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Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping Around Nathpa Damsite Area, Kinnaur District, Himachal Pradesh

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Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping Around Nathpa Damsite Area, Kinnaur District, Himachal Pradesh Jr. Engg. Geol. (ISEG), Vol. XXXII 53 LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION MAPPING AROUND NATHPA DAMSITE AREA, KINNAUR DISTRICT, HIMACHAL PRADESH Praveer Pankaj* & S. K. Singh* Abstract Landslides in Himalayas are common calamities occurring under varied natural and natural phenomenon often triggered conditions prevailing there. This by human activities. The studies of phenomenon is more pronounced in areas landslides get more focused in the areas of high relief in the Himalayas, which where civil engineering projects are to be constitutes a very fragile and delicate taken up or being taken up. Nathpa area is ecosystem. The magnitude of damage very prone to landslides in relation of other caused every year by these sudden and areas in Himalayas due to its rigorous undesired earth movements in the topographic, structural and tectonic Himalayan terrain is enormously high. This framework. Since Nathpa-Jhakri has resulted in adversely affecting the hydroproject is one of the pioneer projects socio-economic conditions and in India, hence the work on landslide environment of the region (Bartarya and hazard zonation. The study indicates that Valdiya, 1989; Haigh etal., 1989; inLakhera half of the area lies under low landslide and Champatiray, 1996). hazard zone; however, nearly 20% of the area is covered by high to very high hazard The study area is located in the risks. The remaining 30% of the area falls Western part of Kinnaur district of Himachal under moderate hazard zone. The area Pradesh, lying between latitude 31°30' to occupied by moderate to high hazard zones 31°36'N and longitude 77°56' to 78°E. It is should be further investigated on a a part of Lesser Himalayan formation, falls microscale and preventive and/or remedial in the Survey of India toposheet No.-53 El measures be suggested to ensure safety 14 (fig. no. 1) and is accessible by of the project and the region. Hindustan Tibet road (NH-22). The area has very rugged topography with mountains Introduction and the altitude varies from 1350m along riverbed to 5000mts at peaks. Large and Natural phenomena like small glaciers often cover the higher peaks. earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, The area is characterized by numerous floods, cyclones, droughts and volcanic cascades and deep gorges. Structural, eruptions have been inducing widespread lithologic and climatic controls have played devastation at one time or the other in important role in shaping the current different parts of the world and throughout topography of the area. The area is drained the earths history (Acharya and Narula, by river Satluj and its tributaries. The 2000). In high mountainous terrains, drainage system is of antecedent type and landslides and other slope failure the pattern is dendritic. The climate is of processes are the most common natural subtropical type, the temperature varies 'Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi. 54 Praveer Pankaj & S. K. Singh from 35°C (in summer) to -10°C (in winter) Government of India and Government of and average rainfall is around 200mm/ Himachal Pradesh with an authorized capital annum The common trees are oaks, pines, of Rs. 1000 crore. The present authorized apricots, apples, walnuts, almonds, grapes capital of the company is Rs. 4500 crore. etc. The study area comes under the 1500 MW Nathpa Jhakri Hydro-electric seismic zone IV in the seismo-tectonic map Project is the flagship project of the of India. company (booklet, Powering The Nation, Satluj Jal Vidut Nigam Limited). This project The area has been investigated is a run-off the river type development particularly because of presence of a scheme. It is proposed to harness number of hydroelectric projects. The Satluj hydroelectric potential of the upper reaches Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited (formerly Nathpa of the river Satluj. The project is one of the Jhakri Power Corporation Limited) is biggest underground ventures in the world located in Kinnaur and Shimla districts of (source:-http://drsksingh. tripod, com/ Himachal Pradesh. It was incorporated on Drsksingh). May 24, 1988 as a joint venture of the fig i lo ca S o n nr*cp of Sfucsy cx ea Fig 2: Regional Geological Map of the area ( MociJior.1 tySHa ScjK V.irji or-r.1 jjortcsyo. '-'J Methodology features, hydrologic regimes delineation, The whole process of research and landuse and landcover mapping. A involved detailed analyses of toposheet, number of softwares such as MS-WORD, petrography of samples, strength MS-EXCEL, ARC VIEW 3.1, COREL DRAW- determination of samples, structural 11, and Abode Photoshop were used for mapping, computer based work and the preparation of different maps and data photography. It involved sample collection, interpretation. For strength determination, mapping of different linear and planar collected samples were cored on the Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping Around Nathpa Damsite Area 55 platform of coring machine. By the use of Geographic Information System. Mitra and lapping machine the end faces of above Ghosh (2000) worked for landslide hazard prepared samples were made parallel which zonation maps on 1:25,000 in the East was normal to the axis of loading. These Sikkim districts (along the NH-31 A) and the samples were tested on compression Darjeeling district (Ramman Hydroelectric testing machine and uniaxial compressive project stage II area and Kalimpong strengths were determined. Municipal area). A K Pachauri (2001) did landslide hazard zonation of Chamoli region Review of Previous work using GIS software like ARCVIEW, MICROSTATION and ILWIS. S K Gupta (1988) attempted landslide zonation in a part of Satluj valley, Central crystalline zone in the Himachal Pradesh on the basis of slope southern part of higher reaches of Himachal angles along with distribution, lithology and Himalaya forms the area, which has been relative strength of bedrock and investigated in detail. These are Wangtu overburden materials, rainfall of the area Gneissic Complex, Karcham group and and incidences of active and dormant Haimanta group. Wangtu Gneissic Complex landslides. Gupta and Joshi 1990, (in Vijay is present as basement rock. The first Kr., 1995) did hazard zonation mapping in account of geology of this area was given Ramganga catchment area. Michael D Gee by Stoliczka (1866). A detailed report of (1991) gave a classification of landslide mineral resources was described by Mallet hazard zonation methods. P Jagannath Rao (1866) while Shimla-Wangtu section was and D. Mukherjee (1992) prepared a studied by McMohan (1866) who recorded hazard zonation map covering the hill the petrological characters of some slopes adjoining Kathgodam-Nanital amphibolites and quartz diorites. Different highway. Mehrotra, Sarkar and Dharmraju parts of the area were studied by Hayden (1991) prepared landslide hazard zonation (1904) and Berthelson (1951) who map in Rishikesh-Tehri area, Garhwal discussed the geology and tectonics of the Himalayas. Choubey, Chaudhari and Litoria area. The rocks occuring between Nirath (1991) attempted landslide hazard zonation and Shipki-La was divided into the Chail in Uttarkashi and Tehri districts of then Uttar Series, Rampur series and Jangi Formation Pradesh Himalayas. Anbalagan, Sharma (Haimanta) by Kathiara and Venugopal and Tyagi (1993) prepared a landslide (1965, vide Tewari et. a!., 1978). The term hazard zonation map of a part of Doon “Jutogh Formation” was given by Sharma valley, Garhwal Himalayas. V K Sharma and (1976) for ail the metamorphic rocks G C Kandpal (1995) did landslide hazard exposed between 5km NE of Rampur to mapping in parts of Uttarkashi and Tehri about 3km NE of Karcham, along the Satluj districts of Garhwal Himalayas. R. valley. He, thereafter, recognised “Vaikrita Anbalagan and Bhawani Singh (1996) Thrust” to designate the overlying rock attempted landslide hazard and risk assess formations as Vaikrita Group. Tewari et. al. mapping of mountainous terrains in parts (1978) studied the areas around Baspa of Kumayun Himalayas. Piyoosh Rautela, and Satluj valleys. They gave a brief Sudip K Paul and V C Thakur (1999) did description of lithounits but made no landslide hazard zonation in Kumayun- comments on stratigraphy. The regional Garhwal Himalaya in Kali, Kaliganga and geology of the area lying between Kulu, Madhyamaheshwar river valleys using Rampur and Karcham was given by 56 Praveer Pankaj & S. K. Singh Bhargava (1982). Earlier it was thought (including minor pegmatite) major rock that a thrust is present at the top of Rampur types in the area. Fig. 2 shows the quartzite but Kakar (1988) negated the lithological units of the area. presence of such thrusts. This conclusion Table 4.1: Percentage distribution of differ­ displaced the thinking that Rampur window ent lithologies in the study area. contains a tectonic inlier known as Wangtu Gneissic Complex. Lithology % of the area Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Gneiss ( minor 89.56 Varnes (1984) has defined Landslide Pegmatite also ) Hazard Zonation (LHZ) as “the division of Schist 3.08 land surfaces into homogenous areas or Amphibolite 7.35 domains and their ranking according to the degrees of actual/potential hazard caused by mass movements” (in Champatiray, Structure 1996). The Landslide Hazard Zonation Map Both primary and secondary (LHZ) of Western Kinnaur district has been structures are present in the area. Primary prepared on the basis of Landslide Hazard structures include bedding whose strike Evaluation Factor Rating Scheme (LHEF) varies from N60° W-S600 E to N80° E-S800 W given by Anbalagan (1992). The mapping with southerly dips of 25° to 35° except near has been carried out for several factors on Karcham where the strike is roughly N-S 1:1,000, scale which are responsible for with 45° easterly dip. Secondary structures slope stability. A number of maps such as include foliation, joints, folds and faults. The lithological, slope morphometry, relative trend of foliation varies from N70° W-S700 E relief, landuse and landcover and to N70° E-S700 W having average dips of the hydrogeological maps have been pre­ order of 35° in the northerly direction.
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