 0.75 10 7 8.0030 __ !S RuD I 13800 0.53 10, 7 8.002 ____ Clhaura 1 600 0.45 __ 10 ____ 7 8.1048 850 -- 7(Gatin 21800 .0.14 __ 10 7 8.18 . .s000o
9 Unoo 24500 0.1 lo_0___ 7 8.1042 S 8.3000 10 Manad 06W 0.54 __ 10 7 8.0061 112 Kaowvil 27600 0.14 __ 10 ___ 7 8.2022 1 Daa - !8.2000 DO values: 340 0.12 ___10 ___7 8.20789 _ F- 13 Same. 32100 0.6 __ 10 ___ 7 8.0044 - 0810 14 Barauni 38561 0.OA __ 10 ___ 7 8.10 8.0000 15 Ka*o 38881 0.5 __ 10 7 8.2012___ 18 .Jakho 42772 0.11__ 10 7 8.313 7.9000- 17Kunni 44332 0.3 _ 10 7 8.00970 18 Rlacholi 44940 5 10 5 20 2 0.2 __ 10 __ 7 8.0025 0 5 18 ___ .2 Kshoi 10 4389 S 057Location points 20, Njogi 56842 3.811667 _ __ 10 7 81 2 ______
Chainang Flow Release BOO 0o S.No. Stream e Stireams diFlow La,z ____ tsl (omecs] oumeoS FeaM (mgIIJ_ _ 1ISiaring 290 0.5 10 - 8 8.0084 - 2 Sho1dinm ro 0.75 10 8 8.205M -- 3 Chaunda 10800 0.42 10o 8 __ 8.2097 __ DO profile along the riveir stretch, Q=l8Ocumecs, 1-4mgull 4S5oran. 12000 0.75 10 8 8.0028 . SRUiu.L.... 13600 0.53 10 ____8 8.0039- ____6 Chiaura 1 1500 0.45 10 8 8.10451. 8.5000 7 Batti 21 00 .0.14 10 808.218 8r anyd 23200 1 10 8 8.0021 - 840 9 Unoo 24500 0.14 10 8 8.1041 =8.3000 - 10 Manid 26900 0.54 10 8 8.0087 i ~1 - 11ail 2700 0.14 10 8 8.2021 _ . 8.2000 - f4A~ 12lDaai, 30400. 0.1 _ 10. 8 8,2077 / 'i ___3~00 ~ ] f \ I 0.6 ____10 - 8 8.0040 a 8.1000
____I Kajo..... 38991 0.5 ____10 9___ 8.2011 800 _ _ 16 Jakho 42772 0.11 __ _ _10 8 8.3130 _ _ 79 0 ______17 Kunni 44332 0.3 __ 10 8 __ 8.0094 0 5 10 15 20 25 ___18 Raoholi 44940 0.2 ____10 - 8 8.0028 .. is__1Kasholi 499 ____10 0.2 ____8 8.4055 Location points _ __28 Pi 56342 3.811667 __ _ _10 __ _ _ 8 8.1760 ______
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-43 DHI Water & Environment xi. Scenario 11: Q-0, BOD loading-5-8 mg/It
r-hainag Flow Release BOO S.No. Stiream e Streams d flow LoaiLst Do. .- ______(imsJ (cuniecs](cumecs ream (ngt
- -- - o _ _ ------. - -
4oao 1gin -; 0 6 .96941 DO prof-ile along the river stretch, Q=Ocurnecs, L=Srngil 1,RnI n ,-R 5 7.96894 o 5n0.5 8.4 -
o-5 5 7.98576 8.
w io 427720 0.11 0 5 . 973 ______18Rcol 4 02___ 0 57.9978298 14i rau 38 9 0.2 __ __ 5 8.9450L2tonpit
(ma...... Oues cmes e ngt...... -
__43320 ___If 6s 7.07062 8.
06 5 8.91260 0 (\20 2 440 6 77 8/ 19K 7hl W499 0.2 0 6 8 Locationi points
P3502C()MaaedRienFo a-0/20 3F44wHIFWaere&Envirnmen Chalinag Flow Release BOB 0 S.No- Stream e Stream d Hlow Load St ____(mts) cumaeos Fomoeam (mg It ____1 Silarin 2900 0.5 0 7 7.8631 2 Shouldin 6600 0.75 ___ 0 7 7.888 ___3Cana 180 0.425 __ 0 7 8.016 O rfle' along the river stretch, Q= Ocumecs, L=7rngil ___4 sorana 1200 0.7 __ 0 7 7.9488 ___5 RUDg.... 136001 0.53 __ 01 7 7.9481 8.4- ____6 Chaura 15600 0.45 ___ 01 7 8.0441 7 (6att 21800 ___ 0.14 0 7 8.0413 _ 8.3 A __ _ _8 Ganvi 23200 1 _ a_ 7.9608 ______9 Unoo 24500 0.14 ___ 0 ____ .68 8.2- le__1Mancalad 2880 0.54 ____0 __ 7 748 Ut\ f j 11Kaowil 27600 0.14 _ 0__ 7 814 !8.1' j I ___12 -DaaoL 30400 0.12 ___0 __7 8.1331~ C __13 samnei 32100i 0.6 0 __ 7 7.9630 8 A 14-Ba,ratji 38561 0.1 ____0 ___ 7 7.8742 78: 15 Kajeo 38881 0.5 __ 0 7 8.185 16 Jakho 42772 0.11____0 ____7 8.1381 7.8 17 Kunni 44332 0.3 ____0 ___ 7 7.9241 _ 0 5 10 1 20 2 ____18 Racholi 44840 0.2 0 ___ 7 7.8855Loainont ____19 Kashofl 47888 0.2 0 7 8.3434 Loainpit 20 NogIi 56842 3.8118S7 0O- _ __ 7 8.0278 ______
So StemCainam Flow Release BOO 00 _ ts Caumeos ( cumecs Load st tmgki... .
2 Shoulding 6600 0.75 ____0 ___8 7.8466 _ 3 CIhaunda 10800 0.425 ___0 8 7.9845 DO profile along the river stretch, Q=Ocurnecs, L=8mg!1 4 Sorana 12000 0.75 ____0 - 8 7.9386-- 5 RuDi 13600- 0.53 ___0 __ 8 7.9377~ ___6 Chiaura 160 0.45 ____0 ____ 8.0330 8.4- ___7 Gatti 280 0.14 ____0 ____8 8.0106 8 Ganvi 23200 1 ____0 8 7.9528 8.3 89Unoo 24500 0.14 __ 0 8 8.0556 8.2- 10 Manolad 260 0.54 __ 0 8 7.8313 t ?\ l 11 Kaovfl 27600 0.14 __0 __8 8.1754 !8.1 f\ (\ i00fvalues1 12 D.ai. 00 0.12 __0 _ 8 8.1202 3 AI I\ ( 1 Same.i 321001 0.6 ___01__ 8 7.9556 14 Barauni 38561 0.1 GI__0___ 8 7.8488 15 Kajo 38881 0.5 01 8.8.1.2.8 U_201_._... 16 Jakho 42772 0.11____01___ 8 8.1073 7.0 . .. . ___17 Kunni 44332 __0___0. 8 7.80880 5 1 1 0 2 ____18 Racholi 44940 0.2 O______8 7.9826 _ ____191 Kasholi 47888 0.2 0 8 8.3328 Location points 201Nog2!Li 56842 3.811887 0 8 7.88431
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow -0912006 3.-45 DHI Water & Environment Findings
Movement of sediment particles is related to flow characteristics and sediment and fluid characteristics. The velocity considered can either be the velocity at particle level or the average velocity of flow, even though the latter is used more often since it's easier to obtain. The velocity that keeps particles rolling is a function of depth of flow, dynamic viscosity of fluid, specific weight of the sediment.
For fine sediments, the critical velocity has been calculated as 0.247 m/s. For sand, the five values of critical velocity at median diameters 0.1mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm and 1.0 mm have been calculated as 0.17 m/s, 0.24 m/s, 0.29 m/s, 0.40 m/s, 0.49 m/s and 0.8 m/s respectively
As per the model results shown in above tables, the average velocities up to a release of 3 cumecs, is in order of 1.0 m/sec which is further reducing in downstream, hence, this may not be a favourable condition for flushing of sediments. However, beyond that release i.e. more than 3 cumecs, the average flow velocity is in order of 0.8 - 1.2m/sec for Q=4 and Q= 10 cumecs respectively which could easily flush the sediments sizes of the order of 0.7- 0.8 mm.
In scenario when 1500 cumecs of water is discharged from the dam, velocity changes from 0.6 to 12.7 m/sec. The average velocity found from upstream (x=0 km at Nathpa) to downstream till 53 km, is more than 12.7 m/s.
As per the model results for DO profiles, the simulation has been carried out for BOD loads 5, 6, 7, and 8 mg/l at tributaries and DO profiling has been worked out for different releases resulting in discharges Nathpa varying from 1 cumecs to 10 cumecs as well as zero release. As per the results obtained, with the existing BOD load (assuming 5-8 mg/lt with varying discharges of 1-10 cumecs), the DO level is coming out to be satisfactory (above 8.0 mg/lt) at all locations.
From aquatic ecological and fisheries point of view, the average velocities for differenit discharges are or the order of 0.8 to 1.2 m/sec for different discharges between the range 1 to 10 cumecs. In rivers flowing through such terrains, there is a tendency in the fish to move under the shadow of big barriers or boulders so as to have calm water flow conditions. The velocity range between 0.8 -1.2 m/sec provides conducive environment to the fish habitat and for spawning etc.
3.4 Environmental Impacts
3.4.1 Impacts on Land Environment The proposed hydro- electric project at Rampur will divert the river flow into the tunnel and hence flow of the river d/s for a stretch of about 23km there by rendering the areas on either side of the river dry. Though Kajo, Barauni, Pashada, Racholi, Tunnan, Jakho, Nogli and other small perennial khads are joining river Satluj downstream and are catering the needs of drinking water supply of the population. As
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-46 DHI Water & Environment agriculture practice in the area mainly depends on rainfall, it is not going to put a direct impact on it.
The short-term impacts of the RHEP would be temporary in nature that stays only during construction phase of the project. But to study the long term impacts that are irreversible in nature, the aspects related to soil erosion, muck disposal, construction activities, and quarrying operation have been considered.
3.4.2 Quarrying Operation and Muck Disposal The project requires a significant amount of construction material, coarse aggregates 3 of the order of 2.72 lac m and fine aggregate requirement of the order of 1.38 lac m3. The excavated material of the Headrace tunnel (between Kajo and Kunni khads) is proposed to be used as coarse aggregates as the geology is similar to that of the Pashada Quarry, used for NJHEP. The remaining requirements of coarse and fine aggregates will be excavated from the Koel Quarry, located near Bael powerhouse site.
The impacts of excavation of construction materials such as clay, rock and sand for construction of hydroelectric projects on environment depend on excavation process, local hydrological conditions, climate, rock types, size and type of operations and topography. Impacts also vary with stages of development at quarry sites e.g. development of working platforms has a less impact compared to the excavation of aggregates and sand. Physical changes in the soil, water and air associated with excavation, activity affect the biological environment directly or indirectly. The major environmental impacts would be due to excavation and degradation of land around the quarry and the biotic life on it.
Four muck disposal sites have been located * near Kajo Adit * near Kunni Adit * dumping area in Nirmand * dumping area in Bael
Despite the provision of establishment of embankments down the slope to stabilize the deposited muck, the likelihood of the muck entering the Satluj is high thus reducing the depth of the river at these sites and downstream of these sites. This would result in increased turbidity of the water in the river stretch making it less usable and aesthetically appealing. The problem is going to be more pronounced in the lean period where the flow is even less than normal. SJVNL is already taking care of 'this aspect with great care. The measures include construction of retaining wall before actually dumping the material. So this aspect doesn't seem to pose any such threat. 3.5 Impacts on Human Health
The findings of the village level surveys, data collected from the Health Department and Government hospital, Rampur don't indicate prevalent water borne diseases in the area. However, during summers (April-July) about-50 cases on an average have been recorded related to Gastroenteritis, Diarrhea and Dysentery from the study area.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-47 DHI Water & Environment The construction activities that are taking place because of the hydropower project in the area will involve the engagement of a work force in the area, thus changing the population density and increasing the floating population during construction activities. This may result in a change in the existing health scenario due to increased pressure on existing infrastructure i.e. water supply sources, sanitation, etc. The additional domestic sewage generated may cause increased contamination of river water.
Lesser flow in the river due to diversion of flow may affect the dispersion and dilution time of domestic effluent coming from major settlements, such as Rampur town, along the river, hence, measures to maintain the levels as stated in the HPPB Standards are required. Further, due to lesser river flow, algal growth may occur along the river stretch in the study area, which on decay creates foul taste and odour thus making the river water unfit for use.
The diversion of water into the tunnel at Jhakri will cause a change in the velocity in river water flow and due to this, mosquitoes may establish during lean seasons. Thus, pre and post measurements should be identified to avoid such a situation.
At present, the river is not a source of drinking water for the habitants as ample natural water sources i.e. natural springs (chashme), perennial/seasonal streams are present in the region. However, looking at the present scenario of hydroelectric power project development on river Satluj and indirect impacts coming on natural water sources due to extensive blasting process, in l-ong term (how long), natural sourceg may get dried up. In this case, river will be the alternative source of water thus river ecology and flow conditions cannot be compromised. Minimum desired quality standards for the river as specified by the Himachal State Pollution Control Board should be maintained.
Following actions could be initiated for community health outreach programs to emphasize long-term improvements in regiori's health status: * Augment existing government and NGO health programs. * Place high priority on health education for local project workers and community residents. * Vaccination programs - meningitis, tuberculosis & tetanus
HIV/AIDS risk level assessment:
Hydroelectric projects may cause spread of HIV/AIDS in the project area due to following reasons:
* Project requires long-term input of labour from outside the area * Project requires that significant numbers of projpct employees be separated from their families for long periods of time (e.g. a month or more at a time) * Project involves the creation of large, temporary construction camp(s) * Increases mobility of people in and out of the area (job seekers, formal and informal service providers) * Requires participation / resettlement -of the local population
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-48 DHI Water & Environment Potential Management Interventions for HIV/AIDS
Following are the proposed management interventions to prevent HIV transmission and to manage the impact of AIDS:
Specific HIV prevention activities * HIV/STDs/AIDS awareness centres for IEC (information, education and communication) activities * Peer education programmes within the workforce * Condoms provision * Training of health personnel, social marketing of condoms, technical and material support to STD clinics, etc * Integration of HIV/AIDS into thematic projects (e.g. emergency training) * Workers periodically brought out of the field with pay to receive health and safety training
Specific HIV/AIDS management & mitigation activities * Voluntary counseling and testing for education, free condoms and screening for sexually transmitted diseases. * Treatment of opportunistic infections * Provision for ART (Anti-Retroviral Treatment) * Medical Aid policies for workforce
Addressing "vulnerability" of the workforce * Adjust labour recruitment policies to: * support better distribution across gender groups * promote use of local labour * Improve labour housing to accommodate families and enhance integration into the local community * Recreation provision * Remittance provision * Labour transport
There needs to be meaningful consultation with local communities so that management measures are culturally appropriate locally, and will have community support. Wherever possible, HIV/AIDS/STD management plans should be compatible with and integrated with local, regional and national initiatives, and be implemented in consultation with governrment, CBOs, NGOs and potentially clients and suppliers
3.6 Impacts on Downstream hazards
A water level profile has been plotted for 1500 cumecs flood for the reach between Nathpa to Bael and is shown below:
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-49 DHI Water & Environment Water Level Along the River - 1500 Cumecs
1600
1400------
Wafer Lei - L ------
4000------
200 ------Nathpa-Jhakri Jhakri- Bael 0 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 Distance (m)
Based on the above profile, it is inferred that between Nathpa to Jhakhri stretch, no habitation would be vulnerable as the habitation is at much above elevations along the hill slopes. However, in the downstream reach of Jhakhri to Bael , the major habitation like Rampur, Nogli and Duttnagar etc are most vulnerable to flooding. An emergency action plan has been suggested for downstream vulnerable areas.
Emergency Action Plan (EAP) EAP presents warning and notification procedures to follow during the monsoon season in case of possibility of flood. The objective is to provide timely warning to nearby residents and alert key personnel responsible for taking action in case of emergency.
Administrationand Procedural Aspects The administrative and procedural aspects of the Emergency Action Plan consist of a flow chart depicting the names and addresses of the responsible officials. The Engineer-in-charge is usually responsible for making cognizant with the developing situation to the Civil Administration viz. District Magistrate. It is desirable if the downstream inhabitants are warned using siren, if available, so as to make them aware of the likely imminent danger. Public participation in the process of execution of the EAP may further help in amelioration the adverse impacts of the likely disaster and for this, it is necessary that the public should be aware of its responsibilities.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-50 DHI Water & Environment Communication System An efficient communication system and a downstream warning system are absolutely essential for the success of an emergency preparedness plan. The difference between a high flood situation must be made clear to the downstream population.
Evacuation Plans Emergency Action Plan includes evacuation plans and procedures for implementation based on local needs. These could be: - Demarcation/prioritisation of areas to be evacuated. - Notification procedures and evacuation instructions. - Safe routes, transport and traffic control. - Safe areas/shelters. - Functions and responsibilities of members of evacuation team. Any precarious situation during floods will be communicated either by an alert situation or by an alert situation followed by a warning situation. An alert situation would indicate that although failure or flooding, is not imminent, a more serious situation could occur unless conditions improve. A warning situation would indicate that flooding is imminent. It would normally include an order for evacuation of delineated inundation areas.
Evacuation Team It will comprise of following official/Representative: i) D.M./his Nominated officer (To peacefully relocate the people to places at higher elevation with state administration) ii) Engineer in charge of the Project (Team Leader) iii) S.P./Nominated Police Officer (To maintain law & order) iv) C.M.O. of the area (To tackle morbidity of affected people) v) Sarpanch/Affected Village Representative to execute the resettlement operation with the aid of state machinery & project proponents. vi) Sub committees at village level. The Engineer-in-charge will be responsible for the entire operation including prompt determination of the flood situation time to time. Once the red alert is declared the whole state machinery will: come into swing.and will start evacuating people in the inundation areas delineated in the Inundation maps. For successful execution, annually Demo exercise will be done. DM is to monitor the entire operation. Public awareness for disaster mitigation In addition, guidelines that have to be followed by the inhabitants of flood prone areas, in the event of a flood, which form part of public awareness for disaster mitigation may also include following: i) Listen to the radio for advance information and advice. ii) Disconnect all electrical appliances and move all valuable personal and household goods beyond the reach of flood water, if one is warned or if one suspects that flood waters may enter the house. iii) Move vehicles, farm animals and movable goods to the higher place nearby
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-51 DHI Water & Environment iv) Keep sources of water pollution i.e. Insecticides out of the reach of water. v) Turn off electricity and gas one has to leave the house. vi) Lock all outside doors and windows if one has to leave the house. vii) Do not enter flood waters. viii) Never wander around a flood area
Notifications Notification procedures are an integral part of any emergency action plan. Separate procedures should be established for slowly and rapidly developing situations. Notifications would include communication of either an alert situation or an alert situation followed by a warning situation. An alert situation would indicate that although failure or flooding is not imminent, a more serious situation could occur unless conditions improve. A warning situation would indicate that flooding is imminent. It would normally include an order for evacuation of delineated inundation areas.
NotificationProcedures Copies of the EAP that also includes the above described inundation map are displayed at prominent locations, in the rooms and locations of the personnel named in the notification chart. For a regular watch on the flood level situation, it is necessary that the flood cells be manned by two or more people so that an alternative person is available for notification round the clock. For speedy and unhindered communication, a wireless system is a preferable mode of communication. Telephones may be kept for back up, wherever available. It is also preferred that all the flood cells, if more than one, are tuned-in the same wireless channel. It will ensure communication to the control rooms. The communication can be established by messenger service in the absence of such modes of communication.
Management after receding of flood-water It is to be accepted that in the event of flood, even with maximum efforts, the loss of human lives, livestock and property would be inevitable. Under such a scenario, a massive effort would be used by various government agencies to provide various relief measures to the evacuees. Formulation of a plan delineating such measures is beyond the scope of work of this document. However, some of the measures which need to be implemented are listed as below: * Provision of various food items & shutter to the evacuees. * Provision of fuel for various evacuees. * Provision of adequate fodder supply. * Arrangements for potable water supply. * Commissioning of low cost sewage treatment & sanitation facilities, and disposal of treatment sewage. * Approximate disposal of dead bodies human & livestock. * Immunization programmes for prevention of outbreak of epidemics of various water related diseases. * Adequate stocks of medicines of various diseases, especially water-related diseases.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 3-52 DHI Water & Environment CHAPTER -4 RECOMMENDA TIONS
Managed River flow DBVAWt& &Edieininmrnt I I
I
I
i
I
i
I
i 4 RECOMMENDA TIONS
The detailed assessment with the help of different modeling scenarios have been extensively elaborated in previous chapters. Based on these assessments, three critical concerns have been viewed vis-a-vis flow requirements in downstream reaches. They are: * Flushing of sediments * Dilution needed for sewage disposal * Aquatic ecological considerations The following observations could be summarized referring to these main concerns in the area: * Computation shows that average maximum velocity in the entire reach between Nathpa and Bael villages is of the order of 1.0 m/sec for a release of more than 4 cumecs. The velocity goes down as releases go down to 3 cumecs. Hence, this may not be a favourable condition with a point of view for flushing of sediments. For the releases varying from 4 to 10 cumecs, the values of average maximum flow velocity varies from 1.0 to 1.2 m/sec, which is adequate from the point of view of flushing the sediments of the sizes in the range of 0.7- 0.8 mm. But in the lean season, assuming there is no release from Nathpa dam, the flow in Satluj shall be mainly from tributaries meeting the river. This water would have lower silt content and hence even lower flow velocities shall be sufficient from flushing point of view. * For fine sediments, the critical velocity has been calculated as-0.247 m/s. For sand, the five values of critical velocity at median diameters 0.1mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm and 1.0 mm have been calculated as 0.17 m/s, 0.24 m/s, 0.29 m/s, 0.40 m/s, 0.49 m/s and 0.8 m/s respectively. * DO level between the Nathpa and Bael stretch falls below 8 mg/I during lean season, although only at one small stretch near Ganvi confluence. But if releases from dam are maintained more than 4 cumecs, the DO level at any location doesn't fall below 8 mg/l. but it sustains at the level of more than 8 mg/l between Jhakri and Bael village. * From aquatic ecological and fisheries point of view, the average velocities for different discharges are or the order of 0.6 to 1.2 m/sec for different discharges 'between the range I to 10 cumecs, which provides conducive environment for fish habitat and spawning etc. Sno. Purpose Velocity required Flow required Flow suggested 1 Sediment flushing For fine sediments 0.247 m/s For sand 0.17-0.8 m/s > 4 cumecs Above 5 cumecs 2 DO levels > 4 cumecs for DO Above 5 cumecs above 8 mg/l 3 Aquatic ecological 0.6 m/s- 1.2 m/s > 4 cumecs for DO Above 5 cumecs above 8 mg/l I
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 4-1 DHI Water & Environment Identificaltion of critical stretches for different parameters Releases from dam in Cumecs Critical point with specific reference to Chainage DO Sediment flushing Aquatic ecology Km x x ' 1 Silaring 2.9 x x 2 Sorang 12 x x 3 Ganvi 23.2 x . 4 Ganvi 23.2
5
v Conducive x Not conducive
Keeping the above parameters in view, minimum suitable releases from dam above 5 cumecs could be adopted. Based on flow observations taken during the lean season by IIT Roorkee, it could be observed that even with zero releases from Nathpa dam the flow at Jhakri is more than 5 cumecs, approximately higher by 50%. It is recommended that to ascertain sediment deposition profiles along the entire Satluj stretch between Nathpa to Bael, a two dimensional modeling may be undertaken. This would take care of the curvilinear characteristics of the river. Though the data requirement for two dimensional simulations is extensive and would require substantial primary surveys, the results could be very useful for determining the exact and accurate flow regimes downstream of Dam.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 4-2 DHI Water & Environment CHAPTER -5 ADAPTIVE CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
Managed River flow DHAAAWat&ircdwn9mnt
5 Adaptive Capacity Development Capacity is defined as the ability of individuals and organizations or organizational groups to perform functions effectively, efficiently and in sustainable manner. This has three important aspects: > It indicates that capacity is not a passive state but is part of a continuing process; > It ensures that human resources and the way in which they are utilized are central to capacity development; and > It requires that the overall context within which organizations undertake their functions will also be a key consideration in strategies for capacity development. Capacity development is a broader concept than institutional development, and in addition to a concern with human resources and the development of institutions, it includes an emphasis on the overall environment within which organizations operate and interact.
Unlike capacity building efforts, adaptive capacity is something organizations pursue in an ongoing manner through measures that embed the four attributes of adaptive capacity-external focus, network connectedness, inquisitiveness and innovation-- inextricably in the corporate culture.
The difference between capacity development and institutional development is mainly a difference of perspective. A capacity development approach requires that, even if the focus of concern is a specific capacity of an organization to perform a particular function, there must nevertheless always be a consideration of the overall policy environment and the coherence of specific actions with macro-level conditions. Capacity development is therefore concerned with the micro and macro factors that determine how institutions translate their capacities into actual performance.
Five dimensions of capacity Five dimensions of capacity have been identified as the major areas of analysis and the key levels of intervention. First, training and education: Effective perforrnance requires a well-trained human resource base of managerial, professional and technical personnel. This involves both specialized training and professional education, and in-service training needed for role- specific activities. Secondly, organization and its management: effective performance requires the utilization and retention of skilled people. Thus, capacity development must include the organizational structures, processes and management systems, in particular the personnel management
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 5-1 DHI Water & Environment systems, which make the best use of skilled human resources, and which ensure their retention and continued motivation. Thirdly, the network and linkages among different groups: there is a need to consider the network of groups or divisions that facilitates or constrains the achievement of particular tasks. The accomplishment of many tasks requires the coordinated activities of many groups and any particular group may belong to several task networks. How these networks function, and the nature of formal and informal interactions among them, are important aspects of group's performance. Fourthly, the public sector environment: the policy and institutional environment of the public sector is a major factor that constrains or facilitates organizational activities and affects their performance. This includes the laws, regulations and policies affecting the civil service, including hiring, promotion, salary structures and operating procedures, the budgetary support that allows organizations to carry out their tasks, the definitions of responsibilities among agencies, and the nature of the policy environment that supports or impedes the performance of functions. Fifthly, the overall context: it is important to consider the broad action environment of the organization, beyond the public sector. This refers to the economic, social, cultural and political milieu in which organization operates, and the extent to which conditions in this broader environment facilitate or constrain the functional capacity of organization. For example, the level and rate of growth of output, changes in markets, and changes in aid policies of major donors are key economic factors that can constrain or facilitate capacity development.
5.1 SJVNL: Environmental Activities
Environment management and monitoring would continue to be a key area of activity in SJVNL along with growth in generation of power. Driven by its commitment for sustainable growth of power, SJVNL has evolved a well defined environment management policy for minimizing environmental impact arising out of setting up of power units and preserving the natural ecology. SJVNL has adopted an Environment, Resettlement & Rehabilitation Policy which reiterates company's commitment to sustainable development which is within the carrying capacity of the eco-system and promotes the improvement of quality of life.
Nathpa Jhakri Hydro-Electric Project is one of the most eco-friendly Projects in the country. Being run of the river project, it has minimum impact on ecology of the area and least disturbance to flora and fauna. The positive impacts on the environment are on very high scale of appraisal, because this project will generate in to Northern Region Grid about 7,000 GWh of electricity each year. The Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. has prepared and followed a comprehensive Environment Management plan and Rehabilitation & Resettlement Plan for its various Environments and R&R related activities. SJVNL has established a separate ER&R Department for Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric Project site and also at corporate level under the direct control of Director (P). This
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 5-2 DHI Water & Environment department undertakes all activities of Environment and R&R at Project level. and at corporate Few tasks presently being undertaken by the department have been described below: * Afforestation * Avenue plantation * Reclamation of muck disposal * Catchment area treatment plan * Sustenance & enhancement of fisheries * Veterinary & horticulture camps at project area * Medical infrastructure facilities * Environmental monitoring * Solid waste management
5.2 Environmental InstitutionalSet-up
Realizing the importance of protection of the environment with speedy development of the power sector, the company should constitute different groups at project, regional and corporate centre level to carry out specific environment related functions. The Environment Management Group can function from the Corporate Centre and initiate measures to mitigate the impact of power project implementation on the environment and preserve ecology in the vicinity of the projects. Environment Management Group established at each site, look after various environmental issues of the individual site. Environment Impact Assessment SJVNL is one of the environment conscious organizations and have ensured that their efforts towards improving the environment match with our developmental efforts in the power sector. SJVNL has been conducting Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) studies of the areas in the vicinity of projects, which form the basis of efforts to protect and maintain environment. These studies consist of literature search, field studies and impact assessment in the area of the land use, water use, socio-economic aspects, soil, hydrology, water quality, meteorology, air quality, terrestrial/ aquatic ecology and noise. The ELA involves stage-by-stage evaluation of various parameters which affect the environment. Based on EIA study, wherever required, specific scientific studies are also conducted to scientifically assess the likely impact of the pollutants on the sensitive flora and fauna in the surroundings, as also, to take preventive and mitigatory measures, wherever required.
EcologicalMonitoring SJNVNL should undertake comprehensive Ecological Monitoring through Satellite Imagery Studies over project area and vicinity. These studies would reveal significant environmental gains in the vicinity areas as a result of pursuing sound environment management practices. Some of these important gains noticed may be an increase in dense forest area, increase in agriculture area,
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 5-3 DHI Water & Environment increase in average rainfall, decrease in waste land etc. Such studies conducted from time to time around and in vicinity of a project would establish the environment status at various post operational stages of the project.
Monitoringof EnvironmentalParameters A broad based Environment Monitoring Programme needs to be formulated and implemented in all projects of SJVNL. Critical environmental parameters should be monitored at the stipulated frequency.
EnvironmentalReviews To maintain constant vigil on environmental compliance, Environmental Reviews should be carried out at all sites and remedial measures should be undertaken wherever necessary. As a feedback and follow-up of these Environmental Reviews, a number of retrofit and up gradation measures should be undertaken at different locations. Such periodic Environmental Reviews and extensive monitoring of the facilities carried out at all locations would have help in compliance with the environmental norms and timely renewal of different environmental permissions.
On-Line Data Base Management In order to have better control on environmental degradation and to achieve effective environment management in and around project locations, it is imperative to have an on- line, reliable and efficient environment information system on the operational and environmental performance parameters at all levels. In consideration of the above, a GIS based computerized programme, which could provide reliable storage, prompt, and accurate flow of information on environmental performance of project locations should be developed and installed in SJVNL. This software will help and facilitate direct transfer of environment reports and other environment related information from project locations to the Regional and Corporate Centre. This system will help in achieving continuous improvement in SJVNL's environment performance through improved monitoring and reporting system by using the trend analysis and advanced data management techniques.
CorporateSocial Responsibility SJVNL believes in growth with a human face, and pursuing people-centered development. SJVNL is a socially committed organization and a socially responsible corporate citizen. It attaches great importance to discharging its overall social responsibilities to the community and the society at large where its projects are located. In this regard Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) program becormes an area of sharp focus, a program that addresses people affected directly or indirectly in the wake of the projects. Community Development, as a part of corporate social responsibility, Initiatives Scheme has to be introduced with the aim of aligning business operations with social values. Through this initiative, NHPC should undertake community development programme in and around its sites.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 5-4 DHI Water & Environment ISO 14000 certification SJVNL should establish Environmental Management System (EMS) as per ISO-14001 at its different establishments. As a result of pursuing sound environment management practices, all SJVNL sites as well as the Corporate Environment Management should be got certified for ISO-14001 EMS by reputed certifying Agencies.
Setting up of Environmental lab An environment lab with the following facilities should be setup
For water analysis
* Flame photo meter * BOD Incubator * Desiccators (Moisture removal) * Soxlet Apparatus (COD) * Microscope * GC-MS Spectrophotometer (for VOC/PCB etc) * Atomic absorption- Spectrophotometer (for Heavy Metals etc) * Refrigerator * Electronic Balance * pH meter * Turbidity meter * Conductivity meter
For air analysis
* High Volume Sampler with gaseous attachments, impingers etc. * Desiccators (Moisture removal) * Oven with heating mantel
ForMeteorological Observations
* Automatic Anemometer * Hygrometer * Rain gauge * Thermometer
GIS facilities To facilitate, on-Line Data Base Management and environmental management and monitoring requirements related to different proposed and on going project developments, advanced remote sensing and GIS facilities at corporate level should be set up. This cell will not only serve the in-house project requirements but also proposed to take up the charge of capacity building of other similar institutions. The following hardware and software facilities are proposed:
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 5-5 DHI Water & Environment Hardware: Few Pentium machines including laptops, A0 size scanner, AO size color plotter, GPS, Digital camera, Data storage devices. Procurement of hardwares could be phased out depending on the priority.
Software:
* Image processing software like ERDAS Professional with all modules like Vector, Photogrammetry etc * GIS software like ARCGIS or MapInfo Professional, AutoCAD Map etc * In addition, the lab has to be equipped with a few qualified and trained GIS professionals having sufficient experience in the related field. This has been specified as a part of manpower subsequently.
5.3 Training needs
Training need assessment has been done based on discussions with SJVNL staff with regard to immediate requirements of ongoing/proposed projects at SJVNL, in-house expertise available at SJVNL for regular monitoring of ongoing hydroelectric projects & proposals for up-coming projects.
It is important to mention that besides operational NJHEP (1500MW) project and planned RHEP (412 MW) project, the following are 5 projects have been proposed by SJVNL:
1. Devsari Dam HE Project ( 300 MW) 2. Devra Mori HE Project ( 33 MW) 3. Jhakhol Sankari HE Project ( 35 MW) 4. Luhri HE Project (700 MW) 5. Khab HE Project (636 MW)
Successful operation of hydro electric project demands regular monitoring of various activities related to civil works, environmental issues and social issues. In addition, key contribution by the concerned organization, in overall development of the area by adopting R&R programme and by association with local organizations in various development schemes is must to deliver.
But it has been observed that though the organisation (SJVNL) has improved and developed over the time, the issue of the institutional strength of the organisation (now SJVNL) continues to be a concern; for example, there have been frequent periods when the organisation had less then its full complement of Directors. The organisation has a small environmental cell and less staff with relevant expertise to take care environmental issues linked with various ongoing and proposed projects. It may not have any impacts on running and monitoring of hydro electric projects in pfresent but we can not say that the scenario will remain same in future too considering the complexity of various environmental and socio-
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 5-6 DHI Water & Environment economic issues linked with these projects. SJVNL has already experienced this during construction and operation of NJHEP project and for taking up the Khab hydro electric project.
In view of existing organisational structure at SJVNL Corporate office, which is presently under process of restructuring and at project office (NJHEP & RHEP), following, is suggested:
The existing staff working on environmental aspects in SJVNL should be kept abreast with the latest tools and methodologies in Environment field especially Impact Assessment Studies. They should undergo short duration trainings on environmental issues linked with hydro electric projects and their remediation practices being followed in other areas from prestigious institutions in India or abroad. In India, it could also be in the form of attachment with some organizations already involved in implementing environment mitigatory requirements for hydro power development like NHPC, THDC etc or conceptual up gradation by attachment with TERI, NEERI etc. While short term overseas training could also be undertaken at University of Oklahoma or East West Centre, Hawaii with emphasis on modeling of various environmental parameters.
5.4 Man Power requirement
It is proposed to develop environmental group at corporate headquarters level. The group should be able to handle all issues related to different environmental attributes. The group will be responsible for monitoring of environmental and social issues related to all hydro projects being undertaken by SJVNL whether at investigation level or execution level. The group will have experts from all major environmental disciplines which are likely to be issues in hydro development. The management of environmental lab and GIS lab proposed above would also be the responsibility of this group. Similarly at each project site, a similar environmental group should be formed having services of well trained professionals with ecology, socio-economic background depending on requirement of project. This group will also handle various other technical and administrative matters at project site. Depending on the quantum of work at project office, the staff of proposed environmental cell may not necessarily be a full timer. Depending on the phase of project as if project is under smooth operation the charge of the environmental cell can also be worked out with relevant department of local College or University for regular monitoring of issues on chargeable basis. For specific increased workloads specifically during execution stage of various environmental mitigatory measures, the individual teams can be reinforced from the corporate head quarter environment team. Manpower requirement for corporate environment cell as well as at each project location has been indicated in the following tables.
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 5-7 DHI Water & Environment Man Power requirement Deployment Personnel Qualifications Exposure/Experience Role and at responsibilities Corporate Head Masters degree About 10-15 years in the - Overall management Environmental (Environment) in Environment field, more is desirable. of the environmental set management He/She should be well up, technical matters of Cell versed with environmental all projects policies and legislations in India especially related to - Overall management hydro power. He/She also of the environmental set needs to have good idea up I administrative about the best practices matters of all projects being followed in environmental management and social sector else where in country as well as abroad. He/She should have actually executed a few environmental and social sector mitigatory initiatives in selected hydro sector development in country. Ecologist Masters degree About 3-5 years of Terrestrial ecology, in Botany/B.Sc experience (for Master Catchment area degree with Degree)/5-7 years of treatment, specified experience (for B.Sc Degree Compensatory experience in holder) of working on afforestation, field forestry, taxonomy or Restoration of quarry ecology. Experience with sites, muck disposal some organization involved areas etc in implementing afforestation programmes or *catchment area treatment measures should be desirable Aquatic Masters degree About 5-7 years of Wildlife, Fisheries, ecologist/ in Zoology experience of working on Aquatic ecology, etc Zoologist Aquatic aquatic ecological studies i.e. biology/ecology pollution studies using bio indicators, sampling and analyses of Phyto-Planktons, Zoo-Planktons, Primary Productivity, Benthic Organisms, Fishries and other Aquatic organisms etc preferably with some institute Socio Masters in About 5-7 years of Socio-economic economist Sociology/Social experience in socio-economic assessment, sciences survey and assessment, Rehabilitation & preferably related to project Resettlement issues, affected population and their Archaeological and rehabilitation and anthropological aspects, resettlement. -Knowledge of etc anthropology should be desirable. Chemist Masters degree About 5-7 years of Air, Water Soil, Noise in Chemistry experience of working in quality parameters CSIR/CPCB approved labs GIS Masters degree About 5-7 years of Environmental and Professional in Remote experience in Remote social monitoring, Sensing & GIS Sensing and GIS especially Database preparation, related to natural resources on-line data base management presentation, updation of website and dissemination of
P3050220 (A) Managed River Flow - 09/2006 5-8 DHI Water & Environment environmental inventory
At project In charge Degree in Civil About 10-15 years, more is sites (Environment) Overall management of Engineering desirable. He/She should the environmental have fair idea of team, technically as well environmental policies and as administratively legislations in India especially related to hydro power. He/She should have been involved in executing a few environmental and social sector mitigatory initiatives in selected hydro sector development. Ecologist Masters degree About 3-5 years of Terrestrial in Botany/B.Sc ecology, experience (for Master Catchment area degree with Degree)/5-7 years of treatment, specified experience (for B.Sc Degree Compensatory experience in holder) of working on afforestation, field Resoration forestry, taxonomy or of quarry sites, muck ecology. Experience with disposal areas etc some organization involved in implementing afforestation programmes or catchment area treatment measures should be desirable Socio Masters in About 5-7 years economist of Socio-economic Sociology/Social experience in socio-economic assessment, sciences survey and assessment, Rehabilitation & preferably related to project Resettlement issues, affected population and their Archaeological and rehabilitation and anthropological aspects, resettlement. Knowledge of etc anthropology should be desirable.
* Here, emphasis is given on specialized/expertise areas/fields to be filled up at SJVNL. Expertise need has been assessed on the basis of existing environmental and socio-economic issues at project sites. Further, it has also been referred to existing level of expertise at Corporate as well as site level offices of SJVNL. * To come out with detailed Organisation Structure in terms of exact number of employees, brain storming at in-house level is recommended. * Proposed expertise areas may change depending on site conditions of particular project and on local issues of the area * Existing staff of SJVNL with appropriate professional experience in relevant field as proposed above will be part of above team. * Positions proposed at higher levels can be taken care by in house staff with similar discipline like Civil Engineering background and these could be replaced later as and when in-house lower staff becomes eligible.
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cU X A' ANNEXURE I Village-level Survey (Environment cum Socio-Economic profile) Bayal - Jhakri stretch, Distt. Shimla and Kullu Himachal Pradesh 1. Name of district: 2. Name of village: 3. Name of the tributary/(s) nearest to the village: 4. Name of respondant: Age: 5. Occupation:______6. Designation in panchayat, if at all a member:_ 7. For how many years you have been living in the village:_
[II WATER SOURCES, AVAILABILITY AND USAGE 8. What are the three most common sources of drinking water in the village as a whole: r Direct from Satluj river/ tributaries r- Piped water o Hand pump L Protected wells O Dug well/open well r Ponds, canals D Other
9. What are the sources of water for other uses? Direct from Satluj river/ tributaries/ Piped water/ Hand pump/ Protected wells/ Dug well/open well/ Ponds, canals/ Others
Infornation about Neighboring villages?
10. What are the different uses of water? Direct Indirect
11. How much flow is generally seen in the tributary? In Lean period: In Peak Flow:_
[III SOCIO ECONOMIC ASPECTS
12. Approx. number of households in the village and average no. of members in each family:__ ; Information about Neighboring villages?
DMI Water & Environment 13. Which are the sources of livelihood for households in this village Ask for the three most important sources: El Own farm activities Li Collection/foraging 3 Casual labour (farm and non-farm) D Charity/alms Li Long term agri. Employee Li Interest income, property, D Salaried employment 0 Land rentals, etc. • Personal (ajmani) services Li Public transfers/pensions Li Petty business/trade/manufacturing Li Private tranfers/remittances D Major business/trade/ El Other oi Manufacturing
Information about Neighboring villages?
14. In agriculture, what kind of pesticides/ agrochemicals do villagers use? a. Manure d. Fungicides b. Chemical Fertilizers (like NPK) e. Herbicides c. Pesticides (like DDT) f. Rodenticides
Information about Neighboring villages?
15. How much land do you own? Do you think it will get affected adversely /dxpropriated because of the project?_
16. What kind of plot is it? El Irrigated cultivable D Grazing land Li Orchard -Fruits, other economic important trees
17. How is the cultivated land generally irrigated? L Satluj river / tributary Li dug wells Li tube wells Li canals DL tanks
18. Majorly what kind of livestock is there in every family?
Livestock Number Cattle Sheep Goat Horse- Donkey Beehives Poultry Approx. how many livestock does each family has? Relatively well-off:_ Poor:
19. Are there any industries in the area? El Yes Li No If yes, which category * Mining/Quarrying * Agro-based * Food processing * Textile
DHMWater & Environment * Handicraft/ Handloom * Others 20. Is there any mining/ quarrying going on in your area? U Yes D No
21. What kind of sewerage system is present in the village? i. Soak pits ii. Septic Tanks iii. Municipal Corporation sewerage system
22. Are there any prevalent health diseases in the area? U Dysentery L Diarroehea U Malaria D Cold/cough U Fever U Asthma U Others
23. Do you catch fish from the river/ tributary? U Yes U No If yes, is it for self-consumption or for sale? Quantity?
24. Names of following: Common Trees/Shrubs Common Animals Common Birds
25. Significance of Forest Do you collect firewood from the forest? U Yes If yes, is it for self-consumption or sale? U No
Do you collect mushrooms/ herbs etc from the forest? U Yes U No
Do you only work in forest as wage labour? D Yes o No
Do you only graze the animals? U Yes Where? U No 26. Are there any archaeological monuments in the area? U Yes U No If yes, which all?
DHI Water & Environment 26. Is muck from the river being disposed off in your village (near Jhakri)? 27. What is the frequency of flooding in this region?
28. Are there any major landslides in the region? a. Yes b. No 29. Are there any logjams? a. Yes b. No If yes, what is the frequency?
30. What are the cultural activities villagers generally indulge in?
31. Are there any cultural practices like worshipping the river or immersing some deity?
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