Environmental Assessment Report
______
Summary Environmental Impact Assessment Project Number: 41627 April 2008
India: Himachal Pradesh Clean Energy Development Investment Program
Prepared by the Government of Himachal Pradesh for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
The summary environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 25 April 2008)
Currency Unit – Indian rupees/s (Re/Rs) Re1.00 – $0.025 $1.00 – Rs40.15
ABBREVIATIONS
AAQ – ambient air quality ADB – Asian Development Bank BIS – Bureau of Indian Standards CAT – catchment area treatment CO2 – carbon dioxide DPR – detailed project report EMF – electromagnetic fields EMP – environmental management plan EIA – environmental impact assessment HEP – Hydroelectric project HPCEDIP – Himachal Pradesh Clean Energy Development Investment Program HPPCL – Himachal Pradesh Power Company Ltd. HPSEB Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board HPSEPPCB – Himachal Pradesh State Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board IEE – initial environmental examination MFF – multi-tranched financing facility MOP – Ministry of Power PGCIL – Power Grid Corporation of India Limited PIU – project implementation unit R&R – resettlement and rehabilitation SEIA – summary environmental impact assessment SIEE – summary initial environmental examination SO2 – sulphur dioxide SPM – suspended particulate matter
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
ASL – above sea level °C – degree celsius cm – centimeter DC – direct current dB(A) – decibels measured in the audible noise bands g – gram GW – gigawatt GWh – gigawatt-hour ha – hectare ha m – hectare meter kg – kilogram km – kilometer
kV – kilovolt kWh – kilowatt-hour kV – kilovolt l – liter Leq – equivalent noise level m – meter m2 – square meter m3 – cubic meter mg – milligram mld – million liters per day mm – millimeter MW – megawatt MVA – megavolt ampere qtls – quantitative trait loci (Indian yield measurement) sec – second t – ton (metric) V – volt VA – volt-ampere W – watt yr – year
NOTES
(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of India and its agencies ends on 31 March. FY before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, for example, FY2008 ends on 31 March 2008.
(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.
CONTENTS
Page
MAP
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II SAWRA KUDDU HYDROPOWER PROJECT 4
A. Description of the Project 4 B. Description of the Environment 6 C. Alternatives 13 D. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 15 E. Human Environment 23 F. Environmental Impacts of Operation Activities 25 G. Environmental Management Plan 31 H. Institutional Arrangements 31 I. Organization Support System 33 J. Disaster Management Plan 37 K. Public Consultation and Disclosure 38 L. Due Diligence Review of Associated Facilities 39 M. Subprojects: Transmission Lines 39
III. KASHANG STAGE I HYDROPOWER PROJECT 40 A. Description of the Project 41 B. Description of the Environment 43 C. Alternatives 52 D. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 55 E. Economic Assessment 67 F. Potential Cumulative and Induced Impacts 68 G. Environmental Management Plan 69 H. Disaster Management Plan 75 I. Public Consultation and Disclosure 75 J. Due Diligence Review of Associated Facilities 77
IV. CONCLUSIONS 80
APPENDIXES
1. Details of Sawra Kuddu HPP 81 2. Details of Kashang Stage I HPP 95 3. Standards 104 4. Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy of the state government 110 5. Second Public Hearing at Sawra Kuddu HPP 115 6. Summary Cumulative Impacts due to Associated Facilities at Pabbar River 123 7. Second Public Hearing at Kashang Stage I HPP Environmental Management 132 8. Environmental Management Plan (including Check List of Anticipated Impacts) 137 9. Environmental Assessment and Review Framework 150
I. INTRODUCTION
1. The Government of India recognizes the importance of increasing the share of hydropower generation in the energy mix and introduced a 50,000 megawatt (MW) hydropower initiative in 2003. Under this initiative, the northwest and northeast states, including Himachal Pradesh, receive special incentives to promote hydropower development. Himachal Pradesh has abundant water resources in five major rivers that originate in the Western Himalayas. The power generation potential of Himachal Pradesh is 20,386 MW, about 25% of the total hydropower potential of India. About 6,204 MW of the state’s total potential has been harnessed as of year 2007. The main strategy of the government of Himachal Pradesh, as outlined in 2006 in its state hydropower policy, is to become the “Hydropower State” of India, by providing affordable, reliable, and quality power to its residents. It plans to export power to India’s northern grid as a major source of revenue for the state. The state government views the exploitation of the immense hydropower potential as a means to prosperity and intends to speed up hydropower development, adding 9,000 MW of additional capacity by the end of the Government of India’s 11th Five Year Plan in 2012. Table 1 presents a breakdown of the existing capacity in the state of Himachal Pradesh.
Table 1: Existing Capacity of Himachal Pradesh(MW)
Existing Hydropower Installed Capacity (MW) State Sector 467.0 Central Sector 3,829.6 Joint Sector 1,500.0 Private Sector (IPPs) 386.0 Under HIMURJA 21.2 Total 6,203.8 HIMURJA = Himachal Pradesh Energy Development Agency, IPP = independent power producer, MW = megawatt. Source: Central Electricity Authority of India
2. In 1988, Himachal Pradesh became the first of India’s hill states to achieve 100% electrification of all census villages, despite its dispersed customer base and mountainous terrain. As of 2007, it has about 19,000 distribution transformers, 28,000 kilometers (km) of high tension lines, and 50,000 km of low tension lines. It is one of the few states in the country where energy delivered to consumers is 100% metered. It has achieved more than 90% metering on distribution transformers and feeders of up to 33 kilovolts (kV). The aggregated technical and commercial losses in Himachal Pradesh are comparatively low (18%). The state transmission system, as of 2007, consists of 2,100 km of transmission lines rated at 66 kV and above and about 100 power transformers aggregating to about 2,000 MVA of capacity. Significant additional transmission capacity will be needed to handle the planned increase in power production. At present, the available power is less than the requirement, however, resulting in an energy shortage of 1% and a peak shortage of 4.9%. Table 2 gives comparative electrification and consumption data for Himachal Pradesh and India.
Table 2: Status of Electrification and Consumption in Himachal Pradesh (percent) India Himachal Pradesh Item National Average Average Village Electrification 86.6 100.0 Household Electrification 55.8 98.0 Per Capita Consumption (kWh) 592 726 kWh = kilowatt-hour. Source: Central Electricity Authority of India
2 2 3. The hydropower potential in Himachal Pradesh is distributed in various river basins; potential and harnessed status is summarized in Table 3.
Table 3: Hydro Potential (MW)
Balance Item River Basin Hydro Potential Installed Harnessed % of capacity Potential 1. Beas 4,582 1,634.50 35.67 2,947.50 2. Chenab 2,748 5.30 0.20 2,742.70 3. Ravi 2,294 1,043.50 45.49 1,250.50 4. Satluj 9,422 3,150.75 33.44 6,271.25 5. Yamuna 592 211.52 35.73 380.48 HIMURJA 6. 1,362 21.20 1.56 1,340.80 Projectsa Total 21,000 6,066.77 28.89 14,933.23 HIMURJA = Himachal Pradesh Energy Development Agency, MW = megawatt. a A state-owned entity dealing with mini and micro hydro oprojects up to 5 MW capacities. Source: The Central Electricity Authority of India, 2006.
4. Recent developments in the power sector of Himachal Pradesh include: (i) the state government elucidated a comprehensive hydropower development policy; (ii) a new corporate entity, the Himachal Pradesh Power Company Ltd. (HPPCL), was created to develop and operate new hydropower plants; (iii) the proposed Himachal Pradesh Clean Energy Development Investment Program (HPCEDIP) is included in the Asian Development Bank (ADB) India: Country Operations Business Plan as a firm loan project for 2008; and (iv) ADB approved a project preparatory technical assistance (TA) of India. Investment proposals identified for ADB support under the HPPCL include the Kashang Hydroelectric Project, stage I (65 MW), and stages II and III (130 MW); the Shongtong- Karcham Hydroelectric Project (402 MW); the Sainj Hydroelectric Project (100 MW); and the Sawra Kuddu Hydroelectric Project (111 MW). These five hydropower projects will provide a total capacity of 808 MW with a combined generation of 3,256.3 gigawatt-hours (GWh) per year at 90% dependability. The estimated total cost of these projects is $1.4 billion. The state government will finance $420 million (30%). It has requested ADB financing for $800 million, and it will finance $180 million (13%) from other sources.
5. Under the first tranche (tranche 1), HPPCL will implement Kashang stage I (65 MW) and Sawra Kuddu (111 MW), both designed as run-of-river schemes. Construction at Kashang will begin in October 2008; the first unit is scheduled for commissioning in April 2012, and the final unit will come on line in August 2012. The construction of tunnels at Sawra Kuddu started in November 2007; the first unit is scheduled for commissioning in August 2012. The final unit will come on line in December 2012, although efforts are being made to accelerate the final commissioning to October 2012. The two projects will add 176 MW of installed capacity to India’s northern grid—a substantial contribution to meeting the regional shortfall in peak supply. It will be controlled through the Northern Region Load Dispatch Center.
6. All necessary national and state government approvals for both projects have been obtained, as detailed in Table 4.
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Table 4: Status of Project Documentation and Clearances Item Details Kashang Stage I Sawra Kuddu (111 MW) (65 MW) A. Reports 1. Comprehensive EIA document 2002 2006 2. Catchments area treatment plan 2002 2006 3. Detailed project reports April 2000 March 2003 4. Detailed socioeconomic survey of all August 2002, March 2005, project-affected families consisting of December 2007 December 2007 village and household surveys 5. Public hearings 5 May 2001 (first 15 June 2006 (first meeting), 14 March meeting); 12 March 2008 2008 (second (second meeting) meeting) B. Clearances 1. Technical economic clearance by 21 November 2001 10 November 2004 HPSEB Board 2. Central Electricity Authority clearance Not required prior to 6 December 2007 2000–2001 3. Environmental clearance by Ministry of Valid up to 15 17 May 2007 Environment & Forests November 2008a 4. First award by land acquisition officer 20 April 2005 18 July 2007 (Ragura Village) 5. No-objection certificate by the 12 June 2001 September 2006 Himachal Pradesh Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board 6. Forest clearance by Ministry of 23 June 2001 2 June 2006 Environment & Forests EIA = environmental impact assessment, HPSEB = Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board, MW = megawatt. a The EIA studies are ongoing, and final clearance for the integrated Kashang (243 MW) hydropower project would be obtained before the current clearance expires. Source: HPPCL
7. This summary environmental impact assessment (SEIA) was prepared by the HPPCL and is to be posted on ADB’s website 120 days before the requested loan is considered by the ADB Board of Directors. The proposed projects covered by the first tranche are classified as ADB environmental category A due to potential irreversible impacts associated with reduced water flows in the river section between the diversion structure and tailrace outlet at the Sawra Kuddu project. The features of each hydropower project and their impacts are described separately in this SEIA -Sawra Kuddu in chapter II, and Kashang stage I in chapter III. The Appendixes include tables that present a scoping matrix (Appendix 1) and a summary of data collection for the environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies conducted by the HPPCL (Appendix 1, Table 1.2). This SEIA covers (i) environmental assessments of the projects under the first tranche, (ii) cumulative impact assessment, and (iii) an environmental assessment and review framework for projects under subsequent tranches in Appendix 9. SEIAs or SIEEs for subsequent tranches will be available to the general public 120 days before a Periodic Financing Request is submitted to ADB.
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II. SAWRA KUDDU HYDROPOWER PROJECT
A. Description of the Project
8. The layout plan for the Sawra Kuddu project is shown below.
Layout Plan of Sawra-Kuddu HEP Barrage
HRT
TRT
4
LAY OUT PLAN – SAWRA-KUDDU HEP FIGURE-2.1
Submergence HRT Area
1
Proposed Barrage 2 Surge Shaft 3
Penstock 4 1, 2, 3 & 4 = Adits
Powerhouse site TRT
5
9. The description of the Sawra Kuddu Hydropower Project in this SEIA is based on the information contained in the comprehensive EIA and catchment area treatment (CAT) plan documents, and disaster management plans prepared by the Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board (HPSEB) in August 2006. A socioeconomic survey for project-affected persons at project sites was conducted in December 2007 by an ADB consultant.
10. The Sawra-Kuddu project is designed as a run-of-the river facility with a diversion tunnel. Located on the Pabbar River in the state of Himachal Pradesh in the Yamuna Basin, the facility is
5 5 planned to deliver peak supply to the northern grid. With an average gross head1 of 213.50 meters (m), the installed capacity of the project will generate 111 MW from three units of 37.00 MW each, with overall generation efficiency of 0.89. The proposed Sawra-Kuddu subproject is a key government project in its commitment to increasing hydropower generation in the state.
11. The project includes the following features:
(i) A 13.5 m high diversion barrage at an average river bed elevation of 1,410.5 m. The height of the barrage above the river bed level would be 9.2 m. twelve gated spillways at the crest elevation 1,412.5 m designed to pass the estimated average of 3,000 m3/sec. The energy dissipation arrangement would be a stilling basin. (ii) Intake structure having four bays of 4 m x 3 m on left bank of the river. (iii) A surface desilting tank composed of four basins 80 m long, 19.5 m wide, and 0.5 m deep. Maximum particle size to be removed is about 0.2 millimeters (mm). (iv) A D-shaped concrete-lined headrace tunnel, 5 m in diameter and 11.3 km long, designed to discharge 65 m3/sec. (v) A underground, restricted-orifice-type high surge shaft, 14 m in diameter and 73.10 m long, at the end of headrace tunnel. (vi) An underground steel lined pressure shaft 3.5 m in diameter and 312 m long, with three branches each 2 m in diameter and 49 m long. (vii) An underground powerhouse 12 m wide and 15 m long, housing 3 no. vertical axis Francis turbines driving three generating units of 37 MW each, to provide installed capacity of 111 MW under a gross head of 213.5 m. (viii) A D-shaped concrete-lined tailrace tunnel, 5 m diameter and 440 m long, to discharge water back into Pabbar River on the left bank at the boundary of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. (ix) About 9 km of new approach roads and widening of some existing roads. (x) The project will generate 386 and 507 million kWh, respectively, in 90% and 50% dependable years.
12. The Pabbar River is a major tributary of the Tons River, which in turn is the tributary of the Yamuna River. The Tangnu Romai Hydroelectric Project is in the upper reaches of the Pabbar River with proposed installed capacity of 50 MW, while Sawra Kuddu is the one of the last on the Pabbar. On completion, Sawra Kuddu will help mitigate growing power demand for the northern region. The Yamuna basin in Himachal Pradesh has total power potential of 1,003.82 MW, which represents about 5% of the total hydropower potential of the state.
13. The Sawra Kuddu project is located between 77º 45’ 00” E and 77º 49’ 33” E longitudes and 31º 07’ 54” N and 31º 03’ 30” N latitudes at Rohru Tehsil, Shimla District in Himachal Pradesh. The catchment area of the Pabbar River above the proposed barrage site near Hatkoti Village is 1,034 km2 in an elongated leaf shape. The bed gradient of the river over the entire stretch ranges between 15 and 40 m/km but reaches values up to 200 m/km in the uppermost regions. The river valley is located between steep and high mountain ranges in its upper regions and is very narrow. Along the lower stretches, the valley is usually wider, and part of the flood plains form cultivated land.
14. The average net operating head2 for power generation is 198 m between the full reservoir level of 1,423.50 m and normal tailwater level of 1,210 m, and the minimum drawdown level of 1,418 m and normal tailwater level of 1,210 m. The diversion structure is a barrage with a total height of 13.5 m, of
1 Gross head is the vertical distance between the penstock (the pipe that takes wate from the river) and where the water leas the turbine. 2 Average operating head is the gross head adjusted for the reservoir level.
6 6 which only 9.2 m would be above the river bed level. Due to the barrage construction, anreservoir with a submergence area of 0.5 km2 will be involved. From the reservoir, the water will flow through the headrace tunnel into pressure shaft to be fed into the powerhouse. It will be let out via a tailrace tunnel into the Pabbar River. The headrace tunnel runs parallel to Pabbar River, with very little area between it and the river.
15. The power generated at Sawra Kuddu will be evacuated by 11 km of double circuit 220 kV power evacuation transmission line to the Kuddu substation pooling point, which is not part of the project. HPSEB, the state government’s transmission utility, will run an 11 km double circuit 220 kV transmission line from the Kuddu 220 kV substation for evacuating power from the Pabbar valley projects to a 220/132 kV capacity grid substation at Moginand. This component is not under the tranche 1 investments. A separate assessment will be done by the state transmitter utility (STU) after state-level technical clearances for lines are given by competent authorities.
16. The 1997 flash flood in the catchment area led to the suggestion of adopting 3,000 m3/sec as the design flood level. Sawra Kuddu’s diversion structure of is designed with spillways to release of excess flows and to pass the floods instead of storing them. There is minimum downstream discharge, which will be maintained throughout the year in the downstream sections. This design feature preserves two water mills located between the diversion barrage and the tailrace tunnel outlet. It also ensures fulfilling of irrigation and environmental needs. The design of the barrage provides for maintaining fish migration in any season. In addition, the provision of the minimum downstream discharge will ease fish passages.
17. The design discharge of 65 m3/sec, which is available 18% of the time, affords economical results. Studies of power generation with different installed capacity were carried out. No appreciable energy gain was found at 115 MW versus 111 MW, and accordingly the installed capacity has been fixed at 111 MW. The annual generation in 90% and 50% dependable years works out to be 385.78 GWh and 506.61 GWh. Minimum power generation on average ten daily flow basis in 90% and 50% dependable years will be about 22.8 MW and 16.8 MW, respectively. At a unit size of 37 MW, generation at any given time will not fall below 51% of the rated unit capacity. Considering the pattern of water flows and minimum generation, three units of 37 MW each were proposed.
B. Description of the Environment
1. Physical Resources
18. Air Quality. The project area represents a mainly rural environment. The prime sources of air pollution in the region are vehicular traffic, dust (from unpaved village roads), and domestic fuel burning. In 2005, four locations monitored ambient air quality at a regular frequency 5 days in a week to develop a baseline of air quality and to establish the existing (pre-project) ambient air quality level in the area for the following pollutants: total suspended particulate, sulphur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx).
19. The ambient air quality monitoring survey was conducted during March–April 2005, and the results are summarized in Appendix 1, Table 1.9. The Himachal Pradesh State Environment Protector 3 - and Pollution Control Board (HPSEPPCB) found the NOx levels from 3.16 to 6.66 µg/m (equivalent to 10 12 3] 3 kilograms per cubic meter [kg/m ), the SO2 levels from 0.44 to 1.56 µg/m and the suspended 3 3 particulate matter levels from 27.14 to 50.87 µg/m . The highest NOx value (6.66 µg/m ) was observed at a station located in Hatkoti Village near the temple site. The NOx levels observed were much lower than 3 the permissible limit of 80 µg/m specified for the rural and residential areas. The highest average SO2 value (1.38 µg/m3) was observed at station located in the Sawra Village barrage site, while the highest 3 value (1.56 µg/m ) was observed at Snail Village near powerhouse site. The SO2 levels observed were much lower than the permissible limit of 80 µg/m3 specified for the rural and residential areas. The
7 7 maximum suspended particulate matter level of 57.35 µg/m3 was observed at station located near Hatkoti temple. At all the ambient air quality monitoring stations, the suspended particulate matter levels was much below the permissible limits, as shown in the Appendix I, Table 1.10.
20. Climate. The daily maximum temperature in the region varies from 30ºC (degrees centigrade) to 40º C in summer and 10ºC to 20 ºC in winter, whereas the daily minimum temperature is about 10ºC to 20º C in summer and a few degrees below the freezing point in winter. Mean monthly and mean annual precipitation in millimeters (mm) at the three stations within the catchment is 1,003 at Rohru, 1,068 at Jubbal, and 1,673 at Khadrala with the maximum precipitation happening in July and August. All these stations are situated in the lower part of the catchment area and upstream of the Sawra Kuddu project. The difference in the catchment areas at Dhamwari and Sawra is about five times and the precipitation in Dhamwari is mostly snow and at Sawra is mostly rain.
21. Hydrology. The maximum and minimum ten daily discharges at the diversion site are 292.64 m3/sec and 8.38 m3/sec respectively. The discharges of the Pabbar River, like other rivers in Himachal Pradesh, are least during winter months (November to February) and start increasing in March because of melting of snow, with the bulk contribution from June to August. Discharge measuring stations at Tagnu, Dhamwari, Mandly, and Sawra Bridge have been set up by the HPSEB. Based on the available computed data from 1978–1979 to 1999–2000 of the Pabbar River at the diversion site, about 13.00 m3/sec of discharge was available for 90% of the time and 30 m3/sec for 50% of the overall period. The design discharge of 65 m3/sec was available for 18% of the total duration of 28 years.
22. Water Quality. The proposed project is located in an area where apple growing is the mainstay of the people. The catchment area villages and small townships have a population of 104,000 located near the diversion structure site. The major sources of water in the project area are streams, springs, and nallahs adjacent to habitations; water is conveyed to consumers under gravity. The Pabbar River’s water quality was studied by the HPSEPPCB during the month of April 2005 as a part of the baseline environmental quality studies for the EIA. Samples from various tributaries of the Pabbar River were collected and analyzed. Although the sewage falls into various streams or nallahs flowing adjacent to the settlements, the biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand values were found to be very low, indicating reduced organic pollution load and absence of industries in the area. The water quality is assessed as class A, which means that water can be used for drinking purposes after disinfecting, without conventional treatment. A summary analysis of Pabbar River surface water quality is given in Appendix 1, Tables A1.4 and A1.5. Samples of groundwater were also collected and analyzed; the results are summarized in Appendix 1, Tables A1.6 and A1.7.
23. The total biological oxygen demand loading from domestic sources in the catchment area monitored at the diversion structure site is about 28 kg/day. The biological oxygen demand of the surface water as monitored at 13 sites is 0.01 milligrams/liter (mg/l) and that of the groundwater as monitored at seven sites is between 0.01 and 0.09 mg/l (Appendix 1, Table 1.8). Low calcium and magnesium levels make the water soft. The total hardness in various water samples was well below the permissible limit of 200 mg/l. The carbonate hardness accounts for the entire hardness in the water samples; the noncarbonate hardness is virtually absent in the project area. The total dissoved solids values ranged from 35 mg/l to 123 mg/l, which are well below the permissible limit of 500 mg/l specified for drinking water. The fluoride levels were much lower than the permissible limit for drinking water.
24. Noise. The noise levels were monitored continuously for 12 hours at each location, and hourly equivalent noise levels were measured in daytime and nighttime. The equivalent noise levels (Leq) at various locations as monitored by the HPSEPPCB have been tabulated in Appendix 1, Table A1.11 (under the ambient air quality). The noise levels at various sampling stations (Appendix 1,
8 8 Table A1.13) ranged from 62.00 to 76.00 dB(A) (decibels measured in the audible noise bands) (day) and 42 to 48.00 dB(A) (night). These levels were higher than the permissible limit specified for residential areas and are attributable to the noise of the river.
25. Topography and Soils. The Pabbar River, a major tributary of the Tons River, which in itself is a prominent tributary of the Yamuna River, is a rain- and snow-fed river. It originates in the Gangdari Dhar in the western Himalayas at an elevation of about 5,400 m above sea level (ASL) and flows mainly in a southwesterly direction. The headwaters are close to the water divide to the Baspa River in the Satluj basin. After the confluence, upstream of Tangnu with the Supin Khad, the river flows into a narrow valley, which widens after the confluence with Andhra Khad near Chirgaon. It traverses southwest until its confluences with the Yamuna River. The bed gradient of the river over its entire stretch ranges between 15 m/km and 40 m/km, but reaches 200 m/km in the uppermost regions. In its upper regions, the river valley is located between steep and high mountain ranges, and is very narrow. Along the lower stretches, the valley is usually wider, and part of the flood plains form cultivated land. The Pabbar River delivers a substantial amount of sediment load, particularly during snowmelt and flood seasons. In the winter, higher regions of the Himalayas receive precipitation as snow while moderate rainfall occurs in the foothills and adjoining plains.
26. Detailed geological appraisal of various components of the project was carried out. It is expected that 40% of tunnel rock mass encountered would be good to very good; about 37% would be fair, 13% poor, and 2% very poor. The soil profiles (Appendix 1, Table A1.12) from the catchment area are generally well-developed with clear demarcation of horizons. The soils are brown and transitional podsols. They have a fine texture akin to clays and clayey loams. Spruce and fir grow on a wide range of soils, especially brown soils and podsols. Kale and deodar (a tall cedar native to the Himalayas) generally thrive on brown soils. Large quantities of decomposing vegetative material enrich the forest soils with a good deal of humus. The following textures of soil generally of good depth are found within the area:
(i) loam or clayey loam in Jakhil village, in Khashdhar area; (ii) sandy loam in Kuddu and Batar forest areas; (iii) loamy clays with black color as in oak bearing areas; and (iv) loamy soil with a cover of humus suited for fir spruce.
In the Larot, Guas, and Chhachpur areas, which contain ridges, precipitous slopes, and southern aspects, the soils tend to be shallow and dry—a common feature around villages because of frequent fires and excessive grazing.
27. Bedded and gneissose quartzite belonging to the Jatog formation is exposed on one bank of the proposed diversion structure. Geological investigations in the form of seismic refraction measurements at the barrage site revealed overburden and well-compacted strata of 50 m at the barrage site. In view of the thick overburden in the riverbed, it was decided to construct a small barrage at the diversion structure. The headrace tunnel will pass through quartzite, chloride schist with bands of quartzite aguen gneiss, carbonaceous phyllites, and quartzite gneiss. This will generally be a receptive tunnel drilling media. Quartzite and schist are fair to good quality tunneling media, and phyllites vary from poor to good quality tunneling conditions. Rock mass in the underground powerhouse cavity was found to be good to moderately jointed. Rock mass likely to be encountered will be quartzite phyllite. Quartzite is assessed to contain 80% to 100% quartz. It is highly permeable in nature due to brittleness, so grouting would be carried out.
28. Seismology. The project area falls in the Zone V of the Seismic Zoning Map of India. The magnitude frequency relationship of seismic events of the area within 31º N–32º N latitude and
9 9 77º E–79º E longitude corresponding to the Yamuna and Satluj basins shows that the maximum acceleration in the area was a magnitude of 6 and occurred once. Detailed spectrum acceleration studies for the project are being conducted by the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Diversion barrage and underground structures would be designed as per the peak acceleration response spectrum obtained from these studies.
2. Ecological Resources
29. Forests. The project area lies in the Rohru forest division of Shimla District. The elevation of the catchment is between 1,400 m and 5,000 m above mean sea level. About 25% of the area is located lower than 2,000 m above mean sea level, 35% between 2,000 m and 3,000 m above mean sea level, and 40% higher than 3,000 m above mean sea level. The permanent snow line in the basin is about 4,500 m above mean sea level. Only 2% of the catchment area is situated above this level. Thus, based on elevation and as per A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India by H.G. Champion and S.K. Seth,3 the main forest types observed in the project area (including the catchment area) are listed in Table 5 below.
Table 5: Types of Forests Found 1. Group 9: Subtropical Pine Forests 1.1 Upper Himalayan Chir Pine Forests (Pinus roxburghii) 2. Group 12: Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests 2.1 Ban Oak Forest (Quercus leucotricophora) 2.2 Mohru Oak Forest (Quercus dilitata) 2.3 Moist Deodar Forest (Cedrus deodara) 2.4 Western Mixed Coniferous Forest 2.5 Moist Temperate Deciduous Forest 2.6 Low Level Blue Pine Forest (Pinus wallichiana) 2.7 Kharsu Oak Forest (Quercus semicarpifolia) 2.8 Alder Forest (Alnus nitida) 2.9 Montane Bamboo Brakes 2.10 Himalayan Temperate Parkland 3. Group 15 Moist Alpine Scrub Forests 3.1 Birch Rhododendron Scrub Forest 3.2 Deciduous Alpine Scrub Forest 3.3 Alpine Pastures Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
30. Flora and Fauna. As per the report of the Himachal Pradesh Forest Department, there are no protected, rare, or sensitive species of animals or plants within the project area. A flora survey was carried out at representative sites in the project area and adjacent areas for two seasons. A 10 tree species, five shrub species, and 14 herb and grass species were observed in project area. Pinus roxburghii and Alnus nitida were observed as dominant trees in the project area while Berberis asistata and Indigofera spp were the dominant shrubs.
31. No major faunal species were sighted in the project area except for few reptiles during the field survey. The rocky terrain exhibits little bird life. Occasional observations are made of the Grey Wagtail (Motacilla cinerea melanope), Blue Rock Thrush (Monicola solitarius) and Alpine Swift (Apus melba). Among birds of prey frequent encounters took place with the Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), the Central Asian Hobby (Falco subbuteo centralasiae), and Shahi Falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinator. Three bird species were strongly associated with the riparian and aquatic habitat. These are the (i) Plumbeous Redstart (Rhyacornis fuliginosus), (ii) Blue Whistling Thrush (Myophonus caeruleus), and (iii) Brown Dipper (Cinclus pallasii), all common for Himalayan streams.
3 Champion, H.G., and S.K. Seth. 2005. A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Dehra Dun: Natraj Publications.
10 10 32. Aquatic Fauna. The plankton population in the nallah is inherently poor and subject to constant change; it has very ecological little role to play. Benthic organisms, particularly the epiphytic and epilithic genera represented by Melosira, Nitzschia, Fragelaria, and Synedra, play an important role in propagation of benthic fauna and fish life. The fish fauna of the river and its tributaries with in the tract are of two types:
(i) Indigenous fish. The important local fish are Schizothorax plagiostomus (snow trout) and Tor tor; commonly known as gugli and mahaseer respectively. (ii) Introduced fish. The only introduced fish is Salmo trutta, which is very well known by the name of brown trout. It has naturalized in these waters and provides good sport fishing.
3. Economic Development
33. Population. The total population of the villages in the project area is 5,000. The family size is about 5–7. The number of females per 1,000 males is 842. The literacy rate is about 75%. The population in these panchayats is engaged mainly in agriculture and horticulture, while some carry on trade and other business activities. A growing trend is observed toward contract work for a variety of jobs but mainly for government-sponsored activities.
34. Land use. The entire project area is located in the Jubbal Block, Tehsil Rohru, District Shimla, in the State of Himachal Pradesh. The project components (including the roads, tunnels, etc.) are located in nine panchayats, which will be affected because of (i) land acquisition, (ii) location above the proposed tunnel; (iii) road construction; (iv) water regime disruption; or (v) project camp construction. These panchayats are listed in Table 6.
Table 6: List of Affected Panchayats Item Name of Gram Panchayat Remarks 1 Ranwi Jubbal Block, Left Bank of Pabbar River 2 Thana Jubbal Block, Left Bank of Pabbar River 3 Mandhol Jubbal Block, Left Bank of Pabbar River 4 Jhalta Jubbal Block, Left Bank of Pabbar River 5 Giltari Jubbal Block, Left Bank of Pabbar River 6 Saraswati Nagar Jubbal Block, Right Bank of Pabbar River 7 Anty (Anti) Jubbal Block, Right Bank of Pabbar River 8 Kuddu Jubbal Block, Right Bank of Pabbar River 9 Sari Jubbal Block, Right Bank of Pabbar River Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
35. The land use classification and coverage in the catchment was found in a land use map procured from NRSA, Hyderabad. Survey of India Topo-sheet and others are in Table 7 below. The rate of erosion in the catchment area is estimated at 36.15 tons/square kilometer/year (t/km2/yr), as per the HPSEB studies. Wasteland is recorded as 24.6511 hectares (ha) against the total land requirement of 97.6206 ha.
Table 7: Land Use Pattern in the Project Area (including Catchment Area) Item Land Use Percentage of Catchment 1 Built-up land 0.15 2 Degraded or scrub land 3.25 3 Evergreen and/or semi-evergreen forest 20.00 4 Forest plantation 15.00 5 Grass land and grazing land 10.00 6 Agricultural land 15.00 7 Wasteland without scrub 30.00 8 Plantation 3.00
11 11 9 Snow covered and glacial area 2.00 10 Rocky unusable waste near areas of steams and river 1.60 beds Total 100.00 Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
36. Agriculture, Industry, Infrastructure. There is currently no industry in the Jubbal area, which is mostly a traditional tourism site. It has good access to other major towns by road and has good infrastructure facilities (water supply, sewerage, flood control). Agricultural production (apple and other crops) is the main activity in the subproject affected area. All the families rely on agriculture as the main economic activity, although some family members also engage in other professions such as government services (46.94%) and trading (3.06%), as shown in Table 8.
Table 8: Major Economic Activities of the Households Item Activity No. of Households % of Total 1 Agriculture 98 100.00 2 Working for other farmers 0 0.00 3 Small enterprise 3 3.06 4 Government and NGO 46 46.94 5 Business and trading 3 3.06 6 Hunting or gathering 0 0.00 7 Daily wage 2 2.04 8 Others 1 1.02 Total 98 100.00 NGO= nongovernment organization. Source: Socio Economic Survey, 2007, GOHP
4. Social and Cultural Resources
37. Population and Communities. Himachal Pradesh Power Corportion Ldt. (HPPCL) and its contracting agencies comply with the recent hydropower policy of the government of Himachal Pradesh with respect to providing employment to the members of project-affected families or persons (and other bona fide Himachalis) on a “suitability and availability basis.” The area is already has interaction with people from other parts of the country because of the large harvests of fruits, mainly apple. Traders and orchard harvesting labor make seasonal visits to the area. A large amount of Nepali labor is employed by the orchardists in a number of operations. The impact of outside influence on social and economic life of the local people from the project will not be either significant or permanent.
38. Socioeconomic Structure. Temporary migratory workers from various parts of the country and from abroad will be involved in the project activities. This will have cultural, ethnic, and social impacts on local communities. Such a mixture of population has its own advantages and disadvantages. The advantages include exchange of ideas and cultures between various groups of people that would not be possible otherwise. Due to longer residence of this population in one place, a new culture with distinct socioeconomic conditions and its own identity would develop. A dramatic increase in temporary job opportunities will attract many people.
39. Landholding Status. There are no landless households found in the project area. All the households have land holdings as shown in Table 9.
12 12
Table 9: Landholding Status Item Particulars No. of Households % of Total 1. Landholder Households 98 100.00 2. Landless Households 0 0.00 Total Households 98 100.00 Source: Socio Economic Survey, 2007, GOHP
40. The average cultivated plots have 9.90 bigha (a tradition unit of land area; in India, it is usually less than 0.4 ha), whereas the average uncultivable landholding is 7.7 bigha, as shown in Table 10.
Table 10: Type of Landholding (bigha) Item Type of Land Average Holding 1. Cultivable 9.90 2. Uncultivable 7.77 3. Landless 0.00 4. Total Households (number) 98 Source: Socio Economic Survey, 2007, GOHP
41. Major Cropping Pattern. Fruits and vegetables (84.69% and 57.14% respectively) are the major produce cultivated by the majority of the households in the subproject-affected area. Wheat is the third major crop (38.78%) being cultivated by households followed by dal (pulses or dried beans, including kidney bean), which is cultivated by 35.71% of the households, as shown in Table 11.
Table 11: Major Cropping Pattern Item Type of Crop Number of Households % of Total 1. Wheat 38 38.78 2. Dal 35 35.71 3. Rice 29 29.59 4. Maize 10 10.20 5. Vegetables 56 57.14 6. Fruits 83 84.69 7. Others 0 0.00 Total 251 100.00 Source: Socio Economic Survey, 2007, GOHP
42. Average Annual Income. Agriculture and service contribute the most to the average annual household income. Although it differs from household to household, the total average annual income along the project area is Rs304,087. Details are shown in Table 12.
13 13
Table 12: Average Annual Household Income (Rs) Item Source of Income Average Annual Income 1. Agriculture 217,321 2. Service 81,255 3. Business 4,082 4. Labor 612 5. Professional 2,755 6. Other 0 7. Total Average 304,087 Rs = rupees. Source: Socio Economic Survey, 2007, GOHP
43. There are three archaeological sites in the vicinity of the project—two sites are well above (about 8 m) the full reservoir level, while the remaining one site is about 1.5 m above. These sites are said to be associated with Mahabharat Period and would be preserved in situ. While two sites above the Hatkoti-Rohru road are well-preserved, the one below the road is dilapidated. All three sites are on the right bank of the Pabbar River and would be adjacent to the reservoir area above full reservoir level. A protective wall will be constructed around downhill sides prevent landslides at these three sites.
C. Alternatives
1. Without Project
44. There are three “without project” scenarios, as follows:
(i) Scenario 1: no action at all (business as usual). Without the project, the significant energy deficit in the northern region (9.9% deficit in 2006–2007) would not be reduced by 385.78 GWh per year from this renewable energy source. The expansion of industry in the state and adjoining states would be stifled and residential consumption of electricity curbed. An equal amount of power would have to be generated by alternative means, most likely from a fossil fuel-powered plant. (ii) Scenario 2: no new generation plants are constructed, and power is purchased via PowerGrid Company India Limited (PGCIL) (a central utility) from the northern grid. The Government of India, Ministry of Power (MOP) and and the Department of Power, Government of Himachal Pradesh have dismissed scenarios 1 and 2, because there is a power shortage in the state, combined with a good potential for hydropower and the need to develop a power surplus to foster economic growth. (iii) Scenario 3: the state’s sources of revenue have been changed from traditional forest and other similar resource exploitation to increase dependence on 12% free power from hydropower projects, leading to the state’s ability to impose a ban on green fellings. Business-as-usual situation may force the state to revert, with consequent deforestation.
2. With Project
45. Fuel Type. Hydropower development in India is being given priority to optimize the efficiency of country’s power system and usage of resources for sustainable power generation in an environment-friendly manner. From the operational angle, hydropower projects also provide synergy for optimizing generation, result in fuel savings, minimize greenhouse gases, and supporting sustainable development. Hydropower results in energy generated through renewable resources and
14 14 helps avoid emissions from equivalent thermal plants. The proposed power generation from the Sawra Kuddu project funded under the Himachal Pradesh Clean Energy Development Investment Program (HPCEDIP) is 111 MW.
46. Project Design. The selected barrage site includes a relatively straight section of river, a submerged area, reasonable space for the intake and desilting structures, space for construction activities, no areas of dense forest, and no ecologically sensitive sites within 5 km. Losses in water conductor system corresponding to design discharge of 65 m3/sec from intake to generating units have been worked out as 17.67 m. The design discharge of 65 m3/sec, which is available 18% of the time, assures the highest economic effectiveness. Studies of power generation with different installed capacity found no appreciable energy gain from 111 MW to 115 MW, so installed capacity has been fixed at 111 MW. The annual generation in 90% and 50% dependable years works out to be 385.78 GWh and 506.61 GWh.
47. The hydropower plant will function as a peaking station. The power generated will be evacuated through the state transmission utility HPSEB. Even during the dry season (November– April), a minimum flow will be released to the rivers. Following the construction, HPPCL will ensure water source restoration and stream bank stabilization, continuation of mining in the impacted sites, protecting of riparian vegetation, monitoring of water quality, use eco-friendly techniques for road development and maintenance, and the establishment of strong working partnerships among civil engineers, environmental biologists, and the public.
48. Lessons from the hydropower sector and related ADB projects will have to be taken into account to guide project design, particularly those related to baseline information and mitigation measures. The design includes mitigation measures for maintenance of flow level as there may be dewatering effects downstream during the dry season due to the flow diversion and damming of the river. The effect is local, and it would be overcome to some extent by releasing compensation flow downstream. The minimal ecological flow for the conservation of microflora, aquatic insects, and fish in the dewatering zone will be maintained at 15% of the regular flow. Regular releases of flushing flows will maintain quality of spawning gravel by scouring fine sediments away. The compensation flow would vary from season to season.
49. The “with project” alternative is the proposed generation expansion program. The projects in the investment program do induce negative impact, but with proper environmental mitigation plans and careful site selection, potential adverse environmental impacts associated with hydropower projects will be avoided or minimized. The following factors have been incorporated while selecting the project sites:
(i) Avoidance of deforestation for state’s revenue and also for fuel substitution. (ii) Avoidance of ecologically significant or environmentally sensitive areas, such as national parks, nature reserves, or wetlands (as designated by Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India). (iii) Minimization of potential environmental and social impacts (including resettlement, land taken, and cultural or religious sites) associated with initial alignments and locations by selection of alternative sites. (iv) Minimization of involuntary resettlement. (v) Avoidance of monuments of cultural or historical importance. (vi) No threatening of indigenous peoples, including tribal communities. (vii) No direct impact on social infrastructure such as playgrounds or schools. (viii) Avoidance of clearing of any existing forest resources to the maximum extent possible; where unavoidable, minimized and compensated according to Indian regulatory criteria.
15 15 (ix) Consultation with and adequate compensation of affected people as appropriate.
50. Other additional safeguards taken into account include the following:
(i) Road alignments and dumping sites are generally sited 10–15 km away from major towns, whenever possible, to account for future urban expansion. (ii) Forests are avoided if possible, in consultation with the local divisional forest officer, to cause minimum damage to existing forest resources. National parks and sanctuaries and any other forest area rich in wildlife have been avoided totally. (iii) Alignments are selected to avoid river beds and unstable areas.
51. Alternative locations for Sawra Kuddu were studied with the help of Government published data, including the Forest Atlas of India and topographical maps from the Survey to arrive at the most optimum sites and routes for detailed survey and assessment of environmental and social impacts. The Government of Himachal Pradesh has decided to encourage generation of power through hydropower sources of energy, and it has framed a policy so that the development of this sector serves as an engine for the overall development of the state. The construction of new hydropower projects and augmentation of existing ones would result in generation of additional power for consumption within the state.
D. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
52. The primary adverse environmental impacts of the project (based on type, duration, extent, and severity) will be changes in the river hydrology, loss of agricultural and forest land, decline in the quality of aquatic ecosystems, and resettlement (Table 13). Most of the likely impacts will occur during project operation because of the altered river hydrology between the barrage and the tailrace outlet.
Table 13: Likely Primary Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts of the Sawra Kuddu Hydropower Project Issue/Feature Impact Extent Duration
Hydrology • Reduced river flows Reduction by 85% of minimum water Permanent between barrage and flow along 13 km stretch of river tailrace outlet Volume of impoundment - 0.93 m3 • Water impoundment BOD/COD levels affected Permanent upstream of barrage • Decline in river water quality Permanent
Aquatic • Altered river ecosystem 13 km Pabbar River, pondage Permanent ecosystems inundation area • Prevention of upstream Total impediment Permanent fish movement
Land resources • Loss of agricultural and forest land 50.3 ha total land conversion Permanent
Social • Minimum relocation of households 165 project-affected families Permanent (whose land is being acquired) Groundwater • Remote possibility of damage to 30 supply sources per latest Temporary water supply (to be restored if any inventory prepared damage, even if not directly attributable to project activity)
16 16 BOD = biological oxygen demand, COD = chemical oxygen demand, ha = hectare, m = meter, km = kilometer. Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by HPSEB.
1. Environmental Impacts Due to Project Location and Design
53. Altered River Volumes. Diversion of water from the river changes the riverine ecology significantly. It not only hinders the connectivity of water passage for fish migration but may also have an impact on downstream drinking water needs, irrigation, watermills, and health if downstream population depends on the river’s water. The Hydro-Power Policy of Himachal Pradesh has made provision to safeguard a minimum water flow of 15% immediately downstream of the diversion structures in all times, including the lean season from November to March. HPPCL commits to comply with the provisions in the state’s Hydro-Power Policy and notifications its government. The observed minimum inflow in the lean season at the barrage site is 8.48 m3 4 of which 15% is 1.27 m3, which will be maintained immediately below the diversion barrage proposed at Hatkoti.
54. The riparian environment between the diversion barrage and the tailrace outlet covers an elongated area of about 13 km along the well-defined and narrow river channel. The steep riverbed slope in this section is about 16 m per km indicates a fast water flow amply with downward transporting of huge boulders along the river course. There are virtually no significant depositions of sand or silt, which means that the riverbed and banks are formed mostly of gravel, rocks and boulders. After construction of the Sawra-Kuddu barrage, the water would be diverted for power generation. The tailrace will discharge into the Pabbar River 13 km downstream of the barrage site, so that 13 km stretch between barrage and tailrace channel may have lower flow during the lean season.
55. There are many streams and nallahs that join the river between the barrage and the tailrace channel from the powerhouse and out fall into the affected stretch. Among these tributaries are Ranvi Khad (less than 100 m downstream of the barrage on the left bank), Salanti Gad, Kunu Gad, and Nalia Khad. Some seasonal streams also join the Pabbar River between the point of diversion and the tailrace outlet. These streams have a total discharge of more than 3.53 m3 per second. The two streams between the diversion location and the tailrace tunnel on the left bank have a varying flow of 0.17 m3 to 1.10 m3 during the lean season, with a total discharge of more than 1.27 m3. On the right bank, there are about 3 nallahs with an average lean season flow of 1.2 m3 to 0.4 m3, with total discharge of about 2.26 m3. The waters from these streams will not be tapped by the project. A minimum lean season downstream discharge from the barrage of about 1.27 m3 would be maintained, thus a total lean season discharge of 4.8 m3 would be available to the local downstream villages. At least 4.8 m3 flow would be maintained between the barrage and tailrace location throughout the year. The available downstream discharge is given in Table 14.
Table 14: Maintaining Downstream Discharge in Pabbar River (m3) Item Tributary or Source Discharge Remarks (in m3) 1. Minimum Downstream 1.27 Minimum 15% of dry season discharge Discharge from Barrage 2. Ranwi Khad 0.17 Less than 100 meters downstream of barrage on left bank of Pabbar River 3. Salanti Gad 1.02 Joins on right bank of main Pabbar River 4. Kunnu Gad 1.20 Joins on right bank of main Pabbar River 5. Nalia Khad 0.04 Joins on right bank of main Pabbar River 6. Jakhi Khad 1.10 Joins on left bank of main Pabbar River Total 4.80 Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
4 Per the detailed project report (DPR)
17 17 56. With the lower base flow of water below the diversion barrage, it may be expected that silt will deposit, at least temporarily, in the river section above the tailrace outlet. Flash floods and the flood season discharge will, however, irregularly redistribute the silt and move it downstream. An electronic flow-measuring device will be installed to ascertain and monitor downstream discharge (15% of inflow) in addition to conventional engineering devices such as weirs or flumes. The diversion of water at the barrage means that the riverbed usually will be dry below the barrage during low water periods; however, flood season water will pass the barrage and continue in the old riverbed. Provision for 15% of total environmental flow or discharge through a fish pass has been made to facilitate fish migration, maintain the environment, sustain irrigation and watermills (currently none exists), and for the benefit pilgrims visiting the temple at Hatkoti.
57. Disruption of Fish Migration. Commercial fishing exists only marginally in the project area. The majority of the local population consumes fish occasionally. A few families below Hatkoti and upstream of the tailrace outlet at Sanail hold fishing licenses and fish to supplement their diet and family income. The barrage at Hatkoti will not act as a barrier to the free movement of fish species, because of the fish pass and minimum discharge to be provided. Any fish-dependent livelihood being affected by the project must be addressed. Viable options can be supported by the local area development committee (at 1.5% of total subproject cost) from the funds being provided by the project. The reservoir and proposed fisheries are likely to enhance tourism in the area, providing indirect employment opportunities and fish production.
58. Land Acquisition and Land Use Conversion. Change in land use entails realignment of anthropogenic forces exerting varying degrees of pressure on land and it initiates a pressure readjustment process. Diversion of forestland shifts the pressure of exercise of usage rights to adjoining areas where the pressure increases and may result in degradation of the same. The total land to be acquired for the project is about 97.6206 ha. Out of the total requirement of land, forestland constitutes 53.2076 ha. Forestland in the project area fall into three categories: namely charagah billa darakhtan (pasture without trees), charagah darakhtan (pasture with trees), and wasteland. Area required from each of these three categories is 22.698 ha, 5.8585 ha, and 24.6511 ha, respectively. Land required from private holdings is 44.413 ha, of which 31.7158 ha is cultivated and 12.6972 ha is uncultivated. Of the total 53.2076 ha of forestland required, the largest need (25.3228 ha) would be for the barrage and reservoir component, followed by 9.1284 ha for dumping sites. Private lands are being acquired for surface and aboveground components for the reservoir area, with the remaining being used for housing and site offices.
59. The surface land requirement is 88.3671 ha and the underground requirement is 53.2076 ha. The details are given in Table 15.
Table 15: Land Required for Various Components of the Project (ha) Land Requirement Area Private Land Government Land Name of Forestland Forestland Subtot Total Component Cat-1@ Cat-2$ Subtotal Wasteland A B al Item A. Surface and Above-ground Components Barrage and 1. 17.5339 7.4371 24.971 6.6413 0.0588 18.6227 25.3228 50.2938 Reservoir 2. Approach Roads 1.1838 0.6726 1.8564 1.1791 2.3559 1.0904 4.6254 6.4818 3. Colony and Site 5.1408 0.9470 6.0878 0.2660 0.2425 0.8023 1.3108 7.3986 Offices Workshops and 4. 5.1174 0.6906 5.8134 0.1460 0.3301 0.2604 0.7365 6.5499 Stores 5. Dumping Area 2.4288 1.5973 4.0261 3.7414 2.8312 2.5558 9.1284 13.1545 6. Quarry Sites 0.3111 0.3746 0.6857 1.4707 0 1.3195 2.7902 3.4759 7. Adits 0.0000 0.2500 0.2500 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.2500
18 18 Land Requirement Area Private Land Government Land Name of Forestland Forestland Subtot Total Component Cat-1@ Cat-2$ Subtotal Wasteland A B al Item A. Surface and Above-ground Components 8. Desilting 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.7226 0.7226 0.7226 Arrangement 9. Surge Shaft 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0400 0.0000 0.0400 0.0400 Subtotal (A) 31.7158 12.697 44.413 13.4445 5.8585 24.6511 43.9541 88.3671 B. Underground Components 1. Surge Gallery 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4095 0.0000 0.0000 0.4095 0.4095 2. Penstock 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1792 0.0000 0.0000 0.1792 0.1792 3. Powerhouse 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3000 0.0000 0.0000 0.3000 0.3000 4. Headrace Tunnel 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 7.9100 0.0000 0.0000 7.9100 7.9100 5. Tailrace Tunnel 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.4548 0.0000 0.0000 0.4548 0.4548 Subtotal (B) 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 9.2535 Total (A+B) 31.7158 12.697 44.413 22.698 5.8585 24.6511 53.2076 97.6206 Cat-1 = category 1 = cultivated; Cat-2 = category 2 = uncultivated; Forestland A = charagah billa darakhtan (pasture without trees); Forestland B = charagah darakhtan (pasture with trees), ha = hectare. Wasteland is also forestland. Subtotal of Government land is the total forestland required for the project. Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
60. Most of the land belongs to the Central Government (specifically the Forest Department), measuring 53.2076 ha for all components (both aboveground and underground). In the proposed project, private land of about 44.413 ha from various villages would be acquired. The acquisition will entail inconvenience to, and curtailment of usage of right by, the local communities. During construction, various types of equipment will be brought to the site. These include diesel generator sets, a batch plant, drillers, earthmovers, rock bolters, etc. The storing and working space requirement of this construction equipment would be significant. In addition, land will also be acquired temporarily (for the duration of project construction for storage of the quarried material before crushing, crushed material, cement rubble, etc.).
61. A total of 44.413 ha of private land required for acquisition for Sawra Kuddu subproject. The Implementing Agency, HPPCL, has already started the land acquisition process. About 32 ha of land have already been acquired, and the compensation for land to the affected people has already been disbursed. The assessment of land and identification of affected persons for the remaining 12 ha of land is in process for which section 4 and other relevant sections of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 have been initiated. The compensation amount for the remaining land has also been fixed by the Executing Agency through its designated land acquisition officer. The disbursement of money for the remaining land is due. The compensation is based on the market rate, which is at replacement value. All relevant departments, like revenue and Public Works Department (PWD), are involved in fixing the replacement value of the losses, and the land acquisition process is working smoothly.
62. The total number of affected households due to the land acquisition is 165. A census survey was conducted to assess various impacts of the affected households. A sample socio-economic survey was also conducted to assess the socioeconomic status of the affected persons and the project influence zone. There will be no adverse impact on indigenous peoples or on women. A summary of the land acquisition and resettlement impact is presented in Table 16.
Table 16: Summary Impact due to Land Acquisition (number) Item Impacts Number 1 Total area of agricultural land (ha) 45.75 2 Households losing agricultural land 163 3 Surveyed households 100
19 19 4 Structures (residential) affected 2 5 Community property resources affected 0 6 Households affected 165 7 Vulnerable households 14 8 Tenants, leaseholders, and sharecroppers 48 9 Trees 1,250 9 Titleholders 165 10 Non-titleholders 0 11 Affected persons 731 Source: Census Survey 2007, GOHP.
63. Resettlement. A total of two dwellings are being acquired for the project. The affected households have expressed a preference to resettle nearby, to minimize disruption and to benefit from kin group support, as well as new development opportunities generated by the project. Assistance in relocation will be provided to the affected households by the project and will be accomplished within a reasonable time. Some affected households have resettled locally, using the compensation provided by HPPCL. A resettlement plan for the project, detailing the impacts and measures to be taken to mitigate various project losses, is being prepared. The resettlement plan is based on the general findings of the census and social survey conducted by GOHP, field visits, and meetings with various affected persons. Community development plans are under preparation in consultation with the stakeholders; initiatives include relocation of common property resources such as schools and temples and creation and augmentation of community infrastructure with a focus on health and education, basic amenities, capacity building, etc.
2. Environmental Problems Due to Design
64. Impact on Forests and Trees. Diversion of forestland and felling of trees adversely impacts the environment and causes stress on the adjoining lands due to shifting of biotic pressure. The total forestland loss for the project is about 53.207 ha, including that for underground components. A total of 887 trees belonging to 10 species having 735.60 m3 by volume will be felled for the project purposes. It is stipulated to afforest a little over double the area of forestland being diverted. As such 107 ha would be afforested as compensatory afforestation at the project cost. All the areas of compensatory afforestation are located within Rohru Forest Division of Pabbar Valley in Shimla District. During the project construction phase, land in addition to reservoir submergence will also be required for location of construction equipment, storage of construction material, muck disposal, widening of existing roads, and construction of approach roads for project appurtenances. Such lands have some vegetation, either trees or grass and bushes. As can been seen from table 17, most of trees to be removed are broad-leaved species.
Table 17: Detail of Trees to Be Removed Abstract Total Project Area Abstract (Numbers and Volume in m3) Item Species V IV III IIA IIB IA IB IC ID Total A Conifers 1 Kail 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Volume 0 0.70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.70 2 Chil 2 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 6 Total Total Alignment) Volume 0.12 0.30 0 1.60 0 8.90 0 0 0 10.92 Subtotal (A) No. 2 3 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 8 Subtotal (A) Vol. 0.12 1.00 0 1.60 0 8.90 0 0 0 11.62 Reservoir + Road
(All Components = B Broad-leaves 1 Kunish 204 255 184 75 27 17 15 10 10 797 Volume 16.30 76.50147.00 113.00 59.40 54.40 64.50 57.00 78.00 665.82 2 Darake 3 9 6 2 1 0 0 0 0 21 Volume 0.24 2.70 4.20 2.60 2.20 0 0 0 0 11.94
20 20 3 Chulli 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Volume 0.08 0 0.70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.78 4 Robinia 5 15 24 3 0 0 0 0 0 47 Volume 0.40 4.5016.80 4.20 0 0 0 0 0 25.90 5 Kainth 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Volume 0.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.16 6 Fearu/Ferlu 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 Volume 0.08 1.20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.28 7 Willow 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 4 Volume 0 0.30 0 0 2.80 4.90 6.80 0 0 14.80 8 Kokat 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Volume 0 0 0 0 0 3.30 0 0 0 3.30 Subtotal (B) No. 216 284 215 80 29 19 16 10 10 879 Subtotal (B) Vol. 17.30 85.20 169.00 119.00 64.40 62.60 71.30 57.0 78.0 723.98 Total Conifers and BL (A+B) 218 287 215 81 29 21 16 10 10 887 Total Volume of Conifers and 17.40 86.20 169.00 121.00 64.40 71.50 71.30 57.00 78.00 735.60 BL (A+B) BL = broad-leaves, m3 = cubic meters. Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
65. The impact of removal of trees and submergence of land is likely to be felt by the local population in the form of increased hardship for grazing and fuelwood collection. This would be addressed through compensatory afforestation and implementing the CAT plan. The CAT plan has been formulated to take care of immediate needs of the population residing in the close vicinity and downstream of the barrage. The treatable area has been extended to cover the affected catchment below the diversion structure. The timber content from these trees could be put to long-term use in for construction material and furniture with an estimated useful life of not less than 60 years. In addition to reducing available resources for the local communities, vegetation reduction affects the carbon cycle of the area.
66. Based on field observations and interaction with locals, no major fauna is observed in the project area, thus no major impacts on terrestrial fauna are expected. The area also does not have significant wild bird population. The whole region supports good vegetation, and birds are well- distributed throughout. These birds are used to human habitation and disturbances. The project could have a positive impact on area birdlife. After commissioning, the reservoir may become a nesting and breeding ground for number of water birds; and other birds may come to feed in the area because the fish stocking and farming in the reservoir would increase the availability of food. Moreover, migratory birds may also visit the area on the way to and from the wintering grounds in the plains. The creation of a green belt around the reservoir to provide shelter and roosting places for birds would further attract birdlife.
3. Environmental Impact of Preconstruction and Construction Activities
67. The environmental impacts associated with hydoropower project location have been studied case-by-case. Appropriate site selection criteria have been reported in the EIAs to avoid unnecessary problems; and projects are designed to avoid ecologically sensitive areas such as reserve forests, wildlife sanctuaries, etc. The construction will involve removal of trees at the project site, excavation work, erection of equipment, and civil works including construction of the desilting chamber, forebay, penstock, powerhouse, and other works. Standard construction impacts will occur related mainly to specific construction activities, site disturbance, spoil disposal, river flow disruption, and worker influx. These types of construction impacts, common to most hydropower projects, are described below, as are associated mitigation measures.
21 21 a. Physical Resources
68. Impact on Topography. During the construction period, the topography will change due to excavation of the tunnel and erection of building, fill and cuts for leveling the tunnel and construction of powerhouse, forebay, desilting chamber, and penstock. Removal of soil at the underground powerhouse, barrage, and tunnel construction site and along construction access roads and power evacuation transmission line will cause change of surface features. The most prominent impact on the surface topography will be the creation of an impoundment upstream of the barrage. The impact will be local, but irreversible. The present features will be changed due to presence of the hydropower facilities—portals for powerhouse and adits, tunnels, roads, barrage, etc.
69. Material Extraction. A project of this magnitude requires a significant amount of construction material. It is proposed to use one existing quarry, which was used for construction of Andhra Hydropower Project in Pabbar Valley for this purpose. Other quarries have been identified at Jakhi Khad and at Anty between the barrage and tailrace tunnel outlet for meeting the construction material requirement for this project. Three crushers are to be located, one at the barrage site near Gunsa, another at Jakhi for tunnel lining works and the like, and the third at Mungra Nandal at the powerhouse site.Crushing operations will generate fugitive emissions of total particulate material. The quarrying operations cause noise, air (dust), and water pollution unless suitable measures are taken. All the three crushers would be provided with water sprinklers and/or cyclones to control the dust generated by primary crushing of stone aggregates. The contractors would provide the labor working in the underground components with respirators. The mined-out areas become prone to erosion and may contribute significantly to silt loads in streams and rivers. The mined-out areas will require remedying as described in the Mining Area Rehabilitation Plan attached to the EIA document.
70. Impact on Air Quality. Construction activities will involve soil excavation for the tunnel and barrage construction, movement of vehicles carrying the construction material, and the like. Such activities give rise to dust particle emissions that affect air quality marginally at the site; these are transitory in nature. Spraying of water during excavation will reduce the dust emission to a great extent. The most likely air pollution sources are increased vehicle traffic, primary crushing, and fugitive dust from the crushed material, followed by vehicular emissions from diesel- operated machines and transport vehicles.
71. Impact on Noise Levels. The major source of noise in a hydroelectric project is operation and movement of equipment during construction. For tunnel, barrage, and powerhouse construction, the major sources of noise pollution are movement of vehicles transporting the construction material and equipment to the site. The major work of the construction is expected to be carried out during the daytime. The noise produced during the construction will have a significant impact on the existing ambient noise levels. There are habitations within 2–3 km of the project site. The baseline data obtained in the surveys has returned a high value for the project area— 66.4 dB to 61.6 dB for daytime and 50 dB to 68.1 dB for the nighttime. Additional noise will be disturbing for the local population and the labor deployed on the construction works. All the equipment has been assumed to operate at a common point and at the same time. The increase in noise levels has been estimated, with the above assumption, to be about 10 dB(A) at distance of 1 km from the noise source. Given the high baseline, however, the noise levels in the area may remain high until water is abstracted for diversion through the headrace tunnel. Once the project is commissioned, the high noise levels existing today are bound to reduce very significantly. To reduce the noise from machinery, it is suggested that mufflers be provided and exhausts be kept in good condition. The labor working in close proximity to this equipment during construction would be affected. The contractors would be required to provide earplugs to the labor engaged in the underground work.
22 22 Although most of the project work would be underground, the aboveground operations (mainly stone crushers) would need to be provided with walls or barriers around them as defined by the Industries Department, GOHP.
72. Impact on Surface Water Quality. The construction will have significant impact on the surface and groundwater quality in the area. Local villagers express fears about disturbance to groundwater regime and springs and hand pumps drying up due to blasting for tunneling operations. Contamination of water bodies may result if construction material spills and surface runoff from the construction site join the water body. There may be an increase in turbidity levels where the proposed road alignment crosses if the surface runoff during construction meets the river. Even during the barrage construction phase, the turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) and some other water quality parameters like biological oxygen demand are likely to increase. This can be avoided by careful selection of the sites and the access roads so that the surface runoff does not meet the river.
73. Care will be taken to locate the temporary construction worker camps away from the water bodies. Adequate drinking water, sanitary facilities, and drainage should be provided in the camps to avoid the surface water pollution. Also to be provided is an adequate washing and toilet facilities with septic tanks in labor camps and a sewage treatment system for the project’s worker housing. Solid waste management with an appropriate refuse collection and disposal system should be made obligatory. Oil-confining basins and oil–water separation should be provided at the work sites to avoid the surface water pollution. Oil traps should be provided for separation of oily waste. Sedimentation ponds should be provided at the site during the construction phase. The sludge generated at the trap should be kept in a specified place inside the premises and sold to authorized contractors or third parties. No sludge disposal on land should be allowed.
74. Impact on Soil and Geology. The impact on soils will come from soil erosion at the construction site and along the access routes due to excavation activity and land clearance. Erosion-prone areas will be strengthened before construction begins. Leveling and stabilization of construction sites will be done after completion of activity. Construction chemicals, if any, must be handled properly to avoid any soil contamination.
75. Spoil Disposal. The balance muck will be about 0.312 million m3 (or 311,922 m3); and after swell, it would become about 0.435 Mm3 (or 435,131 m3), which will require disposal. Five muck-dumping sites have been identified involving an area of about 13.16 ha. These sites have a combined capacity of 0.827 Mm3 without ramming and compaction of the muck. The muck dumping sites would be rammed, compacted, and, if need be, sprayed with water. A large quantity of muck is expected to be generated as a result of tunneling operations, construction of the diversion barrage, desilting tank construction, powerhouse cavern, and road construction.
76. Rolling down of muck along hill slopes that ultimately flow into the streams and rivers is a potential threat to the environment. During hot and dry weather, muck in dumping sites could start blowing in the form of dust. Normally, muck disposal sites are cleared of vegetation before disposal begins. Trees are cut; and any shrubs, grass, or undergrowth on which muck is disposed perishes. At dumping site No. 3 at Katinda Chak in Katinda Dogri, however, tree retention is preferred; and the site has been subdivided into three sites. Unplanned disposal portends serious danger to the health of the aquatic flora and fauna, as well. The total quantity of muck to be generated during the construction phase of the proposed project is about 0.728 Mm3 (728,404 m3). About 0.336 Mm3 (336,482 m3) will be utilized in activities of the project, such as inverted filter, earth backfill, soil macdur, road construction, and for aggregate, etc. About 0.08 Mm3 (80,000 m3) is expected to be disposed through free of cost lifting by other development departments and individuals. Thus, the total disposal would be about 0.416 Mm3 (416,482 m3).
23 23 Muck disposal site maps, engineering plans, environmental measures, and methodology for siting, disposal, and stablizing are the same as given in the muck disposal plan attached to the EIA document completed by HPPCL.
77. Road Construction Impacts. The topography of the area is not adverse to road construction, and threat of erosion due to road construction is minimal. The project construction would entail significant vehicular movement for transportation of large construction material and heavy construction equipment. Some of the roads in the project area may require widening. Approach roads would have to be constructed for various components of the project. About 9 km of new roads will be constructed. In addition to generating muck, the road construction also causes dust during the construction phase, when vehicular movement would probably be the highest and the road cannot be tarred. Dust from truck and heavy vehicle movement is not expected to travel for long distances, however. Land requirements are shown in Table 18.
Table 18: Land Requirement (ha) Private Land Government Land Name of Component Forestland Forestland Total Cat-1@ Cat-2$ Subtotal Wasteland Subtotal A B
Approach Roads 1.1838 0.6726 1.8564 1.1791 2.3559 1.0904 4.6254 6.4818
Cat-1@ = category 1 cultivated, Cat-2$ = category 2 uncultivated, forestland A = charagah billa darakhtan (pasture without trees), forestland B = charagah darakhtan (pasture with trees), ha = hectare. Wasteland is also forestland. Subtotal of Government land is the total forestland required for the project. Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
b. Ecological Resources
78. Impact on Terrestrial Ecology. The initial construction work along roads and for tunnel alignment involves land clearance, cutting, filling, and leveling that may cause loss of vegetation. This impact will be an irreversible. Care should be taken to avoid thick vegetation and, as far possible, the sites where the vegetation is thin. This will greatly minimize the tree loss and compensation that needs to be paid to the tree owners. Compensatory afforestation must be done in association with Himachal Pradesh Forest Department; cutting of trees should be done in consultation with it.
79. The removal of herbaceous vegetation from the soil and loosening of the topsoil generally causes soil erosion. Such impacts would be confined primarily to the initial periods of construction and would need to be minimized by mitigative measures like paving, surface treatment, and water sprinkling.
80. Terrestrial Fauna. During the construction stage, the fauna in the forests may be disturbed by various construction activities and move to the other areas. Although no wildlife habitat is reported in the area, care will be taken not to disturb any wildlife even by labor moving into adjoining forests. There are no significant commercial fisheries that will be affected, although water quality impacts from construction may affect fish habitat.
E. Human Environment
81. Impact from Construction Workers. The construction period for Sawra-Kuddu Hydropower Project is about 5 years. Due to terrain characteristics, the direct impact of construction activity for any water resource project in a Himalayan terrain is generally limited in the vicinity of the construction sites only. During the peak construction phase about 1,000 to 1,200 workers would be deployed on various works. On average, however, the number of workers would be about 1,000. The labor in these areas tends to be dependent on the surrounding environment not only for their own but also for their
24 24 families’ needs. Such needs range from fuelwood for cooking and heating to fishing for supplementing their diet and family incomes. Open defecation by these temporary immigrants has been a problem in project areas. Making a conservative assumption for cooking and heating needs at 1.5 kg per day (averaged for the whole year) per person for 1,200 persons, the consumption of fuelwood (Appendix 1, Table A1.17) would be about 18 quintals per day, totaling to 29,160 quintals for the project period, which equals 6,480 m3 (converted) or 8,100 m3 (standing) volume. At a value of 3.0 m3 per tree, a total of 2,700 trees would have to be cut to meet this requirement. Using an average stocking density of about 100 trees per ha (much higher than usually available), in all 27.0 ha area would have to be sacrificed for this purpose. If the calculations are based in terms of standing volume per ha, at an average of about 250 m3 per ha, a total area of 32.4 ha would be felled.
82. The domestic water requirement of the immigrant population is expected to be about 0.105 million liters per day (mld) at 70 litres per capita daily, assuming about 80% of the water supplied will be generated as sewage. Thus, the total quantum of sewage generated is expected to be about 0.084 mld. The biological oxygen demand load contributed by domestic sources will be about 110 kg/day. At this level, no significant impact on river water is anticipated due to disposal of untreated water from the septic tanks and community toilets. However, installation of appropriate sewage treatment systems for the project worker housing is proposed at Hatkoti and at Kuddu, Jhalta. In the operational phase, about 25 families (total population of 125) will be residing in the area. About 0.007 mld of sewage will be generated. The total biological oxygen demand loading will be of an order of 12 kg/day. With the proposed sewage treatment system treating sewage generated by the worker housing, the biological oxygen demand load after treatment will reduce to 2 kg/day, thus minimizing the adverse impact on water quality.
83. Agriculture. Impact on agriculture would be due to the permanent and temporary loss of agricultural land due to construction activity in the agricultural fields and loss of crops along the access routes. Land acquisition will occur. As far as possible, prime agricultural land will be avoided and the construction will be done after crop harvesting. Adequate compensation will be given to the land losers as shown in Table 19.
Table 19: Compensation (Rs) Item Type of Land Rate Paid to Landowners Remarks 1. Irrigated Land 821.44 The type land represents for Kayar abbal and Bagicha Kayar Billa Phaldar 2. Unirrigated Land 509.16 The type of land represents for Bakhal Abbal and Baigha Bakhal Abbal Bila Phaldar 3. Uncultivated Land 161.23 This type of land represents Banjeer Khadeem, Ghasni and Giar Mumkin Rs = rupees. Source: Based on land acquisition officer awards (February–March 2008).
84. Socioeconomics. There will be job opportunities for the local population in marginal activities and road construction during the construction period. Subproject construction will lead to removal of trees, as well as reduction in agricultural land, as covered in the socioeconomic survey.
85. Resettlement. Issues related to resettlement and rehabilitation are discussed separately in the resettlement plans of the sub projects.
86. Cultural Sites. There are no sites of archaeological, historic, or cultural importance in the area of the barrage or powerhouse, hence the no significant impacts are foreseen.
25 25 87. Traffic and Transport. During the construction phase, traffic disturbance needs to be minimized by avoiding high density areas, posting proper traffic signs, ensuring proper access roads, and avoiding road blockages.
F. Environmental Impacts of Operation Activities
88. Once operation begins, most construction-phase impacts will have been stabilized. During operation and maintenance of the project, the impacts will be very limited.
1. Physical Resources
89. Impact on Topography. No topographical changes are envisioned during the operation phase because the access roads built during construction will be used for operation and maintenance.
90. Impact on Climate. The area along the hydropower project encompasses forest areas , but the operation phase will not involve tree removal. Humidity and moisture regimes might change in specific locations, however.
91. Impact on Hydrology. The headwork for hydropower projects consists of a barrage for diversion purposes, so the operation will have moderate impacts. A section of the river from the intake point (barrage) to the tailrace outlet might experience water flow deficiencies, especially during dry seasons. The project might have recharge impacts on the water table in the area. In the catchment area, some erosion will take place, mainly on the soil-covered terraces and slopes. The terraces are glaciofluvial in origin, and soil gets eroded through runoff water. Along the steep slopes and escarpment, gravity fall of fragmented rock boulders is common.
92. Imbalances. Tectonically, the project area has undergone three to four phases of deformation. It is located north of the main central thrust, a well-defined tectonic lineament. The entire stretch of the subproect is located over a generally stable area, however. In the area of the power intake, leakages may cause saturation of debris material, which may result in slope failure. There is no danger of significant damage being caused by the project, however. 93. Sediments. The project area is characterized by steep slopes covered with soil and vegetation. Runoff water, the main source of erosion in the area, causes flow of soil and small rock masses from the slopes. Sedimentation is practically insignificant. During the rainy season, large rocks and boulders from the upper zones often get dumped in the river bed at lower reaches due to change in gradient or the broadening of the river bed. Following the CAT plan implementation and the commissioning of the upstream projects, the sedimentary load is likely to remain static, if not reduce, because the desilted water from upstream projects will be available during non-monsoon periods.
94. Impact on Air Quality. Since the project does not involve any air emissions during operation, it will not have any negative impact on the air quality of the region.
95. Impact on Noise Levels. During the operation phase, noise from the powerhouse and switchyard will be heard only in a 15–30 m2 area. As previously mentioned, the majority of impacts from noise occur during the construction phase.
96. Impact on Groundwater Quality. The operation of the proposed hydropower project will not have any major impact on the groundwater quality in the area.
26 26 97. Impact from Surface Water Diversion. Operation of a run-of-the-river type of project necessitates abstraction and diversion of water from rivers and streams into water conductor systems. This disrupts the connectivity of the natural aquatic system. Such a disruption has many adverse impacts on the upstream and downstream environment. Much of the aquatic fauna and planktonic flora are either unable to traverse the length of the river or are severely restricted in their movement by the obstruction. This in turn impacts the viability of their population and the aquatic environment of the river. The runoff from the project sites will have a natural tendency to flow toward the Pabbar River or its tributaries. In some areas downstream of major project sites, there is a possibility of increased sediment levels leading to reduction in light penetration and increase in turbidity during the monsoon periods, and a deviation of daily flow fluctuations during seasonal (peak vs. nonpeak) periods. This project will not have any major adverse impact on irrigation and surface water position in the area.
98. Impact on Groundwater Quality. At Sawra Kuddu, the position of groundwater will not be changed due to existing steep surface slopes and watertight lining of the tunnels. There is no major irrigation scheme in the area. Groundwater pollution can take place, if chemical substances and oily waste leach and percolate to the groundwater table. Avoiding spilling at the powerhouse will minimize the chances of chemicals leaching to the groundwater. Adequate treatment facilities should be provided at the project areas to avoid groundwater pollution.
99. Impact on Soil Geology. No significant impact on soil is expected during the operational phase. Geological impacts are related to damage due to seismic conditions. Based on the tectonic features and records of earthquakes, a seismic zoning map of the country has been developed by Indian Bureau of Standards. The area under the project primarily falls in Zone V and is referred to as a low damage risk zone. Suitable seismic coefficients (e.g., acceleration due to earthquake in horizontal and vertical directions for foundation design of the barrage and powerhouse) would need to be adopted at the design stage to take into consideration the probability of earthquake occurrence.
2. Ecological Resources
100. Impact on Terrestrial Ecology. During the operational phase, water abstraction is done only from the main Pabbar River and no tapping of intermediate streams is envisioned. No significant impact on groundwater or surface water is anticipated. The construction of a barrage leads to the formation of a reservoir. The passage of floods through the reservoir leads to a reduction in peak flow. The dry season flow in the river is regulated. The flow in Pabbar River downstream of the barrage site up to the confluence of tailrace tunnel, about 13 km, will not be reduced significantly as many major streams outfall from both banks into the Pabbar River. The few villages in the catchment of the affected area have a total population of 800 to 1,000 and are located high above the project area. The reduction in flow or drying of the river in the intervening stretch is not likely to have any adverse impact on the downstream population because no water from Pabbar River is used for irrigation or drinking water purposes. These residents use the water of the streams flowing adjacent to their settlements. Thus, no significant impact is anticipated as a result of modification in the hydraulic regime of Pabbar River.
101. Impact on Aquatic Ecology. At full supply level, about 0.5 km2 (50.3 ha) will be submerged. Privately owned cultivated land and grassland to be submerged each measure about 17.5 ha and 7.5 ha, respectively. The length of the reservoir would be about 1,500 m and the maximum width about 200 m, with minimum width about 40 m. The total storage volume is estimated to be 136 hectare meter (ha m). The volume of impounded water would be 93.60 ha m with a surface area of 0.5 km2. Number of trees involved in the submergence is 885 (Source: Forest Clearance). Due to impounding of water, mosquitoes may start breeding and could be a health risk. Biological control through introduction of suitable fish that feed on mosquito larvae has been preferred over chemical control. Accordingly, a plan for development of fisheries has been
27 27 devised. There will be some disturbance to aquatic fauna like fish during construction of a trench weir, but there are no working commercial fisheries in the project area. However, construction of a run-of-the river type of project entails tunneling and generates a huge quantity of muck, which if not properly disposed, flows down the river during precipitation, particularly floods. Flow of muck has adverse impact on the existence and development of aquatic life.
102. The fertilizer use in the project area is negligible. Phosphate is about 0.002 mg/l as assessed in the water quality. At present the runoff does not contain significant amount of nutrients. Even in the post-project phase, the use of fertilizers (particularly phosphate) in the project catchment area is not expected to rise significantly. The flooding of forest and agricultural land in the submergence area will increase the availability of nutrients resulting from decomposition of vegetative matter. Removal of all trees from the reservoir area before impounding is proposed. Enrichment of impounded water with organic and inorganic nutrients will be the main water quality problem immediately on commencement of the operation, a phenomenon of short duration (a few years) from the filling up of the reservoir. The dissolved oxygen level in the outflow from the reservoir during the post-project phase is expected to be about 8 mg/l.
3. Human Environment
103. Health and Safety. Health and safety impacts such as accidents due to electrocution, fires, and explosions, as well as exposure to electromagnetic fields along the power evacuation line alignment and at the powerhouse, may occur. Houses will not be allowed within the vicinity of these components. A safety and emergency procedures manual will be kept at the hydropower facility. Safety training will be provided to the personnel working at the substation and to line inspectors.. Personal protective equipments like safety gloves, helmets, ear plug, etc. will be provided during construction and for maintenance work. The importance of maintaining clean and hygienic conditions the substations will be stressed.
104. Increased Human Interference. The project area is already accessible by road.. The project operation would further increase the accessibility to the left bank areas, which has number of villages, which in turn may increase human interference, leading to marginal adverse impacts on the terrestrial ecosystem.
105. Socioeconomics. Beneficial impacts are envisioned on socioeconomic conditions because there will rural and urban electrification. Industrial development may take place, which will trigger the economic growth in this backward region of the state.
106. Waste Generation. Waste generation (metal scraps, wooden packing material, oily waste, etc.) may take place. Separated oily waste and scrap will be collected and disposed of in compliance with the Environmental Protection Act, 1986, and applicable regulations and rules.
4. Economic Assessment
107. Electricity from the proposed Sawra Kuddu project under the investment program will go directly to the local grid (only the surplus during the peak water flow season will be exported to the northern grid), thus helping to fulfill local demand for greater energy resources. The overall objective of expanding clean energy generation will contribute to state-level economic development on several fronts with no affect on air quality. The project is expected to result in more reliable power to consumers, particularly benefiting commercial, industrial, and agriculture customers in Himachal Pradesh. Furthermore, the investment program will create a considerable number of jobs in the state, both during construction and through the projects’ lifecycles. Third, social services in the state will improve as poor and vulnerable consumers (including hospitals,
28 28 schools, and other social utilities) that are often hardest hit by inadequate power supply, load shedding, and poor power quality, will benefit directly from the investment program.
108. Run-of-the-river hydropower projects are considered less environmentally damaging than fossil fuel plants. An alternative fossil-fueled (coal or oil) power plant would have a capital cost per kilowatt installed significantly in excess of that of the proposed plant. Energy markets in India are now shifting toward least-cost based economy of operation. Generation costs from thermal plants are expected to increase with escalating costs of fuel and transportation, while generation costs from hydropower plants normally decline every year with respect to first-year tariff; although first- year tariffs may be marginally high. Hydropower development is being given priority in order to optimize the efficiency of country’s power system and to use resources for sustainable power generation, in an environment-friendly manner. Apart from being an environmentally clean source of power, hydropower also provides a peaking power option for the country. From the operational angle, hydropower projects also provide synergy for optimizing generation, result in fuel savings, minimize greenhouse gases, and produce power in environment friendly manner, supporting sustainable development.
109. Hydropower projects, especially run-of-the-river projects, are economically viable, environmentally benign and have relatively short gestation periods. In general, such projects have minimal environmental impacts; however, the magnitude of the impacts is contingent on the proposed capacity of the plant. In cases when negative impacts are involved, a detailed plan for mitigation measures is required. The hydropower projects provide power to remote and hilly areas where extension of grid systems is either not possible or uneconomical.
110. The Sawra Kuddu project supports the HPCEDIP for economic development in Himachal Pradesh through expanded power supplies from clean energy sources and from a sustainable state electricity sector. The proposed outcomes of the project will be (i) increased production and use of clean energy in a financially sustainable manner, (ii) improved state finances and power sector financial viability, (iii) improved sector governance, and (iv) improved capacity in HPPCL for better planning, implementation, and management of hydropower plants, as well as implementing clean development mechanism initiatives. More specific project-related assumptions under the program are: (i) the commitment of HPPCL to construct and operate the hydropower projects in a timely manner and to maintain proper implementation supervision including execution of safeguard plans; (ii) no material delay in concluding tariffs for the projects and/or on appropriate arrangements for the sale of excess power, (iii) the government of Himachal Pradesh continues to support capacity development and assumes ownership of the proposed MFF's capacity development component, and (iv) the projects will be eligible for clean development mechanism financing (purchase of carbon credits) and that this mechanism is extended beyond its 2012 end date.
5. Potential Cumulative and Induced Impacts
111. Although not part of the proposed investment program, potential cumulative and induced impacts are considered largely positive. HPCEDIP will transfer low-carbon energy from hydropower plants in Himachal Pradesh to state-level transmission companies that, in turn, will wheel energy to distribution companies. Direct negative impacts might result from (i) acquisition of lands for roads and power evacuation line right of way, and acquisition of land by transmission and distribution companies for transmission lines and substations, and (ii) impacts associated with upstream and downstream hydropower projects in Himachal Pradesh and adjoining states.
112. A summary of the detailed cumulative impact assessment study is presented in Appendix 6, with salient details in Table 20.
29 29
Table 20: Cumulative Impact Assessment Item Parameter Environmental Impact Units Without With Project Net Change Magnitude Project 1. Crops Nil Negative Small Low 2. Natural Vegetation Nil Negative Small Low 3. Land Use Nil Negative Small Medium 4. Forests Nil Negative Small Medium 5. Natural Reserves/Sanctuaries Nil Nil 6. Fisheries Nil Negative Medium Medium 7. Eutrophication Nil Negative Small Low 8. Wildlife Nil Negative Small Low 9. Rare Species Nil Nil 10. Endangered Species Nil Nil 11. Species Diversity Nil Positive Small Low 12. Minerals Nil Nil 13. Water Pollution Nil Negative Small Low 14. Air Pollution Nil Negative Small Low 15. Noise Pollution Nil Negative Small Low 16. Solid Waste Nil Negative Small Low 17. Land Pollution Nil Negative Small Medium 18. Soil Erosion Nil Negative Small Medium 19. Health Nil Positive Big High 20. Benefits to Economy Nil Positive Big High 21. Displacement of People Nil Negative Small Low 22. Employment Opportunities Nil Positive Big High 23. Infrastructure Nil Positive Big High 24. Hydrological Balance Nil Negative Medium Medium 25. Social Upliftment Nil Positive Big High 26. Aquaculture Potential Nil Posiive Small Medium 27. Archaeological Monuments Nil Nil 28. Water Availability Nil Negative Small Low 29. Siesmicity Nil Negative Small Low 30. Aesthetics (Construction Nil Negative Small Medium Phase) 31. Aesthetics (Operation Phase) Nil Positive Small Medium 32. Tourism Nil Positive Small Low Source: HPPCL
113. The Pabbar River delivers a substantial amount of sediment load, particularly during snowmelt and flood seasons. The barrage site of the Sawra-Kuddu project is proposed at Hatkoti. The total catchment of the project above the barrage is 968.30 km2. However, a total of five hydropower projects are envisioned on the main Pabbar River in Himachal Pradesh—Tangnu-Romai (the uppermost), followed by Dhamwari-Sunda, Majhgaon-Chirgaon, Paudital-Lassa, and Sawra-Kuddu (the lowermost in this cascading series). Generation capacity at each of the five hydropower projects exceeds 10 MW, meaning that each one would have its own CAT plan as per Government of India requirements. Hence, the whole catchment of the Pabbar River in Himachal Pradesh can be subdivided into six zones, as there would be five subcatchments above the barrage of each project extending up to the barrage site of the immediate upstream one, which would be its effective subcatchment. The topmost project’s effective subcatchment would, obviously, extend right up to the ridge from where the Pabbar River originates. The sixth zone or subcatchment would consist of areas draining into the Pabbar River below the barrage site of lowermost project (Sawra-Kuddu) down to the tailrace outlet. Accordingly, the effective sub-catchment of the Sawra-Kuddu project is the area draining between the barrage site of immediate upstream project (Paudital–Lass) down to the Sawra- Kuddu barrage site at Hatkoti. The area of effective subcatchment of the Sawra Kuddu project is 197.3 km2. A detailed summary of the hydropower projects in operation, under construction, or proposed in the Yamuna basin is given in Table 21:
30 30 Table 21: Major Projects in Operation, under Construction, or Proposed in Yamuna Basin (MW) Item Name of the Project Capacity Remarks 1. Giri HPP 60.00 Under operation 2. Andhra HPP 16.95 Ongoing construction 3. Gumma 3.00 Ongoing construction 4. Rupin HPP 3.00 Under investigation 5. Tangnu Rumai HPP 50.00 MOU under process for implementation by IPP 6. Dhamwari Sunda HPP 70.00 Under process for implementation by IPP (i.e., Dhamwari Sunda Power Corporation) 7. Chirgaon Majjhgaon HPP 42.00 Bids in process for implementation by IPP 8. Shalvi HPP 7.00 Bids in process for implementation by IPP 9. Renuka Dam 40.00 Conditional technical economic clearance accorded; held up for want of environmental clearance 10. Sawra Kuddu HPP 144.00 Under process for technical economic clearance 11. Paudital Lassa HPP 36.00 MOU under process for Implementation by IPP 12. Sainj HPP 5.50 Under implementation by IPP (i.e., East India Petroleum Ltd.) 13. Projects in Yamuna basin 131.57 Under operation harnessed by UP government 14. Projects in Yamuna basin 405.80 Still to be harnessed still to be harnessed by UP government Total 1044.82 HPP = hydropower project, IPP = independent power project, MOU = memorandum of understanding, UP = Uttar Pradesh . Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
114. Positive impacts include (i) expansion of low-carbon energy, offsetting emissions from thermal power plants, (ii) transmission system efficiency improvements and renewable energy, and (iii) economic growth related to improved power supplies to millions of consumers. The CO2 emission reduction from the project is therefore estimated to be 0.29 million metric tons (t) per year. In addition, the project is expected to offset the emission of 10.22 t/day of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and 5.18 t/day of nitrogen oxides (NOx), given the emissions from an equivalent amount of electricity generated from the Sipat Thermal Power Plant, a modern coal-fired plant owned by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC). These emissions offsets will ameliorate negative impacts of local, regional, and global air pollution.
115. Socioeconomic Aspects. Direct benefits include employment creation, capital required, foreign exchange effects, etc. Direct employment opportunities in the project will be limited, but indirectly it will create thousands of employment opportunities for local people in the region due to the state government’s policy of employing 70% local manpower in unskilled and semi-skilled jobs through its contractor. Other avenues for livelihoods that will open include other infrastructure facilities like roads, hospitals, and schools. Overall, the project will bring much-needed clean hydropower from far-flung area of the country to the most densely populated region of the country.
116. In northern region, the availability of power will push a desired improvement in infrastructure and industrial growth, which is now hampered due to the lack of reliable power. These industrial activities will create employment for local people, boosting their economic status. Since the proposed project is for development of a reliable power network, all communities will benefit. The state government gets 12% free power from all hydropower projects in the state, which it can sell to generate revenues.
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G. Environmental Management Plan
117. A draft environmental management and monitoring plan (EMP) has been prepared for the project. The EMP summarizes anticipated impacts, monitoring requirements, and proposed mitigation measures with respect to the following stages: (i) preconstruction, (ii) construction, and (iii) operation and maintenance. Detailed, site-specific mitigation measures and monitoring plans are being developed for all proposed subprojects; and the same will be developed further for all future subprojects also.
118. Project environmental management is being undertaken by HPPCL in accordance with the management measures proposed in the comprehensive EIA. A number of abatement measures have already been suggested along with the likely impacts. The objective of the EMP is to minimize stress on the natural resources within the carrying capacity. The details are in Appendix 8. The details relating to anticipated project impacts and proposed management plan (for resources) are given in Table 8.1 in Appendix 8. A summary of the EMP, along with environmental mitigation measures and monitoring requirements (by phase) is given in Table A8.2 in Appendix 8. HPPCL will monitor the Sawra Kudda subproject as summarized. Based on the environmental baseline conditions, planned project activities, and impacts assessed earlier, this section enumerates the measures to be adopted to minimize the adverse impacts.
H. Institutional Arrangements
119. The Department of Power, GOHP will function as the Executing Agency of the proposed MFF. HPPCL will function as the Implementing Agency, and will have specific project management unit (PMU). Until 2007, there were different project implementation units (PIUs) at projects sites based on previous units (Kinner Kailash Power Corporation and Pabber Valley Power Corporation, which have been merged with HPPCL since January 2008). Each of the component hydropower projects will be implemented independently through the PIUs.
120. It is proposed that an environment management cell (EMC) and social/Resettlement and Rehabilitation cell will be set up within the PMU along with other engineering units to address environmental and social issues of the HCEIDP, and they will be staffed by a chief environmental specialist and chief resettlement specialist, respectively. The EMC will be assisted by one head of project and one deputy manager at each PIU. For each project EMP, the PMU will do the overall coordination, preparation, planning, implementation, and financing. The Executing Agency will ensure that key institutions, including local governments, are involved in EMP update and implementation. The capacity development ($5.1 million) component of the MFF under tranche 1 is designed to train HPPCL’s staff for project preparation, implementation, and management to (i) help the Implementing Agency to prepare future projects; (ii) implement and administer approved projects; and (iii) monitor, review, evaluate, and report on program implementation, construction, supervision, contract management, procurement, environmental and social safeguards compliance, and monitoring and reporting systems.
121. Responsibilities for Monitoring. Monitoring during construction will be HPPCL’s responsibility. Monitoring is a continuous process at all stages—site selection, construction, or maintenance—and covers compliance with construction contracts, the state and health of the environmental resource, and the effectiveness of mitigation measures. It is proposed that HPPCL set up PIUs that report to ADB on a regular basis. Although the EMP has been formulated to minimize recurrent responsibilities and costs where staff, expertise, and finances are limited, some aspects of project design will require continuous monitoring to guard against negative environmental impacts. In addition to the site managers reviewing progress on a daily basis,
32 32 regular project review meetings would be held at least on a monthly basis to review the project’s environmental aspects and needed remedial measures. The proceedings of these meetings will be submitted to the PIU. The mitigation measures suggested require monitoring of environmental attributes both during construction and operation. The diagram below depicts an institutional organization structure showing the various entities such as the Executing Agency (Department of Power) and the Implementing Agency (HPPCL) and their roles vis-à-vis other government agencies. Further details on agencies responsible for EMP activities are given in Table 22.
Table 22: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities for EMP Implementation Activities Activity Responsible Agency Subproject Initiation Stage Setting up of EMC and staff HPPCL Disclosure of project EMP details by issuing public notice PMU/EM Cell Meetings at community/household level with affected persons EMC/PMU/PIU Update of EMP mitigation measures on startup Conducting census of all affected persons PMU/PIU/EMC/District Administration Conducting discussions, meetings, and workshops with affected PMU/PIU/EMC/District Administration persons and other stakeholders Incorporating the changes if any, in the EMP PMU/PIU/EMC EMP Implementation Stage Implementation of proposed EMP mitigation measures PMU/PIU/EMC Consultations with affected persons during EMP mitigation PMU/PIU/EMC measures implementation Grievances redressal PMU/PIU/EMC/NGO/GRC Internal monitoring PMU/PIU/EMC External monitoring External Agency – HPSEPPCB EMC = environmental management cell, EMP = environmental management plan, GRC = grievance redress committee, HPPCL = Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Limited, HPSEPPCB = Himachal Pradesh State Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Board, NGO = nongovernment organization, PIU = project implementation unit, PMU = project management unit Source: HPPCL
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Figure 1.0: Institutional Structure and Responsibility for EMP at Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd.
Environmental Coordinate with degradation, MOEF, pollution, social government of issues and Himachal Pradesh, community Government of development, India, ADB, and resettlement, other regulatory poverty alleviation authorities during construction and operation stages of project
EMC/R&RC
Managing Director/Director at PMU
Environmental Issues Social Issues Supervision of environment-related Social Issues, Community Development, activities R&R EMC PIU R&RC PIU Chief Environment Head of Project Chief Social/R&R Head of Project Specialist Deputy Manager Specialist Deputy Manager Manager (Environment) Manager (R&R) (R&R) (Environment) Environmental Responsible for Responsible for CDM Consultant professionals, addressing social addressing Consultants (scientists, issues of the community responsible for engineers, field community at PMU concerns and supervising supervisors) level overseeing contractors and responsible for resettlement issues overseeing the monitoring and implmentation of reporting progress EMP on the EMP ADB = Asian Development Bank, CDM = clean development mechanism, EMC = environmental management cell, Env. = , EMP = environmental management plan, MOEF = Ministry of Environment & Forests, PIU = project implementation unit, PMU = project management unit, R&R = resettlement and rehabilitation, R&RC = social/R&R cell. Source: HPPCL
I. Organization Support System
122. Following is the proposed organization support system in the Implementing Agency for proper implementation and monitoring of environmental and social management plans:
1. Environmental Monitoring Program in HPPCL
123. Corporate Level. An environmental management cell at corporate level headed by the director, with the chief environment specialist and manager and/or deputy manager as members was created within HPPCL in 2008.
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124. The duties of the environmental management cell at the corporate level include:
(i) monitoring and implementing of mitigation measures; (ii) preparing and implementing environmental policy guidelines and environmental good practices; (iii) advising and coordinating regional environmental management cell activity for effective environment management; (iv) liaising with the Ministry of Environment & Forests in New Delhi and the state department of environment to seek their help in solving the environment-related issues of project implementation; (v) advising project planning teamon environmental and social issues to avoid negative environmental impact; and (vi) providing training and awareness on environmental and social issues related to hydroelectric projects to the project staff.
125. Project Implementation Unit Level. At the project level, HPPCL has made the head of the project and the deputy manager responsible for implementing the environmental and social aspects of the project as part of the EMC.
126. The duties of the environmental management cell at the divisional leve includel: (i) implement the environment policy guidelines and environmental good practices at the sites, (ii) advise and coordinate field office activity toward effective environment management, (iii) liaise with the state pollution control board and seek their help to solve environment monitoring-related issues, (iv) carry out environmental and social surveys in conjunction with the project planning team to avoid negative environmental impact, (v) provide training and awareness to the filed offices on environmental and social issues related to hydroelectric projects, (vi) implement the EMP and social management plan, and (vii) monitor the EMP and social management plan and produce periodic reports on the same.
127. HPPCL will be well-equipped to implement and monitor its EMPs in phases by mid year 2008.
128. Environmental Review at HPPCL. Auditing of the implemented mitigation would be required to identify ineffective measures or implementation procedures, thus enabling design and incorporation of improved measures and implementation of corrective actions. The EMP will have both internal and external monitoring. The PIU at the local level will be responsible for internal monitoring of the EMP implementation, and it will forward quarterly progress reports to the Executing Agency. The reports will contain progress made in implementation with particular attention to compliance with the principles and matrix set out in the EMP. The Executing Agency will submit semiannual monitoring reports to ADB. An independent monitoring agency will be hired by the Executing Agency with ADB concurrence to undertake external monitoring of the entire project. The monitoring agency will be selected within 3 months of loan approval. The monitoring agency will report on semiannual basis directly to ADB. It will determine whether sound environmental management practices have been achieved and suggest suitable remedial measures for mid-term correction and improvement.
35 35 129. Grievances. An efficient grievance redress mechanism will be developed to assist affected persons in resolving their queries and complaints. Each PIU will include specific detail of grievance redressal mechanisms pertaining to the EIA and EMP. Grievances will first be brought to the PIU. Grievances not redressed by the PIU staff will be brought to the grievance redress committee, which will have representatives from affected persons, PMU, PIU, EMC, field level staff, district magistrate, local administration, the revenue authority, and local community. Records will be kept of all grievances received including: contact details of complainant, date the complaint was received, nature of grievance, agreed corrective actions and the date these were effected, and final outcome. The grievance redress committee will continue to function during the life of the project, including the defects liability period.
2. Monitoring and Evaluation
130. Internal Monitoring. Internal monitoring will be the responsibility of the PMU, PIU, and EMC. The PMU internal monitoring will include administrative monitoring—daily planning, implementation, feedback, and troubleshooting. Monitoring and evaluation reports documenting progress on EMP implementation and subproject completion reports will be provided by the PMU to ADB for review.
131. External Monitoring. The Executing Agency will engage the services of an independent agency or civil society not associated with project implementation to undertake external monitoring and evaluation. The external agency will monitor and verify EMP implementation to determine whether EMP goals have been achieved and whether livelihood and living standards have been restored, and to provide recommendations for improvement. The internal monitoring report will be submitted quarterly to the PMU and ADB for review, whereas the external monitoring report will be submitted semiannually to the PMU and ADB for review.
3. Preliminary Cost Estimates
132. Table 23 gives the summary environmental monitoring plan.
Table 23: Summary Environmental Management Plan Environmental Monitoring Tasks Implementation Implementation Responsibility Schedule A. Preconstruction Phase Design Audit project bidding documents to ensure HPPCL through project Prior to issue of bidding finalization EMP is included. implementation unit documents Tunnels, roads Monitor contractor’s detailed land survey to HPPCL with assistance Prior to HPPCL approval of ensure relevant environmental mitigation of project contractor’s detailed measures in EMP have been included. implementation unit alignment survey Powerhouse Audit detailed designs of power stations to HPPCL with assistance Prior to HPPCL approval of ensure standard environmental safeguards of project contractor’s detailed and mitigation measures (as identified in implementation unit designs EMP) have been included. B. Construction Phase Powerhouse, Regular monitoring and reporting of HPPCL with assistance Continuous throughout tunnels, roads, contractor’s compliance with contractual of project construction period and associated environmental mitigation measures at each implementation unit infrastructure hydropower project C. Operation and Maintenance Phase Powerhouse, Observations during routine maintenance HPPCL As per HPPCL inspection tunnels, roads, inspections of hydroelectric projects. schedules and associated Inspections will include monitoring infrastructure implementation status of mitigation measures specified in EMP. EMP = environmental management plan, HPPCL = Himachal Pradesh Power Company Ltd. Source: HPPCL
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133. The total amount to be spent for implementation of EMP is Rs193.583 million. The cost is exclusive of the cost of the R&R plan, butincludes operation and maintenance costs, as well as program monitoring costs of Rs7.182 million. Funds for some of the items like fisheries and health are to be routed through the local area development committee. Although the commitment for this committee is 1.5% of the total Project cost, but only those components relevant to the EMP are listed in Table 24. The summary of cost of each component including the cost of operation and maintenance and the EMP is given in the table below.
134. The cost estimate summaries for the implementation of environmental mitigation measures, and monitoring costs for the projects are provided in Table 24.
Table 24: Cost for Implementing Environmental Management Plan (Rs million)
S. N. Item Cost 1 Construction of sewage treatment system 2.400 2 Solid waste collection and disposal systema 2.340 3 Sewage disposal for labor camps 1.500 4 Cost of substitution of fuelwood for workforce 1.580 5 Muck management and rehabilitation of disposal sites 33.740 6 Mining area rehabilitation including maintenance for 7 years 4.030 7 Compensatory afforestation including maintenance for 7 years 4.265 8 Health delivery system* 1.200 9 Control of air pollution 1.500 10 Environmental measures in project’s transport lines 1.000 11 Noise control measures 0.200 12 Sustenance and development of fisheries including O&Ma 13.000 13 Greenbelt development 1.300 14 Management of dust from transport activities 2.000 15 Roadside planting 2.000 16 Cost of implementing CAT Plan including maintenance for 7 years 73.108 17 NPV paid to ameliorate environment 36.715 18 Impact mitigation on cultural sites 0.300 19 Cost of Environment Management Plan 7.182 20 O&M cost (Refer to the following Table) 4.223 Total 193.583
CAT = catchment area treatment NPV = net present value, O&M = operation and maintenance, a Funds will be routed through the local area development committee provisioned in the revised estimates of the detailed project report as per the Hydro-Power Policy of government of Himachal Pradesh. Source: HPPCL
135. The details of operation and maintenance costs are given in Table 25.
37 37 Table 25: Operation and Maintenance Cost for Implementing Environmental Management Plan (Rs million) Item Operation and Maintenance Activity Cost per No. of Years Total Cost year 1 Sewage treatment system 0.0360 4 0.1440 2 Solid waste collection and disposal system 0.3500 4 1.4000 3 Environmental measures in project’s transport 0.1500 4 0.6000 lines 4 Stabilization of muck disposal sites 0.3700 4 1.4800 5 Sewage disposal for labor camps 0.0225 4 0.0900 6 Health delivery systema 0.0180 4 0.0720 7 Air pollution control 0.0225 4 0.0900 8 Greenbelt development 0.0195 7 0.1365 9 Roadside plantings 0.0300 7 0.2100 Total 1.0185 - 4.2225 Or Say 4.223 a Through the local area development committee. Source: HPPCL
Funds to be routed through the local area development committee would include the O&M for the items to be covered under the same as listed in for cost summary above.
136. The total expenditure required for afforestation of 108 ha will be Rs4.2648 million, which includes maintenance costs for 7 years. Besides compensatory afforestation, NPV of the forestland amounting to Rs36.715 million has been be paid by the project. The cost required for implementation of the EMP is about Rs0.898 million per year on average. The project worker housing, along with a sewage treatment system, would be ready in the third year of construction, and the monitoring of effluents from the aeration ponds would begin in that year. Appropriate annual increases have been considered for every year. The details are given in Table 26. The total cost of the EMP, including annual increases, comes to Rs7.182 million.
Table 26: Cost of Implementing Environmental Management Plan (Rs million) Yearly Cost including Annual Increase Items of Monitoring Construction Phase Operation Phase Total
Item Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 1 Water quality, air quality, sewage effluents, and 1.612 0.619 0.643 0.670 0.699 0.731 0.767 0.805 6.546 noise levels as per EMP
2 Erosion and siltation 0.050 0.055 0.061 0.067 0.073 0.100 0.110 0.121 0.636 Total 1.662 0.674 0.704 0.737 0.772 0.831 0.877 0.926 7.182 EMP = environmental management plan Source: HPPCL
J. Disaster Management Plan
137. In any barrage failure, the disaster would be catastrophic, varying with the size and storage capacity of barrage. In the case of a diversion barrage, where storage is only behind the gates, the chance of structural failure is minimal. The probability of structural failure is reduced further when there is ungated portion with provision for overflow above the structure. Despite the remoteness of this possibility, safety measures for the barrages are to be included in the construction and planning so that loss can be minimized to the extent possible in case of such an eventuality. Relevant barrage
38 38 break analysis and further remedial measures will be carried out in a year. A separate disaster management plan is attached to the EIA document. A CAT plan and a muck management plan are also attached to the EIA document prepared by the HPPCL.
K. Public Consultation and Disclosure
Table 27: Schedule of Public Consultations
Item Activity Technique Schedule 1. Walk over survey Informal group discussion Completed 2. Preliminary Group discussion, one to one meeting Completed survey 3. Detailed check Public meeting at different places 3–4 such meetings held survey Two public consultations before project start-up 4. Preconstruction Public hearings at site 2 public hearings held phase 5. Construction Localized group meeting, pamphlet/ During entire construction period phase information brochures, public display etc. 6. Operation and Information brochures, operating field Continuous process as required maintenance offices, response to public enquiries, phase press release, etc. Source: HPPCL
138. HPSEB organized a presentation on 6 March 2006 on the EIA and EMP submitted by the superintending engineer of Sawra Kuddu Hydroelectric Construction Circle, Rohru, Shimla District. The subject matter was the proposal of Pabbar Valley Power Corporation (PVPC) for setting up a 111 MW hydropower project based on the Pabbar River. Observations of the subject matter specialists were conveyed to the proponent on 14 March 2006, and they were asked to integrate these observations in the EIA and EMP. The proponent supplied complete requisite information and data on these observations (letter No. PVPCL/SE/SKCC/DB-EIA/EMP/2006-235-37 dated 26 April 2006 and a letter dated 15 May 2006).
139. Public consultations and disclosure of information about the Project occurred during land acquisition, at local area development committee meetings, and through newspaper about the approval of the project proposal. A public hearing was held on 15 June 2006 at Hatkoti near the barrage site (Appendix 1, Table A1.14), and later the same day (Appendix 1, Table A1.15) in Kuddu near Snail Village near the proposed powerhouse site, in compliance with the Government’s EIA notification No. 1994, No. S.O. 60(E) under the India’s Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. This was preceded by the publication of a notice on 14 May 2006 in newspapers, including the Hindi newspapers, for the public hearings on 15 June 2006. Copies of the observations of the state board on presentation made by the proponent and the public notices published for the environmental public hearing are annexed with these proceedings. Suggestions, views, comments, and observations on the proposed project were invited from all concerned and provided to the member secretary, HPSEP PCB.
140. The public hearings were conducted separately at two places on 15 June 2006 to enourage maximum public participation. The participants were briefed on the objectives of the environmental public hearing, and the main hydropower project mitigation measures and salient features of the project were described by the representative of the. Proceedings were left open for discussions and raising issues pertaining to the project. People present were requested to freely express their views on various issues relevant to the project. The main issues raised by the public related to the stability of the geology; the impact on water quality and religious places, infrastructure development, schooling, and local employment; the treatment of sewage from labor camps and townships; the development of alternative medicinal practices; and compensatory forest planting.
39 39 141. Environmentally, the project is considered to be viable in view of the mitigation measures proposed and socioeconomic benefits to the local people supplementary to the overall economic development of the state. Environment clearance for this project was recommended, and the case was sent to the Government of India according to the Notification No. Edn. (S&T) A (4)-2/2000 dated 9 September 2002 issued by the state government.
142. A second consultation, as requested by ADB before the appraisal, was held on 12 March 2008. It was advertised in the newspapers. EIA document-related information was disseminated and comments and suggestions were heard from the local populace. Appendix 5 gives the details about the second consultation.
L. Due Diligence Review of Associated Facilities
143. The Pabbar River originates at Gangdari Dhar at an elevation of about 5,400 m and drains a catchment of about 1,034 sq km in Himachal Pradesh. The barrage site of the 111 MW Sawra-Kuddu hydropower project is proposed at Hatkoti. The total catchment of the project above the barrage is 968.30 sq km. A total of five hydropower projects are envisioned on the main Pabbar River in Himachal Pradesh, the uppermost being Tangnu-Romai, followed by Dhamwari-Sunda, Majhgaon- Chirgaon, Paudital-Lassa, and Sawra-Kuddu. The last one is the lowermost in a cascading series. Generation capacity of each of the five hydropower projects exceeds 10 MW, so each one would have its own CAT plan per Government of India requirements.Appendix 6 gives the summary cumulative impacts due to the associated facilities in the Pabbar River basin. Since this is a cascade of five hydropower projects on Pabbar River, the river catchment will fragment into five separate river habitats that will be affected by seasonsl and daily variation in discharges.
M. Subprojects: Transmission Lines
144. The power generated from Sawra-Kuddu is proposed to be transmitted, along with the power generated from the rest of the hydroelectric projects in Pabbar Valley, through a common transmission line. This will save not only the financial costs but also the environmental impacts. The proposal for the common transmission line is being prepared separately by the state transmission utility. The land requirement for the same would be kept to the barest minimum and the number of trees involved would also be kept to minimum. These 11 km of 220 kV DC power evacuation lines to the Hatkoti pooling point within Himachal Pradesh will be financed from the state government’s own funds. HPSEB will prepare a separate initial environmental examination when they start its design and implementation. The transmission line subprojects, if included in this program, would be classified as environmental Category B5 and separate initial environmental examinations will need to be prepared. Beyond the pooling station at Hatkoti, a 220 kV DC line to the 400/220 kV PowerGrid Corporation of India Limited substation at Abdullapur (160 km) is not included within the scope of HPCEDIP.
145. The transmission line projects are exempted from EIA by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. For transmission lines traversing a forest,5 however, the project- executing agency is required to obtain forest clearance from the Ministry of Environment & Forests. Transmission projects normally are classified as Category B under ADB's classification of environmental impacts. Under the sector loan modality, the environmental assessment of each subproject has to be undertaken following ADB’s Environment Policy and Environmental
5 The Indian Forest Act, 1927 regulates the classification and declaration of different categories of forests. The state government may constitute any forestland or wasteland, which is the property of Government or over which the Government has proprietary rights, or to the whole or any part of the forest-produce of which the Government is entitled, a reserved forest or protected forest in the manner provided in the Act. A reserved forest usually has good quality of woods with limited rights of inhabitants until clearances are obtained. A protected forest is usually near villages or human settlements where people are entitled to the existing forest activities, such as fuel wood collection and grazing. Clearance procedures for development activities in both forests are the same.
40 40 Assessment Guidelines, 2003 and Indian environmental assessment guidelines and regulations. An environmental categorization process using a checklist approach in compliance with ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003 will be applied. All additional subprojects will be subject to ADB classification, and any subprojects deemed “sensitive” will require justification and documentation so anticipated impacts can be effectively mitigated. If any category A project component is selected, a full, rigorous review of the EIA and its compliance with the ESA will be necessary before implementation. However, any candidate subproject confirmed by ADB as Category B sensitive6 during implementation will require that the EMP be prepared for ADB review. The summary initial environmental examination of the project along with its EMP will be made available to general public at least 120 days before subproject approval in line with ADB OM Section F1/OP para. 15.
146. Potential adverse environmental impacts associated with transmission lines and roads can be avoided or minimized through careful route and site selection. Preliminary site selection will be done based on the topographic sheets of the Forest Atlas of India.7
III. KASHANG STAGE I HYDROPOWER PROJECT
147. The layout of the Kashang Stage I Hydropower Project is shown below.
4
6 Category B sensitive projects could involve projects that are (i) near environmentally sensitive areas; (ii) involve deforestation or loss of biodiversity in protected areas; (iii) involve voluntary resettlement issues; (iv) involve the processing, handling, and disposal of toxic and hazardous substances; or (v) involve other environmentally sensitive activities that also may be of concern to a wide group of external stakeholders. 7 In 1976, National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation, a Government of India organisation, published Forest Atlas of India depicting administrative and forest boundaries. Subsequently, Forest Survey of India, an organization under the Ministry of Environment & Forests (Government of India) updates the mapping of forest cover on a biennial basis.
41 41 Lay out of Kashang Integrated HEP D ogri Trench Weir Stage-IV (EL. ± 3155m) Desanding Basins K E RA N G K Stage I & III H A D Head Race Tunnel R o ad (5 km . Long) Toktu 3600 TO A SR AN G Trench Weir Stage-II 3 3 Asrang 2 4 (EL. ± 2872m) 0 0 Stage II 0 0
RO AD . 4465
3 2 0 T 0 O AK PA khiyari Hawe 4227 . Desanding Basins Stage IV 3400 Power House 3600 Pressure Shaft
K A S H A N 3800 G K H A D K-K Link Tunnel 3707. (6.3km Long) . Gotharang dogri Trench Weir Stage-I 3600 (EL. ± 2829m) (EL 2826.00) 3400 Dollo Dogri
Surface Desilting Arrangem ent 3400 Cut and cover Power Channel 3200
Head race tunnel 3000 (2 km . Long) 2800
U/G Balancing Reservoir 2600
(Stage-III) = 106,000 Cum. 2400 0 0 4 .2941 U/G Balancing Reservoir 3
(Stage-I) = 54000 Cum. 2200 3000 H .T . R oad R U/G Penstock 00 O ld E 8 IV 2 J R 375 km. LU SA T 2 Pangi Village -2 H U/G Power House 00 N 2 6 2400 Tail Race Tunnel 00 22
10 INTEGRATED KASHANG HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ( 243 MW)
34
148. The description of the Kashang Stage I Hydropower Project in this SEIA is based on the information contained in the comprehensive EIA and CAT Plan (August 2002) and more recent documentation obtained by HPPCL in 2006. The project had been accorded techno-economical sanction vide letter No. HPSEB (Sectt) MPP-F (2)-5/99 dated 27 September 2000. The diversion of forestland case was received from the Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Delhi, letter No. 8- 8/2001- FC/4672 (EI) dated 14 December 2001. Government of India’s approval in principle was received for the diversion of 18.7142 ha of forestland for the construction of Kashang stage I in compliance with the Forest Conservation Act and Rules. HPSEPPCB completed public hearings on 5 May 2001 and recommended the clearance of the case on date 12 June 2001 (letter No. PCB/Kashang HPP (62)/2001-1994-99). The Ministry of Environment & Forests has also accorded the environmental clearance to the project in compliance to the Environment Protection Act and EIA Notification on 15 November 2002, with an extension up to November 15, 2008. A socioeconomic survey of the project-affected persons at project sites was conducted in December 2007 by an ADB consultant.
A. Description of the Project
149. The Kashang stage I hydropower project is located in the state of Himachal Pradesh, in northwest India, in the western Himalayas in the Northern Mountain unit. The terrain is characterized by a series of long, uninterrupted mountain chains with snow-capped summits,and longitudinal valleys and rolling foothills with a number of brooks, streams, and rivers that originate from the glaciers on the
42 42 Himalayan range. The Kashang stage I powerhouse has been located on the right bank of the Satluj River. The Kashang Khad meets the Satluj River at about 1,970 m elevation. A major part of the tunnel and trench weir and other structures, including thr powerhouse, have been built underground to prevent damage from the landslides and glacier flow. A trench weir is proposed to be constructed across the Kashang at the diversion site. The water will be taken through a conveyance channel, desilting tanks, power channel, headrace tunnel, balancing reservoir, pressure shaft, and penstocks to the powerhouse. After generation, water will flow through the tailrace to the Satluj River. The discharge from the tailrace tunnel will be about 1 km downstream of Kashang Khad’s existing discharge point into the Satluj River. The total length of the water conductor system from intake point to discharge is 4.1 km.
150. The Satluj River flows through three countries prior to meeting River Indus. The Kashang Khad meets the Satluj River about 2 km downstream of the access tunnel to the powerhouse. The Satluj river valley is characterized by its distinct V-shape, occasionally interrupted by narrow gorge stretches. The river carries heavy sediment load from the glacial melt and geological erosion. There are a large number of hydropower projects existing and proposed along the river. The water from the river is not used for any other purpose because of its high sediment content. The project is based on the flow of the Kashang Khad, a perennial tributary of the Satluj River that originates from glaciers located in the permanent snow zone. The Kashang Khad’s flow represents about 0.01% of the discharge of the Satluj River. Turbid and silty, water from Kashang Khad is not used for direct human consumption.
151. The catchment area above the diversion site is 133 sq km, of which 96 sq km is under glaciers and permanent snow. The river flows for 18 km from its origin and meets the Satluj River soon after falling down a vertical height known as the Kashang Falls. The riverbed has rocks and pebbles, while large boulders present all along the stream offer resistance to stream flow. The water flows with a high velocity, gets heavily churned, and remains turbulent throughout its course. The intake point from the river is only 4 km before the Kashang Khad meets the Satluj River. Because of the cold temperature and low habitation in the area, water from the Kashang Khad is not required downstream for irrigation, domestic, or industrial purposes. This fact has been confirmed repeatedly during consultation with the local people and the irrigation department at Rekong Peo. However, water from the khad is channeled for irrigation about 10 km upstream of the intake point.
152. In summary, the technical details for the project comprise the following features:
(i) The total length of the water conductor system from intake point to discharge is 4.1 km. (ii) A diversion weir, a trench weir-type intake structure, is provided at the diversion site on Kashang Khad. The riverbed elevation at this site is 2,826 m. The trench below the trash rack is sloped such that the water is directed into the water conducting system. (iii) Shingle excluder. The trash rack ensures that the diverted water does not carry sediments of more than 20 mm in size. To eliminate the larger particles before the water enters the inlet channel, it is directed to the sedimentation chambers. To this end, a shingle excluder has been provided at the right bank end of the trench to remove the sediment moving along the bed of trench weir. From time to time, shingles accumulated in the pit will be flushed back into the khad. (iv) Intake and inlet channel: From the shingle excluder, water is diverted to the water intake, with two 3 m wide and 5 m high fixed-wheel gates, along with the control structure. An opening in the hoist floor slab provides access to the intake bed. Although part of the water conductor system is on the surface, all the structures will be of the cut-and-cover type, to protect them from glacial debris. (v) A 3 m wide and 3.45 m high inlet channel has been provided to bring the water to the desanding basins. It is designed for a maximum discharge of 21 m3/sec with a flow velocity of about 2.46 m/sec. The length of the channel (from downstream of the intake
43 43 to the upstream transition of the desanding basins) is about 50 m. (vi) Spillway. In the 50 m length of two conveyance channels, a 28 m long spillway has been provided by giving an opening in the left wall of the channel with a discharge capacity of 43.0 m3. The spilled water will be taken to its outfall to Kashang Khad at an elevation of 2,823m ASL. The whole passage from the channel wall to the outfall will be provided with random stone fill. (vii) Desanding arrangements: A desander is essential to to trap and exclude sediments from the flowing water to minimize damage to underwater turbine components. Two settling basins of equal size are proposed that are designed to settle all particles of size 0.2 mm and above. (viii) A 2.5 m wide flushing duct is provided adjoining the left side wall of the desilting basins to flush out the sediment. (ix) Power channel and headrace tunnel. The power channel starts from the end of downstream transition of the desilting basin. It is a cut-and-cover box section of 3.5 m by 3.84 m. (x) Balancing reservoir. Because the power plant is to be operated as a peaking station, about 50,000 m3 of water is required to be stored to accommodate the large diurnal variation in river discharge. An underground balancing reservoir is provided by enlarging the head race tunnel in its downstream portion to a 7.5 m wide by 10.375 m high section for a length of 865 m. The penstock is connected to the downstream end of the balancing reservoir. (xi) Penstock. The penstock is entirely underground. It runs in horizontal direction for some length and turns through an angle of 55°. It has an elbow at elevation 2,400m ASL and is horizontal for 100 m before turning 55° again. It trifurcates into three 1,500 mm diameter penstocks near the powerhouse, each going to individual machines. (xii) Underground powerhouse complex. There are two main caverns in the powerhouse complex, the powerhouse cavern and the transformer hall cavern. The powerhouse cavern is designed to house three generating units of 65 MW each, a 20 m long controlblock building, and a18.6 m long erection bay.
153. There are no fish in these glacial melt waters and consequently no fishing or fisherfolk were encountered during field study in the area. Moreover, steep gradient, high turbulence, rocky substratum, high silt content, and low temperature of the water doe not offer a favorable environment for fish growth. Public consultation with local people and government officials confirmed the absence of fish in the Kashang Khad. The stream is also free from mollusks and floating and submerged aquatic vegetation.
B. Description of the Environment
1. Physical Resources
154. Table 28 gives the salient physical features of the Kashang stage I hydropower project area.
Table 28: Physical Details of Kashang Stage I Hydropower Project Ite Type Name Aerial distance(km) m 1. National park - - 2. Sanctuary, tiger reserve, Rupi Bhabha Sanctuary Although the aerial distance is elephant reserve and Lippa-Asrang only 2 to 4 km, these areas lie in Sanctuary a separate valley so no adverse effect would be registered there 3. Core zone and buffer zone of - - bio-sphere reserve 4. Habitat for migratory birds - -
44 44 Ite Type Name Aerial distance(km) m 5. Lakes, reservoirs, barrages - - 6. Streams and rivers Satluj About 2 km from the diversion structure 7. Estuary and sea - - 8. Mountains andhills The project falls in - mountains and hills; elevations varies from 2,826 m to 1,992 m ASL 9. Archaeological sites - - 10. Archaeological sites listed in - - notification 11. Defense installation - - 12. Industries and thermal power - - plants 13. Municipal corporation, municipal Pangi Village gram 3–7 kms council, nagar-panchayat panchayat 14. Mangroves - - 15. Airports - - 16. Railway lines - - 17. National highways National Highway 22 About 2 km from the diversion structure ASL = above sea level, Km = kilometers, m = meter. Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
155. The trench weir site (at elevation 2,842 m ASL) on Kashan Khad is occupied by thick deposits of fluvioglacial material, mainly boulders of varying sizes embedded in finer material. The bedrock is expected to be quite deep in this stretch. The topography is rugged, dotted with large boulders and exposed fractured rocks at many places. Loose rocks along the mountains were observed at various locations during the field visit, especially on the way to the diversion site from Pangi Village. The geological formations in the area are as follows in Table 29.
Table 29: Geological Formations A. Pre-Cambrian Schists, gneisses, granites, quartzites (Vaikrita group)
B. Late Pre-Cambrian Haimanta system—phyllites, quartzites, conglo shales, and slates C. Silurian Coral limestone and quartzites D. Carboniferous Quartzites and limestones E. Triassic, Rheatic Limestone, shales, dolomites, etc. F. Recent Soils Source: Kinnaur Forest Division, 1999.
156. The project is located in the Great Himalayas. The area shows high grade metamorphic rocks belonging to the Vaikrita Group of the Middle to Late Proterozoic age. Felspathic gneiss, quartzite, high-grade schist, and migmatites of this group are exposed in an arcuate pattern and rest over Jutogh, Salkhala, and Rampur groups of rocks along the Vaikrita Thrust. These rocks are intruded by Rakcham and Nako granites. The Vaikrita Group of rocks extends toward the northeast along Satluj River and Spiti Valley up to the Shipkila mountain pass and Sumdo. Vaikrita Group rocks have been divided into three formations (Kharo, Morang, and Shiasu). The rocks belonging to the Kharo formation are exposed extensively in the area around the Kashang stage I project site, whereas those belonging to other formations are encountered further to the north and northeast.
157. The rocks of the Kharo formation tectonically overlie the Jutogh, Salkhala, and Rampur groups. The gneissic rocks of Kharo formation are argillaceous toward the base, felspathic toward the
45 45 middle, and migmatised toward the upper part along the contact with Rakcham granite. The basal part, which is exposed near Shongtong, is mainly schistose with profuse development of kyanite. Here, sillimanite makes its first appearance as minute needles. The schistose rocks are interbanded with dark grey quartzites. The overlying gneisses contain quartz, sericitised plagioclase and potash feldspar, biolite, and kynite. Toward the upper part (in the Thopan-Kharo-Khadra section), the gneisses develop migmatic character with increase of granitic material. There is marked recrystallization of biolite, making the migmatites melanosomic; ptygmatic folding of the dialation structures leading to boudings are frequent. Localized concentration of hornblende around quartz lenses is common. Small bands of schist and quartzite are ubiquitous in these gneisses. According to published works, the Basaol Kharo formation may in fact represent the felspathised and migmatised deeper parts of the overlying Morang formation.
158. There is an existing road from Reckong Peo to Pangi Village. The intake point from Kashang Khad at Dollo Dogri Village is approachable by a road navigable by motorbike up to Pangi Village (12 km from Rekong Peo) and by jeep, 8 km from Pangi Village. The powerhouse at Powari Village is approachable by motorbike road. The approach road to the intake point at Kashang Khad is very narrow and has unmetalled stretches, requiring road development activities; this road will be widened to accommodate the movement of construction material, heavy vehicles, and earth-moving equipment.
159. The project area lies in an active seismic zone, Zone V of the Seismic Zoning Map of India. Available data on seismicity within a radius of 150 km of the project show that earthquakes having a magnitude greater than 5.0 on the Richter scale occur at frequent intervals. Important seismic events within a radius of 200 km of the project area in the past 150 years have caused significant damage, include the 1905 Kangra Quake (magnitude 8+), the 1908 Kullu Quake (magnitude 6.0), the 1945 and 1947 Chamba Quakes (magnitude 6.5 and 6.6), the 1975 Kinnaur Quake (magnitude 6.8), the 1991 Uttarkashi Quake (magnitude 6.6) and the 1999 Chamoli Quake (magnitude 6.8). Using a probabilistic approach, the effective ground horizontal acceleration is 0.23 g (where g is the acceleration due to gravity) for maximum credible earthquake; and for design base earthquake, it has been taken as 0.115 g for the elastic design of structures.
160. Precipitation in the Kashang Khad project area occurs mostly in the form of moderate to heavy snow, depending upon the altitude. Rainfall measurement stations at Kalpa, Purbani, Sangla, and Nichar show average annual precipitation of about 630–700 mm, most of which is received during winter months. Sangla, Purbani, and Kalpa stations are within the same ordinates (details of the stations are in Appendix 2, Table A2.8 and rainfall in Table A2.9). They are also broadly within the elevation range of 2,400m to 2,700m ASL. The observed patterns of rainfall of all four stations are identical. As per temperatures observations at Kalpa and Jeori during 1984–1985, the range is as shown in Table 30.
Table 30: Temperature Details (0C) Station Maximum Minimum Period Temperature Temperature Kalpa 27 (9.5) 1984–1985 Jeori 40 (3.0) 1984–1985
oC = degrees Celsius. Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
161. Humidity is more than 80% during the monsoon season from July to September. The humidity is low during the other parts of the year, and it drops to 35% during March–May. During July and August, the sky is heavily clouded or overcast for about 25 days in each month. During December to March, heavy cloud cover is experienced for a period 10 days a month. Thunderstorms occur from
46 46 March to September. During winter, fog is very common. Snowfall is heavy, from 100–200 cm annually. The effect of the melting of the snow is reflected in the behavior of the Satluj River. The valleys are generally so deep and narrow that there is hardly any possibility of serious flooding of the countryside. Sporadic flats and moderate slopes do occasionally get inundated. Danger of glacier movement and severe winds do pose problems in the form of landslides and land slips.
162. The ambient air quality was monitored in June 2002 for total suspended particulat, SO2, NOx, etc. at Pangi Village, Powari, and Rekong Peo. The total suspended particulate has been found from 21.11 mg/m3 to 4.31.47 mg/m3. The high value found at Powari is due to traffic movement and bad road 3 3 conditions. The SO2 and NOX values are in the range of 0.22–4.24 mg/m and 1.87 mg/m –15.12 mg/m3, respectively, which are well within the standards prescribed (see Appendix 2, Table A2.6 for ambient air quality (AAQ) analysis).
163. The entire water conducting system of 3.7 km will run underground. There are only three settlements along the entire stretch. It will not pass under any significant agricultural land, though there are some apple orchards in the study area. The Kashang Khad flow is close to 5 m3/ sec for 50% of the year. The flow of the river is rather low for most of the year (about 2.8 m3/sec for 90% of the year). However, for a small duration (less than 50% of the year), the river flows at more than 5 m3/sec but less than 25 m3/sec (Appendix 2, Table A2.1). Since the Kashang Khad is fed by snowmelt, the temperature of the water remains very low even during the summer (15.7oC in September). In winter, the stream surface freezes while the subsurface flow continues, although with considerably reduced volume..
164. The overall water quality of Kashang Khad is very good because these are direct snowmelt waters, free from any significant human impact. Both the streams have very low biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand content, indicating good water quality. This is expected because there is no significant discharge from any adjoining settlement. The area has no industries, so no effluent discharges are made into the khad. The water quality for physical, chemical, and heavy metal concentration is within permissible limits as per the Central Pollution Control Board’s standard “Tolerance limits for inland surface waters falling under class-C.” The dissolved oxygen varies from 9.0 to 11.5 mg/L. The maximum chemical oxygen demand is 12 mg/L. With no major source of domestic and industrial discharge in the Kashang Khad, there is no organic pollution. The concentration of heavy metals is also within permissible limits. Water samples show that the quality is clean with few dissolved nutrients and is free from organic and non-organic pollution. Chloroforms and fecal problems are minor and easily rectified through local strategies such as chlorination. It is, however, clearly evident that the water quality of the khad and river markedly vary, as is expected. Other than the pH, the values of the parameters measured in Kashang Khad (for sampling locations refer Appendix 2, Table A2.2) are exceeded by 2 to 7 times in the Satluj River; for example, conductivity is 7.1 times greater in Satluj (430 µm/cm3) than Kashang Khad (60 µm/cm3). This is attributed mainly to the geology of the regions and thesediment carrying capacity of each. While the Kashang Khad flows only an 18 km stretch with almost nil turbidity, the Satluj River covers a much longer path and accumulates considerable sediment, resulting in highly turbid water. The Kashang Khad water, coming from snowmelt, is extremely poor in nutrients and biological content (Appendix 2, Table A2.3).
165. The aquatic ecological components are also found to be much less in the Kashang Khad than in the the Satluj River. The total chlorophyll content is extremely low (0.62 mg/), hence, the algal biomass is only 13.4mg/m3. Due to the extremely poor primary productivity, not much phytoplankton biomass is formed in situ. This is corroborated from the low volumes of biomass and poor biodiversity of this stream The total coliform count is only 3 as compared to 23 in the Satluj River. Because of the low chlorophyll content and poor planktonic mass, it is inferred that there is not much planktonic mass to support fisheries in the Kashang Khad (Appendix 2, Table A2.4).
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166. The groundwater source does not have any fecal contamination.The physicochemical groundwater quality, including heavy metal concentration, is within the permissible limits as per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) 10500 standard (seeAppendix 3 for standards).
167. No specific land use survey has been carried out in the catchment area. The land use as per the records of the Forest Department and the Department of Revenue, GOHP has been tabulated for Kinnaur and the details are in Table 31.
Table 31: Forest Details (ha) Forest Non- Alpine Fallow Culturabl Misc. Total Kinnaur DPF cropped Pasture Grassla e Area Geographic District Land nd Wastelan Area d 22,259 7,871 254,389 3,753 98,003 253,825 640,100 ha = hectare Source: GOHP
168. The soils of the valley are relatively poor sandy loam and show exposed rocks and gravel. It is only between elevation 1,200 m and 3,500 m ASL that the soil supports some forest cover and is cultivable to some extent. The soil contains quartz particles and sediments coarser than 0.2 mm, which would be eliminated through sedimentation. The soil texture is sandy loam to loamy sand and the soil has low nutrient status. This area of rock outcroppingss is characterized by shallow to medium-deep, excessively drained soil on very steep slopes. The stoniness is moderate, and the landform is glaciofluvial. The bulk density, porosity, and water-holding capacity of the soil are from 1.46 to 1.56 g/cm3, 32.4% to 38.8%, and 24.6% to 31.6%, respectively.
2. Ecological Resources
169. The project site is surrounded by tall hills and remains under thick snow during the winter. Hill slopes suffer from erosion from glacial flow. About 73% of the total catchment area of Kashang Khad of 133 km2 of is snowbound. The remaining area consists of protected forests, now mostly a degraded forest, having nallahs (narrow streams) and alpine pastures, with patches of agricultural and cultivated land. At the intake points, the valley of Kashang Khad is open. Valley slopes on the right flank are moderate, and a major portion is under agriculture. The left flank is very steep and there are no settlements and/ or agricultural land on the mountainside facing the khad. Vegetation is also sparse on this side, mainly due to the landslide-prone nature of the mountains.
170. The vegetation consists of forests, alpine grasslands, meadows, fruit orchards, and agricultural fields. Near the diversion site, there is hardly any vegetation due to the severely cold temperature and largely rocky terrain. A major part of the catchment area is under permanent snow, leading to sparse to no vegetation. Along the right bank of the khad, there is degraded forest with few trees and bushes. Along the northern bank of the Kashang Khad, there is degraded forest and a strip of terraced agricultural land. The flora is rich, consisting of a large number of species of trees (68), shrubs (93), herbs (116), climbers (16), and grasses and bamboos (43), as per record of the Working Plan for the Kinnaur Forest Division. About 73% of the 133 km2 catchment area of Kashang Khad is snowbound. The remaining area consists of protected forests, now mostly degraded, with nallahs, alpine pastures, and patches of agricultural and cultivated land. At the powerhouse site, the sparse, low vegetation is representative of Himachal Pradesh. Along the way to the diversion site, stunted trees and stumps are seen. Because of the landslides and heavy snowfall, trees are unable to grow well and the tree density is low.
171. The project area is surrounded by severely degraded forest areas that have been declared
48 48 “protected” forests. The Kashang Khad valley falls under aclimatic dry zone. Mostly blue pine and white birch or bhojpatra (Betula utilis) forests are found at higher elevations of the valley. A variety of plant species of ecological and commercial importance are found in and around (in uncultivated wasteland) the forests. Table 32 below gives these major species:
Table 32: Major Tree Species in the Study Area Item Species Name Common Name 1 Pinus gerardiana Chilgoza Pine 2 Cedrus deodara Deodar 3 Pinus roxburghii Chir 4 Pinus walichiana Kail
5 Douglas fir Fir 6 Picea smithiana Spruce 7 Quercus incana Ban 8 Quercus dilata Moru 9 Aesculus indica Khanor(Horsechestnut) 10. Terminalia spp. Behara/Harad 11. Taxus baccata Yew 12. Robinia pseudocacia Robinia 13. Morus alba Mulberry 14. Ficus spp. Pipal/Trimal 15. Grewia optiva Bihul 16. Cedrela toona Tun 17. Populus spp. Poplar 18. Juglens regia Akhrot
Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
172. Plants of medicinal importance and commercial value found scattered through the district include the following:
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Table 33: Plants with Commercial Value IItem Species Name Common Name 1. Dactylorrhiza hectegerea Salam Panja 2. Aconitum heterophyllum Atish 3. Aconitum chasmanthum Patish 4. Picrorhiza kurroa Kuroo 5. Aconitum dinorrhizium 6. Jurnea dolmea Dhoop 7. Dioscorea deltoidea Shingli Mingli 8. Nardostachys grandiflora 9. Podophyllum hexandrum 10. Gentiana Kurroo 11. Valeriana wallichii Valerian 12. Swartia chiriata 13. Carum bulbocastanum Kala zira 14. Saussurea lappa Kuth 15. Ephedra gerardiana Ephedra Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
173. Among the shrubs found is Viburnum, Cotoneaster, Berberis spp., Indigifera spp., Desmodium, Rubus elipticus, Rosa moschata, Rhus spp., Impatiens spp., Strobilanthes, Deutzia, Lonicera etc. The prominent herbs are Polygonatum, Fragaria, Valeriana, Primulas, Anemones, Potentilla, Viola, Delphinium, Trifolium, Ranunculus, Balsam, Gentiana, Jurinea, Podophyllum, Aconitum, Brachipodium, Danthonia, Dactylis, Agrostis, Bromus, Festuca, Anaphilis, Rumex etc. A list of endangered plant species recorded within 7 Km from the precincts of the project as per the IUCN nomenclature is as follows:
Table 34: Endangered Plant Species Critically Endangered Endangered Species Vulnerable Species Aconitum chasmanthum Fritillaria roylei Acorus calamus Aconitum heterophyllum Trillidium govinanu Allium humile Atropa acuminata Saussurea gossypiphora Arnebia benthamii Dactylorhiza hatagirea Delphinum denudatum Dioscorea deltoidea Hedychium spicatum Gentiana kurroo Jurinea dolomiaea Picrorhiza kurrooa Meconopsis aculeata Podophyllum hexandrum Phlomis bracteosa Polygonatum verticillatum Phytolaca acinosa Rheum australe Potentilla nepalensis Rheum webbiana Saussurea lapps Taxus baccata Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
174. Discussion with the range officer revealed that there were no endangered species in the project area. The Kinnaur district has 6,401 km2 of forest area, of which 5,093 km2 is legally classified forest, thus representing 9.558% of the geographical land. The forest area density (in the Kinnaur district) is described in Table 35.
Table 35: Tree Cover by Type
1. Dense tree cover : 436 km2 2. Open tree cover : 213 km2 3. Total tree cover : 649 km2 km2 = square kilometers Source: Environmenatl Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
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175. Total land required for the construction of Kashang stage I is 32.5303 ha; forestland involved is 18.7142 ha. The forestland falls under the Kalpa. The forestland acquisition has already been done, with the award of the forest clearance. The tract has considerable variation in elevation and climate and is endowed with varied fauna The main wildlife species found in the area are leopard and snow leopard, Himalayan black bear, musk deer, ghoral, serow, bharal (Himalayan bue sheep), Himalayan tahr, langoor, and other smaller mammals. Among birds, five species of pheasants (Western Tragopan, Cheer Pheasant, Monal, Koklash, and White-crested Kalij) are also found in the valley. A number of reptiles, amphibians, and smaller birds are also found.
176. Wildlife sanctuaries that fall in the catchment area of the Satluj Basin include Pin Valley, Rupi Bhabha, Lippa Asrang, Rakcham Chitkul, Majathal, Govind Sagar, and Darlaghat. Wildlife surveys carried out in the nearby sanctuaries, in the other valleys, by the Forest Department have shown a rich population of herbivores and carnivores. Most of these species are also found in the catchment of the Kashang Khad, where the altitude and habitats are similar. However, the density of the wildlife population is much less compared to a sanctuary area. The Rupi Bhaba wildlife sanctuary exists on the north side of the catchment area. There are no sanctuaries or wildlife reserves or nature reserves in the valley within or contiguous to the project that would be affected adversely. The two sanctuaries at Rupi Bhabha and Lippa Asrang may be near as the crow flies, but they are in two different valleys not contiguous to the project. Further, too few fish are available in the khad and its tributaries for any adverse effect to be registered.
3. Economic Development
177. There is little migratory habitation in the catchment area. The project area mainly comprises Pangi Village (population 2,239), covering an area of 23.9137 km2 as per household survey of the village conducted by the Forest Department in 1999. There are two types of people:
(i) the Khasia or Kanaits and Jad who like to call themselves Kinnaura (a non-scheduled tribe), and (ii) the Beru (the scheduled castes and Harijan families).
178. The Shiva Shakti cult and Buddhism are the two main religions. The prominent occupations are agriculture, horticulture, and pastoral work.
179. According to 1994 data, the total livestock population of Kinnaur District was 115,141. There are four villages that own land and cultivate in and around the project area. A survey on livestock was conducted by staff from the Forest Department, GOHP and it was found that there were 3,092 head of livestock within these villages as listed in Table 36.
Table 36: Livestock Details Item Village Ox or Sheep Goat Horse Other Total Cow 1. Pangi 170 815 1,021 68 50 2,124 2. Khawanta 71 160 125 10 13 379 3. Raghura 60 90 101 10 17 278 4. Nahala 40 55 200 16 311 Total 341 1,120 1,447 88 96 3,092 Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
180. Low productivity in agriculture is due to deteriorating soil cover. Cereal and millet crops include barley, wheat, and ogla; some vegetables like potato and cabbage and fruits like apple and chulli are grown. In spite of poor soils and soil erosion, agriculture is practiced at high elevations (2,000 m to 3,500 m ASL). Grazing occurs at higher elevations in the alpine meadows. At lower elevations, rain-
51 51 fed channel systems irrigate the crops. In the elevated areas that receive no summer rains, the water channels (khuls) are supplied from natural springs and melting snow. 181. As of the Census of India, 1991 about 77.56% of the land is cultivable wasteland, while 9.28% is not available for cultivation.8 The agricultural land is confined to about 13.16%, which includes irrigated (9.56%) and unirrigated land (3.60%). The cultivated land in the area is divided into two categories (i) agricultural land (ii) land used for other crops, including horticultural crops. The majority of the area has an apple crop covering about 64.40% of the area. Crops like cholai (8.45%) and pharpa (9.57%) are also grown. The other crops (kodda, bhittu, maize, wheat, barley, and rajmah) cover about 11.35%, and ogla accounts for about 6.23%. Details are in Table 37.
Table 37: Crop Productivity Item Crop Existing Area Productivity (qtls/ha) 1. Kharif Millets: 85% of total a) 9.96 season a) Phafra cultivated area b) 8.29 b) Ogla c) 7.25 c) Rajmah 2. Rabi a) Barley 90% of total a) 12.50 season b) Wheat cultivated area b) 12.70 {Please list and define, in alphabetical order, all abbreviations here.} Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
182. In the catchment area above the diversion site, there is little migratory habitation and agricultural land. Generally the area is under permanent snow with sparse to no vegetation, while along the right bank of the khad, there is degraded forest with few trees and bushes. In the project area, which is surrounded by forest area, only degraded forest exists under the protected forest nomenclature, with a few patches of agricultural land. Although the project lies in an ecologically sensitive region and dense forest occurs on the left bank near the barrage site, there is low vegetation diversity and density at the trench weir site. Site vegetation cover consists mainly of grassland; areas of cultivation and light shrubland are also present. The vegetation within the project site and within 7 km from the periphery of the project site falls under theheadings in Table 38.
Table 38: Flora and Fauna in Project Site Area Types Names A. Agricultural crops Barley, rajmah, peas B. Commercial crops Apple, almond, apricot, chilgoza, walnut C. Plantation Prominently horticulture, bearing i.e. apple and chigoza D. Natural vegetation and forest Pinus Gerardiana, Cedrus deodara, Pinus walichiana, Betula/Scrub forest, E. Grasslands Alpine pasture, Dry alpine scrub (Species like Kobresia, Phleum, Carex, Colpodium, Festuca, Bromus, Agropyron, Luzula, and Poa alpine) F. Animals Snow leopard, leopard, pheasants like Monal, Western-horned Tragopan, Chir pheasant, etc. Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
4. Social and Cultural Resources
183. According to the census survey, 21 households lose irrigated land and 9 households lose unirrigated land. Most of the land affected is irrigated. Details are in Table 39.
8 Census of India, Office of the Registar General & Census Commissioner, Delhi, India. 1991.
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Table 39: Type of Land Item Type of Land Number of Households % 1 Irrigated 21 70.00 2 Unirrigated 9 30.00 3 Barren 0 0.00 4 Fallow 0 0.00 5 Forest 0 0.00 Total 30 100.00 Source: Census of India – Baseline Survey Report, 2004, released July 2007.
184. Most of the land is used for orchards. One household uses the land for cultivation, while 29 households use their land for orchards, as shown in Table 40.
Table 40: Use of Land (%) Item Use of Land Number of Households 1. Cultivation 1 3.33 2. Orchard 29 96.67 3. Residential 0 0.00 4. Commercial 0 0.00 5. Forestation 0 0.00 6. Others 0 0.00 7. No Use 0 0.00 Total 30 100.00 Source: Census of India – Baseline Survey Report, 2004, released July 2007.
185. No archaeological monuments orcultural heritage sites exist within a 25 km radius of the proposed project. Therefore, no significant impact is anticipated on archaeological and cultural heritage sites. There are no historic, religious, cultural, scientific, or scenic monuments or sites that fall within the area to be used by the project. Therefore, the question of any damage to or loss of monuments does not arise. Unlimited opportunities are available to nature tourists to enjoy nature the area in its pristine state—lofty snow-covered peaks, meandering rivers, perennial springs, vast stretches of alpine meadows, and lush green forests. A variety of bio-diversity in the form of plants and animals exists. Eco-tourism is growing. Forest resthouses and forest treks are available to provide the basic infrastructure. Eco-tourism societies are being fostered at the state level.
C. Alternatives
186. No Project. Without the project, the significant energy deficit in the northern region (9.9% in 2006–2007) would not be reduced by 245.8 GWh per year from this renewable energy source. The expansion of industry would be stifled and residential consumption of electricity curbed. An equal amount of power would have to be generated by alternative means, most likely from a fossil fuel- powered plant. Various alternatives have been analyzed for the proposed project. In comparison of impacts in the ”with project” and ”without project” scenarios, it was found that the project activity, when undertaken with the proposed management and mitigation plan, will have a positive bearing on the environment and economy of the study area. Socioeconomic benefits from the project in the form of direct employment, and peripheral economic development of the area are also anticipated from the project. The “with project” scenario is the preferred option.
187. Without the project, the tree density of the study area will remain thin. The hydrology and the
53 53 socioeconomic structure are also not likely to change. However, the supply of electricity to the northern grid will not be enhanced in the absence of the project and the hydroelectric potential will remain unharnessed. This will result in exploitation of more renewable resources and put pressure on thermal energy production. With proposed project, apart from the benefit of generating electricity, it is anticipated that the vegetation cover of the area willl improve through a proposed greenbelt development, thus strengthening the ecological environment of the area. Himachal Pradesh’s sources of revenue have been changed from traditional forest and other similar resource exploitation to increased dependence on 12% free power from hydropower projects. This has made it possible for the state to impose a ban on green fellings; a business-as-usual scenario may force the state to revert, with consequent deforestation.
188. Fuel Type. Hydropower development in India is being given priority to optimize the efficiency of country’s power system and the use of sustainable resources for power generation. From an operational viewpoint, hydropower also provides synergy for optimizing generation, results in fuel savings, minimizes greenhouse gases, produces power in environment-friendly manner, supports sustainable development, and avoids emissions from equivalent thermal plants. The power generation from the Kashang stage I project is 65 MW.
189. Location. The “with project” alternative is the proposed integrated generation expansion program. With an integrated design and proper environmental mitigation plans, potential adverse environmental impacts associated with hydropower projects will be avoided or minimized through careful site selection. The following factors have been incorporated in the selection of project sites:
(i) avoiding deforestation for state’s revenue and also for fuel substitution; (ii) Avoiding ecologically significant or environmentally sensitive areas such as national parks, nature reserves, or wetland as designated by Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India; (iii) minimizing potential environmental and social impacts (including resettlement, land take, cultural, or religious sites) associated with initial alignments and locations by selection of alternative sites; (iv) minimizing involuntary resettlement; (v) avoiding monuments of cultural or historical importance; (vi) avoiding threats to indigenous peoples, including tribal communities; (vii) avoiding direct impacts on social infrastructure such as playgrounds or schools; (viii) avoiding the clearing of any existing forest resources to the maximum extent possible, and where unavoidable, minimizing and compensating according to India regulatory criteria; and (ix) consulting with affected people and offering adequate compensation options as appropriate.
190. Other safeguards being taken into account include:
(i) siting road alignments and dumping sites 10–15 km away from major towns, whenever possible, to account for future urban expansion. (ii) avoiding forests, if possible, in consultation with the local divisional forest officer, to cause minimum damage to existing forest resources. National parks and sanctuaries and any other forest area rich in wildlife have been avoided. (iii) selecting alignments to avoid riverbeds and unstable areas.
191. Different alternatives were studied with the help of Government-published data like the Forest Atlas of India and topographical maps from the Survey of India to arrive at the optimum sites and/or routes to study in detail and assess for environmental and social impacts. The
54 54 government of Himachal Pradesh has decided to encourage generation of power through hydropower and has framed a policy so that the development of this sector serves as an engine to promote the development of the region. The construction of new and augmentation of existing hydroelectric projects would result in generation of additional power.
192. Project Type. Several project alternatives were considered as listed in Table 41. The proposed location is considered the most suitable environmentally as the least number of trees will be cut in this option. This project alternative also involves the easiest access route and minimal civil work, both of which translate into minimal disturbance to the ecosystem of the project area. The selected trench weir location is considered the most environmentally favorable—no felling of trees is required. Also, there is no population within a 2 km radius of the powerhouse site. This site is also the most easily accessible among other sites considered. The existing access road to the diversion site of Kashang Khad will be widened up to 7m in width for transport of construction materials and excavated waste. Considering the geological fragility of the area, different means of tunnel construction have been considered. While a tunnel boring machine is judged to result in less vibration, it has not been found to be economically feasible. Moreover, no significant environmental benefits in terms of air emissions, effluents, or waste generation are anticipated from the use of the machine over drilling and blasting in the area. Drilling and blasting is the preferred option for tunnel construction.
193. The annual generation in 90% dependable years works out to be 245.80 GWh per year, which, when supplied to the local grid, will increase the scope of livelihood development and communication in the area, which is presently based on agricultural produce and medicinal herbs. The easy availability of electricity would facilitate establishment of small-scale and cottage industries in the state. There would be easy access to educational and health facilities, and there would be improvement of forest resources and also job improvement and availability of additional work. Further details are shown in Table 41.
Table 41: Alternative Analysis for Proposed Project Issue Without Project With Project Hydrology The surface and groundwater hydrology About 85% of the Kashang Khad water will be diverted will not be altered. The Kashang Khad through a trench weir and, after running the turbine, water is not used for any purposes discharged into the Satluj River near the present downstream of the intake point; meeting point of the khad and the river. There will not be thereafter, its waters move through the any significant impact on the environment due to this steep inclines, ultimately falling into the alteration. Satluj River. Land Use and The tree density is thin in the study The land use around the intake point will change for a Soil area. Some factors are illegal felling of small area. The debris will be disposed of in deep trees, landslides, and cold temperature. trenches along the Satluj River, which will stabilize the The cultivable land is also scarce. Soil river banks. However, some permanent land use erosion is noted at various locations changes are expected at other debris disposal locations. along the Satluj River and at landslide The same will eventually get stabilized with tree areas. This situation is likely to remain plantings and vegetation. Hence, land use will improve in the same. the long run. Air Quality and Air and noise levels are expected to Air and noise levels may increase during the Noise Level increase gradually with time due to construction period at project sites; however, this will be socioeconomic factors. a temporary phenomenon confined to the location and duration of the construction activities. The air quality and noise levels are likely to improve due to improved road conditions proposed for transportation of construction materials, etc.
Rehabilitation No resettlement and rehabilitation There is no rehabilitation and resettlement involved in and issues arise without the project. the project. Acquired land is being compensated for as Resettlement per the market rate and acceptability of the affected people. Ecological The vegetated area of the study area Very few trees will be cut because of the project.
55 55 Issue Without Project With Project Impact comprises degraded forests and land Forestland has also been acquired for project purposes. cultivated for one crop only. The Accordingly, compensation has been paid to the Forest situation is not expected to change. Department for compensatory afforestation. HPPCL will also undertake planting in the waste dump areas. In the operation phase, the vegetation in the project area will improve the floral and faunal cover of the area. Socio-Cultural The local residents are mainly Due to project activities, local and regional people will Issues cultivators and make a living by selling get direct and indirect employment opportunities, not their produce in local markets and only during the construction phase but also the operation exporting apples. However, with phase for the running and maintenance of the power increasing population, the need for plant. other job opportunities is being felt. HPPCL = Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd. Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
D. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
194. The likely primary adverse environmental impacts of the project, based on type, duration, extent, and severity, will be changes in the river hydrology, loss of agricultural and forestland, a decline in the quality of aquatic ecosystems, and resettlement as shown in the Table 42. Most of the likely primary project impacts will occur during project operation, with the most significant impact being altered river hydrology between the barrage and the tailrace outlet.
Table 42: Likely Primary Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts of Kashang Stage I Issue/Feature Impact Extent Duration Hydrology • Reduced river flows Along a 2 km stretch of river Permanent between barrage and tailrace outlet Permanent Aquatic • Altered river ecosystem 2 km Kashang Khad, pondage Permanent ecosystems • Fish movement inundation area No fishery at present
Land resources • Loss of agricultural and 34.9 ha total land conversion Permanent forestland
Social • Resettlement of households 1 household relocated, 30 Permanent households losing agricultural land ha = hectare, km = kilometer. Source: Environmental Assessement Report, Environmental Management Plan and Catchment Area Treatment Plan & Environmental Appraisal for Kashang Hydro Electric project.
1. Environmental Impacts Due to Project Location and Design
195. Altered River Flow Volumes. Low water temperature and other physical attributes result in a very low biological diversity in the khad, insufficient to support a fish population. Impacts on the aquatic ecology of the Kashang resulting from construction and operation of the hydropower project are considered insignificant. The proposed mitigation measures will minimize the adverse impacts forseen. It is strongly suggested that no more than 85% of the khad’s water be diverted into the power channel, in conformance with the current practice of the state government as well as the Ministry of Environment & Forests for grant of environmental clearance.
196. Kashang Khad is a tributary of the Satluj River, although its contribution to the river is only 0.01%. The total catchment area is 231 km2; of this, 96 km2 is under glacier or permanent snow. The discharge characteristics of the Kashang Khad are very favorable. The minimum flow during December reduces to 1.91 m3; maximum flow during July increases to 18.88 m3. The Kashang Khad flow is close to 5 m3/sec for 50% of the year. The flow of the river is rather low for most of the year (about 2.8 m3/sec
56 56 for 90% of the year); however, for a small duration (less than 50% of the year), the flow ranges from more than 5 m3/sec to less than 25 m3/sec. Ten daily discharges of the Kashang Khad in 90% and 50% dependable years is attached in Appendix 2, Table A2.10.The water from Kashang Khad is not used for irrigation or drinking purposes because of its low temperature and lack of irrigational facilities. Neither are there many settlements along the khad that need water from it. Downstream from the trench weir, a minimum of 15% (as per 2006 state policy) of existing flow will be maintained in Kashang Khad. During the field visits, local people reported that there are no downstream users of Kashang Khad water. Hence, the diversion will not cause any adverse impact on the downstream availability of water. Significance of the anticipated environmental impacts will be low based on intensity and degree of disturbance.
197. Disruption of Fish Migration. Too few fish areavailable in the khad and its tributaries for any adverse effect to be registered. Baseline ecological studies carried out in Kashang Khad indicate that because of poor nutrient status and an extremely low content of chlorophyll, the primary productivity of Kashang Khad water is very low. This is corroborated by the low volumes of biomass and poor biodiversity of the stream. Extremely low primary productivity, steep gradient, rocky substratum, and low water temperature do not offer a favorable environment for fish growth. Since a minimum of 15% of existing water flow will be maintained in the Kashang Khad downstream of the trench weir, no significant impact is anticipated on the khad’s aquatic ecology.
198. Land Acquisition and Land Use Conversion. The impacts of the project include loss of land (agricultural and residential), structures (residential and community), income and livelihood (owners), and community and cultural sites. Compensation based on the market replacement value of the asset will be provided to the affected households. Additional support in the form of livelihood training and transit support will also be provided to the affected households to restore lives and livelihoods. With 98 km2 of the total catchment area of 231 km2 under permanent snow And the balance of the area consisting of protected forest, mostly degraded forest having nallahs and alpine pastures, with little agriculture and cultivated land (see details of land in Appendix 2, Table A2.11), there is little land acquisition or land use conversion. Classification of forest degradation as to quality and density was done mostly by sight. Land required for construction of various components of the project is tabulated in Table 43.
Table 43: Land Requirement for Kashang Stage I Project (ha) Item Project Components Private Land Government Total Land 1. Quarry site near intake 0.7769 3.2558 4.0327 2. Approach road to quarry site near intake (1,400 m) 0.6475 0.6801 1.3276 3. Approach road to intake up to headrace tunnel inlet 0.6830 3.5508 4.2338 (5,200 m) 4. Proposed intake site area. Power channel 6.6780 1.2777 7.4455 sedimentation tank. Balancing reservoir power channel up to headrace tunnel inlet 5. Approach road to top of pressure shaft (400 m) and 0.0000 3.2219 4.1009 approach road to penstock adit/drift (3,200 m) 6. Approach road to powerhouse (2,200 m) 0.0832 1.5990 1.6822 7. Powerhouse area 0.0000 0.2115 0.2115 8. Proposed housing area at Pangi 3.1421 0.0000 3.1421 9. Quarry site area near Akpa 0.0000 3.7340 3.7340 10. Dumping yard 1.4366 1.1834 2.6200 Total 13.4473 18.7142 32.5303 ha = hectare. Source: HPPCL estimates.
57 57
199. To compensate for the loss of vegetation from project sites, and in accordance with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, the state Forest Department will undertake afforestation on a total of 163.518 ha at 20 locations identified by the department. The cost of this compensatory forest program is covered by the land price paid by HPPCL. The total private land required for acquisition is 3.67 ha. Uses include widening of the approach road to the intake site, construction of housing, etc. The total number of affected households due to the land acquisition is 30. A census survey was conducted to assess various impacts of the affected households. Summary of the land acquisition and resettlement impact is presented in Table 44 below.
Table 44: Summary Impact (number) Item Impacts Amount 1. Total area of agricultural land (ha) 3.67 2. Households losing agricultural land 30 3. Structures (residential/commercial) affected 0 4. Community property resources affected 0 5. Households affected 30 6. Vulnerable households 36 7. Tenants, leaseholders, and employees 0 8. Trees 1,196 9. Titleholders 30 10. Nontitleholders 0 11. Affected persons 147 Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
200. Resettlement. As a run-of-the-river type project with no barrage and storage, there is no submergence. Hence no dwellings, houses, or hamlets will be lost. No rehabilitation is involved as no person is rendered landless. Only a part of the land is being acquired from 104 families, and none of the landowners is being displaced or is becoming landless or houseless. A scheme for relief and rehabilitation as accepted by the Himachal Pradesh state government is attached as Appendix 4. Along similar lines, the resettlement and rehabilitation scheme Kashang stage I is being prepared for approval by the Himachal Pradesh state cabinet.
201. Only one household is being resettled from the area being acquired; its members have expressed a preference to resettle in the vicinity of their present locations, to minimize disruption and to benefit from mutual support from kin groups, as well as new development opportunities generated by the Project. The Project will facilitate completion of relocation activities within a reasonable timeframe. Some affected households whose agricultural lands have been acquired are using the compensation provided by HPPCL. The resettlement plan is based on the general findings of the census and social survey, field visits, and meetings with various project-affected persons. A resettlement plan, detailing the impacts and measures to be taken to mitigate various project losses, is being prepared. Community development plans are under preparation in consultation with the stakeholders. The initiatives include: relocation of common property resources such as schools and temples; creation and augmentation of community infrastructure with a focus on health and education, basic amenities, capacity building, etc.
2. Environmental Problems Due to Design
202. Impact on Forests and Trees. Diversion of forestland and felling of trees adversely impacts the environment and causes stress on the adjoining lands due to shifting of biotic pressure. Of the total land (32.5303 ha) required for the construction of Kashang stage, forestland is 18.7142 ha. With
58 58 diversion of forestland for the construction of project and limited felling of about 500 trees, changes are inevitable. About 18.7142 hectare of forestland is to be diverted for construction of Kashang stage I, for which permission has been received from the Government of India. Double the area taken will undergo compensatory afforestation and soil conservation under CAT plan works. There are no sanctuaries, wildlife reserves, or nature preserves within and contiguous to the project that would be affected adversely. The sanctuaries at Rupi Bhabha and Lippa Asrang are in two different valleys, and not contiguous to the project.
203. Afforestation is an important activity to bring the erosion-prone and degraded forestland under vegetation cover so as to minimize soil erosion. The prevalent locality factors are very adverse for raising new plantings. Soil quality is poor and rainfall is inadequate. The winter is harsh and the wind velocity is high. It is difficult to ensure survival of new plantings. It is proposed to plant 1,100 plants per ha for all the species as per the standard practice being followed in Himachal Pradesh. The level of the degradation of the pasture is high in the project area. To conserve the pasture and improve its productivity, pasture improvement activities have been proposed. The pastures affected badly will be closed and supplemented with planting of grass tufts and medicinal herbs. Genuses to be propogated are Kobresia, Phleum, Carex, Colpodium, Festuca, Bromus, Agropyron, Luzula, Poa alpine, etc.
204. The impact of tree removal and land submergence of land is likely to be felt by the local population in increased hardship for grazing and fuelwood collection. This would be addressed through compensatory afforestation and implementing the CAT plan. The CAT plan has been formulated to take care of the immediate needs of the population in close vicinity and downstream of the weir. The treatable area has been extended to cover the affected catchment below the diversion structure. The timber content from removed trees could be put to long-term use in construction material and furniture. Reduction in vegetation has an impact on the carbon cycle of the area in addition to reducing availability of resources to the local communities.
3. Environmental Impact of Preconstruction and Construction Activities
205. The environmental impacts associated with the location have been studied on a case-by- case basis. Appropriate site selection criteria have been reported in the EIA to avoid unnecessary problems, and all projects are located to avoid ecologically sensitive areas such as reserve forests and wildlife sanctuaries. Construction will involve removal of trees at the project site, excavation work, erection of equipment and civil works relating to the desilting chamber, forebay, penstock, powerhouse, and other related works. Standard construction impacts will occur. The construction period for Kashang stage I is forseen as about 5 years. Due to Himalayan terrain characteristics, the direct impact of construction activity for any water resource project in is generally limited in the vicinity of the construction sites. These will relate to specific construction activities, site disturbance, spoil disposal, river flow disruption, and worker influx. These types of construction impacts, common to most hydropower projects, are described below, together with the associated mitigation measures. Standard construction impacts will occur (see details in Appendix 2, Table A2.15).
a. Physical Resources
206. Impact on Topography. During the construction period, the topography will change due to excavation of tunnels and erection of buildings, fill and cuts for tunnel and construction of powerhouse, forebay, desilting chamber, and penstock. Change on surface features will occur on account of removal of soil at the underground powerhouse, weir, tunnel construction site and all along the roads for construction facilitation and power evacuation transmission line. The most prominent impact on the surface topography will be the creation of impoundment upstream of the weir. The impact will be local but irreversible as the present features will be changed due to presence of
59 59 hydropower project facilities—portals for powerhouse and adits, tunnels, roads, etc.
207. Material Extraction. HPPCL will ensure that mining and quarrying practices comply with the guidelines and directives of the relevant authorities. The contractor’s excavation plans must be approved and monitored by HPPCL engineers. No construction material is to be extracted from the riverbed. The first quarry approved by the Himachal Pradesh government for aggregates is proposed between Moorang and Akpa, along the Satluj River, with safeguards to eliminate debris flow into the river. The second quarry is proposed near the intake. Rock spoils and the majority of stones available in the excavation due to blasting will be utilized for construction of retaining structures and other structures. Details of muck disposal protection walls are in Appendix 2, Table A2.14. The site disposal maps are found in the detailed project report (DPR) section of the project details.
208. Impact on Air Quality. The main activities at the construction stage likely to affect air quality are shown in Table 45.
Table 45: Activities Likely to Affect Air Quality Item Activity Generates:
1. Traffic movement SPM, SO2, NOX, CO, CO2, and noise
2. Blasting SPM, NOx, and noise 3. Exhaust operation of tunnels Noise 4. Unsurfaced road condition SPM 5. Muck disposal sites SPM in high winds
CO = carbon monoxide, CO2 = carbon dioxide, NOx = nitrogen oxide, SO2 = sulphur dioxide, SPM = suspended particulate matter. Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
209. During construction, activities include excavation for the tunnel construction, movement of vehicles carrying construction material. These activities give rise to dust particles that affect air quality marginally at the site. Spraying of water during excavation will reduce the dust emission to the great extent.
210. The ambient air quality survey recorded total suspended particulate concentration below the 3 Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India standard of 500 µg/m for 24 hours for industrial areas. The level of gaseous air pollutants (SO2 and NO2) is also within limits. During major construction-related activities (site clearance, earthwork excavation, blasting, boring, crusher operations, and transportation of equipment), the marginal increase in ambient air pollutants such as total suspended particulate, SO2, and NO2 would be localized, temporary in nature, and limited to the construction phase. (Land-use near the sampling locations is provided in Appendix 2, Table A2.5). This marginal increase would be well in the stipulated standards for industrial areas.
211. Impact on Noise Levels. During construction, the major source of noise pollution is movement of vehicles transporting the construction material and equipment to the site. The major work of the construction is expected to be carried out during the daytime. There are habitations within 2–3 km of the project site. Noise levels in the worker housing area would range from 45 to 52 dB(A) in sensitive areas (dispensary etc.) and otherwise from 40 to 45 dB(A), which is well within the control board’s standards. During peak traffic, the noise level would not cross 70 dB(A), which is within the control board’s standards. The noise level at the quarry and crushing sites, and underground reservoir and powerhouse construction sites, would remain within the standards promulgated by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The noise levels,
60 60 due to noise-generating sources would range from 80 to 95 dB(A), and workers exposed to these noise levels, considering the 8-hour work shift, will not be affected adversely. Because of the project location near forests and hills, any noise pollution would be insignificant. At present only about four buses per day travel the Reckong Peo-Pangi Road, with little local traffic. The noise produced during the construction will not have a significant impact on the existing ambient noise levels.
212. Impact on Water Quality. The construction will not have any major impact on the surface and groundwater quality in the area. Contamination of water bodies may result due to spilling of construction materials and surface runoff from the construction site adjoining the water body. There may be an increase in the turbidity levels where the proposed road alignment crosses the khad, and the surface runoff during construction meets the river. Even during construction of the trench weir, the turbidity, total suspended solids, and some other chemical parameters like biological oxygen demand are likely to increase. This can be avoided by careful selection of the sites and the access roads so that the surface runoff does not meet the river.
213. Care will be taken to locate the temporary construction worker housing away from the water bodies. Adequate drinking water facilities, sanitary facilities, and drainage in the temporary housing of the construction workers should be provided to avoid the surface water pollution. Provision of adequate washing and toilet facilities with septic tanks and an appropriate refuse collection and disposal system should be made obligatory. Sedimentation ponds should be provided at the substation site during the construction phase. Oil confining basins and oil–water separation should be provided at the substation areas to avoid surface water pollution. An oil trap should be provided for separation of oily waste. The sludge generated at the trap should be kept in a specified place inside the premises and sold to authorized contractors and third parties. No sludge disposal on land will be allowed.
214. During construction, small amounts of oil and grease will be generated from construction equipment. These wastes, if not disposed of properly, may contaminate surface water sources. Runoff from the construction sites during rains and glacial movement may also contaminate the Kashang Khad’s water. This may increase the total dissolved solids and oil and grease content of the khad, thus reducing its dissolved oxygen. Since the Kashang Khad has high dissolved oxygen content, the impact will be insignificant and not affect the biological activities in the river.
215. River water quality (seewater quality details in Appendix 2, Table 2.13) could substantially decline during construction from sewage discharge from construction camps; site disturbance activities (weir, intake, and outlet construction; river sand extraction); sediment from material stockpiles, crushing activities, and spoil disposal; and pollution from fuel storage, workshops, camps, etc. Mitigation measures being implemented include: (i) the provision of community latrines, septic tanks, and soak pits for construction labor camp sanitation; (ii) the provision of suspended sediment settling tanks for the treatment of crusher and tunneling effluent; sludge disposal as solid waste; (iii) spoil stabilization and erosion and sediment control; (iv) quarry restoration; and (v) operation of a sewage treatment system to serve the permanent project workforce. About 10 kg/day of sewage effluent will be generated from a construction camp. Disposal of untreated sewage into the khad water can cause significant pollution of the water by reducing its dissolved oxygen content and increasing the biological oxygen demand significantly. However, the proposed treatment through septic tank and soak pit will ensure that the polluted water does not reach the khad or river water.
216. Impact on Soil and Geology. The impact on soils will be due to the soil erosion at the construction site and along the access routes due to excavation activity and land clearance. Erosion- prone areas will be strengthened before commencing construction. Leveling and stabilization of construction sites will be done after completion of the construction activity. Construction chemicals, if
61 61 any, must be handled properly to avoid any soil contamination.
217. Spoil Disposal. About 2.2 million m3 of tunnel and other excavation spoil will be generated in excess of the volume of material that will be used in construction. This material is being disposed of in the vicinity of excavation sites, on riversides, and on lower-slope government and acquired land (26.67 ha), with protection works (mainly retaining walls) installed to stabilize the new landforms. Retaining walls, generally built from rock gabions, are being constructed on the contour at surveyed spoil disposal sites to provide stable disposal areas. Spoil is being placed and compacted behind the retaining walls to form stable landforms. No spoil is being placed in watercourses or on grades that have the potential to fail. Completed spoil disposal areas are being covered with topsoil and seeded or planted with tube-stock. Details are shown in Table 46. Table 46: Debris Produced during Construction Phase (m3) Item Name of Component Muck Produced 1. Approach road to quarry site near intake 7,506 2. Approach road to intake up to headrace tunnel inlet 28,543 3. Proposed intake site area. Power channel sedimentation tank 101,737 balancing reservoir power channel to headrace tunnel inlet. 4. Approach road to surge shaft 2,000 5. Approach road to penstock 22,586 6. Approach road to powerhouse 14,672 7. Headrace tunnel 13,700 8. Surge shaft 4,200 9. Penstock 11,900 10. Underground powerhouse 34,947 11. Tailrace tunnel 1,450 Total: 243, 241 (About 5,95,940 t) Source: Environmental Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
218. It is estimated that for Kashang stage I about 243,000 m3 of debris (muck) would be generated during the construction of this project. Of this, 111,000 m3 of muck is proposed to be utilized in various project components (construction works of retaining structures, flexible wire crates, road development, worker housing works, check dams, and platforms for workshops, open yards, stores, etc. (See details of muck disposal in Appendix 2, Table A2.12.) A balance of 132,000 m3 of surplus debris or muck would have to be disposed of at the identified dump sites. Crate wire walls would be erected to ensure that the dump is kept in hold and muck debris does not pass directly into river water. After the dump sites are exhausted, planting with soil binders and species with lateral roots will be done by the Forest Department. Along water lines, Alnus nitida, Salix spp., and poplar need to be propagated. At a little higher altitude, conifers and oaks can be propagated. Species planted should have fodder value and also should be aesthetically pleasing. Where the soil cover is poor, Aesculus indica and Ailanthus spp. should be planted.
219. Road Construction Impacts. Project roads that will join the various sites with the main road total 13.715 km and require widening or construction. The construction of project roads could destabilize slopes and create erosion. Such impacts are being kept to a minimum through minimal vegetation clearance, balancing of cut and fill where possible to generate less spoil, controlled disposal of excess spoil, stabilization of excavated slopes, and controlled rock blasting. The following table lists all construction materials to be used during construction for the project and their modes of transportation.
62 62 Table 47: Construction Material and Transportation (t/month) Item Construction Means of Materials to be Used Transportation at All Stages of Quantity (source to storage Construction Peak Average Source of Material site with justification) 1. Cement 1,200 630 Ambuja cement factory Trucks via roads 2. Stone (aggregate) 3,500 1,905 Local Trucks via roads 3. Steel 100 67 Steel stock at Chandigarh Trucks via roads 4. Sand 1,750 954 Quarry site at Moorang Trucks via roads 5. Others Trucks via roads Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
220. Details of the road construction for Kashang stage I are as follows:
(i) Length of road (a) from Pangi Village to intake site = 7 km (b) from NH 22 to powerhouse site = 2.1 km (c) from powerhouse site to to tailrace tunnel site = 0.18 km
(ii) Land required for road (a) 6.0168 ha forestland (b) 1.327 ha of private land
(iii) Number of trees felled for roads—less than 110
4. Ecological Resources
221. Impact on Terrestrial Ecology. The construction work along the road and tunnel alignment involves land clearance, cutting, filling, and levelling that will cause loss of vegetation, which will be irreversible. Care should be taken to avoid thick vegetation; the tower will be located insofar as possible where vegetation is thin, which will greatly minimize the tree loss and compensation that needs to be paid to the tree owners. Compensatory afforestation has to be done in association with the state Department of Forests. Cutting of trees should be done in consultation with the forest department. The removal of herbaceous vegetation from the soil and loosening of the topsoil generally causes soil erosion; however, such impacts would be confined primarily to the project site during initial periods of the construction phase and will be minimized through adoption of mitigative measures like paving, surface treatment, and water sprinkling.
222. Terrestrial Fauna. During the construction stage, the fauna in the reserved forests area may get disturbed due to various construction activities and may move to other areas. Care will be taken not to disturb major wildlife habitats.
223. Fisheries. There will be some disturbance to plantkonic population during construction of trench weir, but there will be no adverse affect on the aquatic fauna like fish, which are absent because of low water temperatures. There are no significant commercial fisheries that will be affected though water quality impacts.
5. Human Environment
224. Agriculture. Permanent and temporary loss of agricultural land would occur due to construction activity in the agricultural fields and loss of crops along the access routes. There will be land acquisition for construction, but as far as possible, prime agricultural land would be avoided and construction will be done only after crop harvesting. Adequate compensation will be given to those who lose land. The
63 63 extent of land required for the proposed project and the compensation are being dealt with separately in the resettlement plan.
225. About 1,200 laborers will be required for the construction of the project during which provision for fuelwood is to be made. The project authorities will operate depots for cooking gas and kerosene oil supply, so that the pressure on felling or lopping og trees is minimized. No unauthorized fuelwood will be allowed to be used by the labor.
226. Socioeconomics. There will be job opportunities during the construction period for the local population. A number of marginal activities and jobs would be available to the locals, such as road construction. However, the project construction will lead to reduction in agricultural land as per the survey conducted in December 2007, as well the removal of trees in the project areas.
227. Resettlement. Issues related to resettlement and rehabilitation have been discussed separately in the resettlement plan for the project. 228. Cultural sites. There are no important archaeological, historical, or cultural sites in the projects area and no significant impacts were forseen.
229. Traffic and Transport. During the construction phase, traffic disturbance needs to be minimized by avoiding high density areas, providing traffic signs, ensuring proper access roads, and avoiding road blockages.
6. Environmental Impact of Operation Activities
230. No topographical changes are envisioned during the operation phase as the access roads built during the construction phase will be utilized during operation and maintenance.
a. Physical Resources
231. Impact on Topography. No topographical changes are envisioned during the operation phase as the existing access routes will be utilized during operation and maintenance.
232. Impact on Climate. The study area along the project also encompasses forest areas, and the construction of the hydropower project will involve some tree removal.
233. Impact on Hydrology. The headwork for the hydropower project consists of a trench-type weir for diversion purposes, and the operation will not have significant impact on the environment. The project will not have any impact on the water table in the area. Some erosion will take place, mainly on terraces and slopes covered with soil. The terraces are glacofulvial in origin, and soil gets eroded through runoff water. Also along the steep slopes and escarpment, gravity fall of fragmented rock boulders is common.
234. Imbalances. Tectonically, the project area has undergone three to four phases of deformation. It is located north of the main central thrust, a well-defined tectonic lineament. However, the entire stretch of the project is located over a generally stable area. In the power channel, leakages may cause saturation of debris material, which may result in slope failure. Overall, there is no danger of any significant damage being caused through the action of the project.
235. Sediments. The project area is characterized by steep slopes covered with soil and thick vegetation. Small nallahs are the main source of erosion in the area, as runoff water causes flow of soil and small rock masses from the slopes. Sedimentation is practically insignificant because
64 64 the nallahs have sufficient capacity to carry these sediments, but it leads to erosion. During the rainy season, large blocks and boulders carried from the upper zones often get dumped in the riverbed at lower reaches due to change in gradient or the broadening of the riverbed.
236. Impact on Air Quality. Since the project does not involve any air emissions, it will not have any negative impact on the air quality of the region during the operation phase.
237. Impact on Noise Levels. During project operation, there will noise from the powerhouse and switchyard, but it will be heard only in an area with a 15 to 30 meter radius, particularly as the powerhouse is located underground. Random sampling done by the HPSEPPCB, the noise level has been found in the range of 42 to 82 dB(A) in the daytime and 32 to 70 dB(A) in the nighttime. The high value of 82 dB(A) in daytime and 70 dB(A) at night at Rekong Peo was due to the traffic movement. (See Appendix 2 Table 2.7 for results of Noise Monitoring Analysis).
238. Impact on Surface Water Quality. The operation of the proposed hydropower project will not have any major impact on the surface and groundwater quality in the area. PCB- and CFC- free equipment would be used for the powerhouses, switchyards, etc. Also, local villagers expressed fear that groundwater regimes would be disturbed and that springs and hand pumps may dry up as a result of tunnel blasting.
239. Impact from Water Diversion. Operation of a run-of-the-river type of project necessitates abstraction of water from rivers and streams and their diversion into water conductor systems. This disrupts the longitudinal connectivity of the natural aquatic system. Such a disruption has many adverse impacts on the downstream and upstream environments. Many of the aquatic fauna and planktonic flora are either unable to traverse the length of the river or are severely restricted in their movement, which in turn has an impact on the viability of their population and the aquatic environment of the river. At Kashang stage I, the groundwater position will not be changed due to existing steep slopes of surface and the watertight lining of the tunnels. There is no major irrigation scheme in the area. In view of the above, this project will not have any adverse impact on irrigation or ground and surface water position of the area. The runoff from the construction sites will have a natural tendency to flow toward Kashang Khud. For some distance downstream of major construction sites there is a possibility of increased sediment levels, leading to reduction in light penetration and increase in turbidity.
240. Impact on Groundwater Qualty. Groundwater pollution can take place, if chemical substances and oily waste leached in to the groundwater table. Avoiding spilling at the tower construction site and powerhouse will minimize the chances of leaching construction chemicals to the groundwater. Adequate treatment facilities at the substation areas should be provided to avoid groundwater pollution. Regarding the groundwater quality, it has been found to be good, except for high values of iron for hand pumps at Pangi Village, which is very likely due to the corrosion of hand pump assemblies. No qualitative changes are expected in the groundwater, which, of course, may have quantitative changes during and after construction of the project. Based on the above discussion, the intensity of anticipated environmental impact on water quality is found to be weak; and the extent of anticipated impact will be site-specific. Moreover, duration of impact will be short.
241. Impact on Soil and Geology. No significant impact on soil is expected during the operational phase. Geological impacts are related to damage due to seismic conditions. Based on the tectonic features and records of earthquakes, the area under the project primarily falls in Zone V, according to the seismic zoning map prepared by the Bureau of Indian Standards, and is referred as a low damage risk zone. Suitable seismic coefficients (acceleration due to earthquake in horizontal and vertical directions for
65 65 foundation design of the trench weir and powerhouse) would need to be adopted at the design stage considering the probability of occurrence of earthquake.
b. Ecological Resources
242. Impact on Terrestrial Ecology. During construction, use of explosives for tunneling will produce repeated vibrations, dust, and noise. During tunneling, it is likely that some tree roots will be encountered and may get damaged. In general this is unavoidable, but effort should be made while deciding the tunnel alignment to minimize the likely damage to standing trees from tunneling activities. It may be desirable to adjust the tunnel alignment to minimize such damage to trees.
243. Impact on Aquatic Ecology. Water samples have been analyzed for 37 parameters. The water of the Satluj River contains high silt content, but otherwise has been found to be class “A” as per “Primary Water Quality Criteria” for its designated base use by the Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India. The water quality of the Kashang weir site and before its confluence with the Satluj has been found almost similar to the class “A” criteria of the Central Pollution Control Board and is fit for drinking water after conventional treatment. The water quality of Pangi nallahs has been found to be very good, but due to low pH value (6.44), it goes to the category “C” of the above classification.
244. During operation, the water of the Kashang Khad will be diverted for power generation and its natural course downstream will have a minimum flow to maintain the aquatic life. The sediments from the diversion will also be discharged in the natural source during rainy season. Further the water coming through the turbine will also not contain any significant pollutants to change water quality. The sewage and municipal solid waste would not be permitted to be discharged through the water bodies, and the operation of a sewage treatment system to serve the permanent workforce will be implemented. Thus the surface water quality during construction and operation will be protected from pollution.
Table 49: Details on Solid Waste (t) A. Debris (arising out of construction and 2,43,241 t (cumulative) excavation) B. Solid waste - sewage 0.5 t/year C. Method of disposal of solid waste Development of bench for construction activity and reclaiming low-lying areas T = tonnes Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
245. There will be some disturbance to plantkonic population during construction of the trench weir, but there will be no adverse affect on the aquatic fauna, like fish, which are absent because of low water temperature. There are no working commercial fisheries in the project area.
c. Human Environment
246. Health and Safety. Health and safety impacts such as accidents, electrocution, fires, explosions, and EMF exposure occur. Houses will not be allowed within the vicinity of the project. A safety and emergency procedures manual will be kept at the project. Training regarding safety will be provided to personnel working at the substation and to line inspectors. Personal protective equipments like safety gloves, helmets, ear plugs and the like will be provided during construction and during for maintenance work. Maintaining clean and hygienic conditions will be emphasized at the substations.
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d. Increased human interference
247. The project area is already accessible by road, and increased accessibility to the area due to project operation can lead to an increase in human interference, leading to marginal adverse impacts on the terrestrial ecosystem.
248. There are no national parks or wildlife sanctuaries or significant wildlife aread adjacent to the project area. Lippa Asrang wildlife sanctuary is more than 25 km from the project area and in a different valley. Additional impact mitigation measures to be implemented by HPPCL or its contactors include (i) provision of electricity supply in camps; (ii) provision of solid waste collection and disposal facilities; (iii) greenbelt planting using native trees; (iv) provision of first-aid posts at each major construction site and a dispensary; (v) provision of personal noise protection equipment to workers exposed for extended periods; and (vi) regular machinery maintenance to keep noise at the design level. No historic or religious sites will be affected by project construction. It is a run-of-the-river scheme, and therefore no disaster is anticipated. There would be no submergence, and no water storage is planned behind the diversion weir, as no barrage is to be prepared. This would mean that the adverse effects on the local populace would be nullified. Thus no rehabilitation measures are required, as there would be no people displaced. Road construction, mining, logging, and sliding of timber increase the frequency of landslides and slips. Annual runoff in the area is about 4000*106 m3.
249. Waterborne diseases occur due to poor sanitation, but outbreaks are contained. The total out- patient department cases in the district hospital at Reckong Peo are as given in Table 50.
Table 50: Details of Diseases (number) Item Disease Cases 1966 1997 1998 1999 2000 1. Dysentery and diarrhea 6,695 11,600 10,543 12,921 10,663 2. Eye diseases 1,666 1,938 4,833 5,749 3,655 3. Injuries 2,587 2,131 2,736 2,832 2,464 4. Respiratory ailments 14,930 13,471 13,446 13,981 14,129 5. Others 13,984 14,708 16,377 12,811 10,929 Total 39,862 43,848 47,294 48,294 41,840 Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report prepared by GOHP
250. Waterborne diseases do exist but there is no chance for an epidemic. The medical facilities required for a major project will be provided by opening a dispensary and making provisions for hospital service and an ambulance. The diseases to be worried about are diarrhea, dysentery, and jaundice. Medical facilities would be provided to the workers and officials on the project construction work and in a limited way to the local populace.
251. Socioeconomics. Beneficial impacts are envisaged on socioeconomic conditions as there will be rural and urban electrification. Industrial development may take place, which will trigger the economic growth in this backward region of the state.
252. Solid Waste Generation. The solid waste generation (metal scraps, wooden packing material, oily waste) may take place. Separated oily waste and scrap will be collected and disposed of in compliance with India’s Environmental Protection Act, 1986, and applicable regulations and rules. The domestic wastewater from worker housing and other residential areas would find its way into the river only after it is treated for prevention of fecal contamination. The treatment should be suitably designed for wastewater to be discharged in a river. Provision of adequate water supply for drinking to the labor and officials is required at project site. Further, adequate sanitation facilities must be provided, so that the water sources are not polluted and disease
67 67 proneness in the area is not affected. About one community toilet is to be provided for 25 persons while one septic tank would be required for 500 persons. The drinking water facility and the waste disposal site must be located far from each other. The project authorities would take into account the fact, that during peak construction, the increased population would require adequate provision for drinking water and sewage treatment, which would later taper down. Thus provisions need to be made both for temporary and permanent arrangements.
E. Economic Assessment
253. Electricity from the proposed hydropower plants under the investment program will go directly to the local grid (only the surplus during the peak water flow season will be exported to the northern grid), thus helping to fulfill local demand for greater energy resources. The expanding of clean energy generation will contribute to state-level economic development on several fronts with no effect on air quality. The project is expected to result in more reliable power to consumers, particularly benefiting commercial, industrial, and agriculture customers in the state, and thus enhancing commercial activities. Furthermore, the investment program will create jobs in the state, both during construction and through the projects’ lifecycles. Third, social services in Himachal Pradesh will improve as poor and vulnerable consumers (including hospitals, schools, and other social utilities) that are often hardest hit by inadequate power supply, load shedding, and poor power quality, will benefit directly from the investment program.
254. The proposed project will minimize the environmental costs of providing the required increase in power in the state. Run-of-river hydropower projects of the type proposed are recognized internationally as the preferred option over fossil fuel plants. An alternative fossil- fueled power plant (coal or oil) would have a capital cost per kilowatt installed significantly in excess of that of the proposed plant. Energy markets in India are now shifting toward least-cost- based economy of operation. Generation costs from thermal plants are expected to increase with escalating costs of fuel and transportation, while generation costs from hydropower plants normally decline every year with respect to the first-year tariff, although first-year tariffs may be marginally high. Hydropower development is being given priority so as to optimize the efficiency of India’s power system and use of sustainable resources for power generation. In addition to being an environmentally clean source of power, hydropower will also provide a peaking power option for the country. From the operational viewpoint, hydroelectric projects also optimize generation, result in fuel savings, minimize greenhouse gases, produce power in environment- friendly manner, and support sustainable development.
255. Hydropower projects as proposed have minimal environmental impacts while providing energy in remote and hilly areas where extension of grid systems is either not possible or uneconomical. Hydropower projects, especially run-of-the-river projects, are economically viable, environmentally benign, and relatively short in gestation.
256. The Kashang stage I project funded under HPCEDIP will contribute to economic development in Himachal Pradesh through expanded power supplies from clean energy sources, and from a sustainable state electricity sector. The proposed outcomes of the project will be (i) increased production and use of clean energy in a financially sustainable manner, (ii) improved state finances and power sector financial viability, (iii) improved sector governance, and (iv) improved capacity in HPPCL for better planning, implementation, and management of hydropower plants, as well as implementing clean development mechanism initiatives and energy efficiency through a power trading program. Subproject-related assumptions under the program are: (i) the commitment of HPPCL to construct and operate the hydropower projects in a timely manner and to maintain proper implementation supervision, including for safeguard plans; (ii) no material delay in concluding tariffs for the projects and/or on appropriate arrangements for the sale of excess power, (iii) the government of Himachal Pradesh continues to support capacity
68 68 development and assumes ownership of the proposed Multitranche Financing Facility's (MFF) capacity development component, and (iv) the projects will be eligible for clean development mechanism financing (purchase of carbon credits) and that the mechanism is extended beyond its 2012 end date.
F. Potential Cumulative and Induced Impacts
257. The catchment treatment plan and the EIA documents for Kashang stage I were cleared by the Government of India’s Ministry of Environment & Forests in 2002. There is little habitation in the catchment area. The landowners are mostly marginal farmers. There is negligible agricultural land an no major habitation within the catchment area, so there is nothing to present on the socioeconomic profile of the area within the catchment area, which is mostly steep and rocky with negligible formation of soils. Waterborne diseases do occur during rainy season, but are not epidemic. An assessment of sediment load is not required on the discharge site, as this a run-of- the-river project, with trench weir and with no storage. The question of sedimentation does not arise as the boulders and other coarser sediment would pass over the trench weir while the sediment of size 0.2 mm and above will settle in the desilting tank, from where they can be flushed out. The silt load is bound to remain within natural limits and would have no adverse consequence on the project as the catchment area is without built-up area and population, and thus has negligible biotic interference. No tree felling has taken place, and the vegetation in the catchment area is mostly virginal. Only negligible geological erosion is there. The treatment plan aims to increase the life of the reservoir by maintaining a low level of inflow of sediments. Soil will be protected right in the catchment through effective afforestation and various soil conservation measures, both vegetative and engineering (gully plugging, check dams, etc.).
258. The proposed investment program entails potential cumulative and induced impacts, which are considered largely positive. HPCEDIP will transfer low-carbon energy from hydropower plants in Himachal Pradesh to state-level transmission companies that, in turn, will wheel energy to distribution companies. Direct negative impacts might result from (i) acquisition of lands for roads. Power evacuation lines right of way and land by transmission and distribution companies for transmission lines and substations, and (ii) impacts associated with upstream and downstream hydropower projects in Himachal Pradesh and adjoining states. Summary details are shown in Table 51.
Table 51: Cumulative Impact Assessment Item Parameter Environmental Impact Units Without Project With Project Net Change Magnitude 1. Crops Nil Negative Small Low 2. Natural Vegetation Nil Negative Small Low 3. Land Use Nil Negative Small Medium 4. Forests Nil Negative Small Medium 5. Natural Reserves and Sanctuaries Nil Nil 6. Fisheries Nil Nil 7. Eutrophication Nil Negative Small Low 8. Wildlife Nil Negative Small Low 9. Rare Species Nil Nil 10. Endangered Species Nil Nil 11. Species Diversity Nil Positive Small Low 12. Minerals Nil Nil 13. Water Pollution Nil Negative Small Low 14. Air Pollution Nil Negative Small High 15. Noise Pollution Nil Negative Small Low 16. Solid Waste Nil Negative Small Low 17. Land Pollution Nil Negative Small Medium 18. Soil Erosion Nil Negative Small Medium 19. Health Nil Positive Big High 20. Benefits to Economy Nil Positive Big High 21. Displacement of People Nil Negative Small Low 22. Employment Opportunities Nil Positive Big High
69 69 23. Infrastructure Nil Positive Big High 24. Hydrological Balance Nil Negative Small Low 25. Social Upliftment Nil Positive Big High 26. Aquaculture Potential Nil Posiive Small Medium 27. Archaeological Monuments Nil Nil 28. Water Availability Nil Negative Small Low 29. Siesmicity Nil Negative Small Low 30. Aesthetics (Construction Phase) Nil Negative Small Medium 31. Aesthetics (Operation Phase) Nil Positive Small Medium 32. Tourism Nil Positive Small Low Source: HPPCL
259. Positive impacts include (i) expansion of low-carbon energy, offsetting emissions from thermal power plants, (ii) transmission system efficiency improvements and renewable energy, and (iii) economic growth related to improved power supplies to millions of consumers. The CO2 emission reduction from the project is therefore estimated to be 0.1835 million t per year. In addition, the project is expected to offset the emission of 6.507 t/day of SO2 and 3.30 t/day of NOx, given the emissions from an equivalent amount of electricity generated from the HPPCL Sipat Thermal Power Plant, a modern coal-fired plant. These emissions offsets will ameliorate negative impacts of local, regional, and g6obal air pollution.
260. Socioeconomic aspects. Direct benefits include employment creation, capital required, foreign exchange effects, etc. Direct employment opportunities in the project will be limited, but indirectly the project will create thousands of employment opportunities for local people due to Himachal Pradesh’s preferential policy to provide unskilled and semi-skilled jobs for local people through its contractor. Many other avenues will be opened for the entire population of the area for their livelihoods, including other infrastructure facilities like roads, hospitals, and schools. The project will bring much-needed clean hydropower from this far-flung area of the country to the most densely populated region of the country. The development of this hydroproject, as well as the associated transmission project, will create employment for local people, which will help to improve the economic status of local people.
261. The availability of power will push a desired improvement in infrastructure and industrial growth, which is hampered due to lack of reliable power in the region. These industrial activities will create employment for local people, boosting their economic status. Since the proposed project is for development of a reliable power network, all communities will benefit from the proposed project.
G. Environmental Management Plan
262. A draft environmental management plan (EMP) has been prepared for the project. The EMP summarizes anticipated impacts, monitoring requirements, and proposed mitigation measures for: (i) preconstruction, (ii) construction, and (iii) operation and maintenance. Detailed, site-specific mitigation measures and monitoring plans are being developed for subprojects; and the same will be developed further for all subprojects also.
263. Project environmental management is being undertaken by HPPCL in accordance with the management measures proposed in the comprehensive EIA. A number of abatement measures have already been suggested, along with the likely impacts. The objective of the EMP is to minimize stress on the natural resources within the carrying capacity. The details relating to anticipated project impacts and proposed management plan are given in Appendix 8. A summary of the EMP, along with environmental mitigation measures and monitoring requirements by phase is given in Table 2. Based on the environmental baseline conditions, planned project activities, and impacts assessed earlier, this section enumerates the measures to be adopted to minimize the adverse impacts.
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1. Institutional Arrangements
264. The Department of Power will function as the Executive Agency of the proposed MFF and HPPCL will be the Implementing Agency for the proposed HPCEDIP, which will have a specific PMU. Until 2007, there were different corporations such as Kinner Kailash Power Corporation and Pabber Valley Power Corporation, units that have been combined into HPPCL as of January 2008 and will now function as PIUs. Each of the component hydropower projects will be implemented independently through the PIUs.
265. In view of the capacity of HPPCL, it is proposed that an environment management cell and a social/resettlement and rehabilitation cell be set up within the PMU, along with other engineering units, to address environmental and social issues of the HCEIDP, to be staffed by a chief environmental specialist and a chief resettlement specialist, respectively. The environment management cell will be assisted by the one Head of Project and one Dy Manager at each PIU level to assist the Chief Specialist. The PMU will do the overall coordination, preparation, planning, implementation, and financing for each project EMP. The Executing Agency will ensure that key institutions including local governments are involved in EMP updation and implementation. The capacity development ($5.1 million) component of the MFF under tranche 1 is designed to train HPPCL’s staff for project preparation, implementation, and management components by (i) helping the Implementing Agency to prepare future projects, (ii) implementing and administering approved projects, and (iii) monitoring, reviewing, evaluating, and reporting on program implementation, construction, supervision, contract management, procurement, environmental and social safeguards compliance, monitoring, and reporting systems.
266. Responsibilities for Monitoring. Monitoring during construction for will be HPPCL’s responsibility. Monitoring is a continuous process at all stages—site selection, construction or maintenance, compliance with construction contracts, state and health of the environmental resource, and the effectiveness of mitigation measures. It is proposed that HPPCL set up PIUs that report to ADB on a regular basis. Although the EMP has been formulated to minimize recurrent responsibilities and costs in circumstances where staff, expertise, and finances are limited, some aspects of project design will require continuous monitoring to guard against negative environmental impacts. Site managers will review the progress on a daily basis, and regular project review meetings will be held at least monthly wherein the environmental aspects of the subprojects would be discussed and remedial measures taken wherever required. The exceptions to these meetings will be submitted to the PIU. The mitigation measures suggested require monitoring of environmental attributes both during construction and operation of the project. The diagram below depicts an institutional organization structure showing the various entities such as the Department of Power (Executing Agency), HPPCL (Implementing Agnecy) and their roles vis-à-vis- other government agencies. Further details on agencies responsible for EMP activities are given in the table below.
Table 52: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities for EMP Implementation activities Activity Responsible Agency Subproject Initiation Stage Setting up of EMC and staff HPPCL Disclosure of project EMP details by issuing public notice PMU/EMC Meetings at community/household level with affected persons EMC/PMU/PIU Update of EMP mitigation measures on startup Conducting census of all affected persons PMU/PIU/EMC/District Administration Conducting discussions, meetings, and workshops with affected PMU/PIU/EMC/District Administration persons and other stakeholders Incorporating the changes if any, in the EMP PMU/PIU/EMC EMP Implementation Stage
71 71 Activity Responsible Agency Implementation of proposed EMP mitigation measures PMU/PIU/EMC Consultations with affected persons during EMP mitigation PMU/PIU/EMC measures implementation Grievances redressal PMU/PIU/EMC/NGO/GRC Internal monitoring PMU/PIU/EMC External monitoring External Agency–HPSEPPCB EMC = environment management cell, EMP = environmental management plan, GRC = grievance redress committee, HPPCL = Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd., HPSEPCPCB = Himachal Pradesh Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Board, NGO = nongovernment organization, PIU = project implementation unit, PMU = project management unit, R&RC = social and resettlement and rehabilitation cell. Source: HPPCL
Figure 2: Institutional Structure and Responsibility for Environmental Management Plan at Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd. (HPPCL)
Environmental Coordinate with degradation, MOEF, pollution, social government of issues and Himachal Pradesh, community Government of development, India, ADB, and resettlement, other regulatory poverty alleviation authorities during construction and operation stages of project
EMC/R&RC
Managing Director/Director at PMU
Environmental Issues Social Issues Supervision of Environment-related Social Issues, Community Development, Activities R&R EMC PIU R&RC PIU Chief Envornment Head of Project Chief Social/R&R Head of Project Specialist, Deputy Manager Specialist Dy. Manager Manager (Env) Manager (R&R) (R&R) (Environment) Environmental Responsible for Responsible for CDM Consultant professionals, addressing social addressing Consultants (scientists, issues of the community responsible for engineers, field community at PMU concerns and supervising supervisors) level overseeing contractors and Responsible resettlement issues overseeing the monitoring and implmentation of reporting progress EMP on the EMP
ADB = Asian Development Bank, CDM = clean development mechanism, EMC = environmental management cell, EMP = environmental management plan, MOEF = Ministry of Environment & Forests, PIU = project implementation unit, PMU = project management unit, R&R = resettlement and rehabilitation, R&RC = social and resettlement and rehabilitation cell. Source: HPPCL
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2. Organization Support System
267. Following is the proposed organization support system for implementing agencies for proper implementation and monitoring of environmental and social management plans:
268. Environmental Monitoring Program in HPPCL. At the corporate level, an environmental management cell was created within HPPCL in 2008. It is headed by the director, and its members include the chief environment specialist and the manager and/or deputy manager.
269. Corporate Level. The duties of the environmental management cell at the corporate level:
(i) Monitor and implement mitigation measures. (ii) Prepare and implement environmental policy guidelines and good practices. (iii) Advise and coordinate with regional environmental management cells on activities for effective environmental management. (iv) Liaise with the Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Delhi, and the state department of environment to seek their help in solving the environment-related issues of project implementation. (v) Advise project planning team on environmental and social issues to avoid negative environmental impact. (vi) Provide training and awareness on environmental and social issues related to hydroelectric projects to the project staff.
270. PIU Level. At the project level, HPPCL has made the head of the project the and deputy manager responsible for implementing the environmental and social aspects as part of the environment management cell.
271. Key Functions of the Level. The duties of the environmental cell at the divisional level: (i) Implement the environmental policy guidelines and good practices at the sites. (ii) Advise and coordinate field office activity for effective environment management. (iii) Liaise with the state pollution control board and seek their help to solve the environment monitoring-related issues. (iv) Carry out environmental and social surveys in conjunction with the project planning team to avoid negative environmental impact. (v) Provide training and awareness to the field offices on environmental and social issues related to hydroelectric projects. (vi) Implementation of the EMP and social management plan. (vii) Monitor EMP and social management plan and produce periodic reports on the same.
272. HPPCL will be well-equipped to implement and monitor its EMPs by phase by mid-year 2008.
273. Environmental Review at HPPCL. Auditing the implemented mitigation is required to identify ineffective measures or procedures, so that improved measures and corrective actions can be incorporated. The EMP will have both internal and external monitoring. The PIU at the local level will be responsible for internal monitoring of the EMP implementation, and it will forward quarterly progress reports to the Executing Agency. The reports will contain progress made in EMP implementation with particular attention to compliance with the principles and matrix set out in the EMP. The Executing Agency will submit semiannual monitoring reports to ADB. An independent monitoring agency will be hired by the Executing Agency, with ADB concurrence, for
73 73 undertaking external monitoring of the entire project. This monitoring agency will be selected within 3 months of loan approval. It will report directly to ADB as to whether sound environmental management practices have been achieved, and it will recommend suitable remedial measures for mid-term correction and improvement.
3. Grievances
274. An efficient grievance redressal mechanism will be developed to assist affected persons to resolve their queries and complaints. Each PIU will provide specific details of grievance redressal mechanisms pertaining to the EIA and EMP. Grievances of affected persons will first be brought to the PIU. Grievances not redressed by PIU staff will be brought to the grievance redress committee (GRC). The GRC will have representatives from affected persons, PMU, PIU, EMC, field level staff, district magistrate, local administration, revenue authority, and local community. Records will be kept of all grievances received including the contact details of the complainant, date the complaint was received, nature of grievance, agreed corrective actions, and the date these were effected, and final outcome. The GRCs will continue to function during the life of the project including the defects liability period.
4. Monitoring and Evaluation
275. Internal Monitoring. Internal monitoring will be the responsibility of the PMU, PIU, and EMC. The PMU internal monitoring will include administrative monitoring—daily planning, implementation, feedback, and troubleshooting of EMP monitoring. Monitoring and evaluation reports documenting progress on EMP implementation and subproject completion reports will be provided by the PMU to ADB for review.
276. External Monitoring. The Executing Agency will engage the services of an independent agency or civil society not associated with project implementation to undertake external monitoring and evaluation. The external monitor will monitor and verify the EMP implementation to determine whether EMP implementation goals have been achieved and livelihood and living standards have been restored. It will provide recommendations for improvement. The internal monitoring report will be submitted quarterly to the PMU and ADB for review; the external monitoring report will be submitted semiannually to the PMU and ADB for review.
5. Preliminary Cost Estimates
277. The Kashang stage I project cost estimate is as follows:
1. Civil Works Rs. 250.00 crores 2. Electrical Works Rs. 144.00 crores 3. Transmission Rs. 25.00 crores 4. Total Rs. 415.00 crores
278. Table 53 gives the summary EMP.
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Table 53: Summary Environmental Monitoring Plan Environmental Monitoring Tasks Implementation Implementation Schedule Responsibility
A. Preconstruction Phase Design Audit project bidding documents to ensure EMP is HPPCL through PIU Prior to issue of bidding Finalization included. documents Tunnels, Roads Monitor contractor’s detailed land survey to ensure HPPCL with assistance of Prior to HPPCL approval of relevant environmental mitigation measures in EMP PIU contractor’s detailed alignment have been included. survey Powerhouse Audit detailed designs of power stations to ensure HPPCL with assistance of Prior to HPPCL approval of standard environmental safeguards and mitigation PIU contractor’s detailed designs measures (as identified in EMP) have been included. B. Construction Phase Powerhouse, Regular monitoring and reporting of contractor’s HPPCL with assistance of Continuous throughout tunnels, roads, compliance with contractual environmental PIU construction period and associated mitigation measures at each hydropower project. infrastructure
C. Operation and Maintenance Phase Powerhouse, Observations during routine maintenance HPPCL As per HPPCL inspection tunnels, roads, inspections of hydroelectric projects. Inspections schedules and associated will include monitoring implementation status of infrastructure mitigation measures specified in EMP.
EMP = environmental management plan, HPPCL = Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd., PIU = project implementation unit Source: HPPCL
279. About 18.71 ha of degraded forestland have been identified for compensatory afforestation in the Kalpa and Moorang forest range. The cost of compensatory afforestation is fixed at Rs. 3,366,650. The catchment of the project is 231 km2. The catchment area above the permanent snow line (elevation 4,200 m ASL) is 98 km2. This means effective work would only be done over 133 km2. The catchment of the khad lies between 31° 35’ N to 31°40’ N latitude and 78° 5’ E to 78°20’ E logitude. The altitude of the Kashang Khad catchment ranges from 2,000 m ASL at its confluence with Satluj River, to 5,938 m ASL in the glacier zone. The average slope of the khad above the diversion site is 1:15; thereafter it has a steep descent (slope 1:5), making it ideal for hydroelectric exploitation. The catchment area above the weir site comprises steep mountains with only a portion of it covered with forest and the major part under permanent snow. To avoid soil erosion, wire crates, check dams, and check walls are proposed at various junctions of the stream under catchment area treatment. Further plantings are proposed on the wasteland and degraded forest along Kashang Khad and the nallahs. There is a need to reduce the impact of gushing water. Soil conservation measures (check dams, etc.) would reduce momentum and lessen soil erosion along nallahs. Further crate walls will also be constructed to avoid land slips.
280. All costs involved in environmental mitigation for Kashang stage I are summarized in Table 54: Table 54: Environmental Mitigation Costs (Rs millions) Item. Cost category Amount in Rs millions 1. Compensatory afforestation (including maintenance) 3.4 2. Cost of health facilities 2.2 3. Cost of reclamation and planting (greenbelt, fuelwood, etc.) 4.0 4. Cost of catchment area treatment 30.4 5. Quarry site reclamation plan 0.5 6. Cost of environment monitoring cell (for monitoring environment 1.7 safeguards Total 42.2 Source: HPPCL
75 75 H. Disaster Management Plan
281. The design of the project diversion structure and hydro-mechanical works takes into account the earthquake design parameters developed by the Department of Earthquake Engineering of the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, and verified by the National Committee on Seismic Design Parameters. The abutments and hill slopes at project sites will be stabilized through appropriate engineering measures to avoid the possibility of slope failure, which could potentially jeopardize project operation. Even if the trench weir were damaged, catastrophic damage downstream would be unlikely, as there is no storage.
I. Public Consultation and Disclosure
282. A typical publication consultation technique and schedule is given in Table 55; details of the public hearing are in Table 56.
Table 55: Schedule of Public Consultations
Item Activity Technique Schedule 1. Walk over Informal group discussion Completed survey 2. Preliminary Group discussion, one-to-one Under way survey meetings 3. Detailed check Public meeting at different places 3–4 such meetings survey Two public consultations before project startup 4. Preconstruction Public hearings at site 2 public hearings held
5. Construction Localized group meeting, pamphlets During entire construction period and information brochures, public display, etc. 6. Operation and Information brochures, operating Continuous process as and when maintenance field offices, response to public required enquiries, press release, etc. Source: HPPCL
Table 56: Details of Public Hearings First Public Hearing of Kashang Stage I: A. Date of advertisement. 23 April 2001. B. Newspapers in which the advertisement appeared. The Tribune, Divya Himachal, Dainik Jagran. C. Date of hearing. 5 May 2001. D. List of persons, with addresses and occupations. As per list attached in the EIA/EMP report. E. Summary of public hearings. As enclosed in the EIA/EMP report. Second Public Hearing of Kashang Stage I: A. Date of advertisement. 28 February 2008. B. Newspapers in which the advertisement appeared. Amar Ujala (Hindi) and The Tribune (English) C. Date of hearing. 14 March,2008. D. List of persons, along with addresses and As per list attached in Appendix 7 E. occupations. As enclosed in Appendix 7. Summary of public hearings.
EIA = environmental impact assessment, EMP = environmental management plan Source: HPPCL
76 76 283. During the conduct of the EIA, for Integrated Kashang Stage I HPP following stakeholders were met by the EIA team:
Elected Members of Pangi Village : Gurdeep Singh, Vice President – Pangi Village Date : 8 September 2005, 25 September 2005 Village Members of Pangi Village : Narendra Singh, farmer, and others not willing to disclose their names Date : 8 September 2005 Representatives of Toktu Village : Not ready to disclose their names (were harvesting their crops along Kashang Khad at the diversion site). Date : 7 September 2005
284. The discussions were focused on receiving maximum input from the participants regarding their receptiveness to the project and environmental concerns arising out of the project. To begin, they were given a brief outline of the project; and their opinions were sought. Issues were discussed in depth with government officials and NGOs, while discussions with the villagers touched mainly on matters relevant to them. The villagers were informed of the project activities in their area and the likely benefits or adverse effects arising out of the activities during both operation and construction. The villagers were already well aware of the project development stages and informed of the consequences. Issues such as reduced flow in Kashang Khad and the effect of air pollution during construction on agriculture and fruit orchards were discussed.
285. Information on aquatic life, especially fish population, and downstream use of water from the diversion site of the Kashang Khad was discussed at length. The acceptance of the government officials to the project is mixed. While they are in agreement as to the benefits of the project vis-à-vis national importance of power supply, some cited local problems that may arise due to the project. The agriculture officer had no reservations about the project and confirmed that since there is no use of water for irrigation (or other purposes) downstream of the diversion site of Kashang Khad, the drastically reduced flow of the river will not affect the local villagers. There is also no fishing or any other economic and/ or social significance of the khad in the area. The block development officer nformed that although she anticipated no adverse effects from the project, and that she (being a local) has never experienced any shaking of the earth and subsequent landslides in the area due to other construction activities, the local villagers are apprehensive of the project. As a member of the Public Grievance Redressal Committee, has received the reports from people about their fear of possible land movement due to proposed construction activities. The fear is also coupled with not receiving any power benefits from the project in spite of it being close to their village. She suggested that construction methods be used that do not disturb the fragile landscape and that villagers be involved in discussions explaining the methods to dispel the fears. It was also suggested that some socioeconomic benefits be given to the local people by the project authorities.
286. The horticulture officer informed that the area is rich in orchards producing ready-cash crops of fruits, both frest and dry fruits such as apples, peach, rose apple and chilgoza, as well as almonds and walnuts. The soil in this area is fertile and rewarding. The major crops in the area are rajma, kutu, potato, maize, and rice. Pea cultivation has also been started and is improving. The usage of fertilizers has started and is increasing. He also cited that increasing dust in the area affects the orchards and feared similar problems during the construction of the proposed project, as well. The range officer informed of the proposed activities that are underway for afforestation against the acquired forestland for the project.
287. The elected members in the village, as well as the village residents, expressed considerable concern about project construction. They feared there may be landslides and water streams lost due to the project. They confirmed, however, that there is no use of the water from
77 77 the Kashang Khad after the diversion site; and its reduced flow is not a point of concern for them. They also expressed their concern at the poor quality and yield of apples that may results from increasing dust in the area, as they have experienced in the past. This has a direct correlation to the market price fetched by these fruit that are a major source of income in these areas. An appropriate method of waste disposal has also been sought, arising from the same concern. It was suggested that trees as sal, dehar, kail, betula, and bemi be planted in the afforestation programs, as these are both native and of economic importance. Plants such as pine and poplar were not desired, as they take up an excessive amount of water. Improvement of village schools and strengthening of the existing hospital with modern equipments is also sought, and a part of the electricity generated is hoped for village use, including irrigation.
288. HPSEB (and now HPPCL) has organized numerous meetings with the villagers. Subsequent to these meetings, a list of demands was submitted by the people. The information obtained during the consultations was used to verify the findings of the study conducted in 2002. In light of the opinions obtained, a scientific study involving secondary data review and field monitoring was conducted and expert opinions sought to verify the validity of the same. Accordingly, impacts have been predicted and management plans proposed such that a balance between the views and opinions, scientific basis and feasibility is struck. Depending on the sensitivity of the findings during consultations as well field observations, an EMP is also proposed.
289. The second consultation, as requested by ADB before the appraisal, was held on 14 March 2008, for which advertisements were placed in the newspapers. At the hearing, EIA document-related information was disseminated; and grievances were heard from the local populace. Appendix 7 gives the details about the second consultation.
J. Due Diligence Review of Associated Facilities
290. Based on the reassessment of the hydroelectric potential of India conducted by the Central Electricity Authority during 1978–87, the hydropower potential of the Satluj basin has been assessed as 7,297.50 MW at 60% load factor from over 30 hydroelectric schemes with a potential installed capacity of 9,629 MW. A detailed summary of hydroelectric schemes in operation, under construction, and in planning in Satluj basin is given in Table 57.
Table 57: Illustrative Major Hydropower Schemes in Operation, under Construction, or Planned on the Satluj River (MW) Identified Schemes Firm Power (MW)
Details of Projects Bhakra Dam Multipurpose Project 1,325.00 Nangal Hydro Channel 77.00 Nathpa Jhakri HPP 1,500.00 Baspa-II HPP 300.00 Sanjay Vidyut Pariyojna 120.00 Kol Dam Project 800.00 Kashang Stage I HPP 66.00 Karchham Wangtoo HPP 1,000.00 Anandpur Sahib Stage-I&II 134.00 Rampur HPP 412.00 Shongtong- Karchham HPP 402.00 Kashang-II HPP 60.00 Kashang-III HPP 132.00 Luhri 775.00 Thopan Powari 480.00
78 78 Jange Thopan 480.00 Khab 636.00 Sorang HPP 100.00 Lari Sumte 104.00 Sumte Kothang 130.00 Yangthan Khab 261.00 Below 25 MW Chaba HPP 1.75 Nogli Stage-I 2.50 Ghanvi Stage-I 22.50 Rukti HPP 1.50 Rongtong HPP 2.00 Other Small Hydro 305.00 Total: 9,629.25 HPP = hydropower project, MW = megawatt. Note: Many small HPPs and those under planning are not listed. Source: Public information. Central Electricity Authority.
291. The diagram of the Sutlej River below gives the location of the Kashang project in comparison with other 9,500 MW projects proposed on the basin system.
CHINA Leo NH-22 er R iv luj S at Namgia Khab
R o Pooh p a k h a d K Dabling Bridge e Spillo rn 2 a -2 g H SANJAY VIDYUT k N B h a G G h K d y PARIYOJNA120 MW a a a a s m b h Lippa t S n a hi a KASHANG-I n n v o g g r k i a k k h h ad k n h HEP-65 MW ad h g a a d d k h BHABA AUG PH KUT a JANGI THOPAN d Jangi HEP-24MW SORANG-HEP 4.5 MW Pangi HEP 480 MW Morang GHANWI-II 100 MW KARCHAM-WANGTU Nathpa Purbani Ribba HEP-10MW Ganwi HEP-1000 MW THOPAN-POWARI GHANWI-I Taranda Sungra Kalpa PO HEP-480MW P u rb an i HEP-22.5MW SARAHAN Tapri NH-22 22 Wangtu H - Shongtong -22 Kilba N N H Karcham SHONGTONG-KARCHHAM NATHPA-JHAKARI HEP BASPA-II HEP T RAMPUR HEP SANGLA HEP-402MW id o 300 MW n 434 MW 1500 MW g RUKTI HEP K B h A a RAMPUR 1.50 MW S RAKCHAM d PA NOGLI HEP R CHITKUL Bael IV 2.5 MW ER NOGLI KHAD 2 Dut Naga 2 - Luri H N KHADRALA r e iv R j SLAPPER u tl KOL DAM 800 MW a S NANGAL DAM NARKANDA BILASPUR Suni BHAKRA DAM Chaba NANGAL TOWNSHIP CHABA HEP GANGOWAL ANANDPUR SAHIB-I 1.75 MW ANANDPUR SAHIB-II
LEGEND:- RIVER ROAD RAIN GAUGE STATION HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS IN G& D SITE IM PORTANT PLACES INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY SATLUJ BASIN HIMACHAL PRADESH
292. Cumulative Impact Assessment of the Proposed Development of the Sutlej River. The plans for the development of the Sutlej River and its tributaries envision the construction of about 28 hydropower projects in a cascaded system over time. At present only 5 hydropower projects are operating, and several are under construction or consideration. A cumulative impact assessment would cover a range of growth and development scenarios and give recommendations to help manage key issues likely to be faced in future growth scenarios9. Once more hydropower projects are constructed, the Executing Agency has agreed to study the development of the river basin on this scale, including its induced long-term impacts that could be minimized and better managed in the future.
9 The World Bank study on “River Basin Development Optimisation – Final Recommendations Report” prepared by HydroTasmania in November 2007.
79 79
293. Subprojects: Transmission lines. Transmission line projects are not proposed for financing in the current tranche 1 investment package. The evacuation lines are required for operation of the project, however. The Executing Agency is preparing the necessary route alignment documents. According to the Indian legislature, transmission projects are exempted from environmental impact assessment (EIA) by the Ministry of Environment & Forests. However, for transmission lines traversing a forest,10 the project-executing agency is required to obtain forest clearance from the Ministry of Environment & Forests. Transmission projects normally are classified as Category B under ADB's classification of environmental impacts. Under the sector loan modality, the environmental assessment of each transmission line subproject will be undertaken following ADB Environment Policy and Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003 and Indian environmental assessment guidelines and regulations. Environmental categorization using a checklist approach in compliance with the ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003 will be applied. All additional subprojects will be subject to ADB classification, and any subprojects deemed “sensitive” will require justification and documentation so that anticipated impacts can be mitigated effectively. If any category "A" project component is selected, a full, rigorous review of the EIA and its compliance with ADB guidelines will be necessary before implementation. However, any candidate subproject confirmed by ADB as Category B sensitive11 during implementation, will require the EMP for ADB review. The summary initial environmental examination of the project, along with its EMP, will be made available to the general public at least 120 days before subproject approval, in line with ADB OM Section F1/OP para. 15.
294. Potential adverse environmental impacts associated with transmission lines and roads can be avoided or minimized through careful route and site selection. Preliminary site selection will be done based on the topographic sheets of the Survey of India and the Forest Atlas of India.12
295. A 11 km, 200 kV DC transmission line will be developed separately by HPSEB to evacuate power from the Kashang stage I hydropower project to the Jangi 400/220 kV substation. Beyond the substation at Jangi, a 220 kV DC line to the 400/220 kV PowerGrid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) substation at Sherpa Colony is necessary. Currently, neither is included within the scope of tranche I funding.
296. The transmission line route is selected to avoid communities (particularly tribal communities), monuments of cultural or historical importance, conservation areas (sanctuaries, national parks, wildlife reserves, forest reserves), other natural resource areas (agricultural land), wetlands and unstable areas. In addition, the route is set at a distance from major towns where possible to accommodate future urban expansion. Alternative transmission line routes were initially considered. The selection of each proposed route is based on the minimum right-of-way area and tree clearance.
10 The Indian Forest Act, 1927 regulates the classification and declaration of different categories of forests. The state government may constitute any forestland or wasteland, which is the property of Government or over which the Government has proprietary rights, or to the whole or any part of the forest-produce of which the Government is entitled, a reserved forest or protected forest in the manner provided in the Act. A reserved forest usually has good quality of woods with limited rights of inhabitants until clearances are obtained. A protected forest is usually near villages or human settlements where people are entitled to the existing forest activities, such as fuel wood collection and grazing. Clearance procedures for development activities in both forests are the same. 11 Category B sensitive projects could involve projects that are (i) near environmentally sensitive areas; (ii) involve deforestation or loss of biodiversity in protected areas; (iii) involve voluntary resettlement issues; (iv) involve the processing, handling, and disposal of toxic and hazardous substances; or (v) involve other environmentally sensitive activities that also may be of concern to a wide group of external stakeholders. 12 National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation , Government of India. Delhi. 1976.
80 80
IV. CONCLUSIONS
297. Demand for electricity in India continues to outstrip supply, with the total shortfall in electricity supply across the country estimated to be 8.3% per annum (footnote 1). Industrial, commercial, and domestic electricity consumption is restricted by supply; thus, additional generation is required for economic growth and poverty alleviation. The Sawra Kuddu and Kashang stage I hydropower projects will provide India with a combined total of about 631.58 GWh of electricity per year. This should partly alleviate the current shortfall in supply. Increased electricity supply from these run-of-the-river hydroelectric projects will avoid the generation of a similar amount of energy from fossil fuel-powered generation plants, thus reducing net greenhouse gas production. The projects will also create short- term construction employment and long-term operational jobs. Both projects have received all necessary Ministry of Environment & Forests and HPSEPPCB clearances and approvals following the preparation of EIAs and the conduct of public hearings in accordance with government requirements.
298. The main adverse environmental impacts of the hydropower projects will be changes in river hydrology, a decline in the quality of aquatic ecosystems, loss of agricultural and forestland, and resettlement. Impacts on the rivers will be mitigated by the release of a 15% minimum environmental flow from the barrage at Sawra Kuddu and the Kashang stage I trench weir, the release of monsoon season flushing flows, and the yearly restocking of rivers above and below the barrage site at Sawra Kuddu with snow trout. The loss of private agricultural and forestland has been or will be mitigated by the acquisition of private land at an above-market rate. The social impact of the projects will be mitigated by HPPCL’s resettlement and rehabilitation procedures, with fair compensation being paid by HPPCL.
299. The project proponent and its team of consultants and contractor are recommended to develop a strategy for effective communication with local people. The construction team should effectively follow the suggestions made in the EMP and/or any other environmental measures so as not to damage the fragile and serene environment of the project areas. The clean environment is of immense importance, as it is essential to the local economy, which is heavily dependant on apple orchards and other fruits for dry fruits. The environmental features that relate to the main project impacts will be monitored regularly for compliance with project approval conditions and pollution standards. The principal parameters to be monitored will be river flow volumes, water quality and aquatic ecology downstream of the barrage or weir, and local meteorology.
300. Associated facilities, such as transmission lines, will be part of the infrastructure but not a part of the ADB-funded project at the moment. Both the Kashang stage I and Sawra Kuddu 220 kV power evacuation lines will be assessed as per ADB guidelines, and an initial environmental examination will be prepared if such associated infrastructure is to be funded under the following tranches of the project.
81 81
DETAILS OF SAWRA KUDDU HPP
Table 1.1 Scoping Matrix for EIA Study Aspect of Environment Likely Impacts A. Land Environment Construction Phase - Increase in soil erosion - Pollution by construction spoils - Use of land for labour housing - Problems due to muck disposal - Solid wastes from labour housing - Acquisition of land for various project appurtenances. B. Water Resources and Water Quality Construction Phase - Increase in turbidity of nearby receiving water bodies. - Degradation of water quality due to disposal of wastes from labour colony and construction sites. Operation Phase - Disruption of hydraulic regime. - Sedimentation and siltation risks - Impacts on DO due to increased residence time in reservoir. - Eutrophication risks. C. Aquatic Ecology Construction Phase - Increased pressure on aquatic ecology as a result of indiscriminate fishing. - Reduced productivity due to increase in turbidity. Operation Phase - Impacts on migratory fish species. - Impacts on spawning and breeding grounds. - Degradation of riverine ecology. - Increased potential for reservoir fisheries. D. Terrestrial Ecology Construction Phase - Increased pressure on near by forests due to the labour force to meet their fuel wood and timber requirements. - Adverse impacts due to increase in labour population. Operation Phase - Loss of forests. - Impacts on rare/ endangered species, if any - Impacts on medicinally and economically important plant species, if any - Impacts on nature reserves due to various project appurtenances. - Impacts on wildlife movement. - Impacts on wildlife habitats. E. Socio- economics Construction Phase - Acquisition of land and private properties. - Impacts on archaeological and cultural monuments - Impacts on mineral reserves. - Improved employment potential during project construction phase. - Development of allied sectors leading to greater employment. - Pressure on existing infrastructure facilities - Friction between guests and host community. Operation Phase - Increased revenue from power generation. F. Air Pollution Construction Phase - Impacts due to emissions generated by the crushers and other equipments. - Increased vehicular emission load. - Excavation activities. - Fugitive emissions from various sources. G. Noise Pollution Construction Phase - Noise due to various equipment operation - Due to vehicular movement - Due to blasting activities.
82 82
H. Public Health Construction Phase - Increased incidences of water – related diseases. - Transmission of diseases by immigrant labour population. Operation Phase - Increased incidence of vector-borne diseases.
Table 1.2 Summary of Data Collection from Various Sources Aspect Mode of data Parameters monitored Frequency Source(s) collection Meteorology Primary/ Temperature One season Field study/ IMD secondary Humidity Wind flow Water Resources Secondary Flow, Design Hydrograph and - Project report design flood hydrograph Water Quality Primary Physico- chemical & biological One season Field study Surface & Ground Parameters water Ambient Air Primary SO2, NOx, SPM One season Field study Quality Noise levels Primary Hourly noise levels One season Field study Land use Primary/ Land use patterns - Field study/ EIC secondary Data Geology Secondary Geological characteristics of - Project report the project area Soils Primary Physico- chemical parameters One season Field study Terrestrial Primary/ Floral and faunal diversity One season Field study, forest Ecology secondary department, EIC data Aquatic Ecology Primary/ Presence of abundance of One season Field study, secondary various species department of fisheries Socio economic Primary/ Demographic and socio- - Field department aspects secondary economic public health cultural. studies, revenue department and EIC data.
Table 1.3 Annual Precipitation As Monitored In The Project Area & In Vicinity Precipitation (in mm) at monitoring stations Months Rohru Jubbal Khadrala
JANUARY 88 91 139
FEBRUARY 93 74 146 MARCH 89 88 104 APRIL 54 59 54 MAY 51 68 77 JUNE 72 82 111 JULY 185 214 311 AUGUST 170 185 297 SEPTEMBER 115 112 157 OCTOBER 36 43 63 NOVEMBER 15 13 24 DECEMBER 34 39 189 ANNUAL 1003 1068 1673
83 83
Table 1.4 Surface Water Quality of Pabbar River & Its Tributaries S. U/Stream of Near 1000m d/s 8 km d/s of 11 km d/s of No Barrage Site Barrage site of barrage barrage site barrage site Parameter (R-1) (R-2) site (R-4) (R-5) (R-3) 1 pH 8.19 7.69 7.92 7.80 8.18
2 Sulphates 16.16 14.54 15.96 15.15 15.35
3 Phosphates 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.002
4 Chlorides 5.0 6.0 4.0 3.0 5.0
5 Fluorides 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.05 0.10
6 Sodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
7 Potassium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
8 Calcium Carbonate 50 35 41 40 45
9 Magnesium 10 9 9 10 11
10 Copper 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.06
11 Iron 0.68 0.92 0.44 1.10 0.45
12 Zinc 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
13 Cyanides ND ND ND ND ND
14 Cadmium ND 0.01 ND 0.01 ND
15 Chromium ND ND ND ND ND
16 Nickel 0.01 ND ND 0.02 0.01
17 Cond Umho/Cm 100.7 67.30 74.67 68.55 90.16
18 DO 9.2 9.0 9.1 8.9 9.2
19 BOD 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
20 COD 3.2 2.4 2.4 2.8 3.6 • ND – Not Detectable
Note: - Unit of all parameters except pH is mg/litre R-1 Upstream of Barrage site pH has no unit R-2 Near barrage site Unit of EC (Cond Umho/Cm) is uS/cm R-3 1000 m d/s of barrage site R-4 8 Kms d/s of barrage site R-5 11 Km u/s of barrage site
84 84ppendix 1
Table 1.5 Surface Water Quality – Detailed Results Water Cond Na BOD NO2 NO3 DO Turb Alk. COD T.K.N NH3 CaCO3 As SO4 84 Appendix 1 Sampling Umho/ pH mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Location cm R-1 Nd - 9.2 8.19 30 3.2 0.45 0.23 50 Nd 16.16 0.0 R-2 Nd - 9.0 7.69 25 2.4 0.34 0.11 35 Nd 14.54 0.0 R-3 Nd - 9.1 7.92 30 2.4 0.45 0.11 41 Nd 15.96 0.0 R-4 Nd - 8.9 7.80 25 2.8 0.23 Nil 40 Nd 15.15 0.0 R-5 Nd - 9.2 8.18 30 3.6 0.45 0.23 45 Nd 15.35 0.0 R-6 Nd - 9.4 7.84 25 2.8 0.34 0.11 53 Nd 14.14 0.0 SRF- 1 69.39 0.1 Nd - 9.0 7.87 4.0 25 7.0 2.4 0.45 0.23 36 Nd 13.94 0.0 SRF- 2 90.04 0.1 Nd - 9.0 8.0 3.5 30 3.0 3.6 0.023 Nil 37 Nd 16.16 0.0 SRF- 3 51.07 0.1 Nd - 9.2 7.80 1.5 22 4.0 1.2 0.11 Nil 29 Nd 16.56 0.0 SRF -4 100.4 0.1 Nd - 8.6 8.28 2.5 30 5.0 3.6 0.34 0.11 53 Nd 14.54 0.0 SRF- 5 191.4 0.1 Nd - 7.5 8.24 3.0 28 6.0 4.8 0.67 0.34 60 Nd 46.86 0.8 SRF-6 105.2 0.1 Nd - 9.5 8.37 2.0 30 4.0 4.10 0.34 0.11 47 Nd 18.58 0.0 SRF-7 125.7 0.1 Nd - 8.5 8.18 3.0 30 14.0 4.4 0.45 0.23 89 Nd 26.66 1.3
TDS TSS TFS T. B Mg F T.Hard. Cd Cu Pb T.Cr Ni Zn Hg T.Fe CN K T mg/l mg/l mg/l Phos mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l C0 mg/l 72.0 15.4 75.2 0.002 Nd 10 0.11 60 ND 0.02 ND Nd 0.01 0.02 Nd 0.68 Nd 0.0 5.6 45.0 3.9 40 0.002 Nd 9 0.08 44 0.01 0.04 0.01 Nd ND 0.01 Nd 0.92 Nd 0.0 5.7 51.0 10.0 43.5 0.003 Nd 9 0.09 50 ND 0.02 0.01 Nd ND 0..02 Nd 0.44 Nd 0.0 5.7 41.0 7.6 38 0.001 Nd 10 0.05 Nil 0.01 0.04 0.01 Nd 0.02 0.03 Nd 1.10 Nd 0.0 6.5 65.0 5.0 64 0.002 Nd 0.10 56 ND 0.06 ND Nd 0.01 0.04 Nd 0.45 Nd 0.0 6.9 70.0 24.6 77 0.001 Nd 13 0.13 45 ND 0.02 ND Nd 0.01 0.02 Nd 0./82 Nd 0.0 7.0 52.0 21.0 66 0.003 Nd 9 0.10 36 ND 0.01 0.03 Nd ND 0.04 Nd 0.68 Nd 0.0 5.9 67.0 18.8 81 0.001 Nd 9 0.11 46 ND 0.04 ND Nd 0..02 0.02 Nd 0.66 Nd 0.0 7.6 34.0 6.6 31 0.001 Nd 6 0.06 35 ND 0.01 0.03 Nd 0.01 0.04 Nd 0.94 Nd 0.0 8.3 81.0 18.7 90 0.003 Nd 13 0.21 66 ND 0.01 0.01 Nd 0.01 0.01 Nd 0.58 Nd 0.0 8.5 123.0 17.4 125 0.005 Nd 15 0.19 75 0.04 0.01 0.01 Nd ND 0.04 Nd 1.12 Nd 0.0 8.6 56.0 12.9 60 0.001 Nd 9 0.09 56 ND 0.03 ND Nd ND 0.04 Nd 0.98 Nd 0.0 7.5 89.0 13.7 84 0.002 Nd 21 0.10 70 0.01 0.03 ND Nd 0.02 0.02 Nd 0.20 Nd 0.0 9.0 • R-1 Pubber River D/s Rohroo R-2 River Pubber D/s Hatkoti • R-3 Pubber River D/s Sawra R-4 Pubber River D/s Jakhi Khadd Conf. • R-5 River Pubber D/s Vill Chauriser R-6 River Pubber D/s Vill. Sanil • SRF-1 Ranvi Kahdd SRF-2 Salanti Khadd • SRF-3 Kunnu Khad SRF-4 Jakhi Khadd • SRF-5 Bagin Nall Kuddu SRF-6 Ballu Kayr Nalla • SRF-7 Bishkhelti Nala
Appendix 1 85 85
Table 1.6 - Ground Water Quality in Project Area S Parameter GW-1 GW-2 GW-3 GW-4 GW-5 GW-6 GW-7 Remarks N 1 pH 8.18 8.19 7.89 7.72 8.03 8.33 8.24 Unit of all parameters except pH is mg/litre. pH has no unit. 2 Sulphates 42.82 42.02 20.60 182.0 30.3 50.9 32.93 Unit of EC (Cond Umho/Cm) is uS/cm. 3 Phosphates ND ND 0.003 .004 ND 0.001 0.001 4 Chlorides 9.0 14.0 6.0 7.0 16.0 6.0 15.0 5 Fluorides 0.20 0.13 0.08 ND 0.10 0.11 0.12 6 Sodium 6.1 7.8 0.0 4.5 7.2 2.2 9.2 7 Potassium 3.3 1.4 0.0 0.0 6.8 0.5 5.4 Sampling Stations
8 Calcium Carbonate 81 80 50 255 81 80 82 GW-1 Hand Pump at Kuddu
9 Magnesium 22 20 12 55 21 10 17 GW-2 Hand Pump at Sawra 10 Copper 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 GW-3 Spring water at Sawra 11 Iron 1.12 0.66 1.54 1.10 0.95 0.86 ND GW-4 Spring water Gallu Hatkoti 12 Zinc 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.02 GW-5 Hand Pump near Hatkoti Temple 13 Cyanides ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 14 Cadmium ND ND ND ND ND ND ND GW-6 Spring water Kuddu 15 Chromium ND ND ND ND ND ND ND GW-7 Spring water near Sawra Bridge 16 Nickel 0.01 0.02 ND 0.01 ND 0.01 ND 17 Cond Umho/Cm 249.0 251.1 102.6 665.6 260.0 246.3 249.4 18 DO 6.7 6.5 7.4 8.4 7.6 7.5 7.2 19 BOD 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.2 Appendix1 85 20 COD 6.4 7.2 3.6 9.6 7.6 140.0 9.2 * ND – Not Detectable
86 86ppendix 1
Table 1.7: Ground Water Quality In Project Area – Detailed Results Of Analysis 86 Appendix 1 Water Cond BOD NO2 NO3 DO pH Turb Alk. Cl COD T.K.N NH3 CaCO3 As SO4 Na Sampling Umho/ mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l NTU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Location cm GW- 1 249.0 0.2 Nd Nd 6.7 8.18 0.1 40 9.0 6.4 Nd Nd 81 Nd 42.82 6.1 GW- 2 251.1 0.2 Nd Nd 6.5 8.19 0.1 40 14.0 7.2 Nd Nd 80 Nd 42.02 7.8 GW- 3 102.6 0.1 Nd Nd 7.4 7.89 1.5 30 6.0 3.6 0.34 0.11 50 Nd 20.60 0.0 GW -4 665.6 0.2 Nd Nd 8.4 7.72 1.5 60 7.0 9.6 0.34 0.11 255 Nd 182.0 4.5 GW- 5 260.0 0.2 Nd Nd 7.6 8.03 2.5 40 16.0 7.6 Nd Nd 81 Nd 30.3 7.2 GW-6 246.3 0.9 Nd Nd 7.5 8.33 0.1 40 6.0 140.0 0.11 Nd 80 Nd 50.9 2.2 GW-7 249.4 0.2 Nd Nd 7.2 8.24 0.1 40 15.0 9.2 0.23 Nd 82 Nd 32.93 9.2
TDS TSS TFS T. B Mg F T. Cd Cu Pb T.Cr Ni Zn Hg T.Fe CN K T mg/l mg/l mg/l Phos mg/l mg/l mg/l Hard. mg/l mg/l Mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l C0 mg/l mg/l 144 2.2 135 Nd Nd 22 0.20 103. Nd 0.02 0.01 ND 0.01 0.06 ND 1.12 Nd 3.3 9.4 146 31.6 135 Nd Nd 20 0.13 100 Nd 0.02 0.03 ND 0.02 0.02 ND 0.66 Nd 1.4 9.5 67.0 13.0 53 0.003 Nd 12 0.08 62 Nd 0.04 0.01 ND ND 0.03 ND 1.54 Nd 0.0 9.0 198.0 6.3 425 0.004 Nd 55 Nd 310 Nd 0.02 0.01 ND 0.01 0.04 ND 1.10 Nd 0.0 8.5 132.0 16.1 130 Nd Nd 21 0.10 110 Nd 0.02 0.01 ND ND 0.04 ND 0.95 Nd 6.8 9.2 8.0 0.2 130 0.001 Nd 10 0.11 90 Nd 0.03 0.03 ND 0.01 0.01 ND 0.86 Nd 0.5 8.5 147.0 0.8 134 0.001 Nd 17 0.12 95 Nd 0.02 ND ND ND 0.02 ND ND Nd 5.4 9.5 • GW -1 Hand Pump at Kuddu GW –4 Spring water Gallu Hatkoti • GW -2 Hand Pump Sawra GW - 5 Hand Pump Near Hateshwari Temple • GW -3 Spring Water at Sawra GW – 6 Spring water Kuddu. • GW- 7 Spring Water near Sawra Bridge
Appendix 1 87 87
Table 1.8: Surface Water Quality With Reference To Bio-Monitoring
Sampling Point Diversity Index Saprobity Index Water Quality Remarks
BW-1-R1 0.81 4.75 C Poor Water Quality BW-2-R2 0.76 5.25 C Poor Water Quality BW-3-R3 0.71 7.33 A Clean Water BW-4-R4 0.56 5.33 C Poor Water Quality BW-5-R5 0.73 8.00 A Clean Water BW-6-R6 1.0 5.75 C Poor Water Quality BW-7-SRF-1 0.59 5.0 C Poor Water Quality BW-8-SRF-2 0.42 4.67 C Poor Water Quality BW-9-SRF-3 0.73 3.67 C Poor Water Quality BW-10-SRF-4 0.67 6.67 B Slightly Polluted Water BW-11-SRF-5 0.40 5.25 C Poor Water Quality BW-12-SRF-6 0.49 7.0 A Clean Water BW-13-SRF-7 0.50 3.67 C Poor Water Quality
Table 1.9 - Ambient Air Monitoring Parameter Station-1 Station-2 Station-3 Station-4
MIN 17.93 39.36 28.46 35.69 SPM µg/m3 MAX 41.00 57.35 35.40 39.38 AVG 27.14 50.87 31.34 37.89 MIN 0.89 0.44 1.11 00.89
SO2 MAX 1.34 1.34 1.45 1.56 AVG 1.16 0.90 1.38 1.08 MIN 4.33 3.50 4.00 3.16
Nox MAX 6.35 6.66 4.50 5.00 AVG 5.04 5.25 4.32 3.73 MIN 32.00 23.00 30.00 32.00 Humidity MAX 52.00 69.00 73.00 63.00 % AVG 41.71 37.34 50.09 40.79 MIN 18.40 18.40 18.10 14.20 Temp MAX 33.10 36.30 35.50 35.00 C0 AVG 24.29 26.01 24.01 23.43 Noise MIN 52.50 47.36 36.90 47.50 DB MAX 91.00 90.00 81.00 79.00 (Day) AVG 68.90 72.00 76.00 62.40 Noise MIN 30.30 41.90 40.00 36.40 DB MAX 62.00 59.00 54.00 52.00 (Night) AVG 48.00 42.00 45.00 46.00 • Station-1: Village Vishkhelti • Station-2: Hatkoti, Near Temple Sarai • Station-3: Village Sawra, Rohroo • Station-4: Village Snail
88 Appendix 1
Table 1.10 Air Quality Monitoring Standards Parameter Time weighted Industrial Area Residential Area Sensitive Area
SPM Annual Average* 360 140 70 24 hrs** 500 200 100 SO2 Annual Average* 80 60 15 24 hrs** 120 80 30
NOx Annual Average* 80 60 15 24 hrs** 120 80 30 * Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 observations in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. ** 24 hourly/ 8 hourly values should be met 98th percentile of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time. It may exceed but not on two consecutive days.
NOTE:
1. National ambient Air quality Standards: the levels of air quality with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and property. 2. Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceed the limit specified above for the respective category, it would be considered adequate reason to institute regular/ continuous monitoring and further investigations. Source: S.O. 384(E), Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, dated April, 11, 1994 and (EPA Notification: GSR 176 (E), April 2, 1996).
Table 1.11 - Noise Levels S. No. Location Minimum, Day Time Observed Night Time Observed maximum and Values (dB) values (dB) average 1 Village Vishkelti Min. 48.6 32.3 Max. 78.0 62.3 Avg. 62.0 49.0 2 Hatkoti, Near Temple Min. 48.3 38.2 Sarai Max. 64.5 52.0 Avg. 56.6 46.5 3 Village Sawra, Rohroo Min. 38.0 36.0 Max. 73.0 52.5 Avg. 68.3 46.0 4 Near Anti Adit site Min. 46.2 36.2 Max. 70.2 52.5 Avg. 57.5 42.4 5 Near Jakhi Adit site Min. 68.3 38.2 Max. 46.5 59.3 Avg. 57.3 49.9 6 Near Mungra Adit site Min. 48.2 48.2 Max. 75.2 62.3 Avg. 62.6 55.1 7 Village Sanil Min. 46.2 48.2 Max. 60.2 74.2 Avg. 54.6 61.1
Appendix 1 89 89
Table 1.12 - Chemical Composition Of Soil Quality
pH EC CA Mg Na K HCO3 6. N-Avl T. O- ORG ESP %
mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ Phos. Phos .-C % 100g 100g 100 100 100g mg/ 100g Mg/ mg/ % g g 100 100g 100g
Location g Mos Con. Soil Sampling
SW-1 7.8 92.2 152.3 34.1 4.8 15. 61.0 7.5 0.12 7.3 2.4 2.8 0.00 - 0 2 4 0 4 48 SW-2 8.41 109.5 312.62 21.92 4.8 5.0 91.5 5.0 0.13 9.7 2.7 2.84 0.0048 - SW-3 7.24 407.1 176.35 292.3 5.8 13.7 91.5 40 .07 4.8 0.8 1.84 0.0058 - SW-4 7.34 66.74 128.25 121.8 7.0 4.5 61.0 5.0 .03 12.6 2.54 2.12 0.007 - SW-5 7.36 827.5 208.41 9.74 9.5 39.0 122.0 40.0 .02 11.9 2.18 2.84 0.0095 - SW-6 7.54 130.0 104.2 7.3 3.6 20.1 61.0 10.0 .1 6.3 2.26 3.83 0.0036 - SW-7 6.39 82.05 96.19 4.87 6.2 12.3 61.0 5.0 .004 12.2 1.50 1.84 0.0062 - SW-8 6.84 632.5 212.42 21.92 13.8 67.0 91.5 20.0 0.01 7.5 1.80 2.84 0.0138 - SW-9 7.20 195.2 204.4 17.05 7.70 25.3 122 5 0.006 3.6 2.12 3.12 0.0077 - SW-10 7.87 50.01 172.34 19.48 6.9 10.7 61 7.5 0.03 6.4 1.08 1.70 0.0069 - SW-11 8.66 102.0 300.6 12.18 3.7 10.1 91.5 5.0 0.06 2.2 0.92 1.70 0.0037 - SW-12 6.59 60.9 164.32 7.30 3.6 25.4 61 10.0 0.02 3.1 0.76 1.26 0.0036 - SW-13 6.63 159.3 236.47 21.92 7.4 24.0 61 7.5 0.03 2.4 0.88 4.11 0.0074 - SW-14 8.20 63.45 348.69 21.92 6.5 17.1 91.5 5.0 0.02 5.1 2.36 2.84 0.006 - 5 SW-15 8.06 118.5 120.24 19.48 4.7 5.5 61 5.0 0.01 3.6 0.74 1.13 0.0047 - SW-16 7.71 101.2 208.41 9.74 10.0 10.2 61 5.0 0.02 3.4 1.00 1.70 0.01 - SW-17 6.90 153.6 188.37 17.05 13.7 7.0 61 17.5 0.02 7.3 0.80 1.41 0.0137 - SW-18 5.90 67.76 176.35 12.18 13.4 8.0 61 7.5 0.03 5.8 0.72 1.41 0.0134 - SW-19 5.33 822.8 156.31 21.93 23.7 4.3 61 22.5 0.04 6.2 0.72 1.13 0.0237 - SW-20 7.76 169.9 276.55 2.43 13.5 6.2 91.5 10.0 0.03 4.6 0.98 1.56 0.0135 - SW-21 6.70 59.72 180.36 21.18 13.0 13.8 61 12.5 0.02 3.6 1.10 1.84 0.013 - SW-22 7.60 34.36 200.4 4.87 14.6 5.7 122 12.5 0.02 4.1 1.00 1.84 0.0146 - SW-23 7.51 55.54 224.44 17.05 14.8 4.2 122 12.5 0.02 6.1 0.80 1.26 0.0148 - SW-24 7.70 49.7 184.36 21.93 13.8 7.4 122 25.0 0.03 8.0 0.88 1.26 0.0138 - SW-25 6.50 126.7 831.68 34.11 14.5 13.3 91.5 12.5 0.02 5.1 1.96 2.84 0.0145 -
Table 1.13 - Soil Sampling Locations Code Location SW-1 Vill upstream Rohroo Town SW-2 Vill. Downstream Rohroo Town SW-3 Near Ballu Nalla SW-4 Vill Kuddu SW-5 At Hatkoti, Kainchi Mor SW-6 Vill Gesta Rohroo SW-7 Near upstream Vishkhelti Nala SW-8 Vill. Mendli SW-9 Vill. Galu Hatkoti SW-10 Vill Patsari SW-11 Vill. Snail SW-12 Vill Down stream Sawra SW-13 Vill Chaurisar SW-14 Near down stream Vishkhelti Nala SW-15 Vill Kunnu SW-16 Vill Sawra SW-17 Near Renvi Khadd SW-18 Near mata Hateshwari Tample SW-19 Near upstream Jakhli Khadd SW-20 Near Salanti Khad SW-21 Near down stream Jakhli Khadd SW-22 Vill Sainj SW-23 Vill near Samooli Khadd SW-24 Vill Seema SW-25 Vill near Sainji Nala
90 Appendix 1
Table 1.14: Hearing at Hatkoti (Barrage Site) On 15-06-2006 at 11:00am Environmental Public Hearing at Hatkoti Village Was Held At 11:00 A.M on 15-06-2006 Issues raised At Hatkoti Barragesite Hearing:
S.No. Issues Comments by Proponents 1. Shri Vijender Chauhan, Pradhan, Gram Panchayat, Ranwi: He submitted a written representation (copy enclosed) during the hearing highlighting various points/demands. Some of the significant issues raised are as under: (i) Whether Tunnel boring machine is (i) Tunnel Boring technology is still not a proven one proposed or blasting shall be carried in Himalayan Geology and also not cost effective. out for constructing the tunnel; In view of the project being of small size, it is not planned to be used. However blasting operations shall be carried out ensuring all safety (ii) Water sources in the project area considerations; should be inventorised by the project (ii) Project is committed to inventorise the water authorities in consultation with the sources in the project area and any damage due to IPH and concerned Gram project activity shall be compensated. Panchayats. (iii) Provision of beautification of Hatkoti (iii) This work can be covered under the LADA funds temple should be made; earmarked by the Project proponent. (iv) LADA should comprise local people (iv) There is a provision for nomination of the local and nomination of local people people in the LADA Committee headed by the should not be on political Deputy Commissioner. consideration; (v) A provision of Rs.20 lakhs has been kept in the (v) Provision should be kept for CAT Plan and also this aspect can be covered construction of crematoria; under LADA funds. (vi) Since Pabbar Valley Power Corporation is a (vi) Employment should be provided to subsidiary of HPSEB, employment by it for the the local people; project shall be largely from the HPSEB. However, the major private contractors shall be bound by the provisions of minimum 70% employment as prescribed by the State Government. (vii) Copies of EIA should also be (vii) It was apprised that the copies of these documents provided to the local Panchayats in would remain in the office of SDM, Rohroo for project area; public perusal even after the Public hearing. (viii) Committee to be formed under LADA may set (viii) Provision of cold storage for the priorities and consider this provision within the horticultural produce may be kept in LADA provision. the project; (ix) Plantation along the project roads will be provided (ix) Plantation along the roads should be by the Project proponent. As far as other roads are done. concerned, this may be considered under LADA funds. (x) The EIA/EMP has been prepared and total (x) The construction debris and muck generation of the debris has been duly estimated produced should be properly including the quantities to be reused for construction managed in the designated dumping purpose. Dumping sites have been identified to dispose sites. the remaining muck/debris and shall be disposed of in a proper manner in the designated dumping sites. The debris shall be properly checked by constructing adequate retaining structures ensuring that the water quality/flow or land is not affected due to disposal of debris. 2. Shri Brahmanand Bhardwaj, Vill: Batadi, Senior Citizen: He welcomed the project and opined that some reasonable impacts will have to be born by the people. He, however, raised following points: (i) Cultural heritage should not be (i) Although there would be no significant impact on affected and steps be taken for its cultural heritage, provisions for preservation and preservation; improvement of heritage can be planned from the LADA funds. (ii) Social intrusion is apprehended due to (ii) Provision of separate labour camps would be migratory labour; provided during construction phase; (iii) Migratory labour should be provided (iii) Local infrastructure in terms of health & education proper health and educational facilities may be used and provision of its strengthening shall for their children; be made through LADA funds. (iv) Employment should be provided to the (iv) Comments already included in Point-1(vi) above,
Appendix 1 91 91
S.No. Issues Comments by Proponents local people; hence not repeated; (v) Resettlement & Rehabilitation Plan is (v) No family is getting displaced. However, people not indicated in the report; affected to some extent shall be compensated as may be determined by the competent authority; (vi) Noise pollution from project activities (vi) Regular monitoring shall be done during the should be controlled; construction & operational phases of the project. Moreover most operations would be underground hence noise at ground level would be minimum. (vii) Project activities shall not (vii) Major components of the project would be on hamper the smooth flow of traffic on the left bank of river Pabbar where traffic flow is the existing roads; much less than that on the right bank. However, traffic due to Project shall be regulated such that it does not cause public inconvenience; (viii) Other departments are also invited for this (viii) Suggestions from other public hearing besides the issues to be discussed at departments of government should State level EIA&M Committee. also be taken; (ix) Project proponent noted the suggestion;
(ix) We should learn lessons from the previous projects and should strive to (x) People of the area themselves can be more minimize the impacts; effective in this regard; (x) Hateshwari Temple complex should be declared as intoxication free area. 3. Mrs. Parveen Chhajta, Member Zila Parishad; (i) Proponent readily agreed to the suggestion; (i) Proponent should organize visit of the people from the project areas to another project which has been operational for sometime; (ii) Proponent apprised that water equal to a minimum (ii) Adequate water should be released in of 15% of the environmental flow shall be available Pabbar river as religious sentiments of in the river throughout the year; the people are attached to this river besides aesthetic aspect; 4. Sh. Manoj Chhajta, Vill. Sarswati Nagar; (i) Employment should be provided to (i) Comments already included in Point-1 (vi) above, the local people; hence not repeated; (ii) Construction circle should be This would be done whenever infrastructure is immediately shifted to Hatkoti. developed/available. 5. Shri Vir Prakash Baltu, Samajik Jan Chetna Manch Vill: Gunsa: (i) Apprehension on loss/damage of (i) Comments already included in Point-1(ii) above, water sources & hence need for hence not repeated; inventory of sources and compensation in the event of damage/loss; (ii) Project proponent clarified that most works would (ii) Natural calamity and land be underground and hence there would be minimum subsidence may occur due to disturbance at surface. It was apprised that the tunneling; underground tunnel cavity in fact would attenuate the lateral as well as vertical vibrations in the event of earth quakes thus reducing the potential damages on the surface. However any damages to the buildings due to the Project would be compensated by the Project proponent. Baseline inventories of houses/other buildings would be prepared to determine the potential damages. In addition, the existing areas prone to land subsidence would need to be strengthened/protected for the safety of project components. (iii) Horticulture may be affected due to (iii) There is no established evidence that project would project; affect the horticultural produce except for those areas which are acquired for the project for which compensation as determined by the competent authority would be provided. (iv) Local nominees from project affected (iv) Comments already included in Point-1(iv) above,
92 Appendix 1
S.No. Issues Comments by Proponents areas should be nominated on LADA hence not repeated; without any political considerations;
(v) LADA component should be (v) Provisions would be made as & when criteria are increased from 1.5% of the project amended by the government. As per existing criteria, cost; provision has been made. (vi) Comments already included in Point-1 (vi) above, (vi) Employment should be provided to hence not repeated; the project affected families; (vii) This is not envisaged in the project design in view (vii) Barrage proposed for the project of the consideration related to the Project security; should also envisage bridge on its top at least for small vehicles; (viii) These works can be covered under the LADA fund (viii) Beautification of temples, parks, earmarked by the Project proponent. health facilities and paths should be provided for in the project. 6. Shri Bhagwan Singh Khimta, Vill. Asthanjali: (i) Land Acquisition Officer is in the process of visiting (i) Basis for compensation should be the project areas and the basis of compensation shall apprised and it should commensurate be finalized soon. the value of land/property; (ii) This will be followed as per Rules & Regulations of (ii) Royalty for minerals in private land the government. It is understood that Mineral Rights should be paid to the owners; even in private land vest with the State Government. (iii) Comments already included in Point-1 (vi) above, (iii) Employment should be provided to hence not repeated; the project affected families and people of the local villages. 7. Shri Jai Lal Mantar, Vill. Turan, Gram Panchayat, Ranwi: (i) Apprehension of adverse effects on (i) As this would be run-of-river Project with very small apple crop due to fog when reservoir impoundment, there is no likelihood of increase in will be created; the fog than the existing conditions. As such effect on apple crop is unlikely; (ii) Employment should be provided to the (ii) Comments already included in Point-1 (vi) above, project affected families and people of hence not repeated; the local villages. 8. Shri Ramesh Kotwi, Gram Panchayat, Thana: (i) Resettlement & rehabilitation plan (i) Comments already included in Points-2 (v) and has not so far been prepared. Two 6(i) above, hence not repeated. Issue of two families are likely to be rendered persons (joint holders) becoming landless would be landless. This may be considered. looked into and considered appropriately; (ii) As already clarified in Point-5(ii), the existing areas (ii) There is an area in this Gram prone to land subsidence would need to be Panchayat which is landslide prone; strengthened/protected for the safety of project project proponent may protect this components. This will also be considered accordingly. area.
Appendix 1 93 93
Table 1.15 Hearing in Kuddu Near Village Snail District Shimla Near Powerhouse Site on 15- 06-2006: Environmental Public Hearing at Kuddu near Snail village was held at 3:00 P.M on 15-06-2006
Sr. No Issues Comments by Proponents 1 Shri Inder Dev, Former Block Development Committee Member, Jhalta. (i) Employment should be provided to the project affected families and people of the (i) Comments already included in Point-1 (vi) of the local villages. proceedings of hearing at Hatkoti in the forenoon were reiterated, hence not repeated. (i) Compensation to the project affected (i) Compensation to the project affected people shall be people should be adequate & prompt determined by the competent authority and project besides alternative occupation for the proponent is committed to release it promptly to the land losers; affected people. (ii) Guest house should be provided in Kuddu; (ii) Field hostel in Chauri has been planned; Presently, there is no proposal in the Project for constructing (iii) Project road should be extended to the guest house in Kuddu. Chuari village. (iii) This could be covered under the LADA funds as per priorities to be fixed by the committee to be constituted. 2. Shri Trilok Chand Sharma, Kuddu: (i) Employment (direct/indirect) up to 70% (i) As in point 1(i) above. should be given to the local people; (ii) Apprehension of loss/damage of water sources and alternate (ii) Comments already included in Point-1 (vi) of the compensatory measures proposed; proceedings of hearing at Hatkoti in the forenoon were reiterated, hence not repeated. 3. Shri Krishna Dutt, Block Development Committee Member, Kuddu; (i) People of Kuddu should be benefited (i) This project is for overall development of the area from the project; including village Kuddu and benefits would be (ii) For better environment, tree plantation equally available for this village; should be encouraged. (ii) Extensive tree plantation in the form of compensatory afforestation, roadside plantation, RIM plantation etc. has been proposed besides CAT Plan. 4. Shri Bahrat Thakur, Kuddu: He expressed the opinion that the project will be for the benefits of the entire area and there is no likelihood of any adverse impact on the people. 5. Shri Balam Singh Rangta, Vill. Chauri Gram Panchayat, Jhalta: (i) He expressed apprehension of (i) Comments already included in Point-1 (ii) of the loss/damage of drinking & irrigation proceedings of hearing at Hatkoti in the forenoon water sources and wanted to know were reiterated, hence not repeated. Project about proposed mitigative actions; proponent affirmed that the any loss/damage of drinking/irrigation water sources due to project activities shall be compensated with alternative scheme at the cost of the project. (ii) Vibrations due to project would affect (ii) Comments already included in Point-5 (ii) of the the houses/buildings; proceedings of hearing at Hatkoti in the forenoon were reiterated, hence not repeated. Baseline status of houses/buildings shall be prepared and inventorised and any subsequent damage due to project activities shall be compensated at the cost of the project (iii) As in point 1(i) above. (iii) Employment should be provided to the project affected families and people of the local villages; (iv) This work can be covered under LADA funds. (iv) Temple in Kuddu village should be improved. 6. Ms. Parveen Chhajta, Member Zila Parishad: She reiterated the points raised by her in the hearing at Hatkoti in the forenoon on which the comments are already recorded in Point-1 (vi) of the proceedings of hearing at Hatkoti. Following additional point was raised by her:
94 Appendix 1
Sr. No Issues Comments by Proponents (i) Project activities shall not hamper the (i) Comments already included in Point-2 (vii) of the smooth flow of traffic on the existing proceedings of hearing at Hatkoti in the forenoon were roads; reiterated, hence not repeated.
Table 1.16 Cost of providing fuelwood substitute S.N. Item Unit Estimated Consumption Costs Per day Per Project Rate$ Amount month period A Conventional 1 Fuelwood (cooking & quintals 18 540 29160 325 9477000 heating)^ B Alternate 1 LPG (cooking)^^ Cylinders 6 180 9720 850 8262000 2 Electricity (Heating) Elct unit 300 9000 486000 3.25 1579500 3 Kerosene Stoves litres 50 1500 81000 15 1215000 (Heating)^^^ Total (B) 11056500 C Difference Savings in (+) and Additional Cost in (-) -1579500 ^ Per day consumption of 1.5 kg fuelwood per person for 1200 persons @ Rs 325 per qtl ^^ Per day consumption of 6cylinders for all 1200 persons, commercial @ Rs 850per cylinder ^^^ Per day Consumption of 50 liters of Kerosene (on site heating) @ Rs 15 per litre $ Rates applied include likely increases through the project period
Appendix 2 95
Details Of Kashang Stage I Hpp
Table 2.1: Discharge Quantity of Kashang Khad and R Satluj Sr. Month Kashang Inflow Data for 10 90% and 50% Dependable No. Days (m3/sec) discharges Satluj (at Karcham) 90% Dependable 50% 90% Dependable 50% Dependable Year Dependable Year Year Year 4.50 2.60 76.57 84.94 1. January 3.86 2.41 69.35 79.93 3.11 2.32 71.15 75.10 3.50 2.15 67.18 75.57 2. February 3.90 1.99 68.56 75.34 4.20 1.88 68.90 76.47 4.11 2.16 73.16 77.08 3. March 3.98 2.69 79.60 80.89 3.71 3.18 107.39 108.93 3.69 3.70 102.79 97.09 4. April 4.12 4.13 116.27 111.68 4.50 4.63 147.42 159.88 5.52 4.81 262.82 241.96 5. May 6.67 5.19 228.36 740.82 6.92 5.66 191.93 407.75 5.08 15.16 284.89 818.34 6. June 6.25 15.17 454.87 1125.35 7.27 17.22 422.16 604.96 7.81 19.38 505.60 988.15 7. July 9.07 13.90 962.68 1029.43 8.82 10.23 868.79 1006.74 8.83 8.57 891.40 959.96 8. August 7.99 9.05 804.59 868.66 7.05 8.42 593.46 743.83 6.45 8.48 402.59 599.60 9. September 5.99 7.72 271.61 414.18 5.53 7.29 209.55 298.52 4.29 6.96 267.71 222.04 10. October 3.96 6.74 208.52 187.19 3.53 6.53 161.68 170.19 3.20 6.41 137.40 154.70 11. November 2.99 5.49 123.94 139.82 2.98 5.28 111.66 125.30 2.67 4.68 95.98 112.46 12. December 2.44 4.55 87.71 102.88 2.31 4.85 82.06 94.41 Source: SNC Lavalin
96 Appendix 2
Table 2.2 Sampling Locations
Surface Water sampling locations 1. The Satluj River before confluence to Kashang Nallah. 2. Kashang Nallah Barrage site. 3. Kashang Nalla Before confluence to Satluj River. 4. Pangi Nallah. 5. The Satluj River after confluence to Kashang Nallah. Ground Water sampling locations 1. Natural spring near high school Pangi. 2. Hand Pump Pangi 3. Hand Pump near main gate Pangi. 4. Water supply scheme near main gate Pangi. 5. Natural sampling near Electricity Divisional office Pangi
Table 2.3 Result of Physico-Chemical Analysis of Water in the Kashang Khad And The Satluj River
Parameters Kashang Satluj (All values are in mg/l other than those mentioned) 1. pH 7.01 7.96 2. Temp ( C) 15.7 18 3. Conductivity, (µmhos/cm) 60 430 4. Turbidity (NTU) 14 38 5. Dissolved solids 45 280 6. Suspended solids 14 65 7. Total hardness 30 180 8. Chlorides as CI 6.8 14 9. Sulphates as SO4 6 22 10. Nitrates as NO3 1 3.5 11. Phosphates as PO4 0.01 0.02 12. Flourides as F 0.2 0.4 13. Total Iron as Fe 0.01 0.04 14. Lead as Pb 0.01 0.02 15. Copper as Cu NT NT 16. Nickel as Ni NT NT 17. Zinc as Zn NT NT 18. Chromium (Total as Cr) NT NT 19. Oil and grease NT NT 20. Calcium as Ca 6 48 21. Magnesium as Mg 3.6 14.6 22. DO 9.4 6 23. BOD 0.2 0.86 24. COD 4 8 25. Total Coliform Count (MPN/ 100ml) 3 23 Detection Limit for Copper, Nickel, Zinc, Chromium, is 0.01 mg/l Detection Limit for Oil and Grease is 0.1mg/l
Appendix 2 97
Table 2.4 Biological Aquatic Quality of the Water Bodies
Parameters Kashang Satluj 1. Macro Invertebrates Diversity 0.2 0.3 Score 2. Macro invertebrates Saprobic 8 3 Score 3. Algal Biomass, mg/m3 13.4 87
4. Total Chlorophyll Content (mg/I) 0.6265 2.8284 5. Phytoplanktons Observed under Euglena, Crucigenia, Euglena, Phacus, Crucigenia, Microscope Oscillatoria, Oscillatoria, Formidium, Fragilaria, Formidium, Diatoma, Cymbella, Naviculla, Fragilaria, Diatoma Cyclotella, Chlorella, Closterium
6. Zooplankton Observed under Amoeba, Amoeba, Peranema, Paramoecium, Microscope Paramoecium, Stylonychia, Epiphanes, Philodena, Lionotus, Epiphanes, Monostyla, Pleuronema Pelomyxa, Philodena, Monostyla, Anisonema 7. Macro Invertebrates Observed Ephemeridae Baetidae, Ephemeridae
Table 2.5 Landuse Around the Sampling Locations S. Landuse No. Sampling Location W.r.t. NAAQS Descriptive 1. Powerhouse site Residential2 Blasting and Construction activity are underway for tunneling the access to the powerhouse 2. Pangi Village Residential Anthropogenic activities as traffic, cooking etc. are evident here 3. 1 km uphill of the gate Residential1 Kuchha road with low traffic load. No other controlling movement of anthropogenic activity is observed in the vehicles on the 1 way area. path to trench weir site. 4. Intake point for River Residential. A small village with residential anthropogenic Kerang, Asrang activities. Traffic flow is minor.
Table 2.6 Result of the Ambient Air Quality Analysis
S. Sampling NAAQS Powerho Pangi 1km from Intake Point (Asrang) No. Location (Residential) use Village gate 1. RSPM ( g/m3) 100 14 31 58 11 2. SPM ( g/m3) 200 114 110 143 89 3. SO2 ( g/m3) 80 BDL BDL BDL BDL 4. NOx g/m3) 80 12 24 10 35 5. CO (ppm) 2000 1 1 Less than 1 1 6. THC (ppm) - NM 1.486 1.535 1.342 BDL – Below Detection Limit Detection Limit for SO2: 3 g/m3 Source: field test done in September, 2005
98 Appendix 2
Table 2.7 Results of Noise Monitoring Analysis Parameters Power Pangi 1km from Kashang Khad House Village gate (Intake) Daytime Leq 70.6 40.5 57.2 46.5 Night time Leq 61.9 33.8 51.9 45.0
Table 2.8 Location and elevations of various stations Station Latitude Longitude Elevation (M) Period Kalpa 310-35’N 780-15’E 2770.6 1951-93 Purbani 310-35’N 780-19’E 2409.4 1951-93 Sangla 310-15’N 700-40’E 2956.6 1951-93 Nichar 310-35’S 780-58’E 2194.6 1951-93
Table 2.9 Monthly and Annual Average Rainfall (In Mm) in Four Main Stations near the Project Area
Station Kalpa Purbani Sangla Kilba Total normal annual for Basin 110.7 92 129.9 76.7 81.80 105 91.8 120.5 82.6 79.98 108.1 94 97.8 122.2 84.42 73 6.8 80.2 80.7 60.14 57.1 52 62.2 62.8 46.82 34.8 29.9 30.6 32 25.46 46.1 26.2 62.4 69.5 40.84 39.4 25.3 66.5 63.8 195 39.00 51 43 63.6 74.7 232.3 46.46 34.7 25.1 635.9 26.9 122.6 46.46 12.8 18.5 16.9 15.9 64.1 12.82 35.1 46.1 63.4 43.6 188.2 37.64 707.8 610.7 829.9 751.4 2899.80 579.96
Appendix 2 99
Table 2.10 Kashang Discharge MONTH Ten daily 90% dependable 50% dependable Year (1993-94) Year (1986-87) JAN 1 2.47 2.75 2 2.47 2.70 3 2.65 2.63 FEB 4 2.50 2.69 5 2.50 2.70 6 2.50 2.54 MAR 7 2.52 2.70 8 2.55 2.69 9 2.61 2.82 APR 10 2.64 2.86 11 2.64 2.86 12 2.89 3.66 MAY 13 3.57 4.05 14 4.63 3.88 15 6.46 5.77 JUN 16 10.91 6.87 17 12.47 12.02 18 15.66 12.48 JUL 19 14.54 12.18 20 18.88 13.45 21 13.86 13.47 AUG 22 10.50 11.99 23 7.70 11.30 24 7.21 10.93 SEP 25 6.15 8.35 26 6.32 5.90 27 4.98 5.45 OCT. 28 4.70 5.08 29 3.62 4.09 30 3.09 3.76 NOVEMBER 31 2.88 3.46 32 2.71 3.26 33 2.55 2.97 DECEMBER 34 2.55 2.87 35 2.43 2.79 36 1.91 2.73
100
Table 2.11: Requirement of Land Coming under Forest/ Private Land for Kashang Stagei 100Appendix2 S. Component Area Area in Forest Private Land Total Area of dumping Remarks No. required Land / govt. Non-Forest Village Muck Muck to be Muck to be Land and produced dumped dumped in forest locally dumping area nearby 1. Road to quarry site near intake 1-65-21 1-04-46 0-60-75 1-65-21 N.A. 7506 M3 7506 M3 Nil (1400M). 2. Road to intake upto HRt inlet 5-94-45 5-36-15 0-58-30 5-94-45 N.A. 28243 M3 28543 M3 Nil (5200 M). 3. Proposed intake, sediment 6-39-52 1-27-77 5-11-75 6-39-52 Dullu 101737 36437 M3 65300 M3 area, Power Channel, Dogri and M3 sedimentation Tank B.R.P.C. Ragura upto HRt inlet. 4. Approach road to surge shaft 0-45-75 0-45-75 - 0-45-75 -do- 2000 M3 2000 M3 Nil (400 M). 5. Approach road to Penstock 3-98-67 3-43-12 0-55-55 3-98-67 N.A. 22586 M3 22586 M3 Nil (3200 M). 6. Approach road to Powerhouse 2-21-58 2-13-26 0-08-32 2-21-58 N.A. 14672 M3 14672 M3 Nil (2200 M) 7. Headrace Tunnel Under N.A. - - Dullu 13700 M3 - 13700 M3 ground Dogri and structures Ragura 8. Surge Shaft -do- - - - -do- 4200 M3 - 4200 M3 9. Penstock -do- - - - -do- 11900 M3 - 11900 M3 10. Powerhouse -do- - - - -do- 34947 M3 - 34947 M3 11. Tail Race Tunnel -do- - - - -do- 1450 M3 - 1450 M3
Table 2.12: Disposal Of Muck/ Debries For Kashang Stage I S. Name of Dumping Place Location of Slope of Length breadth M2 Area of Qty. of Muck/ Height of Remarks No. dumping place i.e. dumping place dumping place (M2) Debris to be Expected vilage and Khasra dumped in. (6&5) No. etc. 1. Proposed intake, power Dullu dogri and Nil 278x24/2 =3336 Retaining channel, sedimentation tank, Ragura Kh. No. a. 100 (6+16) = 1100 structure will balancing reservoir and power (462/1) 2 Average Ht. 6 be provided channel upto HRT inlet b. 210x30/2=3150 65300 M3 mtr. to retain the c. 128x62/2=3968 dum--ped d. 40x14/2=280 muck 1-18-34 2. Headrace tunnel -do- -Nil- 13,700 M3 -do- -do- 3. Surge shaft -do- -Nil- 4,200 M3 -do- -do- 4. Pen Stock -do- -Nil- 11, 900 M3 -do- -do- 5. Powerhouse -do- -Nil- 34, 947 M3 -do- -do- 6. Tail Race Tunnel -do- -Nil- 1,450 M3 -do- -do-
Appendix 2 101
Table 2.13 Water Quality at Intake Site 1 Physico-chemical analysis of raw water pH:7.2, to be used at project township at intake point. 2 Conductivity 1.5 umtions/cm 3 Turbidity 45 NTU 4 Silt concentration NIL 5 Colour/odour Colourless & odourless 6 Chlorides 2.5 Mg/1 7 Total hardness 192 Mg/L 8 Total alkalinity 5 Mg/L 9 Nitrates Nil
Table 2.14 Detail of Protection Walls Along Muck Dumping Sites Sr Muck dumping site Name of site Quantity of wire Financial expenditure No crates In cumt. to be incurred in Rs. 1 A-Muck disposal site Near Powerhouse 2000.00 2 B- -do- Near Intake Area 3400.00 26.00 lakh Total 5400.00
Table 2.15 Grid for Determining Impact Significance for Project Assessment of Impact Intensity Extent Duration Significance Physical Environment Soil Use Weak Site Specific Long Term Low Geology Weak Site Specific Long Term Low Hydrology Weak Local Long Term Low Water Quality Weak Site Specific Short Term Very Low No Significant Geo-hydrology Nil -- -- Impact Meteorology & Climatology Nil -- -- No Significant Impact Air Quality and Landscape Weak Site Specific Short Term Very Low Noise Levels Weak Site Specific Short Term Very Low Biological Environment Flora & Fauna Weak Local Short Term Low Socio-Culture Environment Population and community structure Weak Local Long Term Low Land use and planned development Weak Local Long Term Low activities Employment and labour market, Medium Regional Long Term Strong distribution of income
102 Appendix 3
Table 3.1 Ambient Noise Standards Limits in dB(A) Leq Area Code Category of Area Day time Night Time A. Industrial Area 75 70 B. Commercial Area 65 55 C. Residential Area 55 45 D. Silence Zone 50 40
NOTES 1. Day time is 6.00 A.M. to 9.00 P.M. 2. Night time is 9.00 P.M. to 6.00 A.M. 3. Silence zone is defined as areas up to 100 meters around such premises as hospitals, educational institutions, courts. The silence zones are to be declared by competent authority. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones. 4. Environment (Protection) Act, third amendment Rules, 2000 gazette notification, Government of India, dated 14.02.2000.
Table 3.2 Indian Standard Specifications for Drinking Water Is:10500 S.No Parameter Requirement Remarks 1 Colour 5 May be extended upto 50 if toxic substances are suspected. 2 Turbidity 10 May be relaxed upto 25 in the absence of alternate 3 pH 6.5 to 8.5 May be relaxed up to 9.2. in the absence. 4 Total hardness 300 May be extended up to 600 5 Calcium as Ca 75 May be extended up to 200 6 Magnesium as Mg 30 May be extended up to 100 7 Copper as Cu 0.05 May be relaxed up to 1.5 8 Iron 0.3 May be extended up to 1 9 Manganese 0.1 May be extended up to 0.5 10 Chlorides 250 May be extended up to 1000 11 Sulphates 150 May be extended up to 400 12 Nitrates 45 No relaxation 13 Fluoride 0.6 TO 1.2 If the limit is below 0.6 water should be rejected, Max. limit is extended up to 1.5 14 Phenols 0.001 May be related up to 0.002 15 Mercury 0.001 No relaxation 16 Cadmium 0.01 No relaxation 17 Selenium 0.01 No relaxation 18 Arsenic 0.05 No relaxation 19 Cyanide 0.05 No relaxation 20 Lead 0.1 No relaxation 21 Zinc 5.0 May be extended up to 10.0 22 Anionic detergents 0.2 May be relaxed up to 1 (MBAS) 23 Chromium as Cr+6 0.05 No relaxation 24 Poly-nuclear aromatic -- -- Hydrocarbons 25 Mineral Oil 0.01 May be relaxed up to 0.03 26 Residual free chlorine 0.2 Applicable only when water is chlorinated. 27 Pesticides Absent -- 28 Radio active -- -- Source: Minutes of the Public Hearing
Appendix 3 103
Table 3.3 Drinking Water Specification: Is: 10500, 1992 (Reaffirmed 1993) Tolerance Limits
S.No. Parameter IS: 10500 Undesirable effect outside the IS: 10500 Requirement desirable limit Permissible limit (Desireable limit) in the absence of alternate source. Essential Characteristics 1 Ph 6.5-8.5 Beyond this range the water will No relaxation effect the mucous membrane and/or water supply system 2 Colour (Hazen 5 Above 5, consumer acceptance 25 Units), Maximum decreases 3 Odour Unobjectionable -- -- 4 Taste Agreeable -- -- 5 Turbidity, NTU, 5 Above 5, consumer acceptance 10 Max *decreases Following Results are expressed in mg/1: 6 Total hardness as 300 Encrustation in water supply 600 CaCO3, Max structure and adverse effects on domestic use 7 Iron as Fe, Max 0.30 Beyond this limit taste 1.0 /appearance are affected, has adverse effect on domestic uses and water supply structures, and promotes iron bacteria. 8 Chlorides as CI, 250 Beyond this limit taste, corrosion 1000 Max and palatability are effected 9 Residual, free 0.20 -- -- Chlorine, Min Desirable Characteristics 10 Dissolved solids, 500 Beyond this palatability decreases 2000 Max and may cause gastro- intentional irritation 11 Calcium as Ca, 75 Encrustation in water supply 200 Max structure and adverse effects on domestic use 12 Magnesium as Mg, 30 -- 100 Max 13 Copper as Cu, Max 0.05 Astringent taste, discoloration and 1.5 corrosion of pipes, fitting and utensils will be caused beyond this 14 Manganese as Mn, 0.1 Beyond this limit taste/ 0.3 Max appearance are affected, has adverse effect on domestic uses and water supply structures 15 Sulphate as 200 Beyond this causes gastro- 400 SO4,Max intentional irritation when magnesium or sodium are present 16 Nitrates as NO3 45 Beyond this methanemo- 100 globinemia takes place 17 Fluoride as, Max 1.0 Fluoride may be kept as low as 1.5 Possible. High fluoride may cause fluorosis. 18 Phenolic Beyond this, it may cause 0.002 compounds as 0.001 objectionable taste and odour. CoH5OH, Max 19 Mercury as Hg, 0.001 Beyond this, the water becomes No relaxation Max toxic 20 Cadmium as Cd, 0.01 Beyond this, the water becomes No relaxation Max toxic. 21 Selenium as Se, 0.01 Beyond this, the water becomes No relaxation Max toxic. 22 Arsenic as As, Max 0.05 Beyond this, the water becomes No relaxation
104 Appendix 3
S.No. Parameter IS: 10500 Undesirable effect outside the IS: 10500 Requirement desirable limit Permissible limit (Desireable limit) in the absence of alternate source. toxic. 23 Cyanide as CN, 0.05 Beyond this, the water becomes No relaxation Max toxic. 24 Lead as Pb, Max 0.05 Beyond this, the water becomes No relaxation toxic. 25 Zinc as Zn, Max 5 Beyond this limit it can cause 15 astringent taste and an opalescence in water. 26 Anionic detergents 0.2 Beyond this limit it can cause a 1.0 as MBAS, Max light froth in water. 27 Chromium as Cr6+ , 0.05 May be carcinogenic above this No relaxation Max limit. 28 Polynuclear -- May be carcinogenic -- aromatic hydrocarbons as PAH, Max 29 Mineral Oil, Max 0.01 Beyond this limit undesirable taste 0.03 and odour after chlorination take place. 30 Pesticides, Max Absent Toxic 0.001 31 Radioactive materials -- 0.1 a)Alpha emitters Bq/1, Max -- b)Beta emitters 1 Pci/1, Max 32 Alkalinity, Max 200 Beyond this limit taste becomes 600 unpleasant. 33 Aluminium as A1, 0.03 Cumulative effect is reported to 0.2 Max cause dementia. 34 Boron, Max 1 -- 5
Table 3.4 General Standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants Part-A: Effluents
Sl. Parameter Standards No. Inland Public Land of Marine/coastal areas surface Sewers Irrigation water. 1. Colour and Of Appendix- -- See 6 of See 6 of Appendix-I odour I Appendix-I 2. Suspended a. For process waste water solids mg/1, 100 600 200 100. Max b. For cooling water effluent 10 percent above total suspended matter of influent. 3. Particle size of Shall pass -- a. Floatable solids, solids max suspended 850 micron 3mm. solids IS Sieve b. Settleable solids, Max 856 microns. 4. pH value 5.5 to 9.0 5.5. to 9.0 5.5. to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5. Temperature Shall not -- -- Shall not exceed 50C above the exceed 50C received water temperature. above the received water temperature. 6. Oil and grease, 10 20 10 20 Mg/1, Max
Appendix 3 105
7. Total residual 1.0 -- -- 1.0 chlorine, mg/1, Max 8. Ammonical, 50 50 -- 5- nitrogen (as N), mg/1, Max 9. Total nitrogen 100 -- -- 100 (as N), mg/1, Max 10. Free ammonia 5.0 -- -- 5.0 (as NH3), mg/1, Max 11. Biochemical 30 350 100 100 oxygen demand ( 3 days at 270C), mg/1, Max 12. Chemical 250 -- -- 250 oxygen demand, mg/1, Max 13. Arsenic (as As) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/1, max 14 Mercury (As 0.01 0.01 -- 0.01 Hg), mg/1, max 15 Lead (as Pb) 0.1 0.1 -- 2.0 mg/1,max. 16 Cadmium (as 2.0 1.0 -- 2.0 Cd) mg/1,max 17 Hexavalent 0.1 2.0 -- 1.0 chromium (as Cr+6), mg/1, max 18 Total 2.0 2.0 -- 2.0 chromium(as Cr) mg/1, max 19 Copper (as Cu) 3.0 3.0 -- 30 mg/1, max. 20 Zinc (as Zn) 5.0 15 -- 15 mg/1, max. 21 Selenium (as 0.05 0.05 -- 0.05 Se) mg/1, max. 22 Nickel (as Ni) 3.0 3.0 -- 50 mg/1, max. 23 Cyanide as (CN) 0.2 2.0 0.2 0.2 mg/1, max 24 Fluoride (as F) 2.0 15 -- 15 mg/1, max. 25 Dissolved 5.0 ------phosphates (as P), mg/1, max 26 Sulphide (as S) 2.0 -- -- 5.0 mg/1, max. 27 Phenolic 1.0 5.0 -- 5.0 compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/1, max. 28 Radio-active materials: a)alpha emitters micro cure 10-7 10-7 10-8 10-7 mg/1, max. b) Beta emitters micro cure, 10-6 10-6 10-7 10-6 mg/1, max.
106 Appendix 3
29 Bio-assay test 90% survival 90% survival 90% survival of 90% survival of fish after 96 of fish after of fish after fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent. 96 hours in 96 hours in hours in 100% 100% 100% effluent effluent effluent 30 Manganese 9as 2mg/1 2mg/1 2mg/1 2mg/1 Mn) 31 Iron (as Fe) 3mg/1 3mg/1 3mg/1 3mg/1 32 Vanadium (as V) 0.2mg/1 0.2mg/1 -- 0.2mg/1 33 Nitrate Nitrogen 10 mg/1 -- -- 20 mg/1 *These standards shall be applicable for industries, operations or processes other than those industries, operations or process for which `standards have been specified in Schedule of the Environment Protection Rules, 1989.
Table 3.5 Ambient Air Quality Standards (National) Pollutants Time Concentration in ambient air Method of weighted measurement Sensitive of Industrial Area Residential, average Area Rural & Other areas. Sulphur Annual 15 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 Improved West and Average* Greake Method. Dioxide 24 hours 30 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 Ultraviolet (SO2) ** Fluorescence Oxides of Annual* 15 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 Jacob & Ochheiser Nitrogen Modified (Na-Arsenite) as NO2 Method. 24 30 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 Gas Phase hours** Chemilumloescence. Suspende Annual 70 µg/m3 360 µg/m3 140 µg/m3 High volume sampling d 24 100 µg/m3 500 µg/m3 200 µg/m3 (Average flow rate not Particulate hours** less than 1.1m3/minute) Matter (SPM) Respirable Annual 50 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 Respirable particulate Particulate 24 75 µg/m3 150 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 matter sampler matter hours** (RPM), (size less than 10 um) Lead (Pb) Annual 0.50 µg/m3 1.0 µg/m3 0.75 µg/m3 ASS Method after 24 0.75 µg/m3 1.5 µg/m3 1.00 µg/m3 sampling using EPM- hours** 2000 or equivalent Filter paper. Carbon 8 hours** 1.0 µg/m3 5.0 µg/m3 2.0 µg/m3 Non dispersive infra red Monoxide 1 hours 2.0 µg/m3 10.0 µg/m3 4.0 µg/m3 Spectroscopy. (Co) * Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. **24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.
NOTES: 1. National Ambient Air Quality Standard: The levels of air quality with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and property. 2. Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceed the limit specified above for the respective category, it would be considered adequate reason to institute regular/continuous monitoring and further investigations.
Appendix 3 107
Table 3.6 CPCB STANDARDS OF NOISE LEVEL Rural Sub Urban Residential Urban City Industrial (Urban) (Residential & Business) 25-35 30.40 35-45 40-50 45-50 50-60
108 Appendix 4
A. REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT POLICY OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT
1. For the acquisition of land for Kashang Hydroelectric project, besides Government land, private land is also to be acquired by the Government for handing over to the Project Authorities. Due to the acquisition of private land, many families will be affected with reference to their houses and land. To project the interest of the oustees, adequate arrangements for the Rehabilitation and Resettlement have to be made.
2. Whereas Rule B-A of the Himachal Pradesh Nautor Land Rules, 1968 provides for framing of a special scheme for the Resettlement and Rehabilitation of persons who are displaced as a result of anything done in any public purpose. Therefore, the Government of Himachal Pradesh hereby make the following scheme for Resettlement and Rehabilitation of the persons displaced on account of acquisition of their lands and other immovable properties under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (Act No. 1 of 1894) for the construction of Kashang Hydroelectric Project (1000 MW) affecting people of Kinnaur District.
Part I
a. This scheme may be called the Resettlement and Rehabilitation of the oustees of Kashang Hydroelectric Project (grant of land and other benefits) scheme, 2001.
b. It shall extend to the whole of area affected or likely to be affected as a result of construction of Karshang Hydroelectric Project covering parts of Kinnaur District.
c. In this scheme, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject of context.
i. “Oustee” means a land owner who has been deprived of his house or land or both on account of acquisition proceedings/private negotiations in connection with the construction of Kashang Hydroelectric Project and entitled to compensation in lieu thereof and includes his successors in interest.
ii. “Family” means husband/wife, who is entered as owner/co-owner of land in the Revenue Record, their children including step or adopted children and includes his/her parent and those brothers and sisters who are living jointly with him/her as per entries of Panchayat Parivar Register as on the date of Notification under section-4 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894. Provided that only the Panchayat Parivar Register entry, as it stood on the date of Notification under Section-4 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 shall be taken into account for the purpose of “Separate Family” for rehabilitation benefit i.e. consideration for employment etc.
iii. The word “regular employment” means employment on regular basis in accordance with qualification.
iv. “Holding” means the land holding possessed by the family of an Oustee immediately after acquisition of this property.
v. The words and expression used in this scheme but not defined herein, shall have the same meaning as assigned to them in the Himachal Pradesh Nautor Land Rules, 1968.
Appendix 4 109
Part II
a. Sanction of rehabilitation grant, infrastructural grant or facilities and grant to the families rendered houseless.
b. Resettlement Grant. Each oustee family which will be rendered houseless on account of acquisition of land/ house for the Kashang Hydroelectric project shall be entitled to;
i. A compensation of Rs. 60,000/- in the form of houseless grant, andInfrastructural facility in the oustee colony which will include developed house sites measuring 50’ x 40’ (one plot each family), electrification for street lights, line for drinking water suitable, pucca approach road/path and Sulabh Sauchalya.
ii. Families who do not opt for plot of land (including other infrastructure) will be entitled for Rs. 25,000/- as infrastructure grant in the same line.
c. A minimum of 25 to 30 families should opt for the plots 50’ x 40’ in lieu of acquisition of house in the resettlement colony. Only then, the infrastructural facilities, as specified at part –II, earlier, will be provided by the Project Authorities in the resettlement colony. The following facilities will be considered as a one-time capital expenditure. The facilities develop shall, however, be handed over to the State Government on completion who will be responsible for its maintenance and its recurring expenditure at their own expenses.
i. Primary School. All capital expenditure for school building, furniture, blackboards, other equipment would be provided by the executing agency. However, the responsibility of running schools would be that of the State Government. In case, responsibility of the State Government efforts do not materialise, the schools can be operated with the help of welfare agencies of the State or any other suitable alternative to be decided by the State Government at their expenses.
ii. Dispensary. All capital expenditure for building, furniture, equipment etc. will be provided by the project authorities. However, the running of dispensary would be the responsibility of State Government.
iii. One village pond , panchayat ghar, one drinking water well for at-least 25 to 30 families, renovation of existing well/ hand pump shall be provided in the resettlement colony.
d. Rehabilitation Grant
i. Landless Grant. The families who are rendered landless on account of acquisition of their land shall be eligible for landless grant in the following manner:
(i) Family which having more than 5 Bighas land and rendered landless Rs.50,000. (ii) Family whose land holding was less than 5 Bighas and rendered landless Rs.45,000. (iii) Families who are left with less than one Biswa after acquisition will be treated as landless.
110 Appendix 4
e. Eligible Family Grant. Eligible families shall be those who do not become landless but their land holding is rendered to less than 5 Bighas on account of acquisition.
i. Families who are left with land more than one Biswa and upto 2.10.00 Bighas, one time grant of Rs.40, 000.
ii. Families who are left with more than 2.10.00 Bighas but less than 5 Bighas, one time grant of Rs. 35,000.
f. The Deputy Commissioner concerned will be the sanctioning authority for rehabilitation grant, which shall be provided by the project authorities and placed at the disposal of the concerned Deputy Commissioner, for disbursement to eligible families. All these grants shall be in addition to the compensation paid under Land Acquisition Act.
i. Explanation. For the purpose of this scheme:
a. Houseless family means a family who is rendered houseless as a result of Acquisition of their house under the land acquisition Act.
b. Landless family /oustee means a family who is holding no land/with one Biswa or less than one Biswa after acquisition, whether as an owner or a tenant.
c. Eligible family means a family who, after acquisition, holds less than 5 Bighas of land as a landowner or as a tenant.
g. Tenant as per the record of Government of Himachal Pradesh and list given by the State Government at the time of acquisition and Section –4 Notification Under Land Acquisition Act, 1894.
h. The family who has been sanctioned the houseless grant for house construction shall have to construct a house at the place of their resettlement.
Part III
a. Employment. Employment shall be provided by the project authorities, for personnel in the category of unskilled and skilled workmen as specified in para 4.6 of the Agreement. The eligibility criterion for regular employment, where offered will be as follows. The status will be determined on the date of notification of transfer.
b. (Subject to the above ) one member of each affected family will be listed for consideration for employment depending upon the number of jobs in the Kashang Hydroelectric Project, in the following manner:
c. One member of each affected family, who is absolute owner of land or house or both, whether male or female, as per entries of Revenue record, and entered as separate family in the Panchayat Parivar Register as on the date of Notification under Section –4 of land Acquisition Act , 1894.
d. In case of co–owner in the revenue record one member of each affected family consisting of male owner or widow, who are entered as separate family in the Panchayat Parivar Register as on the date of Notification under Section –4 of Land
Appendix 4 111
Acquisition Act, 1894. Unmarried daughters and sons, minor daughters and sons who are co-owners of land as per entries in Revenue records shall be treated as family members of the widowed mother or any of the married elder brother as recorded in Panchayat Parivar Register. e. Only one member of such affected consisting of widow as co-owner with her only daughter or daughters as co-owner or sons and daughters, if they all recommended, only one member against all shall be eligible for consideration of employment in the project and if they are entered as separate family in the Panchayat Parivar Register. f. Only one member of such affected family consisting of only one or more than one daughter or son or sons and daughters as co-owners, if they all recommended one member against all, for consideration of employment in the project and if they are entered as separate family in Parivar Register. g. In case of such affected families who are co-owners as a brother and sisters and share of acquired land of each of such co-owners in one biswa or less and if they club their shares together with which quantum of acquired land becomes more than on biswa only one member will be considered for employment against all such co-owners after their mutual consent:
i. Provided that no member of a family whose total land acquired is one biswa or less, married daughter or heirs of pre i deceased/married daughter, who are recorded as co-owners in the revenue record with their brothers, sisters or parents, shall be eligible for consideration of employment in the project.
ii. No member of affected family shall be eligible for consideration of employment if quantum of his acquired land is one biswa or less.
iii. No persons shall be eligible for consideration of employment in the project who is not entered as member of the concerned affected family in the Panchayat Parivar Register.
iii. No family shall be entitled to give its right for consideration of employment to a member of some other family.
iv. No person or his family member shall be eligible for consideration of employment if he becomes owner or land by way of sale, gift, exchange etc. after the date of Notification of Section-4 of Land Acquisition Act, 1894.
v. Priority for consideration for providing employment from amongst eligible persons, not exceeding the number of un-skilled workmen required to be recruited for the Project as decided by the project authorities, shall be fixed by the concerned Deputy Commissioner in consultation with the project authorities. h. Procedure for Employment
i. Every head of family will submit his application on the prescribed proforma in the office of Land Acquisition Officer (LAO)/Relief and Rehabilitation Officer, Kashang Project as the Government may direct along with required affidavit, duly attested. Dates within which such applications are to be filled shall be fixed by the Land Acquisition Officers/Relief & Rehabilitation Officer (RRO) with prior approval of the Deputy Commissioner concerned, in consultation with the executing agency.
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ii. Particulars of each affected family shall be entered in the list to be maintained in the office of the Land Acquisition Officer/ RRO on the basis of particulars filled in the application and Panchayat Parivar Register entry shall be entered in the list against all such families. LAO/RRO Kashang will send the list to the Deputy Commissioner and names of eligible persons shall be sponsored by the Deputy Commissioner concerned in the shape of Mohal-wise lists to the project authorities for consideration of employment, depending upon the number of vacancies as determined by project authorities.
iii. Form of application alongwith specimen of affidavit shall be supplied to each head of family by the Land Acquisition Officer/RRO Kashang Project free of cost.
i. Secondary Employment
i. For practical reasons it may not be possible for the Project Authorities to provide direct employment to all the eligible persons due to many constraints. But every affected family shall have to be helped in starting some gainful occupation/getting training. Therefore, for such eligible persons who may not be accommodated in direct employment, the project authorities will help them in any one of the following manner.
ii. The project authorities will construct shopping complexes in which a limited number of small shops/stalls will be earmarked for allotment to the eligible persons after appropriate consultation regarding capability and aptitude on a nominal rental as fixed by the project authorities.
iii. Some members of the oustee families to go for vocational training courses like ITI etc. project authorities will pay the training cost including tuition, residential hostel charges, books and stationery requirement charges. However, no job commitment could be given to trained persons.
iv. For starting an income generation scheme/self employment etc. the project authorities will provide financial grant of Rs.15,000/-except in the case of shops allotted to the land oustees.
v. The project authorities will also consider awarding petty contracts to the cooperatives of eligible families on preferential basis so that some of them may be engaged in such jobs also. Secondly, the project authorities will persuade their contractors to engage eligible persons from affected families on a preferential basis wherever possible during construction stage.
vi. The oustee families shall be given preference in fishing rights in the Project Reservoir as a mode of livelihood.
vii. These steps will ultimately lead to facilitation for adjustment of all the eligible persons in different employment/income generating scheme/self employment etc. for appropriate rehabilitation.
viii. A village Development Advisory Committee will be constituted by the executing agency with the representatives of State Government, executing agency, land oustees and village Panchayat for monitoring & implementing the above scheme.
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Proceedings of the Second Public Hearing for Sawra-Kuddu Hydro-Electric Project of Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd Held on 12 March 2008 at Hatkoti, Distt. Shimla Himachal Pradesh
1. The Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd. (HPPCL) - an undertaking of the Government of Himachal Pradesh has posed four of its Hydro-Power Projects (HPPs) namely Sawra-Kuddu HPP, Kashang HPP, Sainj HPP and Shongtong-Karchham HPP for development assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) in the form of loan. For Sawra-Kuddu HPP, informal consultations were held with a number of individuals and people’s representatives during the process of environmental impact assessment (EIA) and preparation of environment management plan (EMP) and formal consultations were also held at the time of Environment Public Hearing on 15 June 2006. However, since records of the informal consultations done previously are not required to be maintained, as such it is not available. Copies of the EIA Report and EMP were made available to all concerned viz. Panchayats, Block Development Office and Project’s Office and a copy of the Executive Summary (both in English and in vernacular language i.e. Hindi) was also made available besides posting on the web. Those posted on the Pollution Control Board’s website http://hppcb.nic.in/EIAKudduHEP are still available for viewing.
2. Due and adequate notice of the Environment Public Hearing held on 15th June 2006 was issued by the HP Environment Protection & State Pollution Control Board (HP EP&PCB) – an independent statutory body having authority to hold such hearings. EIA and EMP document was revised incorporating various comments, suggestions and objections received during the Environment Public Hearing. The revised EIA and EMP along with proceedings of the Environment Public Hearing were submitted to Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), which accorded the environment clearance for the project vide the Additional Director MoEF letter No. J-12011/13/2006-IA-I dated 17.05.2007.
a. Since the project is posed for assistance from the ADB and as per guidelines of the ADB, two public consultations are required. Further, since the project is being submitted as a CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) Project also for earning carbon credits, second public consultation was needed to ascertain people’s views, comments, suggestions and objections afresh.
b. Accordingly, Second Public Hearing was organized on 12th March 2008 after giving due and adequate notice. Press notice/advertisement was issued in two leading news papers i.e. Amar Ujala (Hindi) and The Tribune (English) which was published on 28.02.2008. All the relevant documents including (i) Resettlement Frame work (English and Hindi version) (ii) Indigenous Peoples Development Frame work (English and Hindi version) and (iii) Resettlement plan (English and Hindi version) (iv) SEIA, in addition to those already supplied, were placed for viewing by the people of the project affected area and also made available on the web (http://hpseb.com/cedi/).
c. Besides, the above documents were distributed to all project affected persons in vicinity of the Sawra Kuddu HPP and second public consultations were held in Temple Sarain (Hatkoti) on dated 12.03.2008 (Twelfth March Two Thousand and Eight) starting from 11.00 AM.
d. The Second Environment Public Hearing/Consultations were attended by a large number of people. In addition, following officers of HPPCL and Government of HP attended the hearing.
1. Er. RM Gupta, Chief Engineer, HPPCL. 2. Mr. VK Tiwari, Conservator, Environment Cell, HPPCL and HPSEB
114 Appendix 5
3. Mr. ML Sharma, SDM (Sub-Divisional Magistrate) Rohru 4. Er. Satish Mahajan, Superintending Engineer (SE), Sawra-Kuddu HEP HPPCL. Rohr 5. Er. R Goel, S.E. (Operations Circle), HPSEB (HP State Electricity Board), Rohru. 6. Er. Manoj Chauhan, Senior (Sr.) Executive Engineer, HPPCL. 7. Er. Atul Handa, Sr. Executive Engineer (XEN), HPPCL 8. Er. M.L. Sharma, XEN (Electrical) Divn. HPSEB Jubbal 9. Er. D.S. Thakur, Sr. XEN, HPPCL,Rohru 10. Er. B.C.Barwal, Sr. XEN, HPPCL, Rohru 11. Mr. Anil Thakur,DFO (Divisional Forest Officer) Rohru 12. Representative from Fisheries Department
7. The Second Public Hearing/Consultations held on 12.03.2008 in Temple Sarain (Hatkoti) lasted for more than about three hours, in which 113 persons from the project affected areas along with Pradhans from concerned Panchayats and others participated. All the persons desirous of speaking on the occasion were given ample opportunities to air their view points.
8. At the outset participants were briefed regarding the objectives of the second public hearing/consultations and about salient features of the project. The commitments given at the time of First Public Hearing were reiterated and the resolve of the Project Authority to adhere to those commitments was also reaffirmed. The proceedings were, thereafter; left open for discussions and raising issues pertaining to the project. People and their representatives freely express their views on various issues relevant to the project. Participants were requested to introduce themselves while raising a point and were further requested not to repeat issues already raised by previous speakers/participants.
Appendix 5 115
Issue Raised and the Replies Given at the Second Public Hearing/Consultations on 12 March 2008 at Hatkoti for Sawra-Kuddu Hpp
Comments/reply S. No. Issues (action points underlined) 1 Shri Vijender Chauhan, Pradhan, Gram Panchayat Ranwi: He welcomed the construction of project saying that construction of project are in the interest of state and nation, construction of project should go ahead and not be stopped because there are so many benefits to the people of state and nation as whole. i Progress of LADC (Local All the Pardhans of project affected Panchayats have been nominated as Area Development member of LADC as per the demand of Panchayat Pradhan in the first Committee) meeting. First instalment of Rs. 1.92 Crore has been deposited with Chairman, LADC Shimla. Further distribution of this amount to the project affected Panchayats will be done by DC Shimla-cum-Chairman LADC. Project will request the DC Shimla to hold the meeting at the earliest. Explanatory Note (added in the proceeding): LADC fund is raised, as per HP Hydro Power Policy 2006, from the HPPs @ 1.5 % of the project cost which is placed at the disposal of the Local Area Development Committee (LADC) headed by the Deputy Commissioner of the district (Administrator of the District) having representatives (Panchayat Pradhan – Head of the local unit of governance) of the Project Affected Panchayats. ii Drinking water problem Documentation of drinking water sources by measuring discharge and by after and during videography has already been done. If there is any adverse impact on water construction of SKHEP sources in the project area due to the project construction, the HPPCL (Sawra-Kuddu Hydro- reiterated its commitment that necessary steps to restore affected water Electric Project). source(s) will be taken by HPPCL at its own cost, which will be in addition to the LADC grants. iii Rehabilitation of affected R & R (Relief & Rehabilitation) Plan was prepared as per the policy of people and RR Plan government in force at the time and provisions as per guidelines of the ADB are incorporated, which will be re-submitted to the State Government for approval at the earliest. iv Tunnel excavation should The Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) can be used in areas having uniform be done by TBM (Tunnel geology with little or no variation in rock type. Besides, TBM is costly Boring Machine) equipment. Himalayan geology varies greatly even within short distances. The only instance of using TBM, where an attempt has been made with limited success, is in Parvati Stage-II (800 MW) HEP in Kullu district of HP for constructing about 9 kms stretch of Head Race Tunnel (HRT) between Manikaran and Garsa valleys. Such large investment with extremely uncertain success could not be risked in a smaller project like Sawra-Kuddu (111 MW) HEP. Therefore, it is not possible to employ TBM in Sawra-Kuddu HEP. v Beautification of Hatkoti Beautification of these temples may be done by taking funds from LADC. and Ranwi Temple 2 Shri Govind Chatranta, Pradhan Ranwi Vikas Sabha Saunjoli Shimla:- He submitted a written representation (Copy enclosed) during the hearing. Some of the significant issues raised are as under. i No area wise consensus/, First public hearing was held on dated 15.06.2006 in which detailed proper consultation, discussion regarding this project and the likely impacts was done. All the merits and demerits of the safety measures will be taken during the construction of project keeping in project, compensation to view the Geology of area. Water problem would be addressed by the land looser, ground water Project already stated (1.ii above). Compensation is being given to all the problem, problem of land land losers as per assessment made by the LAO (land Acquisition Officer). slide, has not been done All the Panchayat Pradhans are LADC Members for watching interest of with the project affected local and project affected people. peoples ii Scarcity of drinking water It was assured to the public that all the sources of water have been due to construction of documented well before the start of work. The commitment as mentioned at project and Climatic 1.ii above was reiterated. Most of the components of the project are change. underground, thus, there will be very little adverse affect on local climatic
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condition. 3 Dr. Shri Rajinder Jhobta, Consultant Surgeon IGMC Shimla (Gram Panchayat Thana) i EIA/EMP Report prepared does The Nallahs (streams below the diversion) listed in the EIA EMP not mention about Chaunri & document are for the purpose of ascertaining available downstream Jarla Khad. Why? discharge between diversion and Tail Race Outlet (TRO) and the list does not pertain to the impacts on them. The relevant paragraph (4.2.1.A) was quoted in the reply. All other nallahs (streams) as mentioned by the participant are covered in the documentation of the water sources done separately from EIA EMP (ref: 1.ii above). ii Downstream flow of water from The claim was refuted as false and misleading as the downstream barrage should be 15% where discharge from the barrage to be maintained by the project is 15% as as it has been mentioned as per HP Hydro Power policy and also finds mention in the EIA EMP 10% in EIA/EMP report. Why? (paragraph 4.2.1.A and Table-4.2) document. iii Downstream fisherman from License, holder Fisherman prior to section 4 notification, will be Hatkoti to Snail, only one allowed fishing in the submergence area. Strengthening the hatchery license fisherman has been at Dhamwari (upstream of this project) is already provided for in the mentioned in EIA report. EIA EMP document. Deputy Commissioner Shimla has been Whereas as per his knowledge requested to hold inquiry regarding the alleged licenses issued after there are more are 50 fisherman the EIA EMP was prepared or after the section 4 notification. license holder exists in the affected area. Why? Explanatory Note (added in the proceeding): The section 4 of Land Acquisition Act pertains to the notice of intent of the government to acquire land and this presents the notice of project construction. iv No blasting in the middle of It is assured that blast will not be taken in the midnight particularly night. after 22:00 hours and before 06:00 hours at least till an appropriate depth is achieved where the impact on the surface is negligible. v Gram Panchayat Mandal, Since the project activity is to remain confined to underground and the Rawin, Thana are most affected blasting done with delayed and staggered method, it is not likely to panchayats these are slide initiate a surface land slide. Moreover, all the necessary safety prone area as per HP measures will be taken during the construction of the project, keeping Geological report. Why this fact in view geology of area. has not been mentioned in the EIA report. What effective measure are being taken to tide over this situation vi Why land acquired for Transmission line will be constructed by the State Utility (HPSEB) as transmission, line route and such it was not included. land acquisition has not been shown? vi Dumping should be done in Dumping sites for the excavated muck has already been identified, waste land not in irrigated land, which largely is located on barren land but smaller land holdings why it is so. situate in between or adjacent to muck dumping sites have been included for safety. Some agricultural patches were inevitable. vii Irrigation of left out land in Damaged kuhl (irrigation channel) has been restored by the Project. Bharot Chak, Management In future also irrigation facilities to the remaining land shall be made should reply whether the available, if damaged due to project construction. irrigation is provided to left out land what is alternative. viii According to policy of Govt. of The policy provision is being complied with and moreover work on all HP 70% employment should be components has not started yet. The components currently being given to local people. Give executed require skilled workers which are not available locally. detail how much people Besides, local people do not want to work on underground employed from 7 No. Panchayat components for various reasons including risk to life. A list of local of trans Pabbar area people employed in project would be made available at the project office and also to the SDM Rohru. ix EIA and EMP report Annexure Full report is available at the Project Office. The Project further are not available at Web site. committed to nominate an officer with whom the report would be available and also who can be contacted by the local and project affected people.
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4 Shri Vir Prakash Baltu, Ex. Pradhan, Gram Panchayat Ranvi and Press Reporter Danik Bhaskar i Since start of this project, How There was public hearing on dated 15.06.2006. The R&R plan office many times the grievances of has been opened to hear the problem of public and to bridge the gap Public have been listened. between Public and Project Management. The name, contact details etc are being notified by the Project Management. ii Why the tunnel is being The feasibility or otherwise of an open channel vis-à-vis a tunnel is constructed? Why not it should examined at pre-feasibility stage. Open channel is a surface be through open channel? component, digging for which can trigger land slides jeopardizing the stability of hill slopes on which villages are located; open channel is also subject to silting and other debris falling in it (after desilting at the inlet) from the side slopes; cutting the channel would raise much more dust than a tunnel; its stability along a river bank, particularly during floods, is uncertain; it poses a risk for the nearby human populations (as also to free ranging cattle) as the volume and speed of water flow would be high. Hence a tunnel has been favored as opposed to an open channel. iii M.D. office in Rohru and S.E. Project Construction Circle will be at Hatkoti with permanent building, office of SKHEP Rohru, where in addition to this permanent building housing 21 number of residential permanent structures are being quarters, and a field Hostel as permanent buildings will be constructed constructed, whereas in Hatkoti, at Hatkoti. These will be in addition to Pre-Fab (pre-fabricated) there are pre-fab structures? structures. Field Hostel has not been constructed so far. iv Local people should be given a This is policy matter to be decided by the Government although there share in the royalty of 12% is some discussion at the Central Government level in this regard. power from the project, being collected by the State. v Under LADC Sawra Panchayat All the Panchayat Pradhans have been nominated as Member of is being offered Rs. 40 lacs on LADC and funds are and will be allocated by the LADC in consultation which ground, where tunnel is with the nominated member of Project Affected Panchayats. passing only Rs. 8-9 lacs are being offered to those Panchayats? vi Public hearing meeting is called Public notices were published in Two leading News papers (one Hindi in small news in English news and one English) and concerned Panchayats were also intimated by paper, proper advertisement special messengers of HPPCL. through Hindi news not done. vii The fund issued against CAT First Instalment of Rs 50.00 lac of CAT (Catchment Area Treatment) plan is being spent in Rohru Plan deposited by HPPCL is with Compensatory Afforestation area. Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) of Govt. of India. The requirement of the fund has been sent by Forest Department to release the payment for implementations of CAT Plan. The CAT Plan as the name implies is meant for the catchment and not only the Project affected area. Normally the area draining into the submergence up to the barrage is taken for treatment under CAT Plan. However, in this case, the same has been extended down to TRT (Tail Race Tunnel) outlet to give benefit to the project affected areas as well. viii The X-Ray machine should be Matter will be reviewed, before initiating any action in consultation given to PHC, Sawara instead with Project affected Panchayats. of construction of Ghat. The Mobile Health Van hired by HPPCL should be kept at the disposal of doctor of PHC (Primary Health Centre). ix When the R & R plan will be R & R Plan was prepared as per the policy of the government and started and house should be has now been revised to align with the guidelines of the ADB, which prepared for houseless families. will be re- submitted to the State Government for approval. x Beatification of Hatkoti Temple Beautification of this temple should be done by taking funds from and Lanka Veer Temple should LADC.
118 Appendix 5
be done. xi Why this project is being As already explained above (4.ii) it is not technically feasible and constructed in one phase economically viable. whereas it should be in 5 phases through open channel. xii Provision of motorable road Regarding this proposal the Design unit will be apprised to consider, if may be kept on barrage to possible. facilitate the effected people instead of pedestrian path. 5 Shri Gopal Chauhan, R/O Village Sari. Welcomed the HPPCL/State Govt. for start of this project i Project affected CAT Plan is executed by the State Forest Department and as per their Panchayats un-employed policy nursery raising being technical matter having wide implications is persons should be given being raised departmentally and not being entrusted to local people the job of preparation of following some unfavorable experience in erstwhile social forestry nurseries under CAT plan, programme. but no employment has been provided as yet. And what action will be taken against this provision. ii For Mobile Health Van, Proponent readily agreed to the suggestions. However, the distribution of proper office should be medicines would remain with the physician posted with the health van. opened with telephone number intimated to all affected panchayats and Medicine should be distributed to village committee. iii Soil Testing Laboratory It falls outside the purview of the project. particularly for apple should be opened at the cost of the project. iv The amount deposited This is in the purview of Chairman LADC Shimla. Hence, no comments are with LADC should be warranted from the Project Proponent. distributed to those Panchayats where there is no dispute. v The provision of This will be implemented as per power policy framed by the HP employment to land looser Government. should be 70 % 6 Shri Bahadur Singh, Pradhan Gramin Vikas Samiti Bholar. He submitted a written representation (Copy enclosed) during the hearing. Some of the significant issues raised are as under. i Bholar Panchayat should This is not a project affected Panchayat. be included for all benefit in the LADC whereas it is not yet included. 7 Shri Bipin Chandra , South Asia Network on Dams Rivers and People, Project Office Delhi i Under which rule the The first public hearing was held as per provisions of the Environment public hearing was being Protection Act and rules framed there under. The second is being held as held in June, 2006 per ADB guidelines. Moreover, to hold a dialogue with our own people the whether it was mandatory, HPPCL does not require a rule. Even if there be no rules, the dialogue, both how much days before the formal and informal, will continue to be held with the project affected and advertisement for public other local people. hearing should be published. Advertisement In addition to the insertion in the newspapers, the local Panchayat Pradhans is wrong being showing were also informed by HPPCL by sending the relevant documents which 11MW instead of 111 MW. duly showed the project generation capacity as 111 MW. However, in one news paper there was printing mistake, as pointed out. The insertion in the newspaper was meant only for information of about the public hearing being held and not a disclosure for the project features, about which local people
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are better aware. The meeting was held as per requirement and in the interest of the public. ii What will happen to the Have been entertained. written representation given up to 11.3.08 till 3.00 PM. iii In EIA report Chounri As already explained at 3.i above. Khad has not been mentioned whereas all the Khads down stream of barrage should be mentioned including Gharats also. iv Height of barrages has The height of Barrage has been reduced to minimize submergence been shown as 9.20 (including private cultivated land) and it is now 9.2 meters above riverbed meters instead of 13.50 level with a total height of about 13 meters. meters as shown in the web site. Why so contradiction? v The total panchayat in EIA Change in the scope of the project reduced the number of affected and EMP report are 12, Panchayats as reflected in the EIA EMP. why it is now 8 panchyat vi NOC from all panchyats, Project has held formal and informal consultations from time to time and all the clearance obtained people were afforded opportunity to air their views. The first environment without taking NOC from public hearing held on 15.06.2006 was well attended. Thus, the Project did Ranvi Panchayat. make sincere efforts to ascertain views of all concerned. In such a scenario, the NOC (No Objection Certificate) remains a mere formality. Moreover, in cases where Environment Public Hearing is mandatory, even this formality (of seeking NOC from Panchayat) has been relaxed under the relevant environmental rules as Panchayats are political bodies and framers of rules were well aware that there would be cases where some Panchayats may be ruled by political parties sitting in opposition at the State Assembly and they may oppose all projects (by withholding NOC) initiated by the ruling party at the state level. (Rules accessible at (Rules accessible at http://164.100.194.13/allied_forclr/htmls/Guidelines/Guidelines.htm; - See Chapter-2 Submission of Proposals Item 2.1 4.a) vii Fisherman has not been Already explained at 3.iii above. asked but they have given their representation. 8 Shri Ghansham Manta G.P. Thana land looser i The land acquired for Area will be fenced and no body will allowed cultivation. SKHEP by HPPCL are being cultivated either by the department or private person. ii Due to mining is being Barrier is being constructed and mining being done by some local people done in the barrage area will not be allowed. the water is polluting. iii No land looser is in the Constitution of LADC is as per the HP Hydro Power Policy 2006 and it is LADC committee constituted by the Deputy Commissioner concerned. In this exercise the Project Proponent has no say. However, all Panchayat Pardhans of project affected Panchayats are the member of LADC in case of Sawra-Kuddu HPP. iv Land should be given in Since land is limited resource and cultivable land in this hilly state is still lieu of land. further limited, it is not possible to provide land in lieu of land as it would create further land losers. Hence, as per the policy of HP Government, monetary and other Compensation is being provided. v What is the policy for land It is partly addressed at 8.iv above and people left with less than 5 bighas of
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looser who has left only land would be declared landless provision for which is covered under R&R 2.5 Bigha and what Plan. programme for them, the land should be given in addition to compensation, so that horticulture can be boosted. 9 Shri Ram Sharan R/O Vill. Bharot i The land against khasra Under the process of acquisition. No. 158 has not been acquired for SKHEP whereas road has already been constructed.
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Summary Cumulative Impacts from Associated Power Projects on Pabbar River13
1. The Pabbar River, which originates and flows through Himachal, is a major tributary of Tons River, which falls into the Yamuna River. The Master plan study for Pabbar River was completed in 1988-89 by Swedpower, an international consulting firm and HPSEB, which proposed a cascade of 3-4 HPPs utilizing a total drop over the same number of sections of about 1500m between Elevation (El.) 2700 upstream of Tagnu and El. 1200 at Kudu/Snail. The power potential of the Pabbar river within the state of HP has been estimated at 300 MW out of which only 16.95 MW has been utilised in the Andhra Project on the Andhra Khad.
No. Name of Project Head Developed Installed Capacity 1 Tangnu – Romai Project 530 m 44 MW 2 Dhamwari Sunda Project 433 m 70 MW 3 Chirgaon – Majhgaon Project 235 m 46 MW 4 Paudital – Lassa Project 77 m 36 MW 5 Sawra Kuddu Project 185 m 111 MW Total 1460 m 307 MW
2. Mean Annual Rainfall is 1003 mm at Rohru and 1673 mm at Khodrala, with the maximum temperature at 35-40 degrees and the minimum at -2 to -6 degrees. Due to steep to very step slopes, the run-off and erosion are active; landslide and movement of debris in steep nallahs take place particularly in the rainy season. Pabbar and its tributaries have high velocity of flow due to steep and very steep bed gradient cause’s serious erosion and flow problems. Flow availability for power generation is about eight months during non-monsoon and four months during monsoon. There are four discharge gauging stations on the Pabbar River, namely the Tagnu, Dhamwari, Mandly, and Sawra sites.The fish fauna of Pabbar River and its tributaries met within the tract are indigenous fish namely Schyzotherax Plagio stomus and Totor locally known as Gugli and Mahaseer respectively. The only introduced fish namely Salmotrutta faria commonly known as Brown Trout is an exotic fish and has naturalized in the waters of Pabbar and its tributaries. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) is also stated to be in existence in river Pabbar. Within the forestlands, the afforestation has been done for the last 10 years concurrently with the removal of under salvage marking and grants of trees to right holders. Rooted or semi-acquatic vegetation is vary sparse in the river due to turbulent nature of the river, the tubidity of water.
3. Different legal classes, compositions, and density forests with or without grass cover is the major land use/cover. Cultivation is limited hardly to 2.3 % of the area and part of this is used for raising single crops in a year. Rest is left fallow for varying periods of time, though practice of raising fruit plants is fast catching up. Grazing of sheep and goat is practiced on a large scale. Grazing has an impact on silt yield in the catchment.
4. The project area falls into the Seismic Zone V of the Seismic Zone Map of India. In the past 150 years, as recorded by the Indian Meteorological Department, the project area has been affected by 63 earthquakes of a magnitude exceeding 2, and 40 events of a magnitude more that 4 have had their epicenters within a radial distance of less that 100 km from the river basin. Of these 5 epicenters lie a radial distance within 50 km and 35 epicenters between 50 and 100 km from the river basin.
5. CAT Plan Development
Generation capacity of each of the above mentioned 5 HEPs exceeds 10 MW meaning thereby that each one would have its own CAT Plan (Catchment Area Treatment Plan) as per GoI
13 Excerpts from Master Plan for Pabbar River Hydropower Projects
requirements. Hence, the whole catchment of Pabbar in HP can be subdivided into six zones as there would be five sub-catchments above the barrage of each project extending up to the barrage site of immediate upstream one, which would be its effective sub-catchment and another sub-catchment below the barrage of lowermost project i.e. Sawra Kuddu.
The attached contour map gives the locations for all projects and catchment area that will be constructed on the Pabbar River.
123 Appendix 8
Appendix 6 123
FIGURE -
CATCHMENT MAP OF PABBAR VALLEY
124
Appendix6
Table 6. 1 Details of the Associated Hydro Power Projects on Pabbar River Name of Hydro Power Project Tangnu Romai Dhamwari Sunda Chirgaon- Paudital Lassa Sawra Kuddu HEP HEP HEP Majhgaon HEP HEP Capacity of HPP in MW 44 70 46 24 111 50% dependable energy generation (in 230 MU 345 MU 222.82 MU 235 MU. 506 MU MU) Storage site – Powerhouse site location Tangnu- Romai Romai-Chirgaon Chirgaon - Paudital – Lassa Hatkoti – Snail Village village Majhgaon village Village Village Head Race Tunnel 4.7 km long 10.4 km, 3.0 m 10.9 km long 4.0m modified 11. km long 5 m Diameter D shape horseshoe/circular horse shoe diameter D shaped length tunnel proposed Catchment Area (in sq. km) 144 207 307 771 968 Full Reservoir Level (FRL) (in m) +2720 +2195 +1750 +1505 +1423.5 Minimum Reservoir Level (MRL) (in m) +2710 +2186.5 +1740 +1418 Maximum Design Discharge (in m) 10.5 cumecs 20 cumecs 25.5 cumecs 75 cumecs 65 cumecs Max height of reservoir (in m) 30 16.5 25 9.5 Gross Head (in m) 457 433.5 235 77 213.5 Live storage in Million Cubic Meter (in M 0.22 Mcum 0.1 M Cum 0.25 M cum 0.93 cum) Transmission line 50 km long 2 no. 132 kv 132 kV to Lassa 132 kV to Snail 220 kV line to 132 kV DC line to Sunda to Shimla and Sunda Hatkoti Sawra Kuddu 100 km Project Cost (in Rs. Crore) 259 648 EMP Cost (in Rs. Crore) 19.36 * Estimated based on current experiences (@3% of project cost) as these projects are not yet under construction
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A. Details of Cascade HPPs
1. All the HPPs in the Pabbar basin are:
1. Tangnu Romai HPP (44 MW). The project envisages a 30m high concrete barrage across Pabbar river at Tangnu 3 km upstream of confluence of Pabbar river and Supin Khad and a diversion structure across Supin Khad to divert flows into the reservoir at Tangnu which will have live storage capacity of 0.22 M Cum between FRL +2720 and minimum drawdown level +2710 m. The catchment area of Pabbar River upto Tangnu is 144 sq. km. The yearly average discharge is 10.5 cumecs, and gross head proposed to be developed is 530 m. The annual energy generation for a 90% dependable year is 220 MU and for an average year energy generation is 250 MU.
2. The impact of man and domestic animals has degraded the distribution in lower altitudes. Within the catchment area upstream of the proposed reservoir there are no villages. In the reservoir area the village Janglik is located high above the valley bottom at the diversion site. The land use at lower altitudes is characterized by small terraced fields for crops like potatoes, wheat, and millet etc. and larger area for pastures. Soil erosion seems to be of moderate extension.
3. Dhamwari-Sunda HPP (70 MW). Dhamwari Sunda HPP is a run-of-the-river scheme, comprise a 45m high reservoir located near Romai Village about 16 km upstream of the commissioned Andhra Project (16.95MW) near Chirgaon village, an underground twin chamber desilting basin, a 10.4 km long headrace tunnel having a discharge carrying capacity of 19 cumecs, and 8 m diameter and 55 m surge shaft, a 2.1 m dia 890 m long underground penstock and a surface powerhouse located on the right bank of Pabbar river, a little upstream of Chirgaon village capable of generating 35 MW power under a gross head of 460 m. The project cost is Rs. 259 Crores excluding transmission system.
4. The project will submerge only 0.5 hectare, to be confined within the riverbanks, not to displace the population, and no significant disturbance to environment. The catchments area of the Pabbar River at the proposed barrage site location is 207 sq. km. The overall average slope of the river bed is 23 m/km. General ground level near the site is bout EL. 2200. About 80% of the area lies above El. 3050 and about 50% above El. 3660, the permanent snowline in the basin is above El. 4500, area above that elevation is about 27 sq. km or about 14% of the total area.
5. The bed slope of the river at the barrage site is about 1 in 20 and river is fast flowing. The lowest discharge during the lean period varies between 3 and 5 cumecs and the maximum observed instantaneous flood at the barrage site is about 93 cumecs.
6. Chirgaon Majhgaon HPP (46 MW). The scheme envisages utilization of already desilted water from Dhamwari Sunda and Andhra Plant by conveying directly to a pondage proposed to be created for balancing purpose. The bed gradient of the river over the entire stretch ranges between 15 and 40m/km with the exception of 200 m/km in the uppermost region. A design discharge of 25.5 cumecs is proposed to be utilized with a gross head of 235 m. It is proposed to generate 46 MW of power by harnessing the drop of 235 m between the elevants 1750 and 1515 m. A storage reservoir near Chirgaon village for utilized desilted waters of Andhra project and Dhamwari Sunda Projects has been proposed. The capacity of the reservoir is estimated to be 0.25 million cum which will be located on the terrace. The FRL of the reservoir has been kept at 1750 m with bed level affording a depth of 10 m. The spread of the reservoir shall be 0.03 sq.km.
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7. One of the most attractive features of the project is its being without any desilting tank. The project cost is Rs. 184 crores. The environmental studies would cost Rs. 9 Crores and catchment area treatment of project Rs. 7 crores. The gross head developed will be 235 m to generate 177 MU in 90% dependable year and 205 MU is 50% dependable year.
8. Paudital- Lassa HPP
a. The entire catchment of Pabbar River upstream of the Paudital Lassa diversion barrage is within the mountainous terrain of the western Himalayas, not less than 42% of the catchment area lies at altitudes above 4000 m (part of the catchment area is thus covered by perennial snow). Due to harsh conditions, the catchment area is sparsely populated only four villages are shown on available maps. There are no national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, forest reserves, or other protected areas in the Pabbar Valley stream of Chirgaon in the project area.
b. There are no protected, rare, or sensitive habitats or species of animals or plants in the river valley which would be affected by the diversion of the water. No historic, religious, cultural, scientific, or tourist/scenic sites or monuments in the impounded area. The existing land use pattern in the project area and 100-150 km upstream is mostly forest area. The extent and nature of forest affected by the construction of roads, colony and other appurtenant works would be about 15 ha.
c. The budgeted cost of Land, including afforestation is Rs. 75 lakhs, site clearance of Rs. 10 lakhs, development charges for site of Rs. 5 lakhs of the total project cost of 11269 lakhs. The power evacuation is planned on a 30 km 132 kV double circuit lien with Zebra conductor on Galvanised steel lattice structure which will terminate at the 220 kV/132 kV substation at Hatkoti substation at 132 kV bus. The case for forest compensation does not arise as not forest is being submerged.
d. The barrage will provide a migration barrier for spawning fish, the small lake/reservoir of water surface area is about 1.4 ha which is small and will lead to development of new miniature aquatic ecosystem. The area between the barrage and the tail race is about 12-km long. Existing river bed level is +1436.0m near the powerhouse, About 13 m drop is available at a distance of about 1.5 m on downstream powerhouse, Hence, it is proposed to regrade the river by deepening for the depth of 13m to get the average depth for power generation.
Table 6.2 Land submergence Area Area left side of Area right side of flow of river flow of river Chainage Area in Ha Land No submergence From reservoir 100 5 Private/Govt Land 100 m 200 m 8 Private/Govt Land 200 m 300 m 10 Private/Govt Land 300 m 400 m 18 Private/Govt Land 400 m 500 m 12 Private/Govt Land
Table 6.3 Land Acquisition details S.NO. Structure Land Acquisition in HA 1 Diversion Barrage 2 2 Head Race Tunnel 5 3 Surge shaft/Penstock 2 4 Powerhouse 4 5 Roads and Buildings 2 Total 15
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Identification of Cumulative Impacts from Cascade HPPs
1. Baseline development
9. The project developers for these projects are obligated under the EIA Notification 1994 (as amended on 4.5.94) to identify and conform to the all the requirements of the act for all environmental attributes namely air, water, noise, land, biological and socio-economic environment. Some of the Impacts that may occur are listed below:
2. Guidelines for formulation of EMP for cascade projects
a. Based in the detailed evaluation of likely impacts on various environmental parameters, project specific EMPs would be prepared – which would contain mitigation measures for minimization of adverse impacts along with stage wise land reclamation strategy, afforestation (green belt development/plantation) program and their implementation.
3. Cumulative Impacts during Construction
4. The construction of these five cascade projects will be staggered in time, i.e. all of them will not be coming up simultaneously and hence the cumulative impacts of these projects shall be spread over a period of time.
C. Air Environment
10. Dust levels may increase during construction, however, the impact on ambient air quality will not be permanent, and only localized as the dust generated is confined to the proposed project area and as it will be taken care of by adopting suitable control measures as described in the EMP. The wind direction being generally SE and along river most downstream habitation may experience increase pollution during this period.
D. Noise Environment
11. Tunnel drilling, blasting and vehicular traffic are the primary sources of sound generation on the site that would by in operation on a continuous or shift basis. Diesel generator sets and diesel driven pumps may be operated as and when required during emergency. The noise impact is temporary in nature and will be controlled as detailed in the EMP. Blasting shall be done after observing all safety measures as per notified safety code although sinking of land due to blasting can happen in isolated cases.
E. Water Environment
12. During the construction of tunnel and powerhouse installation, surface water (river/khad) may get polluted due to the generation of large quantities of suspended particulate matter at the time of transportation of muck and wastewater (sewage) coming from temporary arrangements like office, labor camp sheds etc. These impacts are temporary in nature and have no permanent effect on surface water. However, mitigation measures are detailed in EMP in order to contain these impacts within permissible limits.
F. Solid Waste (Muck)
13. The quantity of muck generated during the construction of various components of the projects will be disposed off at selected dumping sites by project implementing companies. Traffic density on local roads on account of construction will increase and remain high till
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projects are complete say next 15 years.
G. Forests
14. Future deforestation and more intensive land use may cause a certain increase in soil erosion and sediment production. A similar effect may be expected from construction operations in connection with the proposed hydropower cascade project, the building of access roads, diversions sites, material extraction etc. However such effects can be kept under control by careful planning of the operations. Conservation measures according to the EMP as proposed in the document are recommended.
H. Socio Economic Environment:
15. A number of marginal activities and jobs would be available to the locals in the project, which will improve the job opportunities during the construction phase. Local population will find employment in several initiatives such as the road construction, developing dumping sites, working in tunnels etc. though the reduction in agricultural land shall happen on varying scales for each of the above projects. The loss of agricultural land will lead to displacement of income levels in affected households however, with road development and employment opportunities it may be offset to some level.
I. Cumulative Impacts in Operational Phase
16. The following positive impacts are anticipated on the during the operation phases:
a. Air Pollution. Some or the other part of the basin at any point of time within in say next 15 years will have increased air, noise, and water pollution on account of construction. However, with the commencement of operation of each project, the pollution emanating from each of these projects will reduce and slowly return to normal over a period of time.
b. Noise Pollution. Natural noise of flowing water in the river to diminish significantly and instead lead to development of point source of noise at tail race outlets.
c. Water Pollution. Development of these projects will provide barrier to fish population if these projects are not provided with fish pass. With development of a hatchery at Dhamwari to cater for all projects, the barrages will act as areas for increase in fish production in the area. However, in the downstream of the barrage, riverine ecology will change to series of lacustrine habitats connected by a ribbon flow of 15% downstream discharge. The silt load during monsoons will be manifold compared to current seasonal distribution. Hence erosive power will increase in monsoons which will lead to high turbidity in river.
d. Land Environment. The muck stablisation will happen over the period leading to gradual greening of the area and generation of trees, shrubs nand grass once the CAT plan is implemented in stages.
e. Forest. Deforestation for the project area including submergence and reduction in forest cover. However, when all CAT plans are implemented there will be an increase in forest cover, reduction in silt yield, greater employment, livelihood, and options to enhance greater natural resource base.
f. Socio-economic environment. With increased availability of electricity, small
Appendix 6 129 scale and cottage industries are likely to come up in the area. The availability of electricity to the rural areas will reduce the dependence of the locals on alternative energy sources namely forests. The influx of human population of which some may stay back or migrate from one project to another till all projects get commissioned will lead to law and order situations, development of newsocial structure, change in consumption pattern, increase in trade opportunities, increase in economic affluence. Availability of quality products in local market benefiting local populace as well as improvement in scenic ambience, improvement in tourism will happen in adjoining areas. Due to development funds being spent under LADC, education and vocational training will increase skills of local people will upgrade, infrastructure will improve (health, education, police, road, communication, networks, telephone, internet, office support market.)
130 Appendix 7
Proceedings of the Second Public Hearing for Stage-1 of Kashang Integrated Hydro- Electric Project of Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd Held on 14 March 2008 at Powari, Distt. Kinnaur Himachal Pradesh
1. The Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd. (HPPCL) - an undertaking of the Government of Himachal Pradesh has posed four of its Hydro-Power Projects (HPPs) namely Sawra-Kuddu HPP, Kashang HPP, Sainj HPP and Shongtong-Karchham HPP for development assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) in the form of loan.
2. The Project Proponents have been holding informal consultations with individuals and people’s representatives before and after the formal consultation at the time of Environment Public Hearing on 05.05.2001. However, since records of the informal consultations done previously are not required to be maintained, as such it is not available. Copies of the EIA Report and EMP were made available to all concerned viz. Panchayat, Block Development Office and Project’s Office and a copy of the Executive Summary (both in English and in vernacular language i.e. Hindi) was also made available besides posting on the web.
3. Due and adequate notice of the Environment Public Hearing held on 5th May 2001 was issued by the State Pollution Control Board – an independent statutory body having authority to hold such hearings. EIA and EMP document was revised incorporating various comments, suggestions and objections received during the Environment Public Hearing. The revised EIA and EMP along with proceedings of the Environment Public Hearing were submitted to Ministry of Environment & Forests, which accorded the environment clearance for the project1. 4. Since the project is posed for assistance from the ADB and as per guidelines of the ADB, two public consultations are required. Further, since the project is being considered as a CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) Project also for earning carbon credits, second public consultation was needed to ascertain people’s views, comments, suggestions and objections afresh. Accordingly, Second Public Hearing has been organized on 14th March 2008 after giving due and adequate notice. Press notice/advertisement was issued in two leading news papers i.e. Amar Ujala (Hindi) and The Tribune (English) which was published on 28.02.2008. All the relevant documents including (i) Resettlement Frame work (English and Hindi version) (ii) Indigenous Peoples Development Frame work (English and Hindi version) and (iii) Resettlement plan (English and Hindi version) (iv) SEIA, in addition to those already supplied, were placed for viewing by the people of the project affected area and also made available on the web (http://hpseb.com/cedi/).
5. Besides, the above documents were distributed to all project affected persons in vicinity of the Project and second public consultations were held at Powari (Powerhouse site) on 14.03.2008 (Fourteenth March Two Thousand and Eight) starting from 11.00 AM. In the Second Public Hearing for Kashang HEP Stage-I (65 MW) representatives of the various concerned departments of Government of Himachal Pradesh and representatives of Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd (HPPCL) – the Project Proponents, participated on dated 14.03.2008 at 11:00 AM at the Powerhouse site of Kashang HEP near village Powari, Reckong Peo Distt. Kinnaur (HP). The Second Environment Public Hearing/Consultations were attended by a large number of people. Following officers of Government of HP and HPPCL also attended the hearing.
1. Mr. Ajit Negi, Engineer, State Pollution Control Board, Rampur.
1 Reference letter No. J-12011/13/2002-IA-I dated 15 November 2002 to Director of Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF).
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2. Mr. SG Negi GM (Personnel), HPPCL. 3. Mr. VK Tiwari, Conservator (Environment) HPPCL & HPSEB. 4. Mr. AL Thakur, Superintending Engineer (SE), Project Construction Circle (PCC), HPPCL Jeori. 5. Mr. Atul Handa, Sr. XEN (Senior Executive Engineer), HPPCL.
6. The public hearing began with Mr. Atul Handa, Senior Executive Engineer HPPCL welcoming villagers, representative of Gram Panchayat Pangi, BDC members, members Zila Parisahd and all the representatives of the Government of Himachal Pradesh and HPPCL. Mr. VK Tiwari, Conservator (Environment) briefed the basic purpose of the public hearing to all participants and explained in detail about this public hearing. Mr. AL Thakur, Superintending Engineer, Project Construction Circle, HPPCL Jeori explained about the Kashang Hydroelectric Project (65 MW). Lastly the GM (Personnel) Mr. SG Negi also welcomed all the participants and thanked them for sparing their valuable time despite busy occupational schedules. In all 42 persons from the project affected area along with their representatives, Pradhan of the concerned Panchayat and others participated. There is only one Panchayat affected by the Kashang Stage-1, which is Pangi. All the persons desirous of speaking on the occasion were given full opportunities to air their view points. The proceedings were, thereafter; left open for discussions and raising issues pertaining to the project. People and their representatives freely express their views on various issues relevant to the project.
Comments/reply S.N. Issues (action points underlined) 1 Mr. Udham Jor (Villager of Pangi village): i Complete information about the CAT Plan funds will be utilized for the treatment of catchments money that has been deposited area upstream of Kashang stage-1 in take i.e. upstream of the against CAT Plan. As we do not Trench Weir. And when the Integrated Kashang HPP gets have any knowledge about the fund approved, the CAT Plan money of the integrated scheme will be deposited and utilized. Complete spent in the catchments of Kashang and Kerang Nallahs information may be given and what (streams). At present the funds for plantation etc are deposited is the future plan? Where that with CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Management and money would be spent and utilized Planning Agency) with a committee constituted by the Hon’ble in future? Supreme Court of India. We are trying to get the money released from CAMPA this year and are hopeful to carry out the plantations during coming winter season. 2 Mr. Prem Raj Bhandari (Ex-Pradhan Pangi): i The local villagers of village Pangi The main drinking water supply line laid along the exiting jeepable have main problem of drinking road to intake site of Kashang stage-1 have neither been water. We fear that the main water damaged nor water supply to village Pangi got disrupted due to supply line laid along the project widening of the existing road in the previous years. This matter road to intake will get damaged have also been discussed with Executive Engineer (Irrigation & during the construction of project Public Health Department) Reckong Peo who has given assurance road and villagers are likely to face to extend all help to restore the water supply to village in case on this problem in future. Would the any such eventuality in future. However, the Project Proponent is project authorities’ giver assurance confident that this situation will not arise in the future. And if it in this regard? does, the Project is committed to restore the same at its cost (in addition to LADC funds). 3 Mr. Rajesh Kumar (Villagers Pangi): i Is the Kashang CAT Plan funds Kashang CAT Plan funds will only be utilized for the treatment of spent for the catchments area the Kashang Catchments. When, under the Kashang Integrated treatment of Kerang Khad also? HPP, water of Kerang Khad is diverted to Kashang Nallah, then the CAT Plan funds of Integrated Kashang Scheme will be spent for the catchments area treatment Kerang Nallah. The CAT Plan funds would be enhanced suitably during the process of forest clearance for the Integrated Project.
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4 Mr. Ramesh Thakur (Ex-Member, Panchayat Pangi): i Due to construction of project lot of It was informed that scientific studies were conducted through land slides got activated nearby our NIRM (National Institute of Rock Mechanics) after occurrences of village. I want to know about this? land slide near village in the year 2007. The test was conducted in the presence of the representatives of Gram Panchayat Pangi. The test studies confirmed that the cause of land slide is not due the blasting but is a natural calamity. During the test conducted by NIRM when full face blasting was taken in the main access tunnel to Powerhouse Cavern, it was observed that the intensity of vibration measured at the slide point was insignificant. However, during the construction all remedial measure in advance will be taken to avoid triggering of land slide due to under ground blasting. However, if any damage occurs, the Project is committed to providing remedial measures. 5 Mr. Mukesh Negi (Vice President Panchayat Pangi): i For the land slide near Pangi A suggestion/proposal was made by the project authorities during Village, both HP PWD (Public the meeting following the studies by NIRM with villagers and the Works Department) and your Deptt district administration that to check further subsidence of the were made responsible. Then we affected area by providing protection walls, but subject to financial had written for the protection of approval by the management. In this regard our design engineer land slide to both the department. had inspected the affected area and supplied construction But damaged old HT road have not drawings. Estimates have prepared and matter is being pursued been repaired till date, we want to with the management for according financial approval. As and know? when we get the financial approval, we would take up the protection works immediately. 6 Mr. Balkar Singh BDC (Block Development Committee) Member, (Pangi): i We request the project authorities The proposed completion period of this project four and half years, to complete this project (Kashang It is our endeavor to ensure that the projects completes with in stage-1) as early as possible. stipulated time frame. For this we are planning to shift the office of Because as the project gets SE, PCC Jeori to Reckong Peo very shortly. We are searching for delayed we will face more and private accommodations at Reckong Peo. As soon as suitable more problems? accommodation for office and staff is located, SE’s office will be shifted. We have also identified some private land near village Dako and negotiations with the land owners are in progress. As soon as negotiation is finalized with the land owners, the construction of office and residential accommodation for the staff of Kashang and Shontong-Karcham Projects would be undertaken. We are also planning to shift the office of Chief Engineer to Reckong Peo. ii We demand that the residential The project colony for the operation and maintenance staff of colony proposed for Kashang intake works of Kashang stage-1 will be constructed in the private Stage-1 project should be land acquired by HPCCL near village Pangi only. It is proposed to constructed in village Pangi only. construct residential colony for the Powerhouse operation and Because the villagers will get maintenance staff of Kashang stage-1 near Reckong Peo in employment opportunity and other village Dako, if negotiation with the land owners is finalized. The facilities, so we request that the Powerhouse O&M (Operation & Maintenance) staff has to perform permanent colony may be duty round the clock when the generation starts. During winters constructed in village Pangi. due to heavy snowfall in the valley the movement of staff from village Pangi to Powerhouse to perform shift duty is not possible. In view of these facts, colony for the Powerhouse staff has been proposed at Dako. The proposed land at Dako is being acquired mainly for the construction of residential and non-residential buildings against Shongtong-Karcham HEP and O&M staff of Kashang HEP. 7. Ms. Meena Kumari Member Zila Parishad (Pangi): i Population wise Pangi is very big Residential colony for the Intake works to be constructed only at village so we demand that project Pangi, while for the Powerhouse staff residential colony is colony should be constructed only proposed at Dako. As far as employment is concerned, all the at village Pangi. We foresee local people should train their wards for technical trades such as immense benefits, opportunities surveyors, dozer operators, compressor operators, drivers’ etc.
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and generation of employment etc Because for the construction of hydro projects we need technically for the villagers if the colony is qualified manpower not simple graduates or post graduates. constructed in village Pangi. We also demand that locals should be given preference during the construction of project. What would be its significance I want to know? 8 Mr. Mukesh Negi Vice President Panchayat (Pangi): i Will the LADA funds of Kashang LADA (renamed as LADC – Local Area Development Committee) Project be spent for the fund is basically spent for the development of project affected developmental work of other villages or Panchayat. In case of Kashang stage-1 HEP (Hydro- villages also such as Telangi and Electric Project) all the components of project lie in Pangi Kwangi villages and how many Panchayat and most likely the LADC fund would be spent for the villages in total will be covered? development of Gram Panchayat Pangi only. Moreover, the area is to be notified by the District Administration. The Project has deposited Rs. 70 lac in 2007 against LADC funds for Kashang HEP stage-I with District Administration. The representatives of Gram Panchayat Pangi should take up the matter with LADC vice chairperson, DC Kinnaur for notification of Panchayat area. The LADC funds, as far as we know, will be spent for the development of project affected notified area only. 9 Mr. Dhani Ram Ex-President, Pangi): I want to know from the committee Government of India is considering about it and may be reflected that after the completion of the in a new power policy being framed by the Central Government to project, is there any provision of provide 100 units of free electricity to the entire project affected free power to the residents of families. If and as & when this policy comes in force, the affected village Pangi? families would get the due benefits. For the time being, no such commitment can be made on behalf of HPPCL. 10 Mr. Prem Raj Bhandari (Ex-President Pangi): i After completion of project we want This issue pertains to HPSEB (the state utility concerned with a direct power supply line from distribution of power); however, matter will be taken up at the switch yard to village Pangi to appropriate level by HPPCL. As HPPCL is concerned only with the ensure uninterrupted power supply construction of projects, it will not be possible for it to concede this to village Pangi? demand. 11 Mr. Labh Chand (Villager Pangi): i Blasting for widening of Kashang The Project shall carry out the construction of road by adopting Kanda road may damage trees, controlled blasting method which will minimize the possibility of big orchards etc. of surrounding area. boulder rolling down and damaging the public property etc. In case So what technique the HPCCL will any damage occurs due to blasting, the Project takes responsibly opt so as to minimize the damage to pay due compensation to the affected family/person. to public property? 12 Ms. Meena Kumari (Member Zila Parishad Pangi): i What provision have been made by The Project is conducting a survey of all the houses and other the project authorities in case public properties that are nearby or close to underground project damage to the houses, orchards components. It is proposed to undertake documentation of the etc during the construction stage? existing dwellings in the affected area supported by videography before the start of the construction activity, which will help assess & verify the damages due to Project construction activities. The Project will carry out repair and restoration work, in case of damage due to construction work of the project or due compensation will be made to the affected families. 13 Mr. Udham Zor (Villager Pangi): i A resolution/demand letter was The works proposed in the resolution can be carried out from the submitted by the villagers to D.C. funds allotted for LADC, for which matter may be taken up with Kinnaur in presence of your D.C. Kinnaur and if there will be other demands, then appropriate Department, which has not been provision may be made. implemented till date. Why?
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14 Mr. Mukesh Negi (Vice President, Pangi): i In the resolution the provisions for The electricity line leading to Kashang Kanda is only for the works providing electricity to Kashang of the project that is it is Construction Power. It is not possible to Kanda was mentioned. What has provide electricity to the villagers from this line. The villagers been done so far in this matter. should take up this matter with Executive Engineer (Operation) Reckong Peo to provide a separate conductor for this purpose. 15 Mr. Charan Singh Bhandari (Villager Pangi): i Something should be done for Tender has been already been awarded to the local contractor for development of the School ground the repair of damaged school-ground. The contractor has assured as early as possible. We want to to complete the repair before 15th of April 2008 positively. know when will be the school playground will be ready? 16 Mr. Labh Chand (Villager Pangi): i After acquisition of land at Kashang This matter has come to the notice of the Project Proponent at Gatinge, some lands owners have very a very late stage and at this stage acquisition of private land been left with a small piece of land a pointed out is not possible. which of no use for them. So we demand that the left out land should also be acquired? 17 Mr. Shishi Ram(Villagers, Pangi): i Cultivation on these pieces of land During the construction stage there may be some problem but is not possible because there is no once the project is completed there won’t be any problem as far as approach as surrounding land has approach for cultivation is concerned. been acquired by HPSEB. Moreover, LAO (Land Acquisition The affected persons may be asked to put up an Officer), HPSEB had assured the application/representation so that matter is taken up with LAO, affected persons that the balance HPSEB. land will also be acquired. 18 Mr. Udhan Zor (Villager, Pangi): i We had already discussed this Land acquisition officer will visit the project site in April, 2008 in matter with LAO, HPSEB and he connection with acquisition of additional private land and this is had agreed to acquire this balance matter be discussed with him along with the representatives of land. village Pangi. 19 Mr. Mukesh Negi (Vice President, Pangi): i Kashang Kanda road should be HPPCL had already provided/laid down about 2 Kms of HPPE completed as early as possible, pipes in 2006 for the irrigation purpose. Now if additional pipeline because this creates problem for is required, it is requested to send requirement to SE’s office local people restoring the irrigation through Pradhan village Panchayat Pangi so that pipes are water supply line to village Pangi. procured and laid as per the requirement of villagers. As far as We demand that permanent Kuhl construction of Pukha Kuhl is concerned same is not possible till be constructed as early as the completion of the project road from village Pangi to intake site possible. of the project. 20 Written representation from Mr. Balkar Singh (BDC Member, Pangi): i Local people should be hired for EIA studies have been engaging local people for assisting in various consultancy services, surveys etc. instead of outsiders for this job. HPPCL also engaged local youth during the survey conducted by ADB team in the year 2007. HPPCL assures that in future only local people may also be hired for such jobs, provided they are qualified for the job.
135 Appendix 8 Operation Operation During operation Operation Operation Operation Operation Operation Operation Construction Construction phase at Construction on, CAT plan Construction and
generating activities now fed, even duringnow lean now fed, even duringnow lean bed due to change of gradient coordinate flushing of desiliting tanks to be in coordinate high monsoon period. to provide an average flow reverse changes in the agricultural practice period flow period flow would be optimum. Minimum 15% environmental discharge maintained and pass at Sawra Kuddu.provision of fish period flow period flow would be optimum. one Only turbine operation during lean period. Minimum 15% environmental discharge maintained. flow would be optimum.flow one Only turbine operation during lean period. Minimum 15% environmental discharge maintained. and for Sawra Kuddu, semigated with barragelabrynth soils, maintenance of project vehicles etc soils, maintenance to improve aesthetics. No other mitigation required Operation X The submerged small to area is relatively X Rivers are snow fed even during lean period X Construction of trench type weir at Kashang X Large blocks/boulders get dumped in river X Management at to all cascade HPPs X highs and need The daily lows to be adjusted X Since rivers are s X Since rivers are s X -- -- Compensatory afforestati Compensatory -- X -- X bare Watering at construction site, limited X Plantation surrounding the submergence area Low Medium High Impacts of Magnitude Low Medium Plan Management Project Phase Impact irreversible Direct/Local/ impact eversible load during flushing period Variation in volume flow of and quality water Direct/Local/irr eversible Direct/Local/irr eversible Direct/Local/irr eversible impact Direct/Local/irr eversible eversible Direct/Local/ irreversible Direct/Local/ reversible on Direct/Local/ X Restriction on noise ous project sites y Direct/Local/irr headworks Direct/Local/irr he climatic conditions Potential impacts Nature of flow situation at Barrage flow (at Sawra Kuddu) submergence of land due to the construction of impoundment at diversion due to ponding at diversion period) due to stream diversion period) due to stream diversion unknown as removalunknown of trees along catchment, road alignment and HPP powerhouse etc to be done present aesthetics due to the construction at vari duringon air quality the construction period due to dust emission. Table8.1: CheckList of Anticipated Proposed Impactsand Management(Resource Plan Wise) attribute attribute Physical Resources Resources Physical Resources Environmental Environmental Environmental
A. B. Sr. No. Pests & Weeds No significant morpholog River Sedimentation Increase in silt fluctuation in peaking Daily water Change in land use by Flow disruption (during lean period) regime Change in flow (during lean Ground tablewater Dewatered river bed (during lean No significant 3 Hydrology 3 Hydrology of Operation 2. Noise Noise due to general constructi 1. Topography Change in the surface features and 1. Quality Air impact have marginal will Project 2. Climate Impacts on t 135 136
Sr. Environmental Potential impacts Nature of Magnitude of Impacts Management Plan Project Phase App No. attribute Impact Low Medium High activities reversible night and use of personal protective 8 endix equipment like ear plugs, mufflers etc. Noise arising from operation of Direct/Local/ X Noise from TRT will remain however to locate Operation TRT, switchyard etc. at permanent switchyard away from the settlement area. powerhouse site Noise arising from blasting for Direct/Local X Timetable for blasting to be maintained during Construction construction of tunnel etc. convenient hours 3. Surface and Runoff from the construction site Direct/Local/ X Careful siting of access roads. Before construction Ground Water leading to increase in COD, BOD, reversible Sedimentation ponds. activity quality oil & grease, etc. Domestic wastewater from Direct/Local/ X Domestic waste treatment by providing septic During construction and construction sites and during reversible tank. Sewage Treatment System will be made operation operation leading to increase in for project colony COD, BOD, oil & grease, etc. Oil spillage Indirect/Local/r X Containment structures, oil water separation, During construction and eversible adopting good practices for oil handling and operation maintenance works . Oil contamination during Indirect/Local/r X Oil trap installation for separation of oil from During operation maintenance eversible water. 4. Soils and Geology Soil erosion due to clearing of Direct/Local/re X Avoiding sites, which are prone to the soil During and after the vegetation in access roads versible erosion. Leveling of construction sites. Use of construction activity few access roads/power evacuation lines. OOVR UP TO ! Rehabilitation and stabilization of disturbed land. Soil erosion due to tunnel Direct/Local/re X Avoiding sites, which are prone to the soil During and after the excavation and clearing of versible erosion. Leveling of tunnel portal at construction activity vegetation in the powerhouse and powerhouse construction sites. Use of few power evacuation line and access access roads. Rehabilitation and stabilization roads of disturbed land. Improper Debris Direct/local/rev X Proper planning for debris removal from Pre-construction and removal/accumulation ersible tunnel, powerhouse to be stored construction temporarily/used for site reclamation/muck dumping sites suitably stabilized Damage due to seismic activity Direct/regional X Site selection and design considering the Before the construction /reversible geological conditions and seismicity. activity C. Ecological Resources 1. Terrestrial Ecology Loss of vegetation Direct/Local/Irr X Minimum corridor width for power evacuation Before the construction eversible line, access roads. Location of underground Phase powerhouse to avoid tree loss. Compensatory afforestation. 2. Terrestrial Fauna Disturbance to the local fauna Direct/Local/re X Some wildlife species are reported to be No mitigation required during construction versible seen. Minimal impact. Disturbance to the local fauna Direct/Local/re X Monitoring of power evacuation lines During operation phase during operation versible especially for bird strikes during the operation and deflectors will be added if required. 3. Aquatic Ecology Disturbance to fish during Direct/Local/irr X No mitigation impact required at Kashang as During construction of barrage, tunnel as eversible the river is snow fed (no fish reported), even construction/operation well as operation of powerhouse during the lean period minimum flow to be phase
137 Appendix 8 phase During construction During construction Phase During construction and operation phase During operational phase Pre-construction phase During construction and operation phase Before construction phase Before and after the Before construction phase. Implementation Implementation schedule and design
Institutional Institutional responsibility HPPCL Detailed alignment survey site, ensuring proper trial and economic growth of the onal protective equipments during Measurement Measurement the containers. Used oil to be collected and contractorsreclaimed by through the Office of Stores and Purchase. Separated waste oily be collected and disposed of in and scrap will thecompliance with Environmental Protection Act, 1986, and applicable regulations and rules. access roads at the construction region. are separately discussed in the Social Assessment Repot. provided in adjoining area will construction and maintenance. Prepare and implement safety and emergency manual at powerhouse. Regular inspection of power lines for faults prone to accidents. land and compensation is required. after crop harvestingConstruction activity and access routes. selection of few maintained; hence aquatic ecology will have maintained; hence aquatic ecology will no significant impact. For Sawra be made to Kuddu, fish pass will remove impediments to fish spawning. situated away fromsituated away the settlement. No houses be allowed near powerhouseswill and frequency Setback to distances - houses nearest once monitored X Avoid prime agricultural lands Assessment of Parameter to be Parameter ------No mitigation required however retaining wall X The oil sludge should be separately stored in X areas, proper Avoid high density traffic signs X Resettlement issues and mitigation measures X Alignment of route for power evacuation lines Air quality, alignment alignment quality, Air raods, selection of muck disposal adits, to respect points with dwellings nearest Low Medium High Impacts of Magnitude Low Medium Plan Management Project Phase ersable Impact Direct/local/rev Indirect/Local/r eversible Direct/Local/Re versible Direct/Local/re versible Direct/Local X Use of pers Direct/Local/irr eversible indus Direct/regional Overall X ntinuous Table8.2: Environmental ManagementPlan fields Direct/Local/co measure Setback of dwellingsto with accordance in designed quality air of level permitted deterioration andthe regulationsupervision of at ng construction Potential impacts Nature of water pollution water Traffic congestion due to movement of construction vehicles project. cultural important sites are affected the constructionby of the project. Exposure to electromagnetic accidents at the substations/powerhouse. agriculture land due to powerhouse and due to access roads, power evacuation lines urban electrification. Job opportunities duri phase Potential impact impact Potential mitigation Proposed to Exposure related safety risks attribute attribute Transportation Safety Safety Human Environment Human Environment Environmental Environmental
Fires, explosion and other 6 Traffic and 6 Traffic E Waste Generation of surface and ground Probability 4. Resettlement 5. Cultural sites Resettlement of the house falling in No archaeological, historical or 2. Agriculture 3. Socio-economics Permanent and temporary loss of from rural and Beneficial impacts 1. Health and D. Sr. No. 137 Project activity /stage Pre-construction adits, of Location access tunnels, alignment roads, and design of muck sites 138
Project activity Potential impact Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement Institutional Implementation App /stage measure monitored and frequency responsibility schedule
sites. 8 endix Equipment Release of PCBs not used in Equipment design Exclusion of HPPCL Part of tender specifications and chemicals and transformers or other project PCBs in specifications for the design parameters gases in receptors facilities or equipment. transformers equipment (air, water, land) stated in tender specification - once Processes, equipment and Process, equipment Exclusion of HPPCL Part of tender systems not to use and system design CFCs stated in specifications for the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), tender equipment including halon, and their specification – use, if any, in existing once processes and systems Phase out Part of equipment and should be phased out and to schedule to be process design be disposed of in a manner prepared in case consistent with the still in use – once requirements of the Government Power Evacuation Exposure to Power evacuation line Electromagnetic field Power evacuation HPPCL Part of detailed line design upto electromagnetic design to comply with the strength for proposed Line design alignment survey and pooling point interference limits of electromagnetic line design compliance with design interference from overhead relevant power lines standards - once HPP location and Exposure to noise Design of plant enclosures Expected noise Compliance with HPPCL Part of detailed siting design to comply with noise emissions based on regulations - survey and design regulations. design once Impact on water Consideration of site Site location, line Consultation with HPPCL Part of project siting bodies and land location at where they could alignment selection local authorities survey and detailed be located to minimize (distance to water and land owners survey and design involvement of water bodies and/or agricultural - once or agricultural land. land) Social inequities Careful site selection to avoid Site location, selection Consultation with HPPCL Part of detailed project existing settlements or (distance to nearest local authorities siting and survey and minimize involvement and dwellings or social and land owners design relocation. institutions) - once Minimise need to acquire Site location, selection Consultation with HPPCL Part of detailed project agricultural land (distance to local authorities siting and survey and agricultural land) and land owners design - once
139 Appendix 8 Implementation Implementation schedule Part of detailed alignment design andsurvey Part of detailed siting and /designalignment survey Prior to construction phase alignment survey /designalignment survey phase alignment survey/design Prior to construction phase alignment survey/design Institutional Institutional responsibility HPPCL Part of detailed siting and HPPCL Prior to construction HPPCL Part of detailed siting and HPPCL HPPCL Part of detailed siting and Measurement Measurement and frequency Consultation with with Consultation local authorities- once affected parties– oncein a quarter with Compliance – regulations for each once subproject with Consultation local authorities and design - once engineers local authorities and design - once engineers with Consultation affected parties– once Consultation with with Consultation affected parties– three in once years Consultation with with Consultation local authorities and design - once engineers with Consultation local authorities- once Consultation with with Consultation local authorities and design - once engineers monitored Parameter to be Parameter Site selection (distance to nearest ecological designated protection area) RP implementation implementation RP with Consultation Statutory approvals Government from Line alignment selection selection Site Design of with Consultation of Implementation Crop Compensation on affected (based area) Design of implementationtree of compensation be to area (estimated trimmed/removed) Power evacuation line alignment selection Line alignment selection (distance to or protected nearest forest) reserved
Avoid encroachment by careful site selection measure temporary/ permanent loss of productive land as per LAA & its process Obtain statutory clearances from the Government Use existing tower footings/towers wherever possible Avoid siting dumping sites, headworks, powerhouse etc. on farmland wherever feasible Farmers compensated for any permanent loss of productive land Farmers/landowners compensated for significant trees that need to be removed Minimise the need by using existing roads, towers wherever possible Avoid encroachment by careful site and alignment selection Minimise the need by using suitable existing towers, andtowers RoW, wherever possible Potential impact impact Potential mitigation Proposed Social inequities Compensation paid for Deforestation and loss of biodiversity Loss of agricultural productivity
Loss of ecological values/ damage to precious species
139 Project activity /stage Involuntary resettlement or land acquisition evacuationPower line through forestland Encroachment into farmland Encroachment into protected ecological areas 140
Project activity Potential impact Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement Institutional Implementation App /stage measure monitored and frequency responsibility schedule
Statutory approvals for Compliance with Part of detailed siting and 8 endix tree trimming /removal regulations – alignment survey /design once for each subproject Noise related Nuisance to Powerhouse, headworks, Noise levels Noise levels to be HPPCL Part of detailed neighbouring tunnel sited and designed to specified in equipment design properties ensure noise will not be a tender nuisance. documents – once Interference with Flooding Appropriate siting of power Site location and line Consultation with HPPCL Part of detailed alignment drainage hazards/loss of evacuation line towers to alignment selection local authorities survey and design patterns/Irrigation agricultural avoid channel interference (distance to nearest and design channels production Appropriate tunnel flood zone) engineers – once alignments to avoid channel interference Release of Environmental Transformers designed with Equipment Tender document HPPCL Part of detailed hazardous materials pollution oil spill containment systems, specifications with to mention equipment design and purpose-built oil, respect to potential specifications – /drawings lubricant and fuel storage pollutants once system, complete with spill cleanup equipment. Labor and project camps to Sewage system Layout design to HPPCL Part of detailed layout include drainage and sewage design mention detailed and design /drawings disposal systems to avoid specifications – offsite land and water once pollution. Equipment Contamination of All job facilities, generating Design to account for Base height as HPPCL Part of detailed layout submerged under receptors (land, units located above the high HFL (elevation with per flood design - and design/drawings flood water) flood level (HFL) by raising respect to HFL once the foundation pad. elevation) Explosions/Fire Hazards to life Design of Powerhouse, Design compliance Tender document HPPCL Part of detailed layout switchyard and substation to with fire prevention to mention and design /drawings include modern fire control and control codes detailed systems/firewalls. specifications – Provision of fire fighting once equipment to be located close to power generation equipment.
Construction Equipment layout Noise and Construction techniques and Construction Construction HPPCL, Construction period and installation vibrations machinery selection seeking techniques and techniques and Contractor through to minimize ground machinery machinery contract provisions disturbance. creating minimal
141 Appendix 8 Implementation Implementation schedule Construction period period Construction Construction period period Construction Construction period period Construction Construction period period Construction period Construction Construction period period Construction period Construction Institutional Institutional responsibility HPPCL, Contractor through contract provisions HPPCL, Contractor through contract provisions HPPCL, Contractor through contract provisions HPPCL, HP Forest Authorities HPPCL, Contractor through contract provisions HPPCL, Contractor through contract provisions HPPCL, Contractor through contract provisions HPPCL, Contractor through contract provisions Measurement Measurement and frequency ground ground disturbance - once at the start of each construction phase Absence of fill in fill in of Absence sensitive drainage areas- every 4 weeks Crop disturbance –Post harvest as as possible soon next before but per - once crop site Complaints received by local people – every 1 month Clearance strictly target to limited once – vegetation site per Complaints received by local authorities - everymonth 1 Use of established roads wherever 1 - every possible month Complaints received by local authorities - everymonth 1 to single carriageway per once – width site ) 3 monitored Parameter to be Parameter Timing of start of construction Noise Pollution,Air pollution Vegetation marking marking Vegetation and clearancecontrol (area in ha) Construction equipment – estimated noise emissions Access roads,routes (length and widthof new access roads to constructed) be Construction equipment – estimated noise emissions and schedules operating Access (meters)width Access restricted Temporary fill fill Temporary placement (m measure on activities Construction avoid to timed land cropping disturbance of field crops (within one month of harvest possible). wherever muffler proper sets with DG control pollution and only deployed be to systems construction when case in fails power removed priorclearance, to and strict control on clearing activities to ensure minimal clearance. Construction equipmentto maintained. well be roadsExisting and tracks and for construction used maintenance access to the site whereverpossible. Proper maintenance and maintenance Proper use. plant not in turning off accessNew restricted ways carriageway single a to width Temporary placement of fill fill of placement Temporary not drains/canals in permitted. Potential impact impact Potential mitigation Proposed farming Disturbed activity pollution Noise, vibration operator and efficient safety, operation Increase in airborne dust particles Noise, vibration, equipment wear and tear land Increased for requirement temporary accessibility Overflows, discharge reduced
141 Project activity /stage Physical construction Use of DG sets Noise pollution/air Site clearance clearance Site Vegetation be to vegetation of Marking Mechanized Mechanized construction of Construction for roads accessibility Temporary Temporary blockage of drainage 142
Project activity Potential impact Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement Institutional Implementation App /stage measure monitored and frequency responsibility schedule
Cutting of trees Fire hazards Trees allowed growing up to Species-specific tree Presence of HPPCL, HP Construction period 8 endix within RoW of a height within the RoW by retention as approved target species in Forest Authorities power evacuation maintaining adequate by statutory authorities RoW– once per line clearance between the top (average and site of tree and the conductor as maximum tree height per the regulations. at maturity, in meters) Loss of vegetation Trees that can survive Species-specific tree Presence of HPPCL, HP Construction period and deforestation pruning to comply should be retention as approved target species in Forest Authorities, pruned instead of cleared. by statutory authorities RoW following Contractor through vegetation contract provisions clearance – once per site Felled trees and other Disposal of cleared Use or intended HPPCL, HP Construction period cleared or pruned vegetation as use of vegetation Forest Authorities, vegetation to be disposed of approved by the as approved by Contractor through as authorized by the statutory authorities the statutory contract provisions statutory bodies. (area cleared in m2) authorities – once per site Wood/vegetation Loss of vegetation Construction workers Illegal wood Complaints by HPPCL, HP Construction period harvesting and deforestation prohibited from harvesting /vegetation harvesting local people or Forest Authorities, wood in the project area (area in m2, number of other evidence of Contractor through during their employment, incidents reported) illegal harvesting contract provisions (apart from locally employed - every staff continuing current legal occurrence activities). Surplus Runoff to cause Excess soil excavation from Location and amount Appropriate fill HPPCL, Construction period earthwork/soil water pollution, underground powerhouse (m3)of fill disposal disposal locations Contractor through solid waste disposed of next to roads or - every 1 month contract provisions disposal around houses, in agreement with the local community or landowner. Soil excavated from tunnel Soil disposal locations Acceptable soil HPPCL, Construction period disposed of by placement and volume (m3) disposal sites - Contractor through along backfill barrages etc. every 1 month contract provisions Project Loss of soil Fill for the foundations Borrow area siting Acceptable HPPCL, Construction period Offices/housing obtained by creating or (area of site in m2 and borrow areas that Contractor through construction improving local water supply estimated volume in provide a benefit contract provisions ponds or drains, with the m3) – once per site agreement of local communities. Powerhouse/tunnel Water pollution Construction activities Seasonal start and Timing of major HPPCL, Construction period construction involving significant spillage finish of major activities - prior to Contractor through earthworks/machine start of contract provisions installation (pH, construction
143 Appendix 8 Implementation Implementation schedule period Construction Construction period period Construction Construction period period Construction Construction period period Construction Construction period period Construction Construction period period Construction Institutional Institutional responsibility HPPCL, Contractor through contract provisions HPPCL, HP Forest activities, Contractor through contract provisions HPPCL, Contractor through contract provisions HPPCL, Contractor through contract provisions HPPCL Prior to construction HPPCL, Contractor through contract provisions HPPCL, Contractor through contract provisions Measurement Measurement and frequency Complaints received by local people - /authorities every month activities ground of Amount disturbance - once Fuel storage in in storage Fuel appropriate locations and receptacles - everymonth 1 Construction – 6am between PM - 1 10 every month Consultation with with Consultation affected parties– oncein a quarter approvals for tree tree for approvals – clearances site for each once Presence of of Presence sanitation, proper and supply water disposal waste - once facilities facility new each ) and ) and 3 ) 3 monitored Parameter to be Parameter BOD/COD, solids, Suspended other) disturbance Ground vegetation during clearance (area, ha) action taken to control control to taken action spill) up clean and Timingconstruction of emissions, (noise [dB(a)]) Implementation of of Implementation compensation Crop paid, dates, (amount etc.) Statutory approvals Statutory Amenities for Amenities facilities Workforce Usage of existing utilities Status of existing facilities Location of hazardous hazardous of Location spill storage; material reports (type of spilled, material amount (kgor m Statusfacilities of m in (earthwork tting trees off measure only activities Construction due with undertaken local of cognizance communities is which informed of the construction schedule. loss in agricultural production easement establishmentto cu involve only or pruning level ground at tree with appropriate, as stumpsroots andin left place andground coverleft undisturbed. Construction workforce workforce Construction facilities to include proper and supply water sanitation, facilities. disposal waste Use existing access roads wherever possible Ensure existing irrigation facilities are maintained in working condition Fuel and other hazardous hazardous other and Fuel stored securely materials and level flood high above away from habitation. Protect /preserve topsoil and reinstate after construction completed Potential impact impact Potential mitigation Proposed Noise nuisanceto neighbouring properties Social inequities Compensation for temporary Contamination of receptors (land, air) water, Contamination of receptors (land, air) water, Loss of agricultural productivity
143 Project activity /stage Construction schedules Encroachment into farmland Site clearance Vegetation Tree clearances for Provision of of Provision for facilities construction workers Storage of and chemicals materials, explosves 144
Project activity Potential impact Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement Institutional Implementation App /stage measure monitored and frequency responsibility schedule
Uncontrolled Soil loss, Need for access tracks Design basis and Incorporating HPPCL, Construction period 8 endix erosion/silt runoff downstream minimised, use of existing construction good design and Contractor through siltation; roads. procedures construction contract provisions Limit site clearing to work (suspended solids in management areas receiving waters; area practices – once 2 Regeneration of vegetation to re-vegetated in m ; for each site stabilise works areas on amount of bunds completion (where constructed [length in 2 applicable) meter, area in m , or 3 volume in m ]) Water courses protected from siltation through use of bio- engineering measures Nuisance to nearby Losses to Contract clauses specifying Contract clauses Incorporating HPPCL(Contractor Construction period properties neighbouring land careful construction practices. good construction through contract uses/ values management provisions) practices – once for each site As much as possible existing Design basis and layout Incorporating access ways will be used. good design engineering practices – once for each site Productive land will be Reinstatement of land Consultation with reinstated following status (area affected, affected parties – completion of construction m2) twice – immediately after completion of construction and after the first harvest Social inequities Compensation will be paid for Implementation of Consultation with IA Prior to construction loss of production, if any. Tree/Crop affected parties – compensation (amount once in a quarter paid) Flooding hazards Flooding and loss Avoid natural drainage Contract clauses (e.g., Incorporating HPPCL(Contractor Construction period due to construction of soils, pattern /facilities being suspended solids and good construction through contract impediments of contamination of disturbed /blocked /diverted BOD/COD in receiving management provisions) natural drainage receptors (land, by the on-going construction water) practices – once water) activities for each site Equipment Contamination of Equipment stored at secure Store room level to be Store room level IA Construction period submerged under receptors (land, place above the high flood above HFL (elevation as per flood flood water) level (HFL). difference in meters) design - once
145 Appendix 8 Implementation Implementation schedule During Construction Construction period period Construction Construction period period Construction construction period Institutional Institutional responsibility HPPCL, Contractor HPPCL, Contractor through contract procivisions HPPCL(Contractor through contract provisions) HPPCL(Contractor through contract provisions) HPPCL Routinely throughout HPPCL Routinely Measurement Measurement and frequency monthly Reporting as per Indian Explosives as Act, as well project implementation Onceteam per – month during recency of operation blasting good construction management practices – once for each site Contract clauses compliance – once every quarter programs attended by each person – once a year Submission of completed duly checklists of all contracts for - once site each Submission of completed duly compliance report for each contract – once Reports – – Reports monitored Parameter to be Parameter Blasting Timing, Blasting fuse sizing, in precaution propeor siting of blasts Contract clauses Incorporating Contract clauses (number of incidents and total lost-work days caused by injuries and sickness) Training schedules Number of Respective contract and checklists remedial actionstaken thereof. Compliance report report Compliance to related aspects environmental for the contract Structural Tests CAT implementation measure be should Blasting as per controlled short Use regulations. to reduce delays vibration/noise. used to source aggregates, therefore, no need to develop sourcesnew of aggregates Contract provisions specifying minimum requirements for construction camps Contractor to prepare and implement a health and plan. safety Contractor to arrange for health and training safety sessions Training ofHPPCLenvironmental monitoring personnel Implementation of effective effective of Implementation monitoring environmental and reporting system using checklist of allcontractual requirements environmental Appropriate contact clauses to ensure satisfactory implementation of environmental contractual mitigation measures. To provide DMP and CAT To provide plans on site for contractor to be aware ofplansthe Potential impact impact Potential mitigation Proposed blasing, extra charges, blasting to damage property dueto objects, falling land slide, cracks in building etc. Loss of land values Existingsites borrow be will of workers and of workers members of the public Likely to maximise Likely damages Improper Improper may awareness missed to lead implementation steps
145 Project activity /stage Tunnel Construction Uncontrolled Inadequate siting of areas burrow Health and safety Injury and sickness Inadequate construction stage monitoring Adherence to to Adherence Disaster Plan Management (DMP) and Area Catchment 146
Project activity Potential impact Proposed mitigation Parameter to be Measurement Institutional Implementation App /stage measure monitored and frequency responsibility schedule
Plan (CAT) 8 endix Operation and Maintenance Location of Exposure to Setback of dwellings to Compliance with Setback HPPCL During operations evacuation power safety related overhead line route setback distances distances to line alignment, risks designed in accordance with (“as-built” diagrams) nearest houses – powerhouse and permitted level of power once in quarter design frequency and the regulation of supervision at sites. Equipment Contamination of Equipment installed above Substation design to Base height as HPPCL During operations submerged under receptors (land, the high flood level (HFL) by account for HFL (“as- per flood design - flood water) raising the foundation pad. built” diagrams) once Oil spillage Contamination of Switchyard transformers Switchyard bunding Bunding capacity HPPCL During operations land/nearby water located within secure and (“as-built” diagrams) and permeability bodies impervious bunded areas - once with a storage capacity of at least 100% of the capacity of oil in transformers and associated reserve tanks. Inadequate provision Injury and sickness Careful design using Usage of appropriate Preparedness HPPCL Design and operation of staff/workers of staff /workers appropriate technologies to technologies (lost work level for using health and safety minimise hazards days due to illness and these during operations injuries) technologies in crisis – once each year Safety awareness raising for Training/awareness Number of staff. programs and mock programs and Preparation of fire emergency drills percent of staff action plan and training given /workers covered to staff on implementing – once each year emergency action plan Provide adequate sanitation Provision of facilities Complaints and water supply facilities received from staff /workers every occurrence Electric Shock Injury/mortality to Careful design using Usage of appropriate Preparedness HPPCL Design and Operation Hazards staff and public appropriate technologies to technologies (number level for using minimise hazards of injury incidents, lost these work days) technologies in crisis – once a month Security fences around Maintenance of fences Report on powerhouse/ headworks maintenance –
147 Appendix 8 Implementation Implementation schedule Institutional Institutional responsibility HPPCL Operations HPPCL HPPCL Operation
HPPCL Operation HPPCL Operations HPPCL Operations HPPCL HPPCL Operations HPPCL Measurement Measurement and frequency boundary nearest nearest boundary to properties and consultation with affected partiesif once – any once each year Number of programs and percent of staff covered – twice each year Number of programs and percent of total persons covered – once each year Number of programs and percent of staff covered – once each year Phase out be to schedule case in prepared still in use – once quarter a in Ground clearance - once Instrumentation regular monitored Parameter to be Parameter Maintenance of barriers Maintenance of warning signs Training/awareness programs and mock drills for all relevant staff Training /awareness programs and mock drills for all concerned parties Training/awareness programs and mock drills for all relevant staff Process, equipment Process, equipment and system design Required ground ground Required clearance (meters) Required vibrations vibrations Required level, instrumentation Noise levels(dB(a)) Noise levelsat Barriers to prevent climbing on/dismantlingequipment of Appropriate warning signs on facilities measure Preparation and training in the use of O&M manuals and standard operating practices. Electricity safety awareness safety awareness Electricity raising in project areas HPPCL staff to receive training in environmental monitoring of project operationsmaintenance and activities. Adequate training in O&M to all relevant staff/maintenance crews. Processes, equipment and and equipment Processes, systems using (CFCs), cholofluorocarbons be should halon, including be to and out phased disposedmanner of in a consistentthe with the of requirements Government. Evacuation line designto of limits the with comply electromagnetic interference lines power overhead from Powerhouse design to to design Powerhouse of limits the with comply electromagnetic interference area floor within Powerhouse sited and noise ensure to designed a nuisance. not be will Potential impact impact Potential mitigation Proposed Unnecessary environmental losses of various types Diminished ecological and social values. Release of and chemicals receptors in gases land) (air, water, Exposure to to Exposure electromagnetic interference Exposure to to Exposure electromagnetic interference neighbouring neighbouring properties
147 Project activity /stage Operations and maintenance staff skills less than acceptable Inadequate periodic environmental monitoring. Equipment Equipment specifications and parameters design Power Evacuation Power Evacuation maintenance line point pooling upto Powerhouse maintenance Noise related Nuisance to 148 Appendix 9
A. INTRODUCTION
1. The Government of Himachal Pradesh (GOHP) through the Government of India (GOI) has requested Asian Development Bank (ADB) to provide a multi-tranche financing facility (MFF) to partly fund the Himachal Pradesh Clean Energy Development Investment Program (HPCEDIP) in the State of Himachal Pradesh. The Himachal HPCEDIP will provide financing for two major areas of investment:
(i) Hydropower capacity additions. Construction of physical infrastructure built for hydropower generation, including underground power houses, associated civil works, tunnels, river diversion and power evacuation systems. Specific subprojects have been earmarked for the 1st and 2nd tranches and include the Sawra Kuddu Hydroelectric Project (111 MW) and the Integrated Kashang Hydroelectric Project, Stages I, II and III (195 MW). Subprojects identified for future development include the Sainj (100 MW) and Shongtong-Karcham (402 MW) Hydroelectric Projects, although others from the state's investment plan may be substituted in future tranches provided they meet the ADB eligibility criteria. All hydropower projects proposed for HPCEDP will be run-of-the-river design, with no or small reservoirs.
(ii) Capacity Development. This activity will provide support for developing various departments of the Executing Agency, Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (HPPCL). The main focus is on effective project preparation, implementation and management, including planning, construction supervision, contract management, procurement, disbursements, safeguards compliance and monitoring and reporting systems, particularly in regard to compliance with ADB policies and procedures. Support will be given for (i) helping the Executing Agency prepare future projects, (ii) implement and administer approved projects, and (iii) monitor, review, evaluate and report on program and project implementation. Financial management and accountability is a second major focus, including incorporating adequate financial management safeguards to ensure fiduciary oversight of disbursed funds, and an improved accounting and auditing systems (which becomes most relevant in 2011 when they begin generating revenues). In addition to project oriented capacity development, the capacity development component will include corporate development assistance to HPPCL, as well as developing in-house capacity in private sector participation modalities, in CDM procedures, and in power trading in order to broaden HPPCL's functional expertise as the state's power generating company. This component totals $12 million and will be implemented over a period of five years.
2. The MFF selected projects will come from the state’s portion of the overall hydropower development plan and are expected to total about 808 MW. The estimated cost of these selected projects is about $1.4 billion. The Government has requested financing up to the equivalent of $800 million1 from ADB’s ordinary capital resources, and both the Government and GOHP have asked ADB to extend this financing in the form of an MFF. The GOHP will finance $420 million (30%) and the remaining $180 million (13%) will be financed from Power Finance Corporation Ltd. (PFC)2 or from other Indian financial institutions. Funding for Tranches 1 & 2 will come from ADB and GOHP only. GOHP has already released sufficient equity funds to Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (HPPCL) for
1 Country Operations Business Plan lists only $300 million, but $800 million approved by the Vice President, Operations 1 in November 2007. 2 Power Finance Corporation Ltd. is an Indian public financial institution dedicated to power sector financing and committed to the integrated development of the power and associated sectors.
Appendix 9 149
2008 and has provisioned for required funds for the following year. PFC and/or Indian financial institution financing would only be contemplated for later tranches. The total proposed amounts are shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Financing Plan for the MFF ($ million) Source Total % Asian Development Bank 800.0 57.1 PFC and/or other Indian Lenders 180.0 12.9 Government 420.0 30.0 Total 1,400.0 100.0 Source: Asian Development Bank estimates
3. The investments to be supported by ADB will contribute to economic development in Himachal Pradesh through expanded power supplies from clean energy sources, and from a sustainable state electricity sector. The HPCEDIP will produce the following outcomes: (i) increased production and use of clean energy in a financially sustainable manner through run-of-the-river hydropower schemes, (ii) improved state finances and power sector financial viability from sales revenue earned from power exports, (iii) improved sector governance, and (iv) improved capacity in HPPCL for better planning, implementation and management of hydropower plants, as well as implementing CDM initiatives and energy efficiency through a power trading program. With ADB support the proposed program will sustain the energy sector reform agenda, and is expected to help to attract other long-term financiers to the sector.
4. This Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) is applicable to all investments funded by the MFF, and particularly to projects included in subsequent tranches which have not yet been fully defined. The EARF outlines the policy, procedures, and institutional requirements for preparing subsequent projects. The Executing Agency is (EA) is Department of Power, Government of Himachal, responsible for preparing the required environmental assessments and obtaining ADB concurrence prior to implementation. These approvals must be in place prior to finalization of contracts and commencement of work. The implementing agency (IA) will be the Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (HPPCL).
B. ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATORY AND POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR SUBPROJECT SELECTION
5. GOI and ADB environment policies and procedures apply to all projects/subprojects funded by the MFF. The environmental regulations of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) categorizes industrial projects into red, orange and green categories according to their anticipated potential environmental impact.
6. The GOI Environmental Impact Assessment Notification of 2006 (replacing the EIA Notification of 1994), sets out the requirements for environmental assessment studies. The Notification states that Environmental Clearances (ECs) are required for specified activities/projects, and must be obtained before any construction work or land preparation (except land acquisition) may commence. Projects are categorized as A or B depending on the scale of the project and the nature of its impacts.
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7. Category A projects require EC from the national Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). The proponent is required to provide preliminary details of the project in the form of a Notification, after which an Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the MoEF prepare comprehensive Terms of Reference (ToR) for the EIA study, which are finalized within 60 days. On completion of the study and review of the report by the EAC, the MoEF considers the recommendation of the EAC and provides the EC if appropriate.
8. Category B projects require environmental clearance from the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA). The State level EAC categorizes projects as either B1 (requiring EIA study) or B2 (no EIA study), and prepares a ToR for B1 projects within 60 days. On completion of the study and review of the report by the EAC, the SEIAA issues the EC based on the EAC recommendation. The Notification also provides that any project or activity classified as category B will be treated as category A if it is located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of protected areas, notified areas or inter-state or international boundaries.
9. Under the GOI regulations transmission and distribution projects are exempted from the list of projects that require environmental impact assessment and environmental clearances from MOEF. As a general rule generation projects require EIA and environmental clearance from MOEF.
10. Power generation projects are classified by as either Category A, B-sensitive or B depending on whether the projects will be located in environmentally sensitive areas3 or have adverse and irreversible environmental impacts. Transmission and distribution (T&D) projects normally are classified by ADB as Category B. Category B-sensitive or Category A may apply to T&D projects located in environmentally sensitive areas. For each projects included into Periodic Financing Requests (PFRs) for subsequent Tranches of the subject MFF, environmental impact assessments or initial environmental examinations (IEE) will be prepared following the ADB’s Environment Policy, 2002 and Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003 and National4 environmental assessment regulations and guidelines. The EIAs and IEEs will include an environmental management plan (EMP) with the implementation budget.
C. Environmental criteria for additional subproject selection
11. Specific environmental criteria for project/subproject selection are:
(i) Projects/subprojects will not be located within national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and nature reserves, or wetlands, unless unavoidable for technical reasons. (ii) Monuments of cultural or historical importance will be avoided. (iii) An environmental management plan (EMP) with adequate budget will be developed for each project/subproject. (iv) Environment Category A and B-sensitive subprojects must comply with ADB’s 120- day disclosure policy where EIAs and EMPs will be translated into the local language and made available at offices of the: (i) Project Site office; (ii) relevant local government line agencies; and (iii) PMU and PIUs before a PFR is submitted to ADB for MFF.
3 National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Bio-reserve zones, nature reserves, or wetlands are designated by MoEF as protected areas and heritage sites. 4 Ministry of Environment and Forests, GOI’s Environmental Assessment Notifications 2006 and Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment for River Valley / Power Projects
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(v) Potential environmental impacts will be minimized by appropriate mitigation measures and siting to avoid sensitive areas. Re-alignment or selection of alternative sites may be required (vi) Clearing of any existing forest resources will be avoided if possible, and where unavoidable will be minimized and compensated as per GOI regulatory criteria. (vii) New equipment / facilities specifications shall follow international standards and best practices to avoid generation of GOI regulated pollutants (Total Suspended Particles, TPS). International Guidelines will be applied for those pollutant categories that are not subject to regulation by GOI (e.g. SO2, NOx or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. All equipment procured shall be free from polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) internationally recognized as a carcinogenic agent. In determining appropriate environmental standards for ADB projects, ADB5 follows the standards and approaches laid out in the World Bank’s Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook which describes generally acceptable pollution prevention and abatement measures and emission levels.6
D. Environmental assessment and review procedures of additional subprojects
12. Application of selection criteria. Proposed projects/subprojects will be screened for compliance with selection criteria listed above prior to additional analysis. Environmental categories will be assigned using the rapid environmental assessment checklist (as described in ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines 2003). Design changes may be suggested or required by ADB and GOI for proposed projects that initially do not meet the selection criteria, and environment categories will be changed as necessary.
13. Preparation of EIAs and IEEs. After categorization, an EIA or IEE including an EMP with implementation budget will be prepared for each component. Public consultation will be conducted with local community and potentially affected people as early as possible for each project/subproject. For Category A projects/subprojects, public consultations will be conducted at least twice: (i) once during early stage of EIA field work, and (ii) once with the draft EIA report is available, and before submission of the relevant PFR. EIAs and IEEs will be reviewed and approved by ADB and GOI before commencement of detailed design, and EIA and IEE details and results will be communicated to the local community before commencement of construction. Summary IEEs and summary EIAs will be prepared and disclosed in accordance with ADB’s Public Communication Policy 2005. For Category A and B-sensitive projects, the a summary EIA shall be made available to general public at least 120 days before a Periodic Funding Request (PFR)7 is submitted to ADB for approval.
14. Responsibilities/Authorities of various agencies. The IA (HPPCL for Tranche 1) will be solely responsible for the implementation of the entire environmental assessment and review procedures. This include, among others, ensuring that proposed projects strictly adhere to the selection criteria, the preparation of EIAs/SEIAs and IEE/SIEEs are done in a timely and adequate manner, environmental monitoring and institutional requirements are fully met while public consultations be carried out satisfactorily. The EA will submit the categorization checklist, EIAs/SEIAs, IEE/SIEEs and monitoring reports to ADB for review.
5 As referred in ADB’s Environmental Policy and Operations Manual F1 6 World Bank. 1999. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook: Toward Cleaner Production. Washington, DC. 7 Document submitted seeking approval for a particular loan within a multi-tranche financing facility.
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15. The EA will also be responsible for obtaining regulatory approvals from relevant regional environmental authorities as per the regulatory requirements of the GOI.
16. ADB will be responsible for regular review and timely approval of checklists, IEE/SIEEs and EIA/SEIAs. Technical guidance will be provided by ADB to EA as needed. ADB will also be responsible for reviewing regular monitoring reports and officially disclosing SEIAs (for Category A components/subprojects) and SIEEs (for Category B- sensitive components/subprojects) on its website.
17. Preparation of detailed design. Detailed design work for each additional subproject will follow the recommendations of the EIA or IEE. The IAs will review detailed designs before contracts are finalized and modifications are incorporated if considered necessary. Certification to ADB that the detailed designs comply with EIA and/or IEE (including EMP) recommendations will be required before contracts can be made effective. A tentative list of project activities under the proposed MFF is presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Subprojects and Components Proposed in HPCEDIP Subprojects Main Components Infrastructure Hydropower Projects Electrical and Mechanical Equipment Buildings, power houses i. Sawra Kuddu Equipment, housing facilities ii. Kashang I Tunnels Diversion structures from intake sites iii. Kashang II & III Storage reservoirs/impoundments iv. Sainj Desilting tanks/reservoirs v. Shontong Kurcham Access Roads Muck Dumping sites Civil Works Buildings Barrages, gates Construction workers temporary camps Staff housing quarters Access roads Power Evacuation Switchyards Transmission line to pooling points
18. Preparation of construction contracts. Early in the implementation period, model construction contracts will be prepared incorporating general environmental safeguards and practices. Specific, individual contracts will be based on the model contracts, but vetted by the IAs to ensure that EMP requirements are covered within the contract.
19. Monitoring during construction period. Monitoring during construction will be IA’s responsibility. Monitoring will be sufficient to comply with construction contracts, determine the current status of affected environmental resources, and determine the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Reporting will be to ADB and to relevant national and HP environmental agencies (forest department, pollution control board, MoEF etc.) on a regular basis. For Category A and B-sensitive projects, the EA will submit semi-annual reports on EMP implementation to ADB.
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20. Monitoring of subproject operations. EMP should be formulated to minimize recurrent responsibilities and costs. However, for certain projects continuous monitoring may be required (e.g., hydro power generation).
E. Environmental Management Plan
21. A general environmental management plan that will apply to additional subprojects of the MFF investment is presented in a matrix form in the SEIA document for Tranche 1. Table 3 gives a summary Environmental Monitoring Plan. The summary is developed on the basis of environmental analysis of the proposed First Tranche components and subprojects,8 and review of environmental impacts of typical hydropower generation projects under the subject MFF. The mitigation measures for additional subprojects will be developed in line with the principles agreed upon in this EARF. Any unanticipated consequence of the project will be documented.
22. Environmental monitoring will consist of routine systematic checking that the above environmental management measures have been implemented effectively during each stage of the project. Table 3 (below) presents the summary monitoring plan for projects to be funded by the MFF. Tables 4 and 5 present the indicative estimated costs for EMP implementation of the First Tranche projects. EMP budgets for subsequent Tranches will be developed during the preparation of respective EIAs or/and IEEs.
Table 3: Summary Environmental Monitoring Plan
Environmental Monitoring Tasks9 Implementation Implementation Responsibility Schedule Pre Construction Phase Audit project bidding documents to ensure EA through project Prior to issue of bidding EMP is included. implementation unit documents. Monitor contractor’s detailed alignment EAs with assistance Prior to EA approval of survey to ensure relevant environmental of project contractor’s detailed mitigation measures in EMP have been implementation unit alignment survey. included. Audit detailed designs of Facilities to EAs with assistance Prior to EA approval of ensure standard environmental of project contractor’s detailed safeguards/mitigation measures (as implementation unit designs. identified in EMP) have been included. Construction Phase Regular monitoring and reporting of EA with assistance of Continuous throughout contractor’s compliance with contractual project the construction period. environmental mitigation measures. implementation unit Operation and Maintenance Phase Observations during routine maintenance IAs As per IAs inspection inspections of hydropower generation schedules facilities and transmission lines RoWs. Inspections will include monitoring
8 A SEIA with EMP has been prepared for the Tranche 1. The SEIA has been posted on the ADB website as well as one of the appendices to the RRP. 9 Monitoring of issues related to compensation of landowners for land acquisition and loss of production, etc. are addressed in the Resettlement Action Plan.
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Environmental Monitoring Tasks9 Implementation Implementation Responsibility Schedule implementation status of mitigation measures specified in EMP.
Table 4: Summary of Estimated Costs for EMP Implementation (Sawra Kuddu, Tranche 1)
Cost (Rs. Item Million) Installation of sewage systems 2.400 Solid waste collection and disposal system* 2.340 Sewage disposal for labour camps 1.500 Cost of substitution of fuel wood for workforce 1.580 Muck management and rehabilitation of disposal sites 33.74 Mining area rehabilitation including maintenance for 7 years 4.03 Compensatory afforestation including maintenance for 7 years 4.265 Health Delivery System* 1.200 Control of Air Pollution 1.500 Environmental measures in project’s transport lines** 1.000 Noise control measures 0.200 Development of fisheries including O&M* 13.000 Greenbelt development 1.300 Management of dust from transport activities 2.000 Road side plantation 2.000 Cost of implementing CAT Plan i/c maintenance for 7 years 73.108 NPV paid to ameliorate environment 36.715 Impact mitigation on cultural sites 0.300 Cost of Environment Monitoring Program 7.182 O &M Cost 4.223 Total 193.583
Table 5: Summary of Estimated Costs for EMP Implementation (Kashang I, Tranche 1)
Item Cost (Rs. Million) Compensatory afforestation (Inclusive of maintenance) 3.367 Cost of health facilities* 2.2 Cost of reclamation and plantation (i.e. greenbelt, fuel wood etc.) 4.03 Cost of Catchment Area Treatment 30.37 Quarry site reclamation plan 0.48 Cost of environment monitoring cell (for monitoring environment 1.72 safeguards Total 42.17 *Funds for some of the items like fisheries and health facilities will be provided through the Local Area Development Committee (LADC). LADC’s related expenditure will account for about 1.5% of the total EMP cost, but should be allocated only to those components that are planned in each specific EMP. **Power evacuation lines are not included into the current investment scope. However, the EA has included this component into the EMP since the evacuation lines will be most likely proposed as additional projects in Tranche 1.
F. Institutional Arrangements
23. As it was stated earlier the Department of Power will function as the Executing Agency (EA) and HPPCL will function as the implementing agency (IA) for the proposed First Tranche investment project and potentially for the entire MFF. Each of the subprojects will
Appendix 9 155 have a separate field office to facilitate the implementation its smooth functioning. These field offices will function as project management units (PMUs) at the field level, performing project site-specific environmental monitoring, construction supervision and reporting. There will be a central PMU within the HPPCL's head office covering the overall MFF and performing centralized environmental and financial reporting management functions.
24. It is proposed that an Environment Management Cell (EMC) and Social/R&R Cell (R&RC) will be set up within the PMU along with other engineering units to address environmental and social issues of the HCEIDP, and will be staffed by Chief Environmental Specialist and Chief Resettlement Specialist respectively. The EMC will be assisted by the one Head of Project and one Dy Manager at each PIU level to assist the Chief Specialist. For each subproject EMPs, PMU will do the overall coordination, preparation, planning, implementation, and financing. The EA will ensure that key institutions including local governments are involved in EMP updation and implementation.Further details on agencies responsible for EMP activities are presented in Table 6 below.
Table 6: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities for EMP Implementation Activity Responsible Agency Project Initiation Stage Setting up of ESMU and staff HPPCL Disclosure of project EMP details by issuing Public Notice PMU/EMC Meetings with communities and affected households and people EMC/PMU Revisions of EMPs based on feedback from stakeholders and affected PMU/EMC communities EMP Implementation Stage Implementation of the proposed EMP mitigation measures PMU/EMC Consultations with communities during EMP implementation PMU/EMC Internal monitoring PMU/EMC External monitoring (if needed and requested by ADB) External Agency (to be determined) ADB-Asian Development Bank, EA-Executing Agency, EMC-Environment Management Cell, R&R/Social Cell (R&RC- R&R and Social Cell Unit, EMP – Environmental Management Plan, HPPCL- Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Limited.
G. DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND GRIEVANCES
25. EIAs/SEIAs and IEEs/SIEEs prepared for additional sub projects will be translated into local language(s) and made available to the public. Comments and feedback on the disclosed EIAs and IEEs will be collected by PMU and properly and timely addressed by the EA. A Grievance Redressal Committee (GRC) will be set up in each of the subproject location to address all concerns and grievances of the local communities and affected parties. The GRC will comprise of representatives from local authorities, affected parties, and well-reputed persons from health, education sectors, as it will be mutually agreed with the local authorities and affected communities. This committee will address the Project related grievances of the affected parties and will provide them a public forum to raise their concern or objections. A senior official from region/corporate office will represent the EA. The GRC will be set up locally to ensure easy access to communities and affected parties. The EA will be responsible dissemination of information about the functional norms of the GRC. The committee will meet at least twice in a year or as and when required.
H. Monitoring and Evaluation
26. The EMP will have internal monitoring. The EMC at the local level will be responsible for internal monitoring of the EMP implementation, and will forward quarterly progress reports
156 Appendix 9 to the EA with details of activities and progress made during EMP implementation. The EA will submit semi-annual monitoring reports to ADB. If required and upon ADB concurrence, an independent monitoring agency will be hired by the EA (potentially an NGO). The independent monitoring agency will conduct external monitoring of the all projects funded by the MFF. The external monitoring agency will be reporting on a semi-annual basis directly to ADB to verify whether sound environmental management practices are applied, and the set environments targets are achieved. In case the implementation of EMP measures is not satisfactory, the external monitoring agency will recommend actions to enhance environmental compliance.
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Attachment 1
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS APPLICABLE TO INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
1. The Environmental regulations, legislation, policy guidelines and control that may impact this project, are the responsibility of a variety of government agencies. The principal Environment Regulatory Agency in India is the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). MoEF formulates environmental policies and accords environmental clearances for different projects.
2. The Important environmental legislations in India are given below in Table:
(i) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, amended 1988 (ii) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975 (iii) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, amended 1987 (iv) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982 (v) The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, amended 1991 and including the following Rules/Notification issued under this Act.
• The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, including amendments • The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 • The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 • The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 • Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, • Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002 • Eco Sensitive Zone Notification: Restricting location of industries, mining & other activities in Doon Valley (UP) • Ministry of Environment and Forest, Guidelines for EIA for River Valley Projects. • The Environmental Clearance Notification, 1994 • Environmental Impact Assessment Notification-2006 • Environmental Standards of CPCB
(vi) Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 (vii) National policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for Project Affected Families 2003, MORD (2004) (viii) The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, amended 1993 (ix) The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995 (x) The Indian Forest Act, 1927 (xi) Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, amended 1988 (National Forest Policy, 1988)
• Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 amended 1992 & 2003 • Guidelines for diversion of forest lands for non-forest purpose under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
(xii) The National Environmental Appellate Authority Act, 1997
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Key Environmental Legislations Name Scope and Objective Key Areas Operational Agencies/Key Players Water (Prevention To provide for the Controls sewage and Central and State Pollution and Control of prevention and control of industrial effluent Control Board Pollution Act, 1974) water pollution and discharges enhancing the quality of water Air (Prevention and To provide for the Controls emissions of Central and State Pollution Control of Pollution prevention and control of air pollutants Control Boards Act - 1981) air pollution Forest Act, 1927 To consolidate acquisition Regulates access to State government, forest of common property such natural resources, state settlement officers as forests has a monopoly right over land, categories forests Forest Conservation To halt India’s rapid Restriction on de- Central Government Act, 1980 deforestation and resulting reservation and using Environmental degradation forest for non-forest purpose Wildlife Protection To protect wildlife Creates protected areas Wildlife Advisory Boards; Act, 1980 (national parks, Central Zoo Authorities sanctuaries) categories of wildlife which are protected Environment To provide for the An umbrella legislation; Central government nodal Protection Act, 1986 protection and supplement laws agency MoEF; can deplete improvement of powers to state department Environmental Environment of Environment Impact Assessment Notifications 1994 National Policy on Hydro Power Development
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Attachment 2
RELEVANT SECTIONS OF APPENDIX 1 OF THE EIA NOTIFICATION
1. The required construction of new projects or activities or the expansion or modernization of existing projects or activities listed in the Schedule to this notification entailing capacity addition with change in process and or technology shall be undertaken in any part of India only after the prior environmental clearance from the Central Government or as the case may be, by the State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority, duly constituted by the Central Government under subsection (3) of section 3 of the said Act, in accordance with the procedure specified hereinafter in this notification.
2. Requirements of prior Environmental Clearance (EC):- The following projects or activities shall require prior environmental clearance from the concerned regulatory authority, which shall hereinafter referred to be as the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests for matters falling under Category ‘A’in the Schedule and at State level the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) for matters falling under Category ‘B’ in the said Schedule, before any construction work, or preparation of land by the project management except for securing the land, is started on the project or activity:
(i) All new projects or activities listed in the Schedule to this notification; (ii) Expansion and modernization of existing projects or activities listed in the Schedule to this notification with addition of capacity beyond the limits specified for the concerned sector, that is, projects or activities which cross the threshold limits given in the Schedule, after expansion or modernization; (iii) Any change in product - mix in an existing manufacturing unit included in Schedule beyond the specified range.
3. State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority. (1) A State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority hereinafter referred to as the SEIAA shall be constituted by the Central Government under sub-section (3) of section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 comprising of three Members including a Chairman and a Member Secretary to be nominated by the State Government or the Union territory Administration concerned.
4. Categorization of Projects and Activities:
(i) All projects and activities are broadly categorized in to two categories - Category A and Category B, based on the spatial extent of potential impacts and potential impacts on human health and natural and man made resources. (ii) All projects or activities included as Category ‘A’ in the Schedule, including expansion and modernization of existing projects or activities and change in product mix, shall require prior environmental clearance from the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) on the recommendations of an Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) to be constituted by the Central Government for the purposes of this notification; (iii) All projects or activities included as Category ‘B' in the Schedule, including expansion and modernization of existing projects or activities as specified
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in sub paragraph (ii) of paragraph 2, or change in product mix as specified in sub paragraph (iii) of paragraph 2, but excluding those which fulfill the General Conditions (GC) stipulated in the Schedule, will require prior environmental clearance from the State/Union territory Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIA). The SEIA shall base its decision on the recommendations of a State or Union territory level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) as to be constituted for in this notification. In the absence of a duly constituted SEIAA or SEAC, a Category ‘B’ project shall be treated as a Category ‘A’ project.
5. Screening, Scoping and Appraisal Committees. The same Expert Appraisal Committees (EACs) at the Central Government and SEACs (hereinafter referred to as the (EAC) and (SEAC) at the State or the Union territory level shall screen, scope and appraise projects or activities in Category ‘A’ and Category ‘B’ respectively.
6. Application for Prior Environmental Clearance (EC). An application seeking prior environmental clearance in all cases shall be made in the prescribed Form 1 annexed herewith and Supplementary Form 1A, if applicable, as given in Appendix II, after the identification of prospective site(s) for the project and/or activities to which the application relates, before commencing any construction activity, or preparation of land, at the site by the applicant. The applicant shall furnish, along with the application, a copy of the pre-feasibility project report except that, in case of construction projects or activities (item 8 of the Schedule) in addition to Form 1 and the Supplementary Form 1A, a copy of the conceptual plan shall be provided, instead of the pre-feasibility report.
7. Stages in the Prior Environmental Clearance (EC) Process for New Projects. 7(i) The environmental clearance process for new projects will comprise of a maximum of four stages, all of which may not apply to particular cases as set forth below in this notification. These four stages in sequential order are:-Stage (1) Screening (Only for Category ‘B’ projects and activities) Stage (2) Scoping Stage (3) Public Consultation Stage (4) Appraisal
8. Stage (1) – Screening. In case of Category ‘B’ projects or activities, this stage will entail the scrutiny of an application seeking prior environmental clearance made in Form 1 by the concerned State level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) for determining whether or not the project or activity requires further environmental studies for preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for its appraisal prior to the grant of environmental clearance depending up on the nature and location specificity of the project . The projects requiring an Environmental Impact Assessment report shall be termed Category ‘B1’ and remaining projects shall be termed Category ‘B2’ and will not require an Environment Impact Assessment report. For categorization of projects into B1 or B2 except item 8 (b), the Ministry of Environment and Forests shall issue appropriate guidelines from time to time.
9. Stage (2) – Scoping
i. Scoping refers to the process by which the Expert Appraisal Committee in the case of Category ‘A’ projects or activities, and State level Expert Appraisal Committee in the case of Category ‘B1’ projects or activities, including applications for expansion and/or modernization and/or change in product mix of existing projects or activities, determine detailed and comprehensive Terms Of
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Reference (TOR) addressing all relevant environmental concerns for the preparation of an Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Report in respect of the project or activity for which prior environmental clearance is sought.
ii. The Terms of Reference (TOR) shall be conveyed to the applicant by the Expert Appraisal Committee or State Level Expert Appraisal Committee as concerned within sixty days of the receipt of Form 1
10. Stage (3) - Public Consultation
i. Public Consultation refers to the process by which the concerns of local affected persons and others who have plausible stake in the environmental impacts of the project or activity are ascertained with a view to taking into account all the material concerns in the project or activity design as appropriate. All Category ‘A’ and Category B1 projects or activities shall undertake Public Consultation, except the following:
a. modernization of irrigation projects (item 1(c) (ii) of the Schedule). b. all projects or activities located within industrial estates or parks (item 7(c) of the Schedule) approved by the concerned authorities, and which are not disallowed in such approvals. c. expansion of Roads and Highways (item 7 (f) of the Schedule) which do not involve any further acquisition of land. d. all Building /Construction projects/Area Development projects and Townships (item 8); e. all Category ‘B2’ projects and activities; f. all projects or activities concerning national defence and security or involving other strategic considerations as determined by the Central Government.
11. Post Environmental Clearance Monitoring. It shall be mandatory for the project management to submit half-yearly compliance reports in respect of the stipulated prior environmental clearance terms and conditions in hard and soft copies to the regulatory authority concerned, on 1st June and 1st December of each calendar year.
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List of Infrastructure/Construction Projects/Activities Requiring Prior Environmental Clearance
Conditions if any Category with threshold limit Project or Activity A B
7 Physical Infrastructure including Environmental Services 7(a) Air ports All projects - - 7(b) All ship breaking All projects - - yards including ship breaking units 7(c) Industrial estates/ If at least one industry Industrial estates Special condition parks/ complexes/ in the proposed housing at least one shall apply Note: areas, export industrial estate falls Category B industry Industrial Estate of processing Zones under the Category A, and area <500 ha. area below 500 ha. (EPZs), Special entire industrial area Industrial estates of and not housing any Economic Zones shall be treated as area> 500 ha. and not industry of category A (SEZs), Biotech Category A, irrespective housing any industry or B does not require Parks, Leather of the area. Industrial belonging to Category clearance. Complexes. estates with area A or B. greater than 500 ha. and housing at least one Category B industry. 7(d) Common All integrated facilities All facilities having General Condition hazardous waste having incineration land fill only shall apply treatment, storage &landfill or incineration and disposal alone facilities (TSDFs) 7(e) Ports, Harbours ≥ 5 million TPA of cargo < 5 million TPA of General Condition handling capacity cargo handling shall apply (excluding fishing capacity and/or harbours) ports/ harbours ≥10,000 TPA of fish handling capacity 7(f) Highways i) New National High i) New State High General Condition ways; and ii) Expansion ways; and ii) shall apply of National High ways Expansion of National greater than 30 KM, / State Highways involving additional right greater than 30 km of way greater than involving additional 20m involving land right of way greater acquisition and passing than 20m involving through more than one land acquisition. State. 7(g) Aerial ropeways All projects General Condition shall apply 7(h) Common Effluent All projects General Condition Treatment Plants shall apply (CETPs) 7(i) Common All projects General Condition Municipal Solid shall apply Waste Management Facility (CMSWMF)
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8 Building /Construction projects/Area Development projects and Townships
8(a) Building and ≥20000 sq.mtrs and #(built up area for Construction <1,50,000 sq.mtrs. of covered construction; projects built-up area# in the case of facilities open to the sky, it will be the activity area ) 8(b) Townships and Covering an area ≥ 50 ++All projects under Area Development ha and or built up area Item 8(b) shall be projects. ≥1,50,000 sq .mtrs ++ appraised as Category B1
Note: General Condition (GC): Any project or activity specified in Category ‘B’ will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries.
164 Appendix 9
FORM 1 I. Basic Information
Name of the Project: Location / site alternatives under consideration: Size of the Project: * Expected cost of the project: Contact Information: Screening Category:
1. Capacity corresponding to sectoral activity (such as production capacity for manufacturing, mining lease area and production capacity for mineral production, area for mineral exploration, length for linear transport infrastructure, generation capacity for power generation etc.,)
II. Activity
2. Construction, operation or decommissioning of the Project involving actions, which will cause physical changes in the locality (topography, land use, changes in water bodies, etc.)
3. Use of Natural resources for construction or operation of the Project (such as land, water, materials or energy, especially any resources which are non-renewable or in short supply):
Details thereof (with approximate quantities /rates, wherever possible) S. No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No with source of information data
1.1 Permanent or temporary change in land use, land cover or topography including increase in intensity of land use (with respect to local land use plan) 1.2 Clearance of existing land, vegetation and buildings? 1.3 Creation of new land uses? 1.4 Pre-construction investigations e.g. bore houses, soil testing? 1.5 Construction works? 1.6 Demolition works? 1.7 Temporary sites used for construction works or housing of construction workers? 1.8 Above ground buildings, structures or earthworks including linear structures, cut and fill or excavations 1.9 Underground works including mining or tunneling? 1.10 Reclamation works? 1.11 Dredging? 1.12 Offshore structures? 1.13 Production and manufacturing processes? 1.14 Facilities for storage of goods or materials? 1.15 Facilities for treatment or disposal of solid waste or liquid effluents? 1.16 Facilities for long term housing of operational workers? 1.17 New road, rail or sea traffic during construction or operation?
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1.18 New road, rail, air waterborne or other transport infrastructure including new or altered routes and stations, ports, airports etc? 1.19 Closure or diversion of existing transport routes or infrastructure leading to changes in traffic movements?
S. No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate quantities /rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 1.20 New or diverted transmission lines or pipelines? 1.21 Impoundment, damming, culverting, realignment or other changes to the hydrology of watercourses or aquifers? 1.22 Stream crossings? 1.23 Abstraction or transfers of water form ground or surface waters? 1.24 Changes in water bodies or the land surface affecting drainage or run-off? 1.25 Transport of personnel or materials for construction, operation or decommissioning? 1.26 Long-term dismantling or decommissioning or restoration works? 1.27 Ongoing activity during decommissioning which could have an impact on the environment? 1.28 Influx of people to an area in either temporarily or permanently? 1.29 Introduction of alien species? 1.30 Loss of native species or genetic diversity? 1.31 Any other actions?
4. Use of Natural resources for construction or operation of the Project (such as land, water, materials or energy, especially any resources which are non-renewable or in short supply):
S. No. Information/checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate quantities /rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 2.1 Land especially undeveloped or agricultural land (ha) 2.2 Water (expected source & competing users) unit: KLD 2.3 Minerals (MT) 2.4 Construction material – stone, aggregates, sand / soil (expected source – MT) 2.5 Forests and timber (source – MT) 2.6 Energy including electricity and fuels (source, competing users) Unit: fuel (MT), energy (MW) 2.7 Any other natural resources (use appropriate standard units)
5. Use, storage, transport, handling or production of substances or materials, which could be harmful to human health or the environment or raise concerns about actual or
166 Appendix 9 perceived risks to human health.
S. No. Information/checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate quantities /rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 3.1 Use of substances or materials, which are hazardous (as per MSIHC rules) to human health or the environment (flora, fauna, and water supplies) 3.2 Changes in occurrence of disease or affect disease vectors (e.g. insect or water borne diseases) 3.3 Affect the welfare of people e.g. by changing living conditions? 3.4 Vulnerable groups of people who could be affected by the project e.g. hospital patients, children, the elderly etc., 3.5 Any other causes
6. Production of solid wastes during construction or operation or decommissioning (MT/month).
S. No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 4.1 Spoil, overburden or mine wastes 4.2 Municipal waste (domestic and or commercial wastes) 4.3 Hazardous wastes (as per Hazardous Waste Management Rules) 4.4 Other industrial process wastes 4.5 Surplus product 4.6 Sewage sludge or other sludge from effluent treatment 4.7 Construction or demolition wastes 4.8 Redundant machinery or equipment 4.9 Contaminated soils or other materials 4.10 Agricultural wastes 4.11 Other solid wastes
7. Release of pollutants or any hazardous, toxic or noxious substances to air (Kg/hr).
S. No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 5.1 Emissions from combustion of fossil fuels from stationary or mobile sources 5.2 Emissions from production processes 5.3 Emissions from materials handling including storage or transport
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5.4 Emissions from construction activities including plant and equipment 5.5 Dust or odours from handling of materials including construction materials, sewage and waste 5.6 Emissions from incineration of waste 5.7 Emissions from burning of waste in open air (e.g. slash materials, construction debris) 5.8 Emissions from any other sources
8. Generation of Noise and Vibration, and Emissions of Light and Heat:
S. No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 6.1 From operation of equipment e.g. engines, ventilation plant, crushers 6.2 From industrial or similar processes 6.3 From construction or demolition 6.4 From blasting or piling 6.5 From construction or operational traffic 6.6 From lighting or cooling systems 6.7 From any other sources
9. Risks of contamination of land or water from releases of pollutants into the ground or into sewers, surface waters, groundwater, coastal waters or the sea:
S. No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 7.1 From handling, storage, use or spillage of hazardous materials 7.2 From discharge of sewage or other effluents to water or the land (expected mode and place of discharge) 7.3 By deposition of pollutants emitted to air into the land or into water 7.4 From any other sources 7.5 Is there a risk of long term build up of pollutants in the environment from these sources?
10. Risk of accidents during construction or operation of the Project, which could affect human health or the environment.
S. No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 8.1 From explosions, spillages, fires etc from storage, handling, use or production of hazardous substances 8.2 From any other causes
168 Appendix 9
8.3 Could the project be affected by natural disasters causing environmental damage (e.g. floods, earthquakes, landslides, cloudburst etc)?
11. Factors which should be considered (such as consequential development) which could lead to environmental effects or the potential for cumulative impacts with other existing or planned activities in the locality.
S. No. Information/Checklist confirmation Yes/No Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data 9.1 Lead to development of supporting. facilities, ancillary development or developments stimulated by the project which could have impact on the environment e.g.: • Supporting infrastructure (roads, power supply, waste or waste water treatment, etc.) • housing development • extractive industries • supply industries • other 9.2 Lead to after-use of the site, which could haven impact on the environment 9.3 Set a precedent for later developments 9.4 Have cumulative effects due to proximity to other existing or planned projects with similar effects
III. Environmental Sensitivity
Aerial distance (within 15 Name/ S. No. Areas km.) Proposed project Identity location boundary
1 Areas protected under international conventions, national or local legislation for their ecological, landscape, cultural or other related value 2 Areas which are important or sensitive for ecological reasons - Wetlands, watercourses or other water bodies, coastal zone, biospheres, mountains, forests 3 Areas used by protected, important or sensitive species of flora or fauna for breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, over wintering, migration 4 Inland, coastal, marine or underground waters 5 State, National boundaries 6 Routes or facilities used by the public for access to recreation or other tourist, pilgrim areas 7 Defence installations 8 Densely populated or built-up area 9 Areas occupied by sensitive man-made land uses (hospitals, schools, places of worship, community facilities) 10 Areas containing important, high quality or scarce resources (ground water resources, surface resources, forestry, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, minerals)
Appendix 9 169
11 Areas already subjected to pollution or environmental damage. (those where existing legal environmental standards are exceeded) 12 Areas susceptible to natural hazard which could cause the project to present environmental problems (earthquakes, subsidence, landslides, erosion, flooding or extreme or adverse climatic conditions)
170 Appendix 9
Attachment 3
HIMACHAL PRADESH NEW HYDRO-POWER POLICY (29 JANUARY, 2006)
1. “Power is a vital infrastructure for socio-economic development and efforts to accelerate the generation of Hydro-Power for the economic growth of the State are essential for its development. The State Government is committed to take up the task and doing its best to develop the hydro-power potential of the State. Power generation potential of the State has been assessed at 21,000 MW which is about 25 percent of the total hydel potential of the Country, out of which over 6311 MW stands harnessed so far.
3. A vibrant Electricity Industry of the State will be able to provide adequate, reliable and quality power at competitive rates to match with the new globalized economy. For speedy harnessing the immense hydel potentials, the State Government has decided to evolve its own “Hydro-Power Policy” especially in view of the conducive environment provided for the investments in generation, transmission & distribution. The comprehensive hydro-power policy would also ensure a systemic and scientific development of hydro-power potential of the State.
4. Small Hydro-Electric Power upto 2 MW would be reserved for Himachalis and the State Government would give first preference to the developers of Hydro Electric Powers above 2 MW and upto 5 MW and above 5 MW upto 25 MW to Himachalis and cooperatives and of such Himachalis. There are good numbers of projects which are yet to be identified and the Himachal Power Corporation/HPSEB shall identify such Projects. The Government reserves the right either to allot these Projects upto 25 MW to HPPCL & HPSEB or offer it to the Independent Power Producers and above 25 MW to HPPCL & Independent Power Producers. In case of bonafide Himachalis to whom Projects upto 5 MW capacity is allotted, the Government would consider the request of promoters to sell equity shares to the bonafide Himachalis who have been living in Himachal Pradesh from generation to generation.
5. This Hydro-Power Policy is innovative and will have far reaching effect on the overall development of the country. In the next decade about Rs. 80,000 crore would be invested in Himachal Pradesh which will certainly have effect on the overall development of the State.
6. The Hydro-Power Policy would reflect the felt needs of the people of Himachal Pradesh for their welfare. Fifteen percent of the Project cost is to be utilized by the District-Level Development Authority. The Local Area Development Committee will be entrusted with, but not limited to the activities in the Project included Areas, which are those areas/ villages surrounding/falling in the catchment/ watershed areas extending from the reservoir to the tail race of the project. It would oversee the restoration of facilities adversely affected due to implementation of the Project, implementation of Rehabilitation and Relief Plan, Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan and Compensatory Afforestation and it would also oversee the activities related to development of Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Rural Development, I&PH, Health, Forest, Education, PWD, Power and other social, Religious and Cultural etc.
7. The activities of the Local Area Development Committee during execution would be financed by the Project itself and for this purpose; the developer would make a provision of 1.5 percent of final cost of the Project. It has been made mandatory to
Appendix 9 171 release minimum flow of 15 percent water immediately down-stream of the diversion structures to address issues concerning riparian rights, drinking water, health, aquatic life, wild life, fisheries, silt and even to honour the sensitive religious issues like cremation and other religious rites etc. on the river banks. The Government would create an Authority of Hydro-Project Safety, Quality Control & Management of Water Flows and Discharge in due course.
8. As compared to other hilly States, all the river basins in the State are fully developed. As a small compensation, State Government shall be charging an upfront premium of Rs. 10 lac per MW for projects above 100 MW. In addition, the State shall realize royalty ranging from 12 percent to 30 percent and after 40 years, the projects shall revert back to the State.”