Initial Environmental Examination

Document Stage: Draft for Consultation Project Number: 43464 JUNE 2011

India: Himachal Pradesh Clean Energy Transmission Investment Programme Tranche 1

Prepared by HP Power Transmission Corporation Limited (HPPTCL)

The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. i

Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS I WEIGHTS AND MEASURES I 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Scope of Work and Methodology Adopted 2 1.3 Applicable Environmental Policies and other Legislations 2 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 3 2.1 Type of Project 3 2.2 Category of Project 3 2.3 Need for the Project 5 2.4 Location 5 2.5 Size and Magnitude of the Operation 6 2.6 Implementation Plan 8 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 15 3.1 Physical Resource 15 3.2 Earthquake Zone: 20 3.3 Ecological Resources 21 3.4 Economic Development 22 3.5 Social and Cultural Development 28 4.0 SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES 28 4.1 Route Selection 28 4.2 Environment Impacts and Mitigation Measures 35 4.3 Environmental Management Plan 44 5.0 INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME 48 5.0 Institutional Arrangements 48 5.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan 51 5.2 Environmental Management Plan Budget Costs 52 5.3 Critical Environmental Review Criteria 52 5.4 Associated Facilities 53 5.5 Health and Safety Management 54 6.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE 54 6.1 Information Disclosure 54 6.2 Public Consultation 55 6.3 Consultation Findings 55 7.0 GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM 56 8.0 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 57 9.0 CONCLUSIONS 60 ANNEX 1 APPLICABLE RULES, REGULATION, POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 61 ANNEX 2 INVENTORISATION DETAILS OF HATKOTI – GUMMA TRANSMISSION LINE 63 ANNEX 3 ENVIRONNENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) 67 ANNEX 4 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN 74 ANNEX 5 DETAILS OF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS 77 ANNEX 6: EARTHQUAKE HISTORY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH 85 ANNEX 7: HIGHLIGHTS OF CENSUS 2011 IN COMPARISON WITH 2001 DATA 87

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ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank ACSR – Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced CEA – Central Electricity Authority CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India DC or D/C – Double Circuit DPR – Detailed Project Report EA – Executing Agency EARF – Environmental Assessment and Review Framework EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMoP – Environmental Monitoring Plan EMP – Environmental Management Plan EHV – Extra High Voltage ESC – Environment and Social Cell GHG – Green House Gases GOHP – Government of Himachal Pradesh GoI – Government of India GRM – Grievance Redressal Mechanism HP – Himachal Pradesh HPCEDIP – Himachal Pradesh Clean Energy Development Investment Program HPCETIP – Himachal Pradesh Clean Energy Transmission Investment Program HPSPCB – HP State Pollution Control Board HPPCL – Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Limited HPPTCL – HP Power Transmission Corporation Limited HPSEB – Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board IA – Implementing Agency IEE – Initial Environmental Examination LILO – Line – in- Line- out MFF – Multi-tranche Financing Facility MOEF – Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India PCB – Poly Chlorinated Biphenyl PGCIL – Power Grid Corporation of India Limited PMU – Project Management Unit ROW – Right of Way RP – Resettlement Plan SF6 – Sulphur Hexafluoride

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

ha (hectare) – 10,000 sq m km (kilometer) – 1,000 m kV – kilovolt (1,000 volts) kW – kilowatt (1,000 watts) kWh – kilowatt-hour MW – Mega Watt

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

1. The hydropower generation potential of Himachal Pradesh is about 23,000 MW, which is about one-fourth of the total hydropower potential of India. In its Hydropower Policy (2007)1, the Government of Himachal Pradesh (GoHP) targets its comparative advantage in hydropower with the goal to become the "hydropower state" of the country. The state's hydropower development includes construction of enabling infrastructure such as road access and transmission interconnections to facilitate hydropower development, and to encourage investment from the state, central government and private sectors in hydropower generation projects—the majority of which are run-off-river type. This will improve state finances from sales revenue earned from supplying surplus power to the National Grid. In addition to developing its hydropower resources, HP has to build out its electric transmission infrastructure so that the additional power can be efficiently transmitted within the state and exported to the national grid.

2. For improvement, strengthening of existing and building of new infrastructure for effective power evacuation, the Government of Himachal Pradesh (GoHP) through the Government of India (GoI), has requested the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for a Multi-Tranche Financing Facility (MFF) to part finance the power sector investment program in the state. The investment program covers investments for transmission of clean energy to National Grid of India by construction of pooling substations and EHV transmission lines. To implement this activity, Himachal Pradesh Government has established HP Power Transmission Corporation Limited (HPPTCL) vide HP Government Notification No.: MPP-A (1)-4/2006-Loose dated 11th September, 2008 as the State Transmission Utility (STU).

3. The $350 million investments in the MFF to be supported by Asian Development Bank (ADB), will contribute to support the economic development in Himachal Pradesh through expanded power supplies from clean energy sources, and support a sustainable state electricity sector in the state. The Himachal Pradesh Clean Energy Transmission Investment Program (HPCETIP) will produce the following outcomes: (i) increase availability of clean energy downstream at pooling stations for effective power evacuation in a financially sustainable manner, (ii) improve state finances and power sector financial viability from sales revenue earned from power exports, (iii) improve sector governance, (iv) improve capacity in HP Power Transmission Corporation Limited (HPPTCL) for better planning, implementation and management of power evacuation infrastructure, and energy efficiency through a better power management program, and (v) Improvement in standards of environmental and social safeguards in the sector. With ADB support, the proposed program will sustain the energy sector reform agenda, and is expected to help attract other long-term financiers to the state.

4. The proposed Tranche 1 Project, located in Kinnaur and Shimla districts of Himachal Pradesh, consists of the following components: Table 1 gives the investment component costs for Tranche 1. The following sections present each of these components. Table 1: Tranche 1 Subproject Costs

S No Name of Work Cost in Million Dollars 1 220 kV D/C (Twin Moose conductor) line from Hatkoti to 220/400 kV Gumma 18.94 (Pragati Nagar) sub-station 2 220/400 kV, 1x315 MVA Gumma (Pragati Nagar) substation with LILO of two 41.72 circuits of 400 kV Jhakri- Abdullapur double circuit line 3 66/220/400 kV (66/220 kV, 2x80/100 MVA+220/400 kV, 2x315 MVA) substation at 72.56 Wangtoo with LILO of both circuits of 220 kV Kashang- Bhaba D/C Line and 220 kV interconnection between 220 kV and 400 kV buses. 4 66/220 kV, 31.5 MVA sub-station at Boktoo with LILO of one circuit of 220 kV 15.35 Kashang- Bhaba double circuit line. 5 Capacity Building and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Software 0.25 Total 148.82

1 Government of Himachal Pradesh, Hydro Power Policy (2007). Shimla.

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5. The Tranche 1 sub-projects are estimated to cost US$ 148.82 Million (including IDCs and contingencies). HPPTCL is both the Executive Agency (EA) and implementation Agency for the project, Project Management Unit (PMU), headed by Senior Project Manager (Planning), is established at corporate level located in Shimla who will be assisted by corresponding personnel from various functions – Administration and finance, Planning and design, Procurement and contracts, Environment Cell and Project Construction. Project Implementation Units (PIUs) at divisional level are headed by Executive Engineers at four geographic locations in the state.

1.2 Scope of Work and Methodology Adopted

6. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been prepared for tranche 1 subprojects funded under HPCETIP. This IEE requires identification of potential environmental issues associated with the Project and appropriate mitigation measures to be put in place to minimize the environmental Impact. The broad scope of the IEE is: i) To conduct field visits to collect data relevant to the study area and also collect secondary data so as to establish the baseline environmental status of the study area; ii) To assess the impacts on environmental attributes due to the location, design, construction and operation of the proposed Project; iii) To prepare an Environment Management Plan (EMP) outlining the measures for mitigating the impacts for protecting the environment including institutional arrangements; iv) To identify critical environmental parameters required to be monitored subsequent to the implementation of the proposed Project; v) To carry out consultation with local people to identify public perception regarding the project; and vi) To establish an Environment Monitoring Plan for HPPTCL to submit environmental monitoring reports to ADB at regular intervals.

7. This IEE report comprises baseline data on existing conditions on physical, ecological, economical and social aspects, together with the anticipated environmental impacts and proposed mitigation measures. Observations were made along the proposed transmission line tower locations, as well as in and around the proposed premises for new substations between February to mid-May 2011. Routes visited were based on the current alignments considered feasible by HPPTCL. The alignment of line may slightly vary after the exact demarcation of tower locations. Field surveys were also undertaken to assess physical and biological environment. Detailed assessment of the baseline environment has been conducted for the entire route of the proposed alignment and data collection from secondary sources has been done to support the findings of the field survey. The field studies were supported by data collected from secondary sources such as Internet, Forest Atlas and published GoI’s data from 2001 population census statistics data, as well as from authorities such as HPPCL, HP State Pollution Control Board (HPSPCB), Forest and other Departments.

8. Public consultations with the project affected communities, stakeholders, and government officers focussed on existing environmental conditions around the proposed transmission lines/ substations and the potential impacts that could happen due to project implementation. Since the HPCETIP does not involve activities that have significant adverse impacts, the present IEE has been prepared to determine the impact of power transmission aspects as per ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 and Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003)2. Accordingly, the environmental classification for the Tranche 1 projects is “Environment Category B”.

1.3 Applicable Environmental Policies and other Legislations

9. As per Government of India’s (GoI) Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification 2009, Power transmission projects are not listed as environmental sensitive projects and hence no clearance is required from Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (HPSPCB) or Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), GoI. Clearance from HP Forest Department is required only

2 ADB 2003: Operations Manual, Environment Policy, Environmental Guidelines for Selected Industrial and Power Projects, and Environmental Assessment Guidelines, Manila. 3

in cases where subproject is constructed on forest land or requires cutting of forest trees. Moreover, National Environmental Policy 2006 of Government of India (GoI) and Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 of ADB and procedures and guidelines as listed in Appendix 1 thereto apply to all components/subprojects funded by ADB.

10. The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, vide its Notification No. S.O. 1533 dated September 14, 2006 , reengineered the EIA process in India, also decentralized some powers, and made provision to constitute the State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) and the State Level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) for performing functions under the said Notification. For the HP State, the SEIAA and SEAC was constituted vide the MoEF, GOI, Notification No. S.O. 1735 (E) dated October 11, 2007; however, both SEAC and SEIAA of Himachal Pradesh were reconstituted/ re-notified on March 21, 2011 vide No. S.O. 608 (E). In addition, the Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board's (HPSPCB) guidelines for project proponents apply to all HP state projects.

11. HPPTCL has notified an “Environment and Social Safeguards Policy (ESSP) May 2011” and a “Resettlement, Relief, Rehabilitation and Compensation Policy May 2011”, which includes various safeguards principles and strategies as well as outlines methods for calculation of compensation taking into account the prevailing market prices.

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

2.1 Type of Project

12. The comprehensive Power System Master Plan3, completed in December 2010 with ADB assistance, considers transmission requirements in each of HP’s five major river basins where hydropower generation is either being built or planned, with an overarching objective of economic least cost development at appropriate levels of supply security and reliability. This includes overhead transmission line planning, substation equipment planning, and system integration into the National Electricity Plan.

13. Consequent to the recommendations of the Master plan, under HPCETIP, Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) pooling substation are proposed in place of conventional Air Insulated Switchgear (AIS) substations to reduce cost of development of land and civil works which forms a major part of capital cost in hilly terrain. Power evacuation system has been designed so that each developer is provided with two distinct points for power evacuation. This arrangement provides reliability and any fault at one point can ensure continuity of power.

14. The project also includes institutional strengthening initiatives for the state’s power sector entities. Specific to transmission, this includes capacity development objectives for further corporatization of HPPTCL and installation of enterprise resource planning software, given the considerable investment plans for additional hydropower and commensurate transmission system investments in HP and HPPTCL’s central role in new transmission system upgrades as an STU.

2.2 Category of Project

15. Figure 1 gives the location of each of the projects in the state of Himachal Pradesh. The following sections present each of these components.

2.2.1 220 kV double circuit transmission (twin moose conductor) line from Hatkoti to Gumma (Pragati Nagar)

16. This project is being constructed to evacuate power from 111 MW Sawra Kuddu HEP (will be commissioned by year 2014) of Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (HPPCL). Other HEPs which will be commissioned in future like 44 MW Tangnu Romai HEP (commissioned by year 2016) of Independent power producers (IPPs) initially followed by other HEPs such as 60 MW

3 Funded under a component of TA 7181-IND: Capacity Building for Himachal Pradesh Power Sector Agencies.

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Chirgaon Majhgaon (commissioned by year 2016), 24 MW Paudital Lassa (commissioned by year 2016), 70 MW Dhamwari Sunda (commissioned by year 2016) & 45 MW Rupin (commissioned by year 2017) and other small HEPs (will be commissioned in near future) being undertaken by various IPP’s and HP Government. As a number of new projects are upcoming in Pabbar River basin, HPPTCL is intending to construct an Integrated Transmission System in the area due to limited corridor availability and hilly terrain constraints. Total available potential in the area is about 524 MW. This 524 MW of power will be evacuated by constructing proposed 220 kV Hatkoti - Gumma (Pragati Nagar) line on twin moose conductor where it will terminate at the proposed 220/400 kV pooling substation Gumma (Pragati Nagar), which will link two circuits of 400 kV Jhakri- Abdullapur Line of PGCIL. This will take care of network reliability and redundancy in the system to evacuate power in case of outage of any transmission line because of unforeseen conditions. Figure 2 gives the location of the transmission line within the HP state.

2.2.2 400/220 kV GIS pooling sub-station Gumma (Pragati Nagar)

17. Figure 3 gives the location of the three EHV substations within the state. The substation is being constructed to pool power from 111 MW under construction Sawra Kuddu HEP (will be commissioned by year 2014) of Himachal Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (HPPCL). Other HEPs which will be commissioned in future include 44 MW Tangnu Romai HEP (commissioned by year 2016) of Independent power producers (IPPs) initially followed by other HEPs such as 60 MW Chirgaon Majhgaon (will be commissioned by year 2016), 24 MW Paudital Lassa (commissioned by year 2016), 70 MW Dhamwari Sunda (will be commissioned by year 2016) & 45 MW Rupin (commissioned by year 2017) and other small HEPs (will be commissioned in near future) being undertaken by various IPP’s and HP Government. As a number of new projects are coming up in Pabbar River basin, HPPTCL is intending to construct an Integrated Transmission System in the area due to limited corridor availability and hilly terrain constraints. Total available potential in the area is about 524 MW.

2.2.3 400/220/66 kV GIS Pooling station Wangtoo

18. This project is being constructed to evacuate power from 65 MW under construction Kashang-I (will be commissioned by year 2013), 100 MW Tidong-I (will be commissioned by year 2014), 130 MW Kashang-II & III (will be commissioned by year 2014), 20 MW Raura-II (will be commissioned by year 2014), 24 MW Selti Masrang (will be commissioned by year 2014) and other 11 small power houses (commissioning in near future) having a total installed capacity of 81.6 MW through various IPP’s. The substation will cater for 421 MW power from various HEPs of Satluj basin.

2.2.4 220/66 kV GIS Pooling Station Boktoo

19. This project is being constructed to evacuate power from 3 MW Shyang (commissioned by year 2010), 5 MW Tangling (commissioned by year 2011), 5 MW Pangi (commissioned by year 2013) SHEPs of various IPP’s. Projects having an installed capacity of 8 MW have already been commissioned.

2.2.5 Capacity Building and Training:

20. HPPTCL, established on 11th September, 2008, has been hiring seconded staff from the previously unbundled HP State Electricity Board (HPSEB). To have effective and oriented manpower, HPPTCL needs capacity building and skills augmentation through training on technical aspects, study trips and exposure, project management, contracts related conflict resolution, environmental and social assessment, review and monitoring and IT related Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). More training modules may be added in future depending on emerging staffing situation.

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2.3 Need for the Project

21. Due to the fast emerging energy demand in the country, there is a distinct necessity for strengthening and expanding the transmission networks. Himachal Pradesh is going to be the hub of clean energy generating facilities through hydroelectric potential. To evacuate overall power generated in Pabbar basin beyond Hatkoti and to save the limited available corridor a 220 kV twin moose conductor transmission line along with a 220/400 kV GIS pooling substation at Gumma (Pragati Nagar) which will be LILO with 400 kV Jhakri – Abdullapur line. This line and substation will evacuate 111 MW power from Sawra Kuddu HEP funded by ADB’s HP Clean Energy Development Investment Program (HPCEDIP) for HP Power Corporation Limited (HPPCL).

22. For catering overall generation capacity of Satluj basin, a 66/220/400 kV pooling substation is proposed to be constructed at Wangtoo and it will be connected to proposed 400 kV substation of Power Grid nearby which will cater about 421 MW power from various HEPs of Satluj basin. Similarly to cater an overall generation capacity of 13 MW from small power stations adjacent to Boktoo, which needs to be evacuated, a 66/220 kV pooling station is proposed to be constructed and it will be connected to 220 kV Kashang- Bhaba line. The 220 kV Kashang- Bhaba line is further proposed to be LILO at 400/220 Pooling Station at Wangtoo.

2.4 Location

23. The Tranche 1 projects are located in the Shimla and Kinnaur Districts of Himachal Pradesh. Himachal Pradesh extends from the Shivalik Hills in the south to the Great Himalayan ranges including a slice of trans-Himalayas in the north. The state falls between latitude 30°22’ and 30°12’ north and longitude 75°45’ and 79°04’ East. It is located between the Ravi river in the west and Yamuna river in the east. Its greatest length is 355 km from the north-western extremity of Chamba to the South-eastern tip of Kinnaur and the maximum width is 270 km from Kangra in Southwest to Kinnaur in the northeast. The altitude ranges from 450 to 6,500 meters above mean sea level, which increases from West to East and South to North.

Table 2: General Profile of Shimla and Kinnaur Districts S.N GENERAL INFORMATION Shimla Kinnaur 1. Geographical area (sq. km) 5,131 6,401 2. ii) Administrative Divisions (2001) i) Number of Tehsil & sub-tehsils 12 & 5 5 & 1 ii) Number of CD Blocks 9 3 iii) Number of Panchayats 337 65 iv) Number of Villages 2,914 660 3. Population (2001 Census) 722,502 78,334 i) Population Density (person/sq. km) 141 12 ii) Rural & Urban Population (%) 77 & 23 100 & 0 iii) SC & ST Population (in percent) 26 & 0.60 9 & 71 iv) Sex Ratio (F:M) 896: 1000 857 4. Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 1,180 816

220 kV double circuit transmission (twin moose conductor) line from Hatkoti to Gumma (Pragati Nagar)

24. Overview of the transmission line is provided in Table below. Full details of the location of the towers resulting from the surveys undertaken by HPPTCL are presented in Annex 2 and a summary in Table 3 below. Table 3: Transmission Line Details S No Detail Description 1 Line Length estimated 28 km 2 Total Tower locations 75 no. 3 Total nos. of Railway Crossing 00 no 4 Total nos. of road crossings 30 no. 5 Total nos. of HT line crossings 21 no 6 No. of forest trees to be cut 281 no 7 No of fruit trees to be cut 484 no 8 Distance from nearest Wildlife sanctuary/ National 5 km aerial distance from Talra Wildlife

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S No Detail Description Park Sanctuary

400/220 kV GIS pooling sub-station Gumma (Pragati Nagar)

25. The work involves construction of new 400/220 kV substation at Gumma (Pragati Nagar) in the Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh. The substation is proposed to be constructed on private land identified and acquired by HPPTCL. Table 4 given salient features of the site.

Table 4: Details of Gumma substation site S No Feature Description 1 Area of land 25,007 sq. m / 2.5007 Ha 2 Geographical coordinates N - 31º 07’42.8” E - 77º 29’ 57” 3 Village / town Ghunda (Bagori) 4 Ownership of land Private 5 Name of owner Sh. N D Chauhan, Landlord 6 Slope/Plain Land Partially plain & sloping 7 Kind of Land Irrigated 8 River (if any) Baghi Khad (tributary) on east side 9 Permanent feature nearby if any Irrigation and Public Health Department (GoHP) percolation well and Water Pump house toward Southern east side.

400/220/66 kV GIS Pooling station at Wangtoo

26. The work involves construction of a new 400/220/66 kV substation Wangtoo in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. The substation is proposed to be constructed on vacant and barren government land identified in two separate sites due to limitations of land availability. These sites belong to the HP Government and will be transferred to HPPTCL. Salient features of the site are given in Table 5. Table 5: Details of Wangtoo substation site S No Feature Description 1 Area of land 49,400 sq. m / 4.94 Ha 2 Geographical coordinates N - 31º 32’57” E - 78º 01’ 03” 3 Village / town Wangtoo, District Kinnaur 4 Ownership of land Government 5 Name of owner Katgaon Panchayat land (Government land) 6 Slope/Plain Land Steep sloping land 7 Kind of Land Grazing land 8 River (if any) Satluj River on southern side 9 Permanent feature nearby if any JP – 400 kV Pooling substation Wangtoo

220/66 kV GIS Pooling Station Boktoo

27. The work involves construction of a new 220/66 kV substation at Boktoo in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. The substation is proposed to be constructed on vacant and barren government land which is already acquired. Details are provided in Table 6.

Table 6: Details of Boktoo substation site SNo Feature Description 1 Area of land 15,200 sq m / 1.5 Ha 2 Geographical coordinates N - 31º 34’32” E - 78º 16’ 19” 3 Village / town Boktoo, District Kinnaur 4 Ownership of land Government 5 Name of owner HP. Government land 6 Slope/Plain Land Sloping land 7 Kind of Land Forest land 8 River (if any) Satluj river about 800 m

2.5 Size and Magnitude of the Operation

28. Turnkey construction of the following components fall within the scope of the IEE. The details of the Project component are presented below: 7

Subproject 1: 28 km of 220 kV double circuit Line (twin moose conductor) from Hatkoti- Gumma (Pragati Nagar)

29. The line will be constructed on self-supporting latticed type steel towers with Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) Moose conductor in bundle of two conductors per phase. Due to limited corridor and surge impedance loading consideration and quantum of power of 524 MW in N-14 contingency, Twin bundle conductor will be used. This line is being constructed to evacuate 524 MW power generated from various HEPs in Pabbar River basin. Figure 4 gives the topographic survey details for the transmission line showing tower locations on 1:50,000 topographic map.

Subproject 2: Construction of 400/220 kV GIS pooling sub-station Gumma (Pragati Nagar)

30. The substation will be envisaged with the following components : • 1 No. 315 MVA, 220/400 kV Transformer bank comprising of four numbers of 105 MVA single phase units. • Bus configuration for Sub-station will be double bus scheme both for 220 kV and 400 kV levels with the provision of Bus coupler and having Substation Automation and SCADA. • List of components of sub- station are listed below:

S No. Type of Bay No. 1 400 kV Bays i. Line Bays 2 ii. Bus Coupler 1 iii. Bus Sectionalizer 1 iv. Transformer Bays 2 2 220 kV Bays i. Line Bays 2 ii. Bus Coupler 1 iii. Bus Sectionalizer 1 iv. Transformer Bays 1

31. The new 400/220 kV Pooling substation will evacuate 524 MW power from the Pabbar River Basin developers to the National Grid through Abdullapur – Jhakri Transmission line passing nearby. The transmission of power from the Pabbar basin to the Grid will provide a tremendous boost to the economic development of Himachal Pradesh. Figure 5 provides location of proposed 400/220 kV Gumma (Pragati Nagar) Pooling Substation site.

Subproject 3: Construction of 400/220/66 kV GIS Pooling station at Wangtoo - District Kinnaur

32. The substation will be envisaged with the following components : • 2 No. 315 MVA, 220/400 kV Transformer bank comprising of seven numbers of 105 MVA single phase units. • 2 No. 80/100MVA, 66/220 kV Transformers • Bus configuration for Sub-station will be double bus scheme for 66 kV, 220 kV and 400 kV levels with the provision of Bus coupler and having Substation Automation and SCADA. • List of components of sub- station are listed below S No. Type of Bay No. 1 400 kV Bays i. Line Bays 2 ii. Bus Coupler 1 iii. Bus Sectionalizer 1 iv. Transformer Bays 2 2 220 kV Bays i. Line Bays 4 ii. Bus Coupler 1 iii. Transformer Bays 2

4 The N-1 contingency is where all loads can be restored even if any single component fails (i.e. N-1 components still available)

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3 66 kV Bays i. Line Bays 4 ii. Bus Coupler 1 iii. Transformer Bays 2

33. The new 400/220/66 kV Pooling substation will evacuate 421 MW power from the Satluj River Basin developers to the proposed 400 kV substation of Power Grid nearby which shall be LILO of 1 circuit of 400 kV Wangtoo – Abdullapur double circuit line of JP Power Grid. The transmission of power from the Satluj basin to the Grid will provide a tremendous boost to the economic development of Himachal Pradesh.

Subproject 4: Construction of 220/66 kV GIS Pooling Station Boktoo - District Kinnaur

34. The substation will be envisaged with the following components : • 1 No. 31.5 MVA, 66/220 kV Transformer (Justification provided above). • Bus configuration for substation will be double bus scheme for 66 kV, and 220 kV levels with the provision of Bus coupler and having latest Substation Automation and SCADA. • List of components of sub-station are listed below S No. Type of Bay No. 1 220 kV Bays i. Line Bays 2 ii. Bus Coupler 1 iii. Transformer Bays 1 2 66 kV Bays* i. C&R Panels ii. Bus Coupler *66 kV equipment i/c bays, C & R Panels etc. shall be provided by HPSEBL, hence not included in the scope of the scheme

35. The new 220/66 kV Pooling substation will evacuate 13 MW power from the area of Satluj River Basin developers into the under construction 220 kV Kashang - Bhaba line by LILO of one of its circuit. The 220 kV Kashang-Bhaba line is further proposed to be LILO at 400/220 kV Pooling Station at Wangtoo. The substation shall also supply construction power to upstream projects including Shongtong – Karcham HEP of HPPCL. The transmission of power from the Satluj basin to the Grid will provide a tremendous boost to the economic development of Himachal Pradesh.

2.6 Implementation Plan

36. The proposed Project involves construction of approximately 28 km of transmission line. The construction of substations involves government land at Wangtoo and Boktoo whereas Gumma (Pragati Nagar) substation will be built on a private agriculture land which will be acquired by HPPTCL. The project will involve survey work, land clearance, design and engineering of plant equipment, floating tenders for procurement, civil work and system testing and commissioning related to line and substation. Total project work costing is USD 148.82 million (including IDCs and contingencies).

37. The overall project implementation schedule for the project is attached as Table 7.

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Table 7: Overall Project Implementation Plan 2011 2012 2013 2014 Activity J F M A M J J A SONDJ F MA MJJA S O N D J F M A MJJA SON D JFMA MJ JA S O N D Loan Approval X Loan Effectivity X

Output 1: Construction of Power Transmission Lines Activity 1.1: Construction of Transmission Line Appointment of Implementation Contractors

Equipment , Procurement/Supply Design, Construction & Commissioning Output 2: Construction of pooling stations Activity 2.1: Construction of Substations Appointment of Implementation Contractors Equipment, Procurement/Supply Design, Construction & Commissioning Output 3: Capacity building Activity 3.1: Training and study tours Activity 3.2: ERP and IT facilities A. MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES EMP Activities Forest and crop compensation Land Requirement Resettlement Plan Mid Term Review X Project Completion Report X LEGEND Continuous Process Intermittent Process

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Figure 1: Tranche 1 subprojects in the state of Himachal Pradesh 11

Figure 2: Tranche 1 - 220 kV Hatkoti-Gumma Transmission Line in the state of Himachal Pradesh

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Figure 3: Tranche 1 - EHV Substations in the state of Himachal Pradesh

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Figure 4: Topographical Survey Sheet (1:50,000 scale) of 220 kV Hatkoti – Gumma (Pragati Nagar) Transmission Line

The final alignment of transmission line is marked in red.

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Figure 5: Location of Proposed 400/220 kV Gumma (Pragati Nagar) Pooling Substation Site

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3.0 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Physical Resource

38. Himachal Pradesh is a North Indian mountainous state. The climate of the state varies from subtropical to temperate. The total area of Himachal Pradesh is 55,663 sq. km, which is 1.74% of the total area of India. The state is very rich in natural resources specially forest and water, as it has many permanent glaciers, dense forests, mountain peaks and a network of rivers - Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, Pabbar etc. The outer and lesser Himalayan watersheds of the state covering 28,970 sq. km area are of great national importance, as entire northern India depends largely for water and power produced by runoff from this region. Himachal Pradesh extends from the Shivalik Hills in the south to the Great Himalayan ranges including a slice of trans-Himalayas in the north.

3.1.1 Topography, Geology and Soil

Topography

39. Topographically, the State consists of five distinct sub-regions. These are (i) valley areas with elevations upto 1,000 metres, (ii) low hills, between 1,000 and 2,000 metres, (iii) high hills which lie between 2,000 and 3,500 metres, (iv) the alpine zone with altitudes above 3,500 metres, and (v) the land of the perpetual snows. Climatically, the zones identified are the Outer Himalayas, the Inner Himalayas and the Alpine. Except a few small valleys, the Shimla district is entirely mountainous. The elevation of the district ranges from 300 to 6,000 metres. The district has number of peaks, like Jakhoo in Shimla Town, Siah near Chail, Churadhar in tehsil Chopal, Chensal in Rohru tehsil, and Hatoo in Narkanda tehsil, and Shali in Seoni tehsil. Mostly the terrain is rough. The general topographical feature of the district is prevalence of interlocking spurs, narrow and steep sided valleys with high peaks and thick forest of Deodar and Kail. The soils are young and thin, however these get heavier and comparatively acidic with increase in altitude.

Geology

40. Shimla district presents an intricate mosaic of high mountain ranges, hills and narrow deep valleys with altitude ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 m above MSL. In the areas underlain by high hill ranges of Himalayas, the valleys are narrow and deep with steep slopes trending in NW-SE direction. The terrain is moderately to highly dissected with steep slopes. The altitude is higher in north-eastern parts and decreases towards south and west.

41. Kinnaur district presents an intricate mosaic of mountain ranges, hills and deep valleys. It is primarily a hilly district with altitudes ranging from 1,500 to more than 6,500 m above mean sea level. There is a general increase in elevation from west to east and from south to north. The major part of the district is drained by Satluj River except small part in the south-eastern area, which is drained by Ganga River. Geo-morphologically the district has been sub divided into the fluvial terrain, fluvio-glacial terrain, Alpines / meadows and Rocky terrain as shown in Table 8 for Shimla and Table 9 for Kinnaur districts below. Figures 6 and 7 depict the geological information in HP map. Table 8: The generalized geological succession of Shimla district

Age / Period Formation Lithology Quaternary Alluvium Sand with pebble and clay, medium to coarse grained sand with pebble of sandstone and lenses of clay Proterozoic Shimla group Siltstone, greywacke, sandstone, quartzite, conglomerate, Shale, slate, Phyllite, dolomite and meta-volcanic Kulu group Schist, quartzite, banded gneiss, carbonaceous slate, limestone etc. Rampur group Phyllite, schist, quartzite, dolomite, and basic flows Vaikrita Group Biotite schist with kyanite, gneiss and migmatites Granite of Himalayas Granites Source: Ground Water Information Booklet, Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh, 2008

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Table 9: The generalized geological succession of Kinnaur district Age / Period Group / formation Lithology Quaternary Alluvium, Terrace & Fluvial Alluvium, clay, sand, gravel, pebble, boulder and deposits cobble Tertiary Nako Granitoid Granitoid Mesozoic Giumal – Chikkim Spiti formation, Shale, Sandstone, Siltstone Carbonate rich Lilang Group sedimentary rocks Palaeozoic Kuling Group Kunzamla, Thango, Sandstone, shale, conglomerate Takche formation Proterozoic Batal formation Salkhala, Kulu, Slate, phyllite, quartzite and schist, Amphibolite, Jutogh Vaikrita, Rampur Group, Gneisses, granite, Pegmatite Bandal Wangtu Gneissic Complex Source: Ground Water Information Booklet, Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh, 2008

Fig 6: Geological Map of Shimla district

Source: Ground Water Information Booklet, Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh, 2008

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Fig 7: Geological Map of Kinnaur district

Source: Ground Water Information Booklet, Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh, 2008

Soil Regimes

42. The soils of the State can broadly be divided into nine groups on the basis of their development and physico-chemical properties. These are: (i) alluvial soils, (ii) brown hill soil, (iii) brown earth, (iv) brown forests soils, (v) grey wooded or podzolic soils, (vi) grey brown podzolic soils, (vii) planosolic soils, (viii) humus and iron podzols (ix) alpine humus mountain skeletal soils. The soil found in the districts of Mandi, Kangra, Bilaspur, Una, Solan, Hamirpur and Sirmaur is generally brown, alluvial and grey brown podzolic, Kullu and Shimla have grey wooded podzolic soils, while Kinnaur, Lahaul and Spiti and some parts of Chamba district have humus mountain skeletal soils.

Mineral

43. As per investigation of Geological Survey of India, the minerals available in Himachal Pradesh include limestone, birytes, clays, mica, iron pyrites, salt, gypsum, slate, antimony and lead. The distribution of these minerals is scattered all over the State and includes lime stone in Bilaspur, Sirmaur and Kangra districts; salt and slates in Mandi district; gypsum in Rajban, Bharli in Sirmour district; which mineral in Lahaul & Spiti and Sapatu in Solan district; byryte in Sirmour, iron ore in Mandi and Kangra; and uranium in Kullu and Hamirpur districts.

3.1.2 Climate and Meteorology

Climate

44. There are four broad seasons. Winter normally starts from mid-November and continues till mid-March. December, January and February are severe cold months, when the winter season is at its peak. The upper reaches, have snow and sleet while the rains are frequent in the lower areas and snow may fall as early as the beginning of October but usually the areas have snow fall from the later part of December and continues till mid of March. The higher peaks experience heavier

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snowfall and it starts melting from March. From mid-March to mid-May, climate in most parts of the district is at its bloom because of the delightful spring. The nights are colder. The climate is comparatively hot from mid-May to mid-July. The places situated in the lower reaches on the banks of rivers and streams are as hot as plains. Rainy season generally starts from mid-July and extends up to the mid-September. Autumn season is generally very small from mid-September to mid-November. The extended rainy season and early setting of winter are the reasons for its short duration.

Temperature

45. Due to variation in altitudes, the temperature varies considerably. Minimum temperature in the higher reaches often touches sub-zero degrees centigrade during the winter months. The maximum temperature in the lower areas often exceeds 40 degrees centigrade during the summer months.

Rainfall

46. Besides the seasonal variations, the climate of Himachal Pradesh varies at different altitudes. The average rainfall is 152 cm (60 inches). The highest rainfall occurs in Kangra district followed by Shimla district. Average rainfall in Shimla and Kinnaur as compared to whole of Himachal Pradesh is shown in Table 10.

Table 10: Average yearly Rainfall (in mm) Year Shimla Kinnaur Himachal Pradesh 2006 1,177.1 348.6 1,041.3 2007 967.4 310.9 1,000.5 2008 1,211.4 354.1 1,141.0 2009 825.6 269.4 907.9

3.1.3 Air Quality

47. As per Annual Report 2009–10 of Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (HPSPCB), Monthly mean average values of all the three air quality parameters, SO2, NOx, and RSPM were observed and value of SO2, and NOx are found well below the permissible limits however, value for RSPM is found to be above National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for Annual and 24 hour average in Shimla. Details are in Table 11.

Table 11: Air Quality Observed at Takka Bench, Shimla 3 3 3 SO2 in μg/ m NOX in μg/ m RSPM in μg/ m Month Average Peak Average Peak Average Peak

April, 09 3.3 8.2 8.7 19.2 78 155 May, 09 2.8 10.4 7.5 15.5 79 165 June, 09 2.2 6.8 7.2 20.1 90 191 July, 09 2.1 6.3 5.3 16.0 49 116 August, 09 2.5 6.8 5.5 11.4 45 100 September, 09 2.5 5.8 6.4 13.3 39 115 October, 09 2.5 6.8 6.6 15.5 48 110 November, 09 2.7 7.8 8.5 16.9 51 133 December 09 2.7 7.1 8.8 24.9 83 386 January, 10 2.6 7.8 6.5 12.8 41 107 February, 10 2.3 5.8 8.5 16.5 50 101 March, 10 2.1 7.3 8.5 19.2 67 114 Annual average 2.5 7.2 7.3 16.7 60 149.41 National Ambient Air 50 (Annual 80 (24 40 (Annual 80 (24 60 (Annual 100 (24 Quality Standards Average) hours) Average) hours) Average) hours) (NAAQS) Source: Annual Report of HPSPB - 2009-10

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3.1.4 Water Resources (Surface and Ground Water)

Surface water

48. Richly endowed with perennial rivers that flow down steep gradients in mountain catchments, Himachal has a vast amount of water resources. These resources meet drinking water and irrigation requirements as well as supplying hydroelectric power to a large population. Drinking and irrigation requirements are also catered to by numerous springs, streams and infiltration galleries in limestone caverns. The use of ground water sources for irrigation is common in Una, Sirmaur, Solan and Kangra districts.

49. Himachal Pradesh has snow fed perennial rivers and rivulets flowing in almost all parts of the State. Yamuna, with its important tributaries of Tons, Pabbar and Giri in the east and Satluj, Beas, Ravi and Chenab in the west flow through various parts of the HP. Some of the important natural lakes worth mentioning are Khajjiar, Ghadasasu Lamba Dal, Manimahesh, Mahakali in Chamba district; Dal, Kareri in Kangra district; Rewalsar, Kumarwah, Prashar in Mandi district; Bhrigu and Dashahr in Kullu district; Chandratal and Surajtal in Lahaul & Spiti district; Chander Nan in Shimla district; and Renuka in Sirmaur district. The manmade lakes include Gobind Sagar in Bilaspur district; Pong Lake in Kangra district; Pandoh lake in Mandi district; and Chamera lake in Chamba district.

50. Shimla district is drained by streams/rivers forming part of the drainage basins of the Satluj, the Yamuna, the Pabbar and Tons rivers. However, major part of the district is drained by tributaries of Satluj river viz., The Satluj river is the longest river traversing along the northern boundary of the area and Giri river which is the tributary of the Yamuna river originate from the eastern part and runs in the SW direction. Whereas tributaries of Tons river flows in the southern parts and the Pabbar river in the eastern parts of the district. In general, the density of drainage is moderate to high and is not uniform all over the district.

Ground Water

51. In district Kinnaur, the ground water is distributed along structurally weak/ fractured zones, faults and landslides zones or along the contacts of the different rock formation in the topographically favorable areas. In the Satluj River valley, the areas around Taranda, Tapri, between Oling and Lipa, Moorang and Tabling are most promising for water exploration. The other ground water potential areas are along Baspa River, Tidong Gad, Taiti Gad and Spiti River. The traditional dug wells tapping the shallow aquifer are not available however; this aquifer is being tapped by the hand pumps and shallow tube wells, which are widely used for domestic purposes. The deep tube wells have not been constructed by Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). Ground water in the district occurs in valley area under water table and semi confined to confined conditions. The average depth to water level in shallow bore well ranges from 10 to 30 m below ground level.

Ground Water Quality

52. As per Ground Water Information Booklet, Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh, 2008 the chemical quality of ground water is generally alkaline in nature and suitable for both domestic and irrigation use all over the district. All the parameters of ground water were found well within the permissible limit of safe drinking water as per Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS).

53. As per Ground Water Information Booklet, Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh, 2008, the ground water of the district is alkaline in nature. pH of shallow ground water ranges from 6.95 to 7.75. The electrical conductivity (EC) in the area ranges from 127-672 micro mhos/cm. Nitrate values range between 1-10 mg/l. The chemical quality reveals that the overall ground water quality is good and is suitable for domestic and irrigational use. However, quality of water from hot springs in Karcham has brackish water with EC 1780 micro mhos/cm and fluoride concentration 3.5 mg/l.

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54. In both districts, due to poor potentialities in hilly hard rock areas and sloping hilly terrain, groundwater development is low. However, in these areas, major water supply and sources of water are ground water based viz., perennial springs, bowries and hand pumps. Springs are tapped at the source so that the water can be supplied under gravity. All major towns and villages are supplied water from ground water sources.

3.2 Earthquake Zone: 55. The state of Himachal Pradesh lies almost entirely in the Himalayan Mountains, and is part of the Punjab Himalayas. Due to its location it weathers Figure 8: Earthquake Zone of Himachal Pradesh many mild earthquakes every year. Large earthquakes have occurred in all parts of Himachal Pradesh, the biggest being the Kangra Earthquake of 1905.The Himalayan Frontal Thrust, the Main boundary Thrust, the Krol, the Giri, Jutogh and Nahan thrusts lie in this region. Besides that there are scores of smaller faults, like the Kaurik Fault which triggered the 1975 earthquake. Chamba, Kullu, Kangra, Una, Hamirpur, Mandi, and Bilaspur Districts lie in Zone V. The remaining districts of Lahual and Spiti, Kinnaur, Shimla, Solan and Sirmaur lie in Zone IV therefore the HPPTCL need to take adequate measures while designing to avoid damage during earthquake. Figure 8 depicts the earthquake hazard risk zonation of the entire State of Himachal Pradesh. Annex 6:gives the earthquake history Source: Amateur Seismic Centre, Pune, 2011 of Himachal Pradesh.

56. The transmission towers and the substation sites falls in Seismic Zone IV area (High Damage Risk Zone – MSK5 VIII) which indicates a very high damage risk zone. Therefore, HPPTCL is required to take adequate measures while erecting transmission lines to ensure least damage during earthquake. The proposed route alignment passes through Zone IV. Similarly, the proposed substations also fall in Seismic Zone – IV and therefore the HPPTCL needs to take adequate measures while designing and installation of components of subprojects to avoid damage during earthquake.

5 Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik (MSK) intensity broadly associated with the various seismic zones is VI (or less), VII, VIII and IX (and above) for Zones II, III, IV and V, respectively 21

3.3 Ecological Resources

3.3.1 Terrestrial Ecology

Forest

57. Forests are an important resource of Himachal Pradesh. Although the area classified as "Area under Forest" is 67 percent of the total area of the Pradesh, yet the effective forest cover is much lower than this area, primarily on account of the fact that a very large area is either alpine meadows or is above the tree line.

58. The climatic conditions prevailing in Himachal Pradesh and varying elevations are most suitable for the growth of forests. The forests provide valuable timber, medicinal herbs, raw material for industries and also provide employment and play a vital role in conserving the soil and ensure timely rains.

59. As per District Human Development Report of Shimla, district Shimla had 340,103 hectares of land area was under forests at the end of the year 1989-90. However, by the year 2008-09 as shown in Table 12, the land area under forests declined to 336,683.25 hectares. Out of this total area under forests, in the year 2008-09, 127,722.21 hectares constituted reserved forests, 5,337.42 hectares as protected forests and 203,623.62 hectares as un-demarcated forests.

Table 12: Status of Forest Cover Area In Hectares Legal Status of Forest Area (2008-09) Shimla Kinnaur 1 Reserve Forest 127,722.21 43,180.00 2 Protected Forest 5,337.42 3 Unclassified forest 203,623.62 503,788.63 4 Total forest In Circle 336,683.25 546,969.52 Source : District Statistical Abstract, 2008 – 09

60. In Shimla district, important species of trees such as Deodar, Kail, Chil, Oak, Mohru and Kharsu etc. are found in the forests and the major forest produce are resin and medicinal herbs. The available resin in the district is being processed by two Government owned resin and turpentine factories at Bilaspur and Nahan. However the medicinal herbs are being exported in raw form out of the district. The forests in the district lie mainly in the outer Shivalik to the mid Himalayas. The soil is generally sandy loam and depth is shallow, except in the areas having vegetation over where it is fairly deep. In the regions above 1,500 metres, the soil is generally deep and contains a thin layer of leaf molded species of Ban, Oak, Chil, Kail and Deodar. In the lower elevation, shrub forms are found while in the higher altitude Chil, Deodar, Kail etc. are available. In the lower ranges with warmers aspects and sharp slopes, with deep soil and favourable condition, species of mixed forest, of bamboo and shrubs are found.

Table 13. Forest Cover 2007 S No Item Area (in km2 ) Shimla Kinnaur Himachal Pradesh 1 Geographical Area 5,131 6,401 55,673 2 Very Dense forest 739 82 3,224 3 Moderate Dense forest 1,037 263 6,383 4 Open forest 608 257 5,061 Sub-total 2,384 602 14,668 Scrub Forest 32 70 327 Source: India State of Forest Report 2009

61. The area of forests in the Kinnaur according to the forest department is 386 km2 (averaging 6.03 per cent of the total geographical area viz., 6,401 km2 as shown in Table 13 above. Traditionally, Nichar and Kalpa sub-division were known for stately cedar and kail trees. Beyond Karchham, large wild forest of Chilgoza trees abound and their edible nuts fetch handsome income. On the basis of rainfall, the district can be divided in two zones; wet zone and dry zone.

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Wet zone gets the rainfall due to monsoon while the dry zone does not get any rainfall. Pinus roxburghii, Pinus wallichiana, Cedrus deodara, Picea smithiana and Abies pindrow, Pinus gerardiana form a broad belt of forest along both sides of the Sutlej valley and the side streams between the cliffs of the gorge below and alpine pasture and eternal snows above. The three main divisions of forest cover are: (a) Moist Zone Forest (The Tranda range forests), (b) The Dry Zone Forests (Chini and Kilba Kailash ranges), and (c) Arid Zone Forests (the parts adjoining Tibetan border).

Flora

62. The Shimla district is endowed with a variety of trees, shrubs grasses and climbers. In addition to the above mentioned varieties of trees found in district Shimla, Pinus wallichiana (Blue pine); Picea smithiana (Rai), Abies spectabilis, Juniperus macropoda, Populus ciliata, Salix viminalis, Quercus dilata, Alnus indica. Cedrus deodara, Aesculus indica, Corylus colurna, Juglans regia, Prunus cornata, Pinus roxburghii (Chil), Quercus leucotrichophora, Rododendron arboreum, Lyonia ovalifalia, Acacia catehu, Terminalia chebula, Syzygium cumunni, Emblica officinalis, Mallotus philippinensis and dominant shrubs comprise of Salix, Barberis, Rosa, Viburnum, Lonicera sp. Carissa opaca, Carissa spinarum, Dodonea viscosa, Indegofera heterantha, Rhamnus virgata etc.etc.

63. Portions of Kinnaur are situated high in the Himalaya, where vegetation is sparse and consists primarily of hardy grasses. Alpine species such as Juniper, Pine, Fir, Cypress, and Rhododendron can be found at elevations between 3,500 and 5,000 meters, primarily in Middle Kinnaur. At lower altitudes, temperate-climate trees are found, including oak, chestnut, maple, birch, alder, magnolia, apple, and apricot.

Fauna

64. The Shimla district used to be a home of wild life in the distant past. Important animals found in the district are Pig, Deer, Rabbit, Tiger, Bear, Ghurral, Kakar, Chittal Deer, Sambar Dear whereas birds found are, Bater, Dove, Peacock, Black Francolin, Yellow footed green Pigeon, Pigeon, Jungle fowl Kolsa, Chakour etc. In Kinnaur district, Serow, Blue Sheep, Red Fox, Musk Deer, Goral, Ibex, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Brown Bear, Himalayan Black Bear are found in different wild life sanctuaries of the district, Yaks, Donkeys and Ponies are reared by local farmers in the higher areas.

Rupi-Bhaba Sanctuary

65. Rupi Bhaba sanctuary is located in the District Kinnaur at the altitude of 909 to 5,650 meters. The temperature varying from -10° to 20° C, rainfall 45 mm and snowfall is 300 mm. This sanctuary was first notified on 28th March 1982 and re-notified on 30th June 1982. The wide variation of altitude supports a large diversity of habitats and wild life. This sanctuary lies on the left bank of the Satluj river. The Great Himalayan and Pin Valley National Parks are located on its western and northern boundaries respectively. The species found in this sanctuary are Serow, Blue Sheep, Red Fox, Musk Deer, Goral, Ibex, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Brown Bear, Himalayan Black Bear etc. The forest types include lower western Himalayan temperate, Kharsu Oak, Alpine pastures, dry temperate coniferous and dry broad leaved Forests. This sanctuary is separated by at least 10 km aerial distance from the Kinnaur district projects and is about 60 km away by an aerial distance from Shimla district projects.

Talra Wildlife Sanctuary

66. Talra sanctuary is located in the district Shimla. It supports flora and fauna of temperate region. This sanctuary is separated by at least 5 km aerial distance from transmission line and 15 km from Gumma Substation site in Shimla district and 65 km away by aerial distance from Kinnaur district projects. 3.4 Economic Development 23

Industries

67. On account of difficult geographical terrain and topography of the district, the chances to set up modern, medium and large scale industries are quite limited in the district. Therefore, there are only cottage and small scale industries that rely on varied type of local raw materials, like wool, juices, fruits and wood. The cool and dust free climate of the district is also quite congenial for the growth of electronic industry in the district. There is one electronic complex operating in Shoghi. Cotton carding, thresher, fruit canning preservation, bakery, oil expeller etc. are the main agro- based industries operating in the district. Earlier, wooden packaging cases, was the main wood based industry, operating in the district, but with the replacement of wooden boxes by cartons, this industry has lost its importance. However, wooden furniture, toys, sticks, joinery are still operating in the district. Stone crusher and earthen pottery are the main mineral based industries of the district. There are number of textile based units also which are engaged in the manufacturing of hosiery products, shawls, chaddars, fancy handicraft etc. Further, there are some engineering, chemical and electronic based units also operating in the district. Some of the engineering units, are producing barbed wire, wire nails, tin smithy products, steel fabrications, steel furniture, auto repairs and sewing machine, assembling etc. Laundry soap, detergent, bread wrapper, ink, candle making, tyre retreading are some of the chemical based units set up in the district. Electronic based products being produced in the district are video cassettes, televisions, voltage stabilizers TV/radio repairs and intercom etc.

3.4.1 Employment

68. According to the Census, 20016, Himachal has 19,63,882 main workers and 10,28,579 marginal workers in the State as per 2001 census. There are around 64.1% of the total working population of Shimla and 68.8% of Kinnaur’s working population is engaged as cultivators, 2.7% and 2.3% working population of Shimla and Kinnaur district are engaged in agriculture labours works 1.2% and 1.8% are working in household industries and 32% and 31.1% are other workers. This means that there is one main worker for every 3.09 persons and one marginal worker for 5.91 persons. Combining the number of main and marginal workers, it works out that there is one worker for every 2.03 persons. The Table 14 below shows that majority of the population is worker.

Table 14: Population wise male and female workers in Shimla and Kinnaur district Area Population Total Workers Non-Workers (Main + Marginal) Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Shimla 722,502 380,996 341,506 370,223 21,9133 151,090 352,279 161,863 190,416 Kinnaur 7,8334 42,173 36,161 47,811 28,041 19,770 30,523 14,132 16,391 Source Primary Census Abstract: 2001

3.4.2 Infrastructure

Rural Roads and Communication System

69. Total motorable road in the district is 4,171 km out of which 4,010 is motorable. 2,048 km is metalled and 1,172 km kutcha. In absolute terms, road length works out to be 78.15 km per 100 sq. km against the state average of 46.64. Distance from a health institution, travel time, means of transport have an effect on the utilization of services in health facilities and also affect the timely referral of emergencies. Telephone density is 74.5 per 2000 population but telecommunication revolution in the state has increased the communication to a great extent. It has helped in quick response to disasters and emergencies. Rapid communication prevented any loss of life during flash floods in Satluj river caused by breach of Parcchu lake in Tibet in 2005. Water Supply

6 Currently only a summary of published data for Census 2011 is available, whereas the complete set of data is available only for Census 2001. Annex 7 has been prepared for comparison which highlights of Census 2011 data in comparison with 2001 data.

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70. As per planning department of Himachal Pradesh, all 16,997 villages in the State were provided with safe drinking water facility by March 1994. Availability of piped and potable water supply affects the health of people. As on December 2006, number of partially covered villages was 479 and number of fully covered villages was 6,031. None of the villages in the district remains uncovered. In addition, 938 hand pumps were functional in the district. By and large, piped water supply is ensured but quality of water is still a question mark. Water borne diseases constitute single largest group of all diseases.

Electrification

71. As per the district statistical abstract, 100% rural electrification has been achieved in the Shimla district and 85.47% achieved in Kinnaur district by 31st March 2010.

3.4.3 Education

72. According to 2001 census, the overall literacy percentage of Himachal Pradesh was 76.5% (85.30% for males and 67.40% for females). Comparatively, it is much higher than the all-India literacy rate, which is 65.38%. The literacy rate in Himachal Pradesh has been improving faster than the all-India figures. Himachal Pradesh is characterised by a very strong correlation between sex ratio (females per thousand and males) and literacy. Districts with higher density of female population vis-à-vis male population have high literacy rates.

73. There are 1,612 primary school and 350 secondary and 306 higher secondary schools. The district has some technical and law colleges and distance learning programs and correspondence courses offered by various study centres under Open University Scheme of Indian Universities (details in Table 15).

Table 15: Detail of School and Colleges in year 2009 - 10 S No. Item Nos. Shimla Kinnaur 1 Primary schools 1,612 189 2 students enrolled in Primary Schools 52,663 5,904 3 Teachers in Primary schools 3,545 532 4 Secondary schools 350 38 5 students enrolled in Secondary Schools 35,266 3,811 6 Teachers in Secondary schools 3,462 119 7 Higher Secondary Schools 306 44 8 Students enrolled in Higher Secondary 53,709 3,857 9 Teachers in Higher Secondary Schools 4,926 439 10 Colleges 09 1 11 Students enrolled in Colleges 12,858 321 12 Colleges Teachers 270 21 Source: District Statistical Abstract 2009-10

3.4.4 Health Environment

74. Shimla district has 1645 allopathic hospitals, 220 community health centres, 201 primary health centres, and 28 civil hospitals. Table 16 given the details.

Table 16: list of Government Institutions S No Health Institution Shimla Kinnaur 1 Regional Hospitals 1 1 2 Civil Hospital 28 1 3 Community Health Centers 220 3 4 Primary Health Centers 201 21 5 Sub-Centers 112 31 6 Ayurvedic Hospitals 2 1 7 Ayurvedic Dispensaries 147 27 Source : Districts official website 75. As per the reports of Planning department of Himachal Pradesh Table 17 shows the status 25

of various infrastructure in the State as on 31st March 2009.

Table 17: Rural Infrastructure in Himachal Pradesh at the end of 31st March 2009 No. Item Unit Position as on 31.3.2009 1 Road Length (Motorable) km. 30,302 2. Villages connected with Roads No 9,243 3 Bridges No 1,604 4 Primary Schools No 10,751 5. Middle Schools No. 2,338 6 High Schools No. 835 7 Senior Secondary Schools No. 223 8 Veterinary Hospitals No. 283 9. Veterinary Dispensaries No. 1,753 10. PHC/CHC/RH/SHCs No. 522 11. Health Sub-Centres No. 2,071 12. Civil Dispensaries No. 41 13 Ayurvedic Dispensaries No. 1,126 Source: Planning department, Himachal Pradesh (http://hpplanning.nic.in/)

3.4.5 Land Use

76. The Shimla district is spread over deep small valleys and high elevations and cultivation is possible only in small terraces of holdings in the high hills or in the basins of streams/khads. However, in the deep valleys though very few in number, the cultivation is spread over in a vast area. Most of the land, is either under shrub forests or greasy land with Chil, Pine trees up to the height of 1,500 metres from mean sea level and Kail, Deodar, Rai, Ban, Mauru, Rhododendrons and Kanor on the high altitude. Near the basins of rivers and khads, land is flat and fertile and the cultivation of cereals and pulses and seasonal vegetables is done extensively. Sloping areas of high altitudes are most suitable for horticulture purposes for apples, almonds, walnuts, apricots etc.

77. Prior to the coming of Tenancy and Land Reforms Act, there were three kinds of land tenure systems prevalent in the district and these were (i) Zamindari, (ii) Pattedari and (iii) Bhaichara. Zamindari system of land tenure was abolished after the introduction of Himachal Pradesh Tenancy and Land Reforms Act and most of the cultivators who were tenants of the landlords for generations became the owners of the land except in case of holdings of those land lords who were minors, widows, disabled and service personnel. Land holding in the hilly terrains, of the district are small in size, scattered and fragmented and comprise terraced fields, in major part of the cultivable area. With a view to do away with uneconomical land holdings, the Government of Himachal Pradesh has taken certain steps for the consolidation of holdings, under the Consolidation of Holding Act. Table 18 shows the Land Use pattern in HP state.

Table 18: Land use pattern of Himachal Pradesh S No Land Use Area in Ha Percentage 1 Total geographical area 5,567 2 Reporting area for land utilization 4,545 100.00 3 Forest 1,101 24.22 4 Not available for cultivation 1,130 24.86 5 Permanent pasture and other grazing lands 1,501 33.03 6 Land under misc. Tree crop & groves 69 1.52 7 Culturable wasteland 127 2.79 8 Fallow lands other than current fallows 14 0.31 9 Current fallow 60 1.32 10 Net area sown 543 11.95 Source: India State of Forest Report 2009

78. Total land requirement for Tranche 1 subprojects is given in Table 19 below:

Table 19: Total land required for tranche 1 subprojects S No Project Total Land Area Private Land Govt./Forest land 1 220 kV Hatkoti – Gumma Line 95.9538 Ha 69.4264 Ha 26.5274** Ha 2 220/400 kV GIS Pooling station Substation, Gumma 2.5007 Ha 2.5007* Ha Nil

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3 400/220/66 kV GIS Pooling station, at Wantoo 7.9108 Ha Nil 7.9108 Ha 4 220/66 kV GIS Pooling Station, Boktoo 1.2639 Ha Nil 1.2639 Ha * Section 4 for land acquisition is issued by HPPTCL ** Forest Clearance case has been prepared under process with the HP forest department

3.4.6 Agriculture

79. According to Agriculture production, the Shimla district can be divided into three broad regions: (i) Valleys and basin areas (ii) mid hills and (iii) high hills. The low lying areas of Rampur, Suni, Kumarsain, Jubbal and Kotkhai, Chopal, Mashobra, Theog and Rohru tehsils, are particularly suitable for the cultivation of cereal crops. In the mid hill areas of these blocks, the scope to produce vegetables, fruits and cereals is immense. The higher elevations of these blocks are suitable, for growing apples, cherry, seed potatoes, almonds and walnuts, paddy, wheat, maize, millets and pulses. Mushroom cultivation and a number of vegetables such as potatoes, peas, cauliflower are also grown in the district. Central Potato Research Institute which has a potato research station in Kufri and potato farms are functioning in Shillaru, Kharapathar, Khadrala and Dhurla.

80. The economy of Kinnaur is predominantly agriculture based where as large as 67.09% of the total working force is engaged in tilling the cultivable land. The space of arable land is small and the cultivation is common on narrow strips along the browse of the mountains. The crops for the most part are poor and a great scarcity of grain pervades. In time of scarcity, horse chestnuts are dried and ground into flour. The standard grains of Kinnaur are Barley, Phaphra (Fagopyrum esculentum) and Ogla (Fagopyrum emerginatum); Barley is sown in March-April and harvested in July after which the fields are prepared for the Ogla and Phaphra which are harvested in October. At the places where one cropping season is undertaken, the important crops grown are Ooa (Hordeum coeleste), wheat, Phaphra and Barley which are sown in April and harvested in August- September. The other grains are Bathu (Amranthus), Cheena (Panicum miliaceum) and Koda (Paspalum ocribiculatum). Generally, the local millets are grown as cereals. A long and typical winter season is responsible for low production. Non-food crops do not have much of importance. Farming by and large is dependent on irrigation and the main sources are the Kuhls (water channels) drawn from the streams fed by glaciers. Due to high profits, the people have enthusiastically taken to raising off-season vegetable crops like cabbage, peas, tomatoes, beans, seed potato and pulses.

Table 20: Crop calendar S No Crop Month of sowing Month of harvesting 1 Maize May to June October 2 Wheat October to April June /September/ October 3 Jo October/November/May June/July/September/October 4 Small Jo June September/October 5 Mash June October 6 Potato April to June October 7 Mustard October/November May/June 8 Pea April/June /October August/October/April/May 9 Rajmah May/June September/October Source: District Statistical Abstract Kinnaur

Horticulture

81. One third of total fruit production of the state is coming from district Shimla alone. Nearly fifty per cent of total apple crop of the state is produced in Shimla district. There are two fruit research stations functioning in the districts-one at Mashobra and the other at Kotkhai. Further, there are 17 progeny orchards, 31 plant protection centres, 2 garden colonies, 1 community colony and 6 grading and packaging houses, working in the district. With a view to provide all required essential infrastructure to fruits production, government has set up four cold storage centres at Oddi, Jarol Tikkar, Rohru and Gumma, each with a capacity of one thousand tonnes. There is one canning unit also in the district. 27

82. Kinnaur is the one of the rich fruit producing district of Himachal Pradesh. Grown at high altitude and in ideal climatic conditions, the apple of Kinnaur possesses better taste, colour and aroma. Besides, temperate fruits like Walnut, Almond, Chilgoza, Raisin, Apricot, of Kinnaur are at par with the best quality produced among the world. The area under apples in Kinnaur was 8,832 hectares producing 47,446 tonnes apples. Majority of area and production was realised in Kalpa block.

Bee Keeping

Bees are very important for apple production as they help in pollination of apple crop for setting of fruits. Shimla and Kinnaur districts have the required flora for bees. In Kotkhai, there is one Ag- Mark laboratory engaged in processing and packaging of honey. There are seven bee keeping stations functioning in the district in Sawra, Nerva, Dodakwar, Hatkoti, Annu, Gauna and Shimla. There are more than 60 commercial private units and more than 500 small private, bee keeping units functioning in the district. Similarly Katgaon, Gayabong, Kilba, Urni and Spillo areas are main bee keeping stations of Kinnaur district.

Animal Husbandry

83. Given the difficult geographical features of the Shimla and Kinnaur districts, livestock is indispensable for agriculture and horticulture development in the district. Cross breeding of Jersey and Holstein breed Cows, Marino and Rembuilt in sheep, and White Leg Horn and Rhode Island Red birds in poultry were introduced in the district. Number of veterinary hospitals, dispensaries, outlying dispensaries artificial insemination centres is also functioning in the district to prevent common ailments and control of infectious diseases. For improving, the quality of sheep and wool, Government Sheep Breeding farm at Jeori is supplying improved sheep to the breeders of the district.

3.4.7 Fishery

84. Fishing in the state is regulated under Himachal Pradesh Fisheries Act, 1976. Satluj and tributaries of Yamuna - Giri, Pabber Tons, Ashani and Shalvi have more than 400 km length available for fishing. Some of the fish species are Torputitora, Salmotrulta, Schyzpthorax, Fasio Salmo, Gairdineri, Gairedinerri Bagarius and weedy fishes. Fast flowing cold water, in different rivers and khuds is quite suitable for varied species of fish in the district.

3.4.8 Tourism

85. Shimla and Kinnaur districts being tourist hubs, have many places of historical, archaeological and religious importance. Apart from Shimla town, Kufri, Naldehra, Narkanda, Rohru, Hatkoti, Kotgarh, Rampur, Sarahan are the main centres, of tourist interest. Kalpa, Reckong Peo, Sangla, Chango, Chhitkul, Kothi, Leo, Lippa, Moorang, Nichar are tourism centres in Kinnaur district. Shimla, is also known for a number of fairs and festivals. Lavi fair of Rampur, which has acquired the status of international fair, is the most important and popular fair of the district. Large number of traders come all the way from other states to Rampur to buy woollen articles, dry fruits and medicinal herbs. Certain other fairs held in the district are Sippi fair of Mashobra, Barara fair of Kumarsain, Bhoj fair organized in village Guman in Rohru Tehsil, Charyoli fair held in village Bodna in Chopal tehsil, Chunehar fair of Theog tehsil, Dudhbahali fair of Rampur tehsil. In addition, Jagna Shari fair of tehsil Jubbal, Mahasu Jatar (Mahasu Village), Pathar-ka-khel fair (of Halog), Rampur-k-Jatar (village Rampuri), Rihali Fair (Suni tehsil), Rohru Fair, Sarahan Fair and Shancha fair (Village Baragaon) also take place in the district. These fairs provide not only a good platform for social and cultural integration, but also give a big boost to economic activity.

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3.5 Social and Cultural Development

3.5.1 Population and Community

86. According to Surveyor General of India, the total area of Himachal Pradesh is 55,673 sq. Km. Area-wise, Hamirpur is the smallest district of the Pradesh which covers an area of 1,118 sq. kilometres (2.01%) and Lahaul and Spiti has the largest area of 13,835 sq. km (24.85%).

87. The total population of Himachal Pradesh, according to 2001 census was 60,77,900, which gives a population density of 109 persons per sq. km. There are wide variations in area and population of the districts and the district-wise density varies from 2 persons per sq. kilometre in Lahaul and Spiti to 369 persons in Hamirpur district. Out of the total population, the number of males and females is 30,87,940 and 29,89,960, respectively, which means that the number of females per 1000 males is 968. The sex ratio of females per thousand males has been rising continuously in Himachal Pradesh since 1951 census but declined from 976 in 1991 census to 968 in 2001 census. The total percentage of rural population is 90.20% of the total population residing in 17,495 inhabited villages. Himachal Pradesh has the highest percentage of rural population among all the States of the country.

88. There are 56 Urban Local Bodies-one Nagar Nigam, 20 Municipal Councils and 28 Nagar Pachayats and 7 Cantonment Boards, seven cantonment areas and one census town in Himachal Pradesh. The population of these urban settlements is 5,95,581 as per 2001 census. The largest one is the Shimla Town with a population of 1,42,161 and the smallest one, is Narkanda with a population of 712.

89. The population of the Shimla district is 7,22,502 (2001 census), of which 3,80,996 (53%) males, 3,41,506 (47%) female, sex ratio (F:M) is 896:1000 and density of population is 147 per sq. km. The rural and urban population is 5,55,269 (77%) and 1,67,233 (23%) respectively. The schedule caste and scheduled tribes population in the district is 26% and 0.60% respectively. In 2001, census was not done in Kinnaur district due to occurrence of natural calamities in the year.

90. The scheduled caste population in the State is 15,02,170 persons (2001 census) which is 24.72% of the total population as per 2001 census. The scheduled tribe population has its concentration in districts of Kinnaur and Lahaul Spiti and parts of Chamba district and scattered in other districts is 2,44,587, which is 4.02% of the total population. About 60 percent of the State’s tribal population falls under the tribal sub-plan areas.

4.0 SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 Route Selection

4.1.1 HPPTCL Approach for Route Selection

91. As per its Environment and Social Safeguards Policy (ESSP), May, 2011 HPPTCL shall adopt proactive route alignment approach. Preliminary route selection for transmission lines shall be done by HPPTCL based on walk over surveys, usage of tools such as the forest atlas, revenue papers and 1:50,000 Topographical maps of the area from Survey of India. It shall strive to move towards using modern tools like Geographical Information System (GIS)/Global Positioning System (GPS) for a precision in route alignment with the larger picture in view while finalizing the route. i. During route alignment, all possible efforts shall be made to avoid forest area or to keep it to the barest minimum. Whenever it becomes unavoidable due to the geography of the terrain or heavy cost involved in avoiding it, different alternative options shall be considered to minimize the requirement of forest area. The selected route should be easily accessible both in dry, rainy and winter (snow) seasons for maintenance purposes. ii. Matching with the requirement of maintaining ambient temperature for energy efficiency and commitment to use least forestland and trees, as far as practicable, a balance has 29

been maintained in route alignment between southern aspects and northern aspect of mountains as entire area of the State falls North of Tropic of Cancer. This shall be done to make best use of the fact that mountain slopes with northern aspect in areas to the North of Tropic have cooler temperatures and higher moisture and hence, more vegetation but has less habitation whereas southern aspects have higher temperature, lesser moisture and hence, lesser vegetation but more habitation.

4.1.2 Methodology for Selection of Route: Environmental and Social view

92. Route selection among alternatives considers environmental parameters, availability of logistics support during construction, operation and maintenance of transmission lines and specific geographical condition to construct the lines along most feasible routes that were identified based on the relevant topographic maps and walkover surveys.

93. For selection of the optimum route, the following points are taken into consideration by HPPTCL as per its ESSP May 2011: i. The transmission line avoids environmentally sensitive areas, eco sensitive zones, forests, sanctuaries national parks, biosphere reserves; ii. The transmission line route impacts minimally on natural resources to accomplish this, route selection of transmission line is undertaken in close consultation with representation of the State Forest, Environment and Revenue Departments. Site specific alterations are made to avoid environmentally sensitive areas and settlements at execution stage; iii. The proposed transmission line bypasses human habitation by a safe distance; iv. No monuments of cultural, archeological or historical significance are affected; v. The proposed transmission line does not adversely impact any local community assets such as playground, hospitals, schools, places of worship etc. vi. The proposed route of transmission line does not create any threat to the survival of any community with special reference to tribal community. vii. Avoidance of mining protected and reserved forest, archaeological and other sensitive areas unstable ground feature, marshy low lying areas, river beds and earth slip zones. viii. Minimizing number of crossing of major rivers/railway lines, national and state highways, overhead EHV power line, number of towers and communication lines. ix. Routing is kept away from large habitations, densely populated areas, animal / bird sanctuaries, and utility pipelines to the extent possible and avoid areas reserved for planned and future development. x. Restricted areas such as civil and military installations and air fields have been avoided. xi. To minimize adverse impacts on natural habitats, human habitations efforts will be made to locate majority of towers on barren, waste or fallow agricultural lands.

94. In addition, HPPTCL shall follow the principle of avoidance by avoiding the forestland unless it is inescapable and in such instances it shall obtain prior clearance from competent authorities. It shall abide by the relevant guidelines, including the directions of the Supreme Court from time to time.

4.1.3 Analysis of Alternatives

Transmission Line

95. In order to achieve this, HPPTCL has undertaken route selection for transmission line in close consultation with representatives from Land Acquisition, Departments of Forest, Department of Wildlife Conservation and the local community. Although under the National law, HPPTCL has the right of way, yet it considers alternative alignments during site selection, with minor alterations to avoid environmentally sensitive areas and settlements at the implementation stage. As per ESSP May 2011, HPPTCL shall follow the following guidelines: i. Minimum of three alternative routes shall be studied in detail using a set of techno-economical, environmental, ecological and social impact parameters to arrive at the most optimally suitable

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alignment that is technically feasible, economically viable, socially just and environmentally safe. ii. Right of Way (RoW) width depends on the line voltage. A maximum width of RoW for transmission lines on forestland and minimum clearances between conductors and trees to be adhered in route selection. iii. HPPTCL shall attempt at reducing the number of trees affected and width of the Right of Way (RoW) etc. through adoption of appropriate technological option like construction of narrow base towers, towers with extension, compact towers, multi-circuits, and monopole towers and/or innovating upon standard procedures. Specially designed high towers shall be used for reducing impact on trees, orchards wildlife and crossing wetlands, riverbeds. iv. HPPTCL shall explore possibility of adopting a variable width RoW, wherever feasible, so as to minimize land requirement especially cutting of trees and removal of other vegetation. v. Tower sites shall preferably, as far as technically feasible and permitted by the safety parameters, be located on mountain ridges so as to save trees in the RoW below the conductors on the valley side between two successive towers. vi. All efforts to minimize the involvement of trees falling in RoW shall be made. HPPTCL shall minimize number of trees required to be felled even if their cost has been paid. Pruning of trees will be done wherever required instead of heavy lopping or felling. vii. To minimize damage to the environment HPPTCL shall use manual stringing in thick forest and on slopes wherever possible. viii. Transmission line design shall comply with the limits of electromagnetic interference from overhead power lines. ix. Visible pathways along the transmission line alignment shall be maintained for patrolling and maintenance purposes. x. For aviation safety, in addition to putting visible signs along the conductors and on the towers, the route alignment would be shared with the nearest airport or nearest office of the Airports Authority.

96. Keeping the above in mind, three alignments for the line were considered. As such these three alternatives (as shown in Table 21) were studied by the HPPTCL officials before being proposed to ADB for funding to arrive at most optimum route which can be taken up for detailed survey and assessment of environmental and social impacts.

Table 21: Preliminary Survey of 220 kV (twin moose conductor) D/C Hatkoti – Gumma (Pragati Nagar) line S No Description Route-A Route-B Route-C 1. Length of line 26,930 m. 32,360 m. 29,800 m. 2. Canal / River crossings 6 Nos. 6 Nos. 6 Nos. 3. (i) Forest Area (in Hectare) i) 26.52 Ha. i) 30.20 Ha. i) 37.08Ha. (ii) Wild life Sanctuary/National Park (in Hectare) ii) Nil ii) Nil ii) Nil (iii) Distance from nearest Wildlife sanctuary/ National Park iii) iii) iii) - Rupi Bhawa Wildlife Sanctuary - 60 km - 60 km - 60 km - Talra Wildlife Sanctuary - 5 km - 5 km - 5 km

4. Development of Tower site ‐ Number of towers - 76 Nos. - 78 Nos. - 75 Nos. ‐ Land to be acquired for - 1.71 Ha. - 1.76 Ha. - 1.69 Ha. tower base 5. Land Strata (at each tower location) Non cohesive – Nil Non cohesive – 2 Nos. Non cohesive - Nil Cohesive – 64 Nos. Cohesive – 60 Nos. Cohesive – 65 Nos. Soft Rock – 8 Nos. Soft Rock – 8 Nos. Soft Rock – 8 Nos. Hard Rock – 4 Nos. Hard Rock – 6 Nos. Hard Rock – 3 Nos. 6. Road accessibility Average lead from Average lead from Average lead from road road – 750 m. road – 800 m. – 1250 m. 7. Private land (in ha.) (i) Agriculture:- (i) (i) (i) a) Irrigated a) 2.750 Ha. a) 2.950 Ha. a) 3.750 Ha. b) Non-irrigated b) 3.10 Ha. b) 3.80 Ha. b) 3.10 Ha. (ii) Non-Agriculture / Private Waste (ii) 1.6 Ha. (ii) 1.6 Ha. (ii) 1.2 Ha. 31

S No Description Route-A Route-B Route-C land / Banjar. (iii) House or Building: (iii) (iii) (iii) a) Residential a) 1 No. a) 2 No. a) 1 No. b) Non-Residential b) 1 No. b) Nil. b) Nil. 8. EHV Line Crossing Nil Nil Nil 9. HT line crossings 21 Nos. 24 Nos. 19 Nos. 10. Road crossing 22 Nos. 22 Nos. 26 Nos. 11. National / State Highway Crossing 8 State Highway 8 State Highway 6 State Highway 12. Telephone line crossing Nil Nil Nil 13. Length of line passing in the Nil Nil Nil territory of other state 14. No. of Forest Trees :- a) Trees to be felled a) 162 Nos. a) 315 Nos. a) 375 Nos. b) Trees to be lopped b) 30 Nos. b) 360 Nos. b) 600 Nos. 15. No. of private trees (i) Fruit Trees: (i) (i) (i) a) Trees to be felled a) 484 Nos. a) 490 a) 515 b) Trees to be lopped b) Nil b) Nil b) Nil (ii) Non-Fruit Trees: (ii) (ii) (ii) a) Trees to be felled a) 6 Nos. a) 10 Nos. a) 15 Nos. b) Trees to be lopped b) Nil b) Nil c) Nil 16. Length of line in snow area 26,930 m 32,360 m 29,800 m 17. Length of line in non-snow area Nil Nil Nil 18. Length of line in cultivated area 13.20 km 15.20 km 15.10 km 19. Length of line in un-cultivated area 13.73 km 17.16 km 14.7 km 20. Highest altitude en-route the line 2,716.31 m 2,720 m. 2,802 m. 21. Nearest distance from Airport 80 km. 80 km. 80 km. 22. Distance from nearest religious or 0.200 km from Hatkoti 0.150 km from Hatkoti 0.200 km from Hatkoti Archaeological sites Temple Temple Temple 23. Name of villages involved/Name of Hatkoti, Sari, Astandli, Hatkoti, Sari, Astandli, Hatkotti, Sari, Astandli, District Mandhol, Manghara, Mandhol, Manghara, Mandhol, Manghara, Kot, Magouta, Gahir, Kot, Magouta, Gahir, Kot, Mahouta, Gahir, Sholi, Kaina Dogri, Sholi, Kaina Dogri, Sholi, Kaina Dogri, Santoshinagar, Santoshinagar, Santoshinagar, Rampuri, Jata di, Rampuri, Jata di, Rampuri, Jata di, Naktada, Deem, Naktada, Deem, Naktada, Deem, Jhalari, Jhalari, Kharapather, Jhalari, Kharapather, Kharapather, Darkoti, Darkoti, Chandal, Darkoti, Chandal, Chandal, Jandol, Halai, Jandol, Halai, Soshan, Jandol, Halai, Soshan, Sosan, Marathu, Pujarli, Marathu, Pujarli, Marathu, Pujarli, Kalala, Galera, Kutdhar, Kalala, Gulara, Kalala, Gulara, Darbar, Dalsar, Kutdhar, Darbar, Kutdhar, Darbar, Bakneol, Pandrog, Dalsar, Bakneol, Dalsar, Bakneol, Pudag, Khodudhar, Pandrog, Pudag, Pandrog, Pudag, Maghali and Bagori Khodudhar, Maghali Khodudhar, Maghali (District Shimla) and Bagori. (District and Bagori. (District Shimla) Shimla) 24. Land to be permanently acquired: Area (in Ha.) 1.71 Ha. 1.751 Ha. 1.69 Ha.

97. Considering the reasons listed above, the proposed Route (Alignment–A) was deemed the best suitable. It involves lesser populated areas, uncultivated areas and minimum RoW problems, hence selected for detailed survey as final route.

GIS Substations

98. For selection of appropriate site for substation, the following points are taken into consideration: i) Site selection should consider seismicity and geography of the local area; the area should not be prone to landslide or be unstable. ii) The substation site should be located away from area of natural resources. iii) Construction activities do not adversely affect the population living near the proposed

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substations and does not create any threat to the survival of any community with special reference to tribal community etc. iv) The location of sub-station does not affect any monument of cultural or historical importance. v) No resettlement of households by the substation site, no loss of livelihoods, siting of transformers away from schools, hospitals and other sensitive receptors, with due consultation with the community and local government units concerned. vi) Transformers and other equipment specifications compliant with GoI rules/regulations & International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) standards shall be followed. vii) Construction techniques and machinery selection shall be made with a view to minimize ground disturbance. viii) While planning for substations, drainage lines shall also be marked and studied so as to avoid seepage and leakage and pollution of water sources and springs etc. ix) Substation location/design to ensure that noise will not be a nuisance to neighbouring properties. Provision of noise barriers near substation sites will be made. x) Substation design will comply with the limits of electromagnetic interference within floor area. Security fences will be erected around substations. Warning signs shall be displayed. xi) HPPTCL shall adopt good practices and shall always strive for a high standard of house- keeping for its substations and ancillary facilities. xii) HPPTCL shall incorporate the best technical practices to deal with environmental issues in its working. xiii) Design of substations shall be made so as to include modern fire control systems/firewalls. Provision of firefighting equipment would be made to be located close to transformers, switchgears etc.

99. Keeping the above in mind, various alignments of the LILO lines to the substations were considered and three alternatives of substation site for Gumma site were considered. As such these three alternatives (as shown in Table 22) were studied by the HPPTCL officials before being proposed to ADB for funding to arrive at most optimum site. For this site, HPPTCL has already conducted a topographic survey and is being taken up for detailed survey.

Table 22: Data from Survey of 220 kV/400 kV Sub Station Gumma (Pragati Nagar) S No Description Site - A Site – B Site - C 1. 1a Area of land 25,007 sqm 27,200 sqm 52,414 sqm 1b Slope/Plain Land Partially sloping and Sloping Sloping plain 1c Approximate Amount of land 12,000 m³ 17,000m³ 20,000 m³ cutting required 2 Owner Ship of land (Private / Private Private Private Forest/ Other Govt. Department/ Other) 3 Private land (in ha.) (i) Agriculture :- 2.50 Ha. 2.70 Ha. 3.80 Ha. a) Irrigated b)Non – irrigated (ii) Non - Agriculture/ Private Waste None None None land / Banjar. (iii) House or Building: None None None c) Residential d) Non – Residential 4 Distance from Nearest (With name ) 4.a River (Name/Distance) 10 m from Baghi Khad 400 m from Baghi 20 m. from Gumma Khad Khad 4.b National / State Highway 3 km from state 3.3 km from state 0.8 km from state highway - 10 highway – 10 highway - 10 4.c Forest Area 2.15 km 2.5 km 2.5 km 4.d Village / town Ghunda (Bagori) Ghunda (Bagori) Gumma 4.e Market/Area of Economic Activity Gumma Gumma Gumma 5. Road accessibility 0 km from road 0 km from road 0.8 km 33

S No Description Site - A Site – B Site - C 6. EHV Line Passing Near By 400 kV PGCIL & 400 400 kV PGCIL & 400 400 kV PGCIL & 400 kV (Distance) kV JP Line at about kV JP Line at about JP Line at about 2.7 km 0.8 km distance 0.8 km distance distance 7. HT line Passing Near By 22 kV Through the None None land 22 kV Through the land 8 Telephone line Passing Near By None None None 9 National / State Highway Passing 3 km from SH - 10 3.2 km from SH - 10 0.5 km from SH - 10 Near By 10 Distance from Interstate / 60 km from Interstate 60 km from Interstate 60 km from Interstate International Boundaries Boundaries Boundaries Boundaries

11 No. of Forest Trees :- None None None c) Trees to be felled d) Trees to be lopped 12 No. of private trees (iii) Fruit Trees: c) Trees to be felled 95 Nos approx. 100 Nos approx. 90Nos approx. d) Trees to be lopped (iv) Non - Fruit Trees: c) Trees to be felled 4 Nos Kokat 8 Nos Kokat 6 Nos Kokat d) Trees to be lopped 10 Nos Kokat 12 Nos. Kotkot 10 Nos.Kokat 13. Distance from snow area Within snow Within snow Within snow area Area area 14. Distance from cultivated area Cultivated area Cultivated area Cultivated area 15. Altitude of Sub Station 1,335 m above MSL 1,360 m above MSL 1,345 m above MSL 16. Nearest distance from Airport 80 km 80 km 80 km 17. Distance from nearest religious or 40 km from Jubbal 40 km from Jubbal 37 km from Jubbal Archaeological sites Palace Palace Palace

100. Considering the reasons listed above, the proposed Site–A was deemed the best suitable. It involves no population at the site, lesser cultivated area and minimum acquisition problems as it has only one owner, hence selected for detailed survey as final site.

101. Due to lack of land availability and the fact that 400 kV Wangtoo substation has to be located in the vicinity of JP-Power Grid 400 kV substation that will evacuate power to Abdullapur 400 kV line, only two alternatives for substation sites were considered. These two alternatives (as shown in Table 23) were studied by the HPPTCL officials before being proposed to ADB for funding to arrive at most optimum site. However due to new Central Electricity Authority (CEA) recent request for adding one additional bay for 400 kV, both sites A and B are now being considered for housing this substation. HPPTCL is in the process of collecting additional information and has taken up both sites for detailed survey.

Table 23: Preliminary Survey of 400/220/66 kV Wangtoo Substation SNo Description Wangtoo Colony - Site A Wangtoo Colony Site – B 1. 1a Area of land 4.1280 Ha 3.7828 Ha 1b Slope/Plain Land Steep Sloping Steep Sloping 2 Owner Ship of land (Private/ Government Government Forest/ Other Govt. Department/ Other) 3 Private land (in ha.) (i) Agriculture :- Non – irrigated Non – irrigated a) Irrigated b) Non – irrigated (ii) Non - Agriculture/ Private Waste land Waste land Waste land / Banjar. (iii) House or Building: None None a) Residential b) Non – Residential

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SNo Description Wangtoo Colony - Site A Wangtoo Colony Site – B 4 Distance from Nearest (With name ) 4.a River (Name/Distance) 100 m (Satluj River) 200 m (Satluj River) 4.b National / State Highway 3 km from NH -22 3 km from NH -22 4.c Forest Area NIL NIL 4.d Village / town 14 km (Katgaon) 14 km (Katgaon) 4.e Market/Area of Economic Activity 14 km (Katgaon) 14 km (Katgaon) 5. Road accessibility Site is on road Site is on road 6. EHV Line Passing Near By On Site On Site (Distance) 7. HT line Passing Near By 200 m 100 m 8 Telephone line Passing Nearby None None 9 National / State Highway Passing 3 km from NH -22 3 km from NH -22 Near By 10 Distance from Interstate/ 150 km International Boundaries 150 km 11 No. of Forest Trees :- Nil Nil a) Trees to be felled b) Trees to be lopped 12 No. of private trees (i) Fruit Trees: Nil Nil a) Trees to be felled b) Trees to be lopped (ii) Non - Fruit Trees: Nil Nil a) Trees to be felled b) Trees to be lopped 13. Distance from snow area 0 m 0 m 14. Distance from cultivated area 14 km 14 km 15. Altitude of Substation 1,941 m above MSL 1,941 m above MSL 16. Nearest distance from Airport 200 km Shimla Airport 200 km Shimla Airport 17. Distance from nearest religious or Kalpa, 22.6 km away Kalpa, 22.6 km away Archaeological sites

102. The substation land for Boktoo 220 kV substation was assessed by HPSEB in 2005 and the forest case was cleared in September 2007. Henceforth, no other alternatives were required to be studied as the land required was sufficient and had no encumbrances. The trees had been cleared by HP Forest department after due compensation was given by HPSEB. Table 24 gives the details for the Boktoo site.

Table 24: Details for 220/66 kV Boktoo Substation Site S No Description Boktoo Site 1. 1a Area of land 1.2639 Ha 1b Slope/Plain Land Generally Sloping 1c Approximate Amount of land cutting required 2 Owner Ship of land (Private / Forest/ Other Govt. Government Department/ Other) 3 Private land (in ha.) (i) Agriculture :- Non – irrigated a) Irrigated b) Non – irrigated (ii) Non - Agriculture/ Private Waste land / Banjar. Waste land (iii) House or Building: None c) Residential d) Non - Residential 4 Distance from Nearest (With name ) 4.a River (Name/Distance) 800 m (Satluj River) 4.b National / State Highway 16 km from NH -22 4.c Forest Area 4.d Village / town 7 km (Talangi) 35

S No Description Boktoo Site 4.e Market/Area of Economic Activity 7 km (Talangi) 5. Road accessibility Site is on road 6. EHV Line Passing Near By (Distance) On site 7. HT line Passing Near By 100 m 8 Telephone line Passing Nearby None 9 National / State Highway Passing Near By 16 km from NH -22 10 Distance from Interstate / International Boundaries 120 km 11 No. of Forest Trees :- 10 trees c) Trees to be felled d) Trees to be lopped 12 No. of private trees (iii) Fruit Trees: Nil c) Trees to be felled d) Trees to be lopped (iv) Non - Fruit Trees: c) Trees to be felled 33 (already cleared by HP Forest d) Trees to be lopped department) 13. Distance from snow area Within snow area 14. Distance from cultivated area 3 km 15. Altitude of Sub Station 2,593 m above MSL 16. Nearest distance from Airport 250 km Shimla 17. Distance from nearest religious or Archaeological sites Kalpa, 4.5 km

4.1.4 Reserve Forest/Protected Areas/National Park/Sanctuary

103. Any subproject component is not passing by or located near the Reserve forest or protected forest area, National Park of Sanctuary area.

4.2 Environment Impacts and Mitigation Measures

4.2.1 Environment Problems Associated with Project Location and Design

104. Potential adverse environment impacts associated with transmission lines have been avoided or minimised through careful route selection. The alignment is sited away from major settlements, whenever possible, to account for future urban expansion. Forests areas and vegetation areas are avoided wherever possible; however the route alignment passes through shrub lands, cultivated and abandoned fields. Alignment in this project has avoided geologically unstable areas, which can also pose foundation related problems. Land acquisition is required for placing transmission towers on private land. However, any damage to the crops during the construction phase of the project will be duly compensated. Associated impacts on agricultural land will be restricted to the construction phase and will be temporary in nature. After construction, agricultural land within the transmission corridors can be used again for farming purpose of crops less than 3 m in height.

4.2.2 Environmental Impacts Associated with Pre-Construction Stage

4.2.2.1 Acquisition of Cultivable and Non cultivable lands

105. There may be marginal loss of agricultural productivity due to obstructions and reduced land availability. Thus the following measures will have to be taken prior to the project activities: • Avoid farming season wherever possible for the project activities, • Ensure existing irrigation facilities are maintained in working condition, • Protect /preserve topsoil and reinstate after construction is completed, • Repair /reinstate damaged bunds after construction is completed, and • Compensation for temporary loss in agricultural production.

4.2.2.2 Impacts on Temporary Use of Land

106. The construction equipment and construction materials will require proper space for

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storage, parking space for construction vehicles and equipment, construction material storage, and labour camp to avoid environmental impact and public inconvenience. These locations must comply with the local laws and regulations and need approval from authorities to utilise these facilities (access roads, telecommunication, and pipe borne water supply). It is important that selection of temporary lands is at least 500 m away, depending on practicability as per local site conditions from highly populated areas, water bodies, natural flow paths, agricultural lands, important ecological habitats and residential areas. Removal of trees and green cover vegetation should be minimised during preparation of facilities.

4.2.3 Environmental Problems Associated with Construction and Operation Stage

107. The project activities during construction phase will involve clearing of trees along the route alignment wherever required, excavation for installation of towers, erection of towers, civil works related to transmission line and line stringing. For substations, it will involve excavation for building and equipment foundations, civil works and erection of equipment. During the operation phase, most of the construction phase impacts will get stabilised and the impacts will be restricted only to the operation and maintenance of the project.

108. The impacts on the environment from various activities of the project can be categorised as follows: • Impact on Physical Resources o Impact on Topography o Impact on Climate • Impact on Environmental Resources o Impact on Air Quality o Impact on Noise Levels o Impact on surface Water Quality o Impact on ground Water Quality o Impact on Soils and Geology • Impact on Ecological Resources o Terrestrial Ecology o Wild Life o Aquatic Ecology • Impact on Human Environment o Health and Safety o Agriculture o Socio-economics o Resettlement and Rehabilitation o Cultural sites o Traffic and Transport o Interference with other utilities and traffic • Waste Disposal o Solid waste disposal o Liquid waste disposal.

109. The impacts of the project activities on various environmental attributes are discussed in subsequent sections.

4.2.3.1 Impact on Physical Resources Impact on Topography

110. During the construction of the transmission line and substation, the topography will change due to excavation and erection of tower, fill and cut for levelling the tower erection place. The most prominent impact on the surface topography will be due to the removing of the trees at the tower erection site if required, and along the Right-of-Way (RoW). This will lead to change in the surface features only. The impact will be irreversible as the present features along the RoW will be changed due to presence of the transmission line. 37

111. No topographical changes are envisaged during the operation phase of the transmission line and the substation. The existing access routes will be utilised during the operation and maintenance of the transmission lines.

Impact on Climate

112. The project area consists of both cultivated and uncultivated lands which grow predominantly single season crops during the monsoons. There will be no large scale removal of trees/cultivation and therefore there will be no impact on the climate conditions from the proposed project both during the construction and operation phases.

Impact on aesthetics of landscape

113. The transmission lines do not look aesthetic with the scenic landscape of the area. The manmade transmission lines and substations cause visual pollution in pristine areas which are bestowed with resplendent nature and its beauty.

4.2.3.2 Impact on Environmental Resources

Impact on Air Quality

114. During the construction phase, the activity would involve excavation for the tower erection, movement of vehicles carrying the construction materials along the haul roads. At majority of tower locations, movement by vehicle is not possible from approach road to construction site and the material has to be head loaded. All these activities would give rise to emission of dust particles thereby affecting air quality marginally at the site. The impact will be transitory in nature and therefore is assessed as of low significance. Covering of stockpiles, minimising double handling and drop loads as well as sprinkling of water during excavation will reduce the dust emission to a great extent.

115. The construction of transmission line and the substation will not have any negative impact on the air quality of the region during the operation phase.

Impact on Noise Levels

116. During the construction phase, the major sources of noise pollution are movement of vehicles carrying the construction material and equipment to the site. Most of the access roads along the alignment are motor able and project traffic would be negligible. The major work of the construction is expected to be carried out during the day time. Apart from vehicles bringing in materials to the nearest road, construction works for the transmission line will not require powered equipment. As such, noise emissions will be minor. As the predominant land use along most part of the alignment is agricultural, there will be few residential areas exposed to noise generated during the construction phase and the noise produced during the construction period will have negligible impact on residents.

117. Following measures will help to keep noise and vibration in acceptable level during construction phase: • Contractor shall preferably limit working time for activities that create noise within normal waking hours of the public except for construction site near public sensitive receptors. Construction related activities closer to sensitive receptors have to be scheduled in coordination with the relevant authorities and community. • Noisy equipment such as generators should be sited away from residential areas. • Contractor and suppliers of construction materials should strictly implement noise control regulations stipulated by the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control Rules 2000) for all construction vehicles and equipment. • At substation sites, contractor shall equip their heavy construction equipment and plants with

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exhaust silencers to limit the engine noise so as not to exceed 75 dB (compacters/rollers, loaders and cranes) and regularly maintain all construction vehicles and machinery that should meet the CPCB’s Noise Standards.

Impact on Surface Water Quality

118. The construction and operation of the transmission lines will not have any major impact on the surface and ground water quality in the area. Contamination of water bodies may result due to spilling of construction materials and surface runoff from the construction site joining the water body. There may be increase in the turbidity levels temporarily where the proposed alignment is crossing a watercourse and if the surface runoff during construction meets the river. This can be avoided by careful selection of the tower site so that the surface runoff does not meet the river.

119. Proposed activities will create temporary impacts to the existing drainage system in the area including irrigation canals, natural flow paths and also earth and line drains. Thus incorporation of following measures will minimise anticipated impact due to obstruction of natural flow paths and existing drainage: • Provisions of temporary drainage facilities and routing ponds to the particular locations if existing drains are obstructed due to construction activities • Maintenance of all drainage paths by avoiding blockages at all times • Contractor should minimise excavation of beds of any streams, irrigation systems, and other water resources available in the project area. • Stagnant water should be cleared by the contractor.

120. Care shall be taken to locate the temporary construction worker sheds away from the water bodies. Adequate drinking water facilities, sanitary facilities and drainage in the temporary sheds of construction workers should be provided to avoid the surface water pollution. Provision of adequate washing and toilet facilities should be made obligatory. This should from an integral component in the planning stage before commencement of construction activity by the contractor. Operation of transmission lines will not cause any release to the surface water bodies.

Impact on Hydrology and Water Resources

121. Water needs during construction of the Project would be limited to sanitary water and minimal amounts of water for construction (such as spraying for dust prevention). There would be a negligible impact on water resources. Operation of the lines would neither require any water nor pollute the water resources.

Impact on Ground Water Quality

122. Ground water pollution can take place, if chemical substances and oily waste get leached by precipitation of water and percolate to the ground water table. For transmission line construction activity, no chemical substance or oil is used hence there is no impact on ground water quality. The silt discharge from the earth work around water bodies, oil, grease and fuel release from the construction vehicles/equipment and spoil from construction and other construction related activities such as raw sewerage from worker accommodation sites may mix with runoff water. This situation will accentuate during the rainy season and could have a significant impact on surface and ground water. Thus following measures will be required in order to prevent deterioration of water quality from the construction and construction related activities: • All construction vehicles and equipment should be maintained in proper conditions without any leakages, • Contractors shall use silt traps and erosion control measures where the construction is carried out in close proximity to the water bodies to avoid entering of cement particles, rock, rubbles and waste water to the surrounding water bodies, • Construction activities requiring digging should be preferably done in the dry season, and • Waste oil should be collected properly and disposed to the approved recyclers.

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Impact on Soil and Geology

123. Project activities including excavation, cut and fill operations, removal of trees and green cover vegetation will enhance the soil erosion during the rainy season. Removal of trees and green cover vegetation will reduce infiltration rate of rainwater. The impact on soils will be due to the soil erosion at the tower construction sites along the access routes. The excavation activity and land clearance in the erosion prone areas have to be minimised while conducting the site selection for towers. Revetment and stabilisation of tower construction sites will be done after completion of construction activity. Also increased acceleration of surface runoff will damage the topsoil. The impacts associated with excessive erosion and other civil works can be avoided or minimised by following mitigation measures: • Maximum effort should be taken to minimise removal of trees and green cover vegetation. • Minimise obstruction or destruction to natural drainage pattern of the surrounding area. • Proper treatment of clearing and filling areas against flow acceleration. • Turfing work should be taken prior to rainy season around the substation. • Contractors shall follow proper muck disposal plan for cut and fill operation around sharp/deep slope areas. • Piling activities will preferably be done in non-rainy season, as the piled materials will spread all over the area and contaminate close by water bodies. • Top soil (2-3 cm from the top of the soil), which are removed during construction from the cultivated lands must be stored separately for future utilisation of cultivated lands near tower leg locations.

4.2.3.3 Impact on Ecological Resources

124. Since sub-station is constructed in vacant government/private land and transmission line is routed away from the inhabited areas, there is no displacement of people or animals. It is also not causing any disturbance to the life of people and local animals and birds movement. In transmission line construction, there is no dynamic equipment and moving machinery causing noise pollution, water and air pollution. There is no national wildlife park, wildlife sanctuary, bird sanctuary, wetland in the route alignment of the proposed transmission line. The ecological impacts are briefly described in the following sections.

Effect on Flora and Fauna

125. On visual inspection, it appears that some forest and fruit trees will need to be removed from the project area for the RoW after getting prior permission from competent authorities of GoHP (35 m ROW for 220 kV line). None of the declared environmentally sensitive areas is located within the route alignment. It is not expected that any flora and fauna that are rare, endangered, endemic or threatened will be affected. Migratory paths of small mammals and reptiles may be affected due to construction activities. However noise, vibration and emission from construction vehicles, equipment will occur during construction and pre-construction stages in temporary manner. The impacts related to above activities are temporary and can be mitigated through following measures:

• Strict attention on worker force regarding disturbance to surrounding habitats, flora and fauna including hunting of animals and fishing in water bodies, • Selection of approved locations for material storage yards and labour camps away from the environmental sensitive areas, and • Prevent entering of construction waste (cement particles, rock, rubbles and waste water) and sanitary waste to the surrounding water bodies.

Impact on Terrestrial Ecology

126. There is no sensitive ecological area / protected forest area such as national wildlife park, wildlife sanctuary, bird sanctuary crossing the proposed route alignment. The removal of herbaceous vegetation from the soil and loosening of the top soil generally causes soil erosion.

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However, such impacts would be primarily confined to the project site during initial periods of the construction phase and would be minimised through adoption of mitigation measures like paving and surface treatment and water sprinkling.

Removal of Trees

127. All fruit/non-fruit trees may not require to be removed during the line construction. Table 25 gives the list of trees to be cut for tranche 1 subprojects. The initial construction works along the alignment involving land clearance, cutting, filling, and levelling that may cause loss of vegetation. This will be an irreversible impact. Care has been taken to avoid the thick plantations/vegetation as far as possible and tower locations are selected mostly in plain cultivable fields where the vegetation is thin. This will minimise the tree loss. Compensation will be paid to tree owners in the private areas as per GoHP norms. Where the clearing of fields and forest area is unavoidable along the route alignment, the compensatory afforestation will be required for forest areas for which clearance will be obtained from the appropriate authority of the forest department; and for fruit and non-fruit trees in the fields, the amount for compensation for fields will be paid direct to the farmers.

Table 25: Number of trees need to be cut for tranche - 1 subprojects Sub-Project Total Number of fruit tree Total Number of Non Total Number of forest to be cut fruit tree to be cut tree to be cut 220 kV Hatkoti – Gumma Line 484 6 162 220/400 kV GIS Pooling station 95 14 Nil Substation, Gumma 400/220/66 kV GIS Pooling Nil Nil Nil station, Wangtoo 220/66 kV GIS Pooling Station, Nil Nil 33 trees cut* Boktoo * Forest clearance awarded in September 2007.

Effect on Local Road Network

128. Transformers, tower material, substation equipment, iron bars, concrete materials, piling equipment, will be transported through the provincial and local road network to the project site. Transporting of large quantities of materials using heavy vehicles could exceed the carrying capacity of the road. This would lead to physical damages to local road network. Thus, it will be necessary to obtain consent from Public Works Department (PWD) or National Highway Authority to use local/national highway roads prior to transportation. Also, contractor should properly maintain all road sections, which will be utilised for the construction related activities.

Disposal of Debris

129. As a result of construction related activities, spoil and debris will be generated during the construction stage. Improper disposal of the debris will have an impact on the surrounding ecology, public health and scenic beauty. Following measures will minimise the impacts associated with disposal of debris:

• Spoil materials (soil, sand, rock) generated from construction activities shall be used wherever possible for site levelling, back - filling. Dismantled and demolished structural materials, if any, should not be dumped at agricultural lands • Preparation of a Muck Disposal Management Plan for the sub-project and selection of the disposal site by excluding locations, which are closer to residential, commercial and public sensitive areas, is necessary by the contractor. Prior approval should be obtained for such dumping grounds / land fill sites from relevant local authorities • Dumped materials will interfere with the drainage pattern of the area, any water bodies, agricultural lands, marshlands and down slope or any environmental sensitive areas if not planned properly.

130. During operation phase, corridor along the alignment will be chopped of vegetation and 41

lopping of trees will be done for maintenance purpose. This will also reduce the chances of fires due to electric sparks.

Wild Life

131. For selecting the route alignment, any wild life travel routes have been avoided as far as possible during the field visits.

132. Rupi Bhaba Wildlife Sanctuary is 60 km aerial distance from Shimla district projects and Talra Wildlife Sanctuary is 5 km aerial distance from transmission line and 15 km from Gumma Substation site in Shimla district and 65 km away by aerial distance from Kinnaur district projects and would not cause impact on the wildlife. Similarly, the substations within Kinnaur district are located at least 10 km aerial distance away from Rupi Bhabha wildlife sanctuary and 65 km aerial distance from Talra wildlife sanctuary. The transmission lines are also traversing at a sufficient distance from the Reserved Forest Area and will not negatively impact the flora and fauna of the area.

Impact on Aquatic Ecology

133. The proposed transmission line would cross over the Pabbar river and small streams which are usually perennial in nature. No significant impacts on aquatic ecology of the river are envisaged, as there will be careful selection of the construction time and tower sites near the river, to avoid the river pollution and disturbance to the aquatic fauna of the area during the monsoon period.

4.2.3.4 Impact on Human Environment

Health and Safety

134. Project activities could impact the health and safety of the work force and of the general public, in particular, in terms of risk of accidents and exposure to electromagnetic fields along the alignment. The accidents may be caused due to electro-cutting, lightening, fires and explosions. To avoid this, houses or buildings will not be allowed within the RoW of the project.

135. Project activities may create accidental damage to general public and the construction workers. Therefore, contractors should take necessary action to enhance personal safety during the construction through following measures: • Organise awareness programmes relevant to personal safety of the workers and general public in the area. • Installation of warning signs to particular locations such as transverse points of local road network by transmission lines. • Provide protective safety belts, footwear, helmets, goggles, eye-shields and clothes to workers depending on their duty. • Arrangement of proper first aid unit and transport facilities to take injured people to the hospitals. • Workers should be covered by the statutory Workmen Compensation as per GoI laws by the contractor.

Agriculture

136. Permanent and temporary loss of agricultural land occurs due to tower location in the agricultural field and loss of crop for access routes. As per standard HP policy, approximately 225 sq.m. land will acquired for each tower erection, besides private land required for Gumma Substation. As far as possible, the prime agricultural land will be avoided and the construction will be done after crop harvesting. HPPTCL has formulated a comprehensive Resettlement, Relief, Rehabilitation and Compensation (RRRC) Policy to address the issue.

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Socio-Economics

137. Construction of transmission line will generate local employment, as number of unskilled labours (men/women) will be required at the time of construction activities. Local employment during this period will increase socio-economic standards.

Temporary Outage of the Electricity

138. Temporary disconnection of power supply will occur during the construction activities. Thus, general public and the industrial places, which are located in project-affected area, will face inconvenience for short periods of time. Thus following measures will have to be taken: • Advance notice to the public about the time and the duration of the utility disruption, and • Restore the utilities immediately to overcome public inconvenience.

Resettlement and Rehabilitation

139. For the construction of transmission line and one substation, land acquisition is required. The detail of resettlement and rehabilitation involved in the project are given in Resettlement Planning document prepared separately for Tranche 1.

Cultural sites

140. There are no important archaeological, historical or cultural sites along the route alignment, hence no impact on these sites is envisaged. In the case of discovery of archaeological features during excavation/construction works, GOI’s regulations shall apply and will be observed by contractors.

Traffic and Transport

141. During the construction phase, traffic disturbance needs to be minimised by avoiding high- density areas, using proper traffic signs, ensuring proper access roads and avoiding road blockage.

Interference with Other Utilities and Traffic

142. A standing committee - Power Telecom Co-ordination Committee (P.T.C.C.) has been constituted by Government of India to plan and implement the mitigating measures for the induced voltage, which may occur to nearby telecom circuits and suggest necessary protection measures to be adopted. The committee suggests measures like rerouting of the telecom circuits, conversion of overhead telecom circuits into cables etc. to minimize the interference. It is mandatory for HPPTCL to seek clearance prior to construction from Telecommunications and wherever necessary from aviation authorities that are likely to be affected by the construction of transmission lines. The transmission lines affect nearby telecommunication circuits by causing electrical interference and induced voltage which may occur to nearby telecom circuit and suggested necessary protection measures will need to be adopted. This may require measures like rerouting of the telecom circuits, conversion of overhead telecom circuits into cables to minimise the interference. The exact cost to mitigate the impacts of induction in neighbouring telecom circuits would vary from case to case. In general, the system is planned and executed in such a way that adequate clearance is maintained between transmission lines on the one hand, and railways, civil aviation and defence installations on the other. Wherever the transmission lines passes near the airport, the towers beyond specified height are painted in alternate orange and white stripes for easy visibility and warning lights are placed on the top of these towers.

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4.2.3.5 Waste Disposal

Solid Waste Disposal

143. The solid waste generation at the location of the tower erection site will mostly include metal scraps, wooden packing material. Waste will be minimised and recycled wherever possible. Final waste will be collected and disposed off in compliance with applicable GoI/GoHP regulations and rules by the contractor.

Sanitary Waste Disposal at Construction Sites and Labour Camps

144. The labour camps at the site of tower erection will be temporary in nature and the human excreta will not be significant to cause contamination of ground water. Those places where most labour will be staying will be near hamlets which shall use the community services for solid waste, water and sanitation. Adequate drinking water facilities, sanitary facilities and drainage in the temporary sheds of the construction workers should be provided to avoid the surface water pollution. This should form an integral component in the planning stage before commencement of construction activity.

145. Thus following measures are needed to protect and enhance the quality of environment during the construction stage: • Provision of the solid waste disposal, sanitation and sewage facilities at all substation sites for the construction/labour camps to avoid or minimise health hazards and environmental pollution. • Contractor should handle and manage waste generated from the construction/labour camps without contamination to natural environment and it will reduce risk to general public who stay close to sites. Also contractor should be responsible to enhance the quality of environment. • Adequate supply of water should be provided to the urinals, toilets and wash rooms of the workers’ accommodation at substation sites.

Liquid Waste Disposal

146. There will be no oil or chemical waste generated during the construction of transmission line, hence no mitigation is required.

4.2.4 Environmental Impacts Associated with Operations and Maintenance Stage Electric Shock

147. This may lead to death or injury to the workers and public in the area. This can be minimised or avoided by: • Security fences around substation • Establishment of warning signs • Careful design using appropriate technologies to minimise hazards.

Noise Generation

148. During the operation phase of the project, there may be corona noise from the conductors which will be felt only up to 15 to 30 m area, hence the ambient noise level will meet the CPCB standard for residential areas (55 dB(A) during daytime and 45 dB(A) during night time.

Maintenance of Transmission Line and Substation

149. Possible exposure to electromagnetic interference could occur during these activities. Design of transmission line should comply with the limits of electromagnetic interference from overhead power lines.

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Oil Spillage

150. Contamination of water on land/nearby water bodies by the transformer oil can occur during operation due to leakage or accident. Substation transformers are normally located within secure and impervious areas with a storage capacity of 100% spare oil. Also proper drainage facilities will be constructed during the construction stage to avoid overflow or contamination with natural flow paths especially during the rainy season. HPPTCL will maintain account of the usage of oil, using technical methods and procedures for oil monitoring mechanism, and will have mitigation plan for any oil spillage.

Sulphur Hexa fluoride (SF6) Leakage

151. SF6 is a non-toxic greenhouse gas used as a dielectric in circuit breakers, switch gear, and other electrical equipment. Very high grade sealing system and erection methodology to keep the loss of SF6 within 0.1% every year. SF6 handling is part of each contracts technical specifications, and required design and routine test are done after manufacturing of the circuit breaker. SF6 gas handling system for evacuation and storage is always used for the maintenance of the circuit breaker. SF6 gas leakage records will be maintained in each substation. This allows tracking of any release of SF6 gas to the atmosphere.

4.3 Environmental Management Plan

152. Based on the environmental assessment of the project activities, an Environment Management Plan (EMP) has been developed for the project to mitigate any adverse environmental impacts. The EMP discusses anticipated impacts and mitigation measures and monitoring requirements and responsible authorities to implement the EMP with respect to the following stages: (i) pre-construction, (ii) construction, and (iii) operation and maintenance. Detailed, site-specific mitigation measures and monitoring plans were developed and will be implemented during the project implementation phase.

153. The EMP for the project is attached as Annex 3, which identifies feasible and cost-effective measures to be taken to reduce potential significant, adverse, impacts to acceptable levels. A summary environmental impact matrix and the mitigation measures are given in Table 26. 45

Table 26: Environmental Impact Matrix Sl. Nº Environment Potential impacts Nature of Magnitude of impacts Mitigation measures Implementation al attribute impact Low Medium High and Monitoring A. Physical Resources 1. Topography Change in the surface Direct/Local/ X The surface soil will be restored to During construction features and present irreversible normal slope after tower erection. If activity aesthetics due to the there is any excess soil, it shall be construction of the project. disposed off at suitable location. Any loss of vegetation will be attended by HPPTCL as per existing GOHP norms Within the substation, the excess soil will be disposed off in consultation with HPPTCL as per EMP 2. Climate No impact on the climatic Direct/Local/ X No impact on the climatic conditions irreversible conditions, hence no mitigation is required Monitoring of SF6 gas from Direct/Local/ X Proper record of all SF6 leakages in During Construction Electrical Substations irreversible substations kept for record and Operation B. Environmental Resources 1. Air Quality Project will have marginal Direct/Local/ X Water sprinkling at construction During construction impact on air quality during reversible site, limited bare soils, maintenance activity the construction period of vehicles. due to increase in the dust emission. 2. Noise Noise due to general Direct/Local/ X Restriction of noise generating During construction construction activities. reversible activities at night and use of activity personal protective equipment like ear plugs, mufflers. Noise arising from corona Direct/Local/ X Monitoring of possible corona noise During operational noise from conductors reversible to identify and correct problems. phase 3. Surface and Runoff from the Direct/Local/ X Careful sitting of towers, and Before and during Ground Water construction site reversible access roads. construction activity quality Domestic wastewater from Direct/Local/ X Domestic waste treatment by During construction construction sites reversible providing septic tank/soak pits at and operation Substation. For tower locations, it will be temporary sites. 4. Soils and Soil erosion due to tower Direct/Local/ X Avoiding sites, which are prone to During and after the Geology erecting and clearing of reversible soil erosion. Levelling of tower construction activity

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Sl. Nº Environment Potential impacts Nature of Magnitude of impacts Mitigation measures Implementation al attribute impact Low Medium High and Monitoring vegetation in the RoW and construction sites. Use of few access roads. access roads. Rehabilitation and stabilisation of disturbed land at the substations. Damage due to seismic Direct/region X Site selection and proper tower Before the activity al/ reversible foundation design considering the construction activity. geological conditions and seismicity of the area. C. Ecological Resources 1. Terrestrial Loss of vegetation Direct/Local/ X Location of towers on non-cultivable Before the Ecology irreversible land area. Selection of few access construction phase roads. Compensation for crop and trees to villagers. The tree planting for forest land diverted to non-forest and trees felled will be done by the forest department and paid by HPPTCL 2. Terrestrial Disturbance to the local Direct/Local/ X Wildlife routes and their habitats Before and during Fauna fauna during construction reversible have been avoided as far as construction phase possible during the route selection. Minimise encroachments, and indirect impacts. Avifauna Disturbance to the local Direct/Local/ X Monitoring of line especially for bird During operation fauna during operation reversible strikes during the operation and use phase of deflectors if required. 3. Aquatic No significant impacts Direct/Local/ X Disposal of construction waste and Before and during Ecology envisaged reversible other waste to avoid polluting the construction phase river and streams D. Human Environment 1 Fires, explosion and other Direct/Local X Use of personal protective During construction accidents at the route equipment during construction. By and operation phase alignment of transmission lopping and chopping of trees fire line. hazards will be minimised during maintenance period. Regular inspection of lines for faults prone to accidents. 2. Health and Exposure to Direct/Local/ X Alignment route away from the Before and after the Safety electromagnetic fields continuous settlement. No houses in the construction phase. immediate vicinity and will be 47

Sl. Nº Environment Potential impacts Nature of Magnitude of impacts Mitigation measures Implementation al attribute impact Low Medium High and Monitoring allowed in the RoW of the alignment. No further mitigation required. 3. Agriculture Permanent and temporary Direct/Local/ X Avoid prime agriculture land. Before and during loss of agriculture land due reversible Assessment of land required and construction phase. to tower erection and due compensation. Construction activity to access routes. after crop harvesting and selection of few access routes. 4. Socio- Beneficial impacts job Direct/region X Unskilled labour and indirect During operational economics opportunities during al benefits. Overall economic growth phase construction phase of the region. 5. Resettlement Resettlement of any house Direct/Local/ X Route alignment is selected in such Before the falling along the RoW. reversible a way that there is no resettlement construction phase. issue. 6. Cultural sites No archaeological, Direct/Local/ X No archaeological, historical or -- historical or cultural reversible cultural important sites are affected. important sites are affected by the construction of the lines. 7. Traffic and Traffic congestion due to Direct/Local/ X Proper traffic signs at the During construction Transportation movement of construction reversible construction site, ensuring phase vehicles availability and maintenance of proper access roads 8. Solid Waste Probability of Surface and indirect/Loca X Minimisation, reuse and recycle During operation Generation ground water pollution l/ reversible whenever possible. Final wastes to phase be collected and disposed off in compliance with applicable regulations and rules.

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5.0 INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

5.0 Institutional Arrangements

154. HPPTCL is state power transmission utility (STU) licensed to operate in the state of Himachal Pradesh. HPPTCL is both the Executing Agency (EA) and Implementation Agency (IA) for the project. The Project Management Unit (PMU) at corporate level is headed by Senior Project Manager (Planning) who will be assisted by corresponding personnel from various functions – Administration and Finance, Projects Planning and Design, Procurement and contracts, Environment Cell and Projects Construction. Project Implementation Units (PIUs) at divisional level of the project construction unit are headed by Executive Engineers at four locations – Rohru, Chamba, Bhabanagar and Sarabhai (Kullu). PMU structure is shown in Figure 9. The complete current staffing plan of HPPTCL is given in Figure 10.

155. The Environment and Social cell (ESC) at the corporate level monitors the policy and implementation related environmental impacts of all projects of HPPTCL. The Environmental Officer in the ESC assists PIUs in all environmental aspects of the projects in compliance with HPPTCL’s Environment and Social Safeguards Policy, May 2011. This cell is also responsible for the implementation of Environmental Management Plan for all the subprojects funded by ADB. As per ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009, PMU and ESC are required to conduct regular monitoring of environmental compliance of each subproject funded by ADB to ensure compliance with project covenants.

156. The implementation of EMP during construction phase will be the responsibility of the contractor. The PMU will be responsible for ensuring all measures suggested in the EMP are included in the design and bid document. The PIU in participation with the ESC will also be responsible for monitoring and enforcement of EMP during construction.

157. The duties of the Environmental and Social Cell at corporate level will be to: • Monitor the implementation of mitigation measures during construction and operation phases of the project. • Prepare suitable environmental management reports for various sites. • Advise and coordinating field units activity towards effective environment management. • Prepare environment health and safety manual and other standard operating procedures for the operation of transmission lines/substations. • Liaise with the Ministry of Power, CEA, MoEF. GoHP and state agencies such as HPPCL, HPPCB, HP Forest Department and seek their help to solve the environment related issues of the project implementation. • Advice to project planning/design cells on environmental and social issues while route selection of the alignment at the planning/design stage to avoid negative environmental impacts. Similarly advise for inclusion of environment and social safeguard provisions in contract documents. • Advise PIU on training and awareness raising for environmental and social issues to the project/contract staff.

158. The duties of the Environmental and Social Cell at site level will be to: • Implement the environment policy guidelines and environmental good practices at the sites. • Advise and coordinate the contractor(s) activity towards effective environment management. • Implement environment and safety manual. • Liaise with the local officers of forest department, HPPCB and seek help of their officers in resolving environment monitoring related issues, wherever applicable. • Carry out environmental and social survey in conjunction with project planning cell while route selection of the alignment at the planning stage to avoid negative environmental impact. • Make the contractor staff aware of environmental and social issues so that EMP could be managed effectively. 49

• Prepare periodic environment management and compliance reports.

159. The PMU will be responsible for processing and implementing all subproject(s). Subprojects will be monitored by qualified technical staff/experts (e.g. design and technical reports, feasibility studies, environmental and/or social assessments, and associated EMP’s and budgets), who will also ensure and monitor compliance with ADB and Government safeguard requirements. Summary appraisal reports will be submitted by PMU to the ADB subsequent to obtaining the HPPTCL’s approval and clearance(s) from the GoHP.

Figure 9: PMU Structure

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Figure 10: Institutional Structure of HPPTCL

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5.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan

160. The mitigation measures suggested require monitoring of environmental parameters both during construction and operational phases of the project. The monitoring of the environmental aspects shall be ensured by the Chief Environment & RR Specialist of Environment and Social Cell (ESC) of HPPTCL. During the construction phase, the Contractor should ensure that activities like handling of earth works, disposal of debris, storage of materials, labour camps, putting proper traffic signals is done properly to have minimum impact. This in turn should be monitored by the Project Manager of the individual transmission line/substation project.

161. The Environmental and Social Cell will ensure that site engineers and contractors adhere and comply with all measures and procedures identified in the EMP. Activities to be monitored include: all planning, coordination and management activities related to the implementation of safeguard issues; the identification of corrective and preventive actions; records of health and safety matters and training activities; consultations with project affected people (as and when needed, particularly during the implementation); feedback, trouble shooting and project related grievances; preparation of progress and monitoring reports as required by the ADB; and verifying the projects overall compliance with safeguard measures and its progress towards achieving the intended loan outcomes.

162. Mitigation measures related to construction as specified in the EMP will be incorporated into civil works contracts, and their implementation will be primarily the responsibility of the contractors. In addition, contractors will be required to submit monthly progress reports on the implementation of EMP measures to PIU/PMU. The PMU and the HPPTCL will report to the ADB on progress achieved against the EMP activities and milestones on a half-yearly basis. Progress reports will include a description of implementable activities and their status; identify the responsible parties involved in their implementation; and provide project management schedules and timeframes for doing so, along with their associated costs.

163. In addition to the EMP, to ensure that project would not generate negative impacts to the overall environment quality, an Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) will be prepared. The monitoring activities of the project include site supervision, verification of permits, monitoring of water quality, soil, noise and air. Monitoring of the quality of water, soil, air and noise during the construction stage is a responsibility of the contractor by the approved government agency. The PIU will supervise the contractor. Other environmental good practices include sanitary waste management, noise abatement, maintaining hygienic conditions, maintenance of fire and safety equipment.

164. The Environment and Social Cell after interaction with Project managers of PIUs will prepare and submit performance monitoring reports to the ADB twice yearly. This report will include the results of environmental monitoring to demonstrate that sound environmental management practices are applied, and the set environments targets are achieved. The environmental monitoring plan for the Project is summarised in Annex 3. In case the implementation of EMP measures is not satisfactory, HPPTCL may engage external qualified experts to verify monitoring reports and assess the significant impacts and risks. These external monitoring experts will recommend actions for HPPTCL to enhance environmental compliance. ADB will continue to monitor project compliance with ADB safeguard plans and requirements on an on-going basis throughout the duration of the contract.

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5.2 Environmental Management Plan Budget Costs

165. The main benefits of the environmental mitigation plan are (i) ensuring that environmental standards are met during design, construction, and operation of the project; (ii) providing offsets to negate project impacts especially ecological impacts.

166. The compliance with the EMP has been prepared based upon optimum and reasonable costs that are derived upon minimisation of mitigation measures on a “least- cost” basis. Without such expenditures, the project might generate significant environmental impacts, causing the biophysical environment in the area to deteriorate and indirectly depressing the economies of local communities.

167. EMP costs will typically include (i) compensation for private land and fruit trees for proposed ROW, (ii) compensation for crops in ROW and tower sites, (iii) PTCC cost, (iv) cost of compensatory afforestation and (v) Net Present Value (NPV) of forest land, (vi) cost for implementation of environmental mitigation measures, and (vii) costs towards monitoring costs, independent audit costs for the project. From the total project cost of Rs. 6,298.86 million (including IDC and contingencies), Rs. 105.03 million has been included as the EMP costs as shown in Table 27.

Table 27: Summary of Estimated Costs for Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) Implementation (in Million Rs.) SNº Environmental Cost Elements Costs in INR (Million) 220 kV Hatkoti- Gumma SS Wangtoo Boktoo SS Gumma line SS A. Design and Pre-Construction Stage 1 Total Forest Cost Afforestation 5 0.6 0.13 2 Cost of Fruit Trees 12.2 2.8 3 Cost of Herbal Plants 2 4 Cost of Forest Trees 20.4 3.9 5 NPV of Forest 23.9 2.7 6 Crop Compensation 2.8 7 Compensation to PTCC 1.4 8 Contingency for forest case* 18.2 B. Construction Stage 1 Iimplementation of EMP 2 3 1.7 1.5 (contractor’s scope) 2 Other cost for environmental Added to Added to Added to Added to compliance: Medical camps for contractor contractor contractor contractor workmen and society including scope of work scope of work scope of scope of checkup of Sexually Transmitted work work Infections (STI) and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) including HIV/AIDS and health awareness program on regular basis C Implementation Monitoring and Audit 1 Independent Audit (L.S.) if 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 required TOTAL 88.4 5.9 5.1 5.63 Source: DPR reports from HPPTCL * Forest case preparation charges and may include any additional NPV cost

5.3 Critical Environmental Review Criteria

(i) Loss of irreplaceable resources

168. The transmission projects such as 220 kV lines would involve large scale 53

excavation and land is lost to the extent of 225 m2 for each tower foundation. Rest of the area under the tower continues to be under use by the land owner. Forest cover felled in the Right-of-Way (RoW) is allowed to regenerate with dwarf species or non-timber forest product (NTFP) in 35 m wide strips, after construction work is over. The compensatory afforestation to the extent of twice the area of forestland used would be undertaken as per MoEF regulations. The EMP includes compensation for the loss by minimising the impact of loss of vegetation as per existing norms of GoHP and MoEF. Thus, there will be no net “Biodiversity Loss” due to project implementation due to felling of trees.

(ii) Accelerated use of resources for short-term gains

169. The project will not use any natural resources occurring in the area that is used by local communities during construction, operation and maintenance phases. The construction material such as tower parts, cement shall come from factories while the excavated soil shall be used for backfilling and revetment to restore the surface. Thus the project shall not cause any accelerated use of resources for short term gains.

(iii) Endangering of species

170. No endangered species of flora and fauna have been reported in IUCN Red List are found/reported in the project area as well as in the affected forest thus there seems to be no possibility of endangering/causing extinction of any species.

(iv) Promoting undesirable rural-to urban migration

171. The project will not cause any submergence or loss of land holdings that normally trigger involuntary migration. It also does not involve acquisition to the extent of any person becoming landless. Hence, there is no possibility of causing of rural to urban migration.

(v) Increase in affluent/poor income gap

172. The project will increase availability and reliability of power in state. It is well known that power is a key input to the economic development of any area. Past experience indicates that economic development leads to generation of more jobs which in turn should raise the living standards of poor. Thus, the project is expected to contribute in reduction of affluent/poor income gap by providing opportunities for employment and rural based economic activities.

5.4 Associated Facilities

173. The proposed transmission line and substation will pool power from Satluj and Pabbar river basins and jointly evacuate power generated by three power projects being funded by ADB’s HPCEDIP – Sawra Kuddu (111 MW), Kashang (243 MW) and Shongtong Karchham (450 MW)for HP Power Corporation Limited (HPPCL). Similarly, these associated facilities are under construction and the EIA/EMP were prepared by HPPCL in compliance with ADB Environmental Policies in 20087.

174. There will be some more hydro Power Projects that will connect to these lines and substations in future. All of these projects are in their design stages and not yet started construction. Before these generation projects start their construction, they will approach

7 These were approved before ADB’s SPS 2009.

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HPPTCL for open access application for power evacuation. HPPTCL shall ensure that their facilities comply with GOI and GoHP norms for environmental and social clearances before they connect to the HPPTCL transmission system.

5.5 Health and Safety Management

Health and Safety Issues

175. To avoid/minimize inherent risks during construction, operation and maintenance, HPPTCL has formulated “Environment and Social Safeguards Policy (ESSP) in May 2011” This policy has laid down safety guidelines for EHV substations and lines in operations and maintenance (O&M) and construction areas. Some other implications and mitigations from safety point of view are as follow:

Table No. 28 Safety Implication and Mitigation S No Implication Mitigation 1 Electromagnetic effect Adequate ground clearances are provided. 2 Mechanical Factor of safety in tower structure, conductor and insulator is provided 3 Lightning stroke Each tower is provided with ground wire and earthed. Earthing system for permissible step and touch potential in Sub-station design. 4 Ground clearance No construction is permitted. Land is not allowed to be converted to Non- infringement agriculture use. However, there is no restriction on movement of people

Awareness Program

176. Some of the safety awareness activities such as: 1 Public awareness by meeting with villagers, builders, transporters, schools, NGOs/CBOs, and putting up safety posters, safety slogan and advertisement in media. 2 District collector/ electrical inspector/ police department/local authority approached for removal/ prevention of unauthorized construction nearby EHV transmission lines violating Electricity Act 2003. 3 Education to workers on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and safety tools.

Safety Audits

177. Safety inspections are done at each circle in a regular way. Steps needed to follow:

1. Checking of safety tools - i. Availability and its present condition. ii. Utilization and testing. 2. Check for implementation of safety rules and safety instruction for all substation operation and maintenance activities. 3. Safety awareness and identifying hazards for various maintenance activities in the switch yard and the transmission lines. 4. Precaution to be taken while issuing permit for the work. 5. Operation of portable fire extinguishers and their healthiness.

6.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

6.1 Information Disclosure

178. In line with ADB’s Public Communications Policy, HPPTCL is required to ensure that relevant project information about social and environment safeguard issues is made 55

available during the initial stages to affected people and other stakeholders, including the general public at district headquarters where it is publicly accessible in English, Hindi and any other vernacular local language. ADB and HPPTCL will also post these documents as well as the Environment Assessment and Review Framework Document (EARF) and the IEE on their respective websites.

179. Incorporation of the environmental concerns of APs through the public consultation in the decision making process will avoid or minimise conflict situations during the implementation process as well as enable them to provide meaningful inputs into the project design and its implementation. HPPTCL can conduct public consultation and information disclosure through public meetings and notice.

6.2 Public Consultation

180. During the project formulation stage, HPPTCL has conducted a project scoping exercise and reconnaissance survey of the existing system. Accordingly, during public consultation sessions, considerable dialogue had been held between HPPTCL representatives, individuals, and groups from the community to make them aware of the proposed project.

181. The project-affected community residing beside the proposed transmission line has already gained a reasonable knowledge about the potential grievances, which may arise in the future. The community were also informed about the Grievance Redressal Mechanism (GRM), which will be followed by HPPTCL as per procedure listed in its Environmental and Social Safeguards Policy May 2011 for making complaints, including the place and the responsible person to contact in this regard.

6.3 Consultation Findings

182. Incorporation of environmental concerns of affected persons (APs) through the public consultation will help avoid or minimise conflict situations and enable them to provide meaningful inputs into the project design and implementation process. Consultations and group discussions are carried out along the project sites by the project safeguard consultants between February-mid-May 2011. The discussion was carried out in almost all the villages coming within 500m vicinity of the alignment of transmission line and at Gumma (Pragati Nagar) substation site in Shimla district. In Kinnaur district, public consultations were carried out in two nearest villages which were located approximately 7-10 km away from both sub-station sites. Attached Annex 5 lists detailed public consultations during the field survey by the team.

183. As part of the social assessment, approximately 100 households have been surveyed where the heads of the households were interviewed to collect the data during the month of February to mid-May 2011. Additionally, the social and environment expert from the consultant team carried out various informal consultations during the site assessment with concerned village heads and local people at various villages. Tables A5.1-3 lists villages where the consultations were held in the Shimla and Kinnaur Districts. Summary of people’s perception of the project during the consultation is presented below.

220 kV Hatkoti - Gumma line

184. The project area falls in Hatkoti, Sari, Astandli, Mandhol, Manghara, Kot,

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Magouta, Gahir, Sholi, Kaina Dogri, Santoshinagar, Rampuri, Jata di, Naktada, Deem, Jhalari, Kharapather, Darkoti, Chandal, Jandol, Halai, Soshan, Marathu, Pujarli, Kalala, Gulara, Kutdhar, Darbar, Dalsar, Bakneol, Pandrog, Pudag, Khodudhar, Maghali and Bagori of Jubbal and Hatkoti tehsil of Shimla district. This area is a rich Apple producing belt of state, where people of area showed a mixed reaction to the project. Maximum people accepted the project as an income generating national interest project at the same time some villagers were worried about losing potential agriculture land and fruiting apple crops. Some people raised issue of possible harms and accidental disaster of the transmission line and asked HPPTCL to take maximum care during the operation phase and give training for mitigation of possible harms and accidental disasters caused by the project. Villagers also showed their concern about landslide, soil erosion and dust generated during the construction activities and causing damage to the crop in nearby area and requested HPPTCL officials to avoid construction activities during flowering seasons. People of the area requested HPPTCL to give maximum employment and construction and labour works to the locals with first preference to project affected persons. On the whole, the people accepted the project by giving their assurance for supporting the project activities. Table A5.4 in Annex 5 lists participants for consultation at Shimla district for 220 kV Transmission Line.

Gumma (Pragati Nagar) Substation

185. The land selected for construction of Gumma substation is about 5 km from any habitation. It is situated in Bagori village near Gumma (Pragati Nagar) town of Shimla district. Public consultation was carried out at Bagori village - the land belongs to a single owner who is interested in selling the land to Government for developmental woks. An engineering college is also coming up nearby, and people of Bagori showed a positive response for the subproject with assurance of full support to the project. Table A5.5 in Annex 5 lists participants for consultation in Shimla district for Gumma (Pragati Nagar) GIS pooling substation.

Wangtoo Substation

186. The site selected for the Wangtoo substation is a grazing land of Panchayat, Katgaon which is also the nearest village located approximately 14 km away from the selected site. Though people of village showed concern of losing the grazing land; but also showed positive response for the project as it would help generate employment, jobs and labour and job opportunities in the area and will give chances of future development of the area. Table A5.6 in Annex 5 lists participants for consultation in Kinnaur district for Wangtoo pooling substation.

Boktoo Substation

187. The site selected for substation is a government forest land and the nearest habitation is Talangi village which is situated approximately 7 km away from the site. The villagers of Talangi village showed no concern about the project.

7.0 GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM

188. Through its Environment and Social Safeguards Policy8, HPPTCL has established a Grievance Redressal Mechanism (GRM) having suitable grievance redressal procedure for the project affected persons. The GRM would address affected persons’ concerns and complaints promptly, using an understandable and transparent process that is gender

8 Finalized in May 2011 57

responsive, culturally appropriate, and readily accessible to the affected persons at no costs and without retribution. This GRM consists of a Grievance Redressal Committee consists of the following persons as listed in Table 29 below:

Table 29 below: Constitution of Grievance Redressal Committee

1 Project Head Chairman 2 Head of Finance wing at the project level Member 3 Representative of local Panchayat Member 4 Representative of contractor Member 5 Project Environment/RR staff Member Secretary

189. This GRM would provide an effective approach for resolution of complaints and issues of the affected community. PMU shall formulate procedures for implementing the GRM. The PIU shall undertake GRM’s initiatives that include procedures of taking/ recording complaints, handling of on-the-spot resolution of minor problems, taking care of complainants and provisions of responses to distressed stakeholders etc. paying particular attention to the impacts on vulnerable groups.

190. Environmental and social grievances will be handled in accordance to the project’s GRM. Open and transparent dialogue will be maintained with project affected persons as and when needed, in compliance with ADB safeguard policy requirements. The GRM for the project provides an effective approach for complaints and resolution of issues made by the affected community in reliable way. This mechanism will remain active throughout the life cycle of the project. GRM procedure is shown in Figure 11.

8.0 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

191. Environmental impacts likely to result from the proposed transmission system development are manageable and can be managed cost effectively. Careful mitigation and monitoring, specific selection criteria and review/assessment procedures for subprojects have been specified to ensure that minimal impacts take place. The detailed design would ensure inclusion of any such environmental impacts that could not be specified or identified at this stage are taken into account and mitigated where necessary. Those impacts can be reduced through the use of proper mitigation measures listed in the EMP.

192. Out of 3 sub stations proposed in tranche 1, two are on government land. For one sub-station and transmission line towers, HPPTCL has started the process of land acquisition. These lands will be acquired by the HPPTCL as per the standard procedures of land acquisition of HP State and Central government.

193. The proposed project will have number of positive impacts and negative impacts to the existing environment as follows: • State Government shall benefit largely from the large volumes for exportable surplus of power. The local people shall benefit due to improvement in quality and reliability of the electricity supply as well as funds that will flow into the area to provide them with better roads, health facilities due to higher allocations to the Local Area Development Funds from generation projects to the district. Improvement in lifestyles of local people shall be the main positive impact of this project. • There is will be a some removal of fruit and non-fruit trees for the transmission line, which is the main negative impact to the proposed project area. However, the

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compensation for crop and trees shall be made as per HPPTCL’s Resettlement, Relief, Rehabilitation and Compensation Policy May 2011. Compensatory afforestation shall be carried out wherever forest land is used. • Environment pollution due to cut and fill operations, transportation of construction materials, disposal of debris, disturbance to the farming activities, nuisance from dust, noise, vehicle fumes, black smoke, vibration as well as silt runoff due to construction activities are the short term negative impacts due to proposed project.

194. No reliable baseline information of water, air and noise / vibration in Shimla and Kinnaur district exists with respect to transmission line and substation locations. Therefore, collection of baseline parameters of water, air, soil, and noise/vibration is recommended through sampling at specific locations as mentioned in EMoP. Establishment of baseline parameters is essential to monitor changes of the quality of water, air, soil and noise during the construction and operation periods.

195. Proper GRM will have to be implemented by HPPTCL to overcome public inconvenience during the proposed project activities.

196. The IEE performed is adequate for purposes of project implementation. Based on the environmental assessment and surveys conducted for the Project, the potential adverse environmental impacts can be mitigated to an acceptable level by adequate implementation of the mitigation measures identified in the EMP. Adequate provisions are being made in the Project to cover the environmental mitigation and monitoring requirements, and their associated costs.

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Figure 11: Process of Grievance Redressal Mechanism

Affected Persons

Minor Grievances CBO/NGO/Social/ Grievance Resettlement Specialist Addressed

Major Grievances

GRC

Not Addressed Grievance Addressed

HPPTCL/State Govt. Grievance Not Addressed Addressed

Court of Law

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9.0 CONCLUSIONS

197. An environment and social analysis has been carried out looking at various criteria such as topology, air, noise, water resources and water quality, ecology, demography of the area, climate and natural habitat, community and employee health and safety etc. The impact analysis, found that due to careful consideration of environmental and social aspects as per its ESSP during route and site selection by HPPTCL, no major adverse impacts are expected. There is no adverse impact on the migration of habitat, any natural existing land resources and effect in the regular life of people. The environment and social impact associated with transmission line project is limited to the extent of construction phase and can be mitigated through a set of recommended measures and adequate provision for environment and social impacts which cover monitoring, measuring and mitigation.

198. EMP has been prepared. Mitigation measures related to construction, as specified in the EMP, will be incorporated into civil works contracts, and their implementation will be primarily the responsibility of the contractors. The EA/IA (HPPTCL) will however be responsible for the overall implementation and auditing of site-specific EMPs.

199. Public consultations have been conducted along the transmission corridor. The results indicate broad support for the project based on perceived economic and social benefits. Most impacts are expected to occur during the construction phase and are considered to be of a temporary nature. The transmission corridor was carefully selected after undergoing an options assessment. This enabled the right of way alignment to bypass nearby reserve forest area, villages and important water supplies and resources. The main project impacts are associated with cutting of orchards, waste management, and excavation of soils.

200. No endangered or protected species of flora or fauna are reported at any of the subproject sites. The two out of three substation sites proposed are located on land owned by GoHP, characterized as mostly barren, uninhabited and unused lands, removed from populated areas. Adequate provisions have been made for the environmental mitigation and monitoring of predicted impacts, along with their associated costs. Adverse impacts if noticed during implementation will be mitigated using appropriate design and management measures. The potential cumulative and residual impacts of the transmission sub-components as a whole indicate the project classifies as a category “B”, in accordance with ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement 2009. The Project is not considered highly sensitive or complex. 61

Annex 1 Applicable Rules, Regulation, Policies and Procedures

A. National Environmental Laws 1. The Environmental regulations, legislation, policy guidelines that may impact this project, are the responsibility of a variety of government agencies. The principal Environment Regulatory Agency in India is the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). MoEF formulates environmental policies and accords environmental clearances for different projects.

2. The Important environmental legislations in India are given below (i) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, amended 1988 (ii) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975 (iii) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, amended 1987 (iv) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982 (v) The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, amended 1991 and including the following Rules/Notification issued under this Act. • The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, including amendments • The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 • The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2003 • The Hazardous Wastes (management, handling and transboundary movement) Rules 2009 • The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 • Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, • Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002 • Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000. • The Biological Diversity Act, 2002; • The Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 1994; amended up to 2009; • Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules, 2001 • The Environmental Clearance Notification, 1994 • Environmental Standards of CPCB (vi) Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 (vii) The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, amended 1993 (viii) The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995 (ix) The Indian Forest Act, 1927 (x) Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, amended 1988 (National Forest Policy, 1988) • Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 amended 1992 and 2003 • Guidelines for diversion of forest lands for non-forest purpose under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (xi) The National Environmental Appellate Authority Act, 1997 (xii) The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010

B. State Government Policies 1. Some of the Himachal Pradesh Government and HPPTCL’s policies that are applicable to the sub-projects are: • The Himachal Pradesh Hydropower Policy 2007; • Himachal Pradesh Land Preservation Act (LPA); • HPPTCL Environment and Social Safeguards Policy, May 2011; and • Resettlement, Relief, Rehabilitation and Compensation Policy, May 2011.

C. Other Acts The policy framework consists of following main regulations: 1. The Electricity Act, 2003 2. National Resettlement & Rehabilitation Policy, 2007 (NRRP) (MoRD, DoLR). 3. Right of Way and compensation under Electricity Laws. 4. Land Acquisition Act, 1894. 5. The Indian Telegraph Act (ITA), 1885

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6. Indian Treasure Trove Act, 1878 as amended in 1949 7. Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Area) Act, 1996. 8. The Right to Information Act, 2005 9. National Policy on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work, Ministry of Labour and Employment, GoI 10. National Policy on Safety, Health and Environment at Work Place, Ministry of Labour and Employment, GoI

D. Key Environmental Legislations

Name Scope and Objective Key Areas Operational Agencies/Key Players Water (Prevention To provide for the prevention Controls sewage and Central and State Pollution and Control of and control of water pollution industrial effluent Control Board Pollution Act, 1974) and enhancing the quality of discharges water Air (Prevention and To provide for the prevention Controls emissions of air Central and State Pollution Control of Pollution and control of air pollution pollutants Control Boards Act - 1981) Forest Act, 1927 To consolidate acquisition of Regulates access to State government, forest common property such as natural resources, state settlement officers forests has a monopoly right over land, categories forests Forest Conservation To halt India’s rapid Restriction on de- Central Government Act, 1980 deforestation and resulting reservation and using Environmental degradation forest for non-forest purpose Wildlife Protection To protect wildlife Creates protected areas Wildlife Advisory Boards; Act, 1980 (national parks, Central Zoo Authorities sanctuaries) categories of wildlife which are protected Environment To provide for the protection An umbrella legislation; Central government nodal Protection Act, 1986 and improvement of supplement laws agency MoEF; can deplete Environment powers to state department of Environmental Impact Environment Assessment Notifications 1994 and amendments up to 2009 The Batteries Provide safe disposal of lead To control unsafe disposal Central government nodal (Management and acid and all other types of of batteries contents by agency MoEF; can deplete Handling) Rules, batteries authorised recyclers powers to state department of 2001 as amended; Environment The Hazardous Movement, handling, of waste To control the disposal of Central government nodal Wastes chemical oils in industries, hazardous chemicals, oils agency MoEF; can deplete (Management, commercial, other services etc into water , land and powers to state department of Handling and air Environment Transboundary Movement) Rules 2009 The National Green Effective and expeditious All civil cases where a Chairperson, National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 disposal of cases relating to substantial question Tribunal environmental protection and relating to environment conservation of forests and (including enforcement of other natural resources any legal right relating to including enforcement of any environment) is involved legal right relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto

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Annex 2 Inventorisation details of Hatkoti – Gumma Transmission Line SNo. ANGLE POINT

(in M²)(in cutting (if Any) Any) (if Use of Land transmission transmission Area of tower tower of Area No. of Towers No. ofTowers No. of affacted affacted of No. Name of Crops Name of Tehsil Name of District District of Name two angle two points Name of Villages Name of Villages tribal households households tribal Distance between between Distance Ownership of land (private, Govt. Forest) Forest) Govt. (private, Number of trees under trees under of Number Approximate Distance of of Distance Approximate No. of affected Household Area under the ROW (in M²) M²) ROW (in the under Area FROM TO line from nearby village (i m)

1 T-33 T-34 555 250 Badhot Jubbal Shimla 1 225 18870 Private Cultivated Apple Nil Nil 2 T-34 T-35 181 150 Badhot Jubbal Shimla 1 225 6154 Private Cultivated Apple 5 Nil Nil 3 T-35 T-36 500 200 Badhot Jubbal Shimla 1 225 17000 Private Cultivated Apple 10 Nil Nil 4 T-36 T-37 161 250 Hatkoti Jubbal Shimla 1 225 5474 HP Govt Cultivated Apple 12 Nil Nil 5 T-37 T-38 74 250 Hatkoti Jubbal Shimla 1 225 2516 Mandir Cultivated Apple 6 Nil Nil 6 T-38 T-39 527 280 Hatkoti Jubbal Shimla 1 225 17918 Mandir Cultivated Apple 12 Nil Nil 7 T-39 T-40 544 200 Sari Jubbal Shimla 1 225 18496 Private Uncultivated Apricot 1 Nil Nil 8 T-40 T-41 515 100 Sari Jubbal Shimla 1 225 17510 Private Cultivated Apple 12 Nil Nil 9 T-41 T-42 184 110 Sari Jubbal Shimla 1 225 6256 Private Cultivated Apple, 12 Nil Nil Apricot 10 T-42 T-43 267 200 Sari Jubbal Shimla 1 225 9078 Private Cultivated Apple 13 Nil Nil 11 T-43 T-44 199 200 Sari Jubbal Shimla 1 225 6766 Private Cultivated Apple 20 Nil Nil 12 T-44 T-45 378 300 Astandli Jubbal Shimla 1 225 12852 Private Uncultivated -- Nil Nil 13 T-45 T-46 470 200 Astandli Jubbal Shimla 1 225 15980 Private Cultivated Apple 24 Nil Nil 14 T-46 T-47 456 250 Astandli Jubbal Shimla 1 225 15504 Private Cultivated Apple 4 Nil Nil 15 T-47 T-48 189 500 Mandhol Jubbal Shimla 1 225 6426 Private Uncultivated Nil Nil 16 T-48 T-49 160 500 Mandhol Jubbal Shimla 1 225 5440 Private Cultivated Apple 5 Nil Nil 17 T-49 T-50 638 110 Mandhol Jubbal Shimla 1 225 21692 Private Cultivated Apple 3 Nil Nil 18 T-50 T-51 252 150 Manghara Jubbal Shimla 1 225 8568 Private Cultivated Apricot 4 Nil Nil 19 T-51 T-52 269 150 Manghara Jubbal Shimla 1 225 9146 HP Govt Uncultivated -- - nil Nil 20 T-52 T-53 668 50 Kot Jubbal Shimla 1 225 22712 HP Govt Cultivated Apple 13 Nil Nil 21 T-53 T-54 471 40 Gahir Jubbal Shimla 1 225 16014 Private Cultivated Apple 10 Nil Nil

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SNo. ANGLE POINT

(in M²) cutting cutting (if Any) (if Any) Use of Land transmission transmission Area of tower No. of Towers of No. No. ofaffacted NameCrops of NameTehsil of Name of District Name of District two angle points NameVillages of tribal householdstribal Distance between between Distance Ownership of land land of Ownership (private, Govt. Forest) Govt. Forest) (private, Number of trees under under trees of Number Approximate Distance of of Distance Approximate No. ofaffected Household Area under the ROW (in M²) (in ROW the under Area FROM TO line from nearby village (i m)

22 T-54 T-55 351 220 Sholi Jubbal Shimla 1 225 11934 HP Govt Uncultivated Forest trees 14* Nil Nil 23 T-55 T-56 115 50 Kayana Jubbal Shimla 1 225 3910 Private Cultivated Apple, 10 Nil Nil Forest trees 24 T-56 T-57 168 200 Kayana Jubbal Shimla 1 225 5712 HP Govt Uncultivated Ban Oak 6 Nil Nil 25 T-57 T-58 754 100 Kayana Jubbal Shimla 1 225 25636 Private Cultivated Apple 10 Nil Nil 26 T-58 T-59 151 150 Rampuri Jubbal Shimla 1 225 5134 Private Cultivated Apple 8 Nil Nil 27 T-59 T-60 260 150 Rampuri Jubbal Shimla 1 225 8840 Private Cultivated Apple, 25* Nil Nil Forest trees 28 T-60 T-61 305 60 Rampuri Jubbal Shimla 1 225 10370 Private Cultivated Apple 6 Nil Nil 29 T-61 T-62 350 250 Naktara Jubbal Shimla 1 225 11900 Private Uncultivated Forest trees 17* Nil Nil 30 T-62 T-63 392 100 Naktara Jubbal Shimla 1 225 13328 Private Uncultivated -- 0 Nil Nil 31 T-63 T-64 290 125 Deem Jubbal Shimla 1 225 9860 Private Cultivated Apple 9 Nil Nil 32 T-64 T-65 168 75 Deem Jubbal Shimla 1 225 5712 Private Cultivated Apple 4 Nil Nil 33 T-65 T-66 114 100 Deem Jubbal Shimla 1 225 3876 HP Govt Cultivated Apple, 15 Nil Nil 34 T-66 T-67 455 25 Deem Jubbal Shimla 1 225 15470 Private Cultivated Apple, 30* Nil Nil Forest trees 35 T-67 T-67A 220 100 Deem Jubbal Shimla 1 225 7480 Private Cultivated Apple, 55* Nil Nil Forest trees 36 T-67A T-68 546 50 Deem Jubbal Shimla 1 225 18564 Private Uncultivated Forest trees 47* Nil Nil 37 T-68 T-69 175 50 Deem Jubbal Shimla 1 225 5950 HP Govt Cultivated Apple, 23* Nil Nil Forest trees 38 T-69 T-70 331 100 Kharapathar Jubbal Shimla 1 225 11254 HP Govt Uncultivated 17 Nil Nil 39 T-70 T-71 261 150 Kharapathar Jubbal Shimla 1 225 8874 Private Cultivated Apple 8 Nil Nil 40 T-71 T-72 189 100 Kharapathar Jubbal Shimla 1 225 6426 HP Govt Cultivated Apple 10 Nil Nil 41 T-72 T-73 486 30 Kharapathar Jubbal Shimla 1 225 16524 Private Cultivated Apple, 1 Nil Nil Walnut 65

SNo. ANGLE POINT

(in M²) cutting cutting (if Any) (if Any) Use of Land transmission transmission Area of tower No. of Towers of No. No. ofaffacted NameCrops of NameTehsil of Name of District Name of District two angle points NameVillages of tribal householdstribal Distance between between Distance Ownership of land land of Ownership (private, Govt. Forest) Govt. Forest) (private, Number of trees under under trees of Number Approximate Distance of of Distance Approximate No. ofaffected Household Area under the ROW (in M²) (in ROW the under Area FROM TO line from nearby village (i m)

42 T-73 T-74 298 100 Kharapathar Jubbal Shimla 1 225 10132 Private Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 43 T-74 T-75 408 250 Kharapathar Jubbal Shimla 1 225 13872 HP Govt Uncultivated Pine 3 Nil Nil 44 T-75 T-76 500 500 Kharapathar Jubbal Shimla 1 225 17000 HP Govt Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 45 T-76 T-77 419 30 Chaindal Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 14246 Private Cultivated Apple, Apricot 7 Nil Nil 46 T-77 T-77A 361 50 Chaindal Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 12274 Private Cultivated Apple 6 Nil Nil 47 T-77A T-78 105 100 Darkoti Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 3570 Private Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 48 T-78 T-79 209 50 Darkoti Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 7106 HP Govt Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 49 T-79 T-80 338 20 Darkoti Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 11492 Private Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 50 T-80 T-81 189 50 Darkoti Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 6426 Private Cultivated Apple 10 Nil Nil 51 T-81 T-82 169 50 Darkoti Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 5746 HP Govt Uncultivated Nil Nil 52 T-82 T-83 270 400 Sosan Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 9180 HP Govt Uncultivated Nil Nil 53 T-83 T-84 368 70 Sosan Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 12512 Private Cultivated Apple 10 Nil Nil 54 T-84 T-85 286 200 Sosan Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 9724 Private Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 55 T-85 T-86 156 300 Sosan Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 5304 Private Uncultivated Apple 0 Nil Nil 56 T-86 T-87 538 500 Sosan Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 18292 HP Govt Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 57 T-87 T-88 273 150 Sosan Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 9282 Private Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 58 T-88 T-89 617 50 Sosan Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 20978 Private Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 59 T-89 T-90 273 30 Marathu Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 9282 Private Cultivated Apple 10 Nil Nil 60 T-90 T-90A 238 150 Marathu Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 8092 HP Govt Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 61 T-90A T-91 286 500 Pujarli Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 9724 HP Govt Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 62 T-91 T-92 146 400 Pujarli Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 4964 HP Govt Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 63 T-92 T-93 365 300 Kalala Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 12410 Private Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil

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SNo. ANGLE POINT

(in M²) cutting cutting (if Any) (if Any) Use of Land transmission transmission Area of tower No. of Towers of No. No. ofaffacted NameCrops of NameTehsil of Name of District Name of District two angle points NameVillages of tribal householdstribal Distance between between Distance Ownership of land land of Ownership (private, Govt. Forest) Govt. Forest) (private, Number of trees under under trees of Number Approximate Distance of of Distance Approximate No. ofaffected Household Area under the ROW (in M²) (in ROW the under Area FROM TO line from nearby village (i m)

64 T-93 T-94 529 250 Ghalera Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 17986 Private Cultivated Apricot 13 Nil Nil Apple 65 T-94 T-95 444 220 Ghalera Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 15096 Private Cultivated Apple 22 Nil Nil 66 T-95 T-96 164 150 Ghalera Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 5576 Private Cultivated Apple 4 Nil Nil 67 T-96 T-97 448 100 Dalsar Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 15232 Private Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 68 T-97 T-98 393 80 Dalsar Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 13362 HP Govt Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 69 T-98 T-99 433 50 Dalsar Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 14722 Private Cultivated Apple 31 Nil Nil 70 T-99 T-100 752 30 Dalsar Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 25568 HP Govt Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 71 T-100 T-101 765 20 Bakneol Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 26010 Private Uncultivated 7 Nil Nil 72 T-101 T-102 643 50 Pudag Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 21862 Private Cultivated Apple, 9 Nil Nil Apricot 73 T-102 T-103 609 300 Pandrog Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 20706 Private Cultivated Apple 10 Nil Nil 74 T-103 T-104 333 100 Manghali Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 11322 HP Govt Uncultivated 0 Nil Nil 75 T-104 T-105 234 200 Manghali Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 7956 Private Cultivated Apple 14 Nil Nil 76 T-105 T-106 396 200 Manghali Kotkhai Shimla 1 225 13464 Private Uncultivated Pine 1* Nil Nil 26698 638 * including fruit and forest trees (The total of 638 trees includes 469 fruits trees, 163 forest trees and 6 fodder trees)

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Annex 3 Environnent Management Plan (EMP) Project Potential Mitigation Action Parameters to be Standards/ Institutional Implementat Activity Environmental Monitored Measurement/ Responsibilit ion Impact Frequency y Schedule Pre-construction A. Physical Resources Equipment Release of chemicals and Chloro Fluorocarbons (CFCs), including Transformers other Exclusion of PCBs, HPPTCL Detailed specifications harmful gases in Halons not used in transformers, project equipment CFCs stated in design and design receptors (air, water, facilities or any other equipment. specifications tender documents - parameters land) compliance with GoI Once. rules/regulations & (International Electro- technical Commission) IEC standards B. Environment Resources Location of land Impact to the existing Construction facilities should be placed at Water and Air Quality Air quality HPPTCL Detailed for surface water suitable distance from water bodies, natural Standards and design/Plannin substations/tran environment flow paths, important ecological habitats Water Quality g Stage smission towers and residential areas standards – Once Substation Noise generation Substation location/designed to ensure Expected noise Noise control HPPTCL Detailed location and Exposure to noise, noise will not be a nuisance to emissions based on regulations design/Plannin design Nuisance to neighbouring neighbouring properties. substation design, Noise levels to be g Stage properties noise levels specified in tender documents Location of Impact on water bodies / Consideration of site location to avoid water Site location, line Consultation with HPPTCL Part of transmission land/ residences bodies or agricultural land/orchards as alignment selection local authorities and detailed towers and much as possible. (distance to dwelling, land owners, water project siting transmission water and/or quality standards- and survey line alignment Careful site selection to avoid existing agricultural land) Once and design and design settlements Interference Temporary flooding Appropriate siting of towers to avoid Site location and line Consultation with HPPTCL Detailed with drainage hazards/loss of channel interference alignment selection local authorities and alignment patterns/Irrigati agricultural production design engineers survey and on channels design C. Ecological Resources Encroachment Loss of precious Avoid encroachment by careful site and Floral and faunal Enumeration of ESC of Detailed into precious ecological values/ alignment selection and reconnaissance habitats loss flora and fauna at HPPTCL design/Plannin ecological damage to precious before final siting of activities. site g Stage areas species D. Human Environment Involuntary Loss of lands and Compensation paid for temporary/ Public complaints Rates paid as per ESC of Prior to resettlement or structures permanent loss of productive land the Resettlement HPPTCL construction land acquisition plan/Frame work for phase/Land the project Acquistiion

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Project Potential Mitigation Action Parameters to be Standards/ Institutional Implementat Activity Environmental Monitored Measurement/ Responsibilit ion Impact Frequency y Schedule Encroachment Loss of Avoid siting new towers on Tower location and line Consultation with ESC of Part of into farmland agricultural/horticultural farmland/orchards wherever possible alignment selection local authorities and HPPTCL detailed productivity Statutory approvals for design engineers in alignment tree trimming /removal consonance with survey and from competent HPPTCL’s RRRCP design authority Farmers compensated for any permanent Implementation of Crop loss of productive fruit trees that need to be and tree compensation trimmed removed along RoW. (based on affected area) as per RRRC Policy Location and Disturbance to adjacent Maintain adequate clearance, construction Transformers and Technical HPPTCL Detailed design of lands and the people due of retaining structures, minimise cut and fill specifications and specification- Once design/Plannin Substation to cut and fill operations operations adjoining to the dwellings compliance with Measure setback g Stage setback distances (“as- distances to nearest built” diagrams) house structures – once Location of Exposure to safety Setback of dwellings to overhead line route Tower location and line Setback distances HPPTCL Part of tower transmission related risks designed in accordance with permitted alignment selection to nearest houses – siting survey towers and level of power frequency and the regulation with respect to nearest Once and detailed transmission of supervision at sites. dwellings alignment line alignment survey and and design design Explosions/Fire Hazards to life Design of substations to include modern Substation design Tender document to HPPTCL Part of fire control systems/firewalls. compliance with fire mention detailed detailed prevention and control specifications – substation Provision of fire fighting equipment to be codes Once layout and located close to transformers, switchgear design /drawings Construction A. Physical Resources Site clearance Soil erosion and surface Construction near seasonal rivers, erosion Soil erosion Visual inspection Contractor Construction runoff and flood-prone areas should be restricted (Turbidity and through contract period to the non-rainy season. sedimentation) provisions Provision and maintenance of drains and under retention ponds. supervision of Treat clearing and filling areas against flow HPPTCL acceleration and construction work should be carefully designed to minimise obstruction or destruction to natural drainage. Removal or Public inconvenience Advance notice to the public about the time Disruption to other Technical HPPTCL and Throughout 69

Project Potential Mitigation Action Parameters to be Standards/ Institutional Implementat Activity Environmental Monitored Measurement/ Responsibilit ion Impact Frequency y Schedule disturbance to and the duration of the utility disruption commercial and public specification Contractor construction other public activities / Public through contract period utilities Use of well trained and experienced complaints provisions machinery operators to reduce accidental damage to the public utilities

Restore the utilities immediately to overcome public inconvenience Equipment SF6 leakage during Record of all substation switchgear, Switchgear casings As per HPPTCL Throughout layout and storage and erection of cylinders located within secure casings and Substation (International Contractor construction/er installation Switchgear bounding Electro-technical through contract ection period Commission) IEC provisions standards Once in year Surplus Runoff to cause water Excess fill from tower foundation Location and amount Appropriate fill Contractor Construction earthwork/soil pollution, solid waste excavation to be reused on site or disposed (m3) of fill disposal disposal and through contract period disposal of next to roads or around farms and Soil disposal locations dispersal locations provisions houses or used for creating flat grounds and volume (m3) quarterly under like school playgrounds etc., in agreement supervision of with the local community or landowners. HPPTCL B. Environment Resources Equipment Noise and vibrations Selection of construction techniques and Construction Minimal ground Contractor Construction layout and machinery to minimise ground disturbance. techniques and disturbance through contract period installation machinery Monthly provisions under supervision of ESC, HPPTCL Substation Loss of soil Cutting and filling for the substation Borrow area siting CPCB norms Contractor Construction construction foundations obtained by creating or (area of site in m2 and Quarterly through contract period improving local drainage system. estimated volume in provisions m3) under supervision of ESC, HPPTCL Water pollution Minimize construction activities involving Water Quality (pH, GOI water quality Contractor Construction significant ground disturbance (i.e. BOD/COD, Suspended standards, Timing through contract period substation land forming) during the solids, other) during of major provisions monsoon season. Provide drains and major earthworks disturbance under retention ponds if required. activities - prior to supervision of start of construction ESC, HPPTCL activities Provision of Contamination of Construction workforce facilities to include Amenities for Presence of proper Contractor Construction facilities for receptors (land, water, proper sanitation, water supply and waste Workforce facilities sanitation, water through contract period

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Project Potential Mitigation Action Parameters to be Standards/ Institutional Implementat Activity Environmental Monitored Measurement/ Responsibilit ion Impact Frequency y Schedule construction air) disposal facilities. supply and waste provisions workers disposal facilities under Once supervision of HPPTCL Mechanised Noise, vibration and Construction equipment to be well Construction Technical Contractor Construction construction operator safety, efficient maintained. techniques and specifications, through contract period operation equipment - estimated safety regulations, provisions noise emissions and Noise control under Noise, vibration, Construction techniques and Machinery operating schedules regulations supervision of equipment wear and tear selection to minimize ground disturbance. Quarterly HPPTCL Proper maintenance and turning off plant not in use. Construction of Increase in airborne dust Existing roads and tracks used for Access roads, routes Use of established Contractor Construction roads for particles construction and maintenance access to (length and width of roads wherever through contract period accessibility for the site wherever possible. access roads) possible provisions sub stations Increased land under requirement for New access ways restricted to a minimum Access restricted to supervision of temporary accessibility of single carriageway width. a minimum of single HPPTCL carriageway width C. Ecological Resources Site clearance Vegetation Marking of vegetation to be removed prior Vegetation marking Clearance strictly Contractor Construction to clearance, and strict control on clearing and clearance control limited to target through contract period activities to ensure minimal clearance. (area in m2) vegetation Once provisions under supervision of HPPTCL Trimming/cuttin Loss of vegetation and Trees that can survive pruning to comply Species-specific tree Presence of target HPPTCL, Construction g of trees within deforestation should be pruned instead of cleared. retention as approved species in RoW Contractor period RoW by statutory authorities following vegetation through contract Felled trees and other cleared or pruned (average and maximum clearance. provisions vegetation to be disposed of as authorised tree height at maturity, under by the statutory bodies. in metres) supervision of forest Disposal of cleared department vegetation as approved by the statutory authorities (area cleared in m2) Wood/ Loss of vegetation and Construction workers prohibited from Illegal wood /vegetation Complaints by local HPPTCL, Construction vegetation deforestation harvesting wood in the project area during harvesting (area in m2, people or other Contractor period harvesting, their employment. number of incidents evidence of illegal through contract cut and fill reported) harvesting provisions 71

Project Potential Mitigation Action Parameters to be Standards/ Institutional Implementat Activity Environmental Monitored Measurement/ Responsibilit ion Impact Frequency y Schedule operations Effect on fauna Prevent work force from disturbing the Habitat loss Complaints by local HPPTCL Construction flora, fauna including hunting of animals people or other period and fishing in water bodies. evidence of illegal hunting Proper awareness programme regarding conservation of flora, fauna including ground vegetation to all workers. D. Human Environment Construction Noise nuisance to Minimize construction activities undertaken Timing of construction Construction as per HPPTCL, Construction schedules for neighbouring properties during the night and local communities (noise emissions, dBA) Scheduled timings Contractor period substation informed of the construction schedule. only through contract provisions Acquisition of Loss of agricultural/ Avoid faming/harvesting season for field Land area of Loss of crops-work HPPTC/ Throughout cultivable lands horticultural productivity crops wherever possible for the project agriculture loss in post harvest Contractor construction activities. period but before through contract period next crop – Once provisions Avoid construction/stringing during fruits Construction Schedule per site season in non-fruiting season

Ensure existing irrigation facilities are Usage of existing maintained in working condition utilities

Protect /preserve topsoil and reinstate after Status of facilities construction completed (earthwork in m3)

Repair /reinstate damaged bunds etc. after Implementation of crop construction completed compensation (amount paid, dates, etc.) Compensation for temporary loss in agricultural production Temporary use Losses to neighbouring Contract clauses specifying careful Contract clauses Incorporating good Contractor Construction of land land uses/ values construction practices. Design basis and construction through contract period layout management, provisions As much as possible existing access ways Reinstatement of land design engineering under will be used. status (area affected, practices. supervision of m2) Consultation with HPPTCL Productive land will be reinstated following Implementation of affected parties completion of construction Tree/Crop immediately after compensation (amount completion of Compensation will be paid for loss of paid) construction and production, if any. after the first harvest

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Project Potential Mitigation Action Parameters to be Standards/ Institutional Implementat Activity Environmental Monitored Measurement/ Responsibilit ion Impact Frequency y Schedule Transportation Nuisance to the general Transport loading and unloading of Water, Air Quality and CPCB Emission Contractor Construction and storage of public construction materials should not to cause Noise (dBA) standards and through contract period materials nuisance to the people by way of noise, Water Quality provisions vibration and dust standards - under Quarterly supervision of Avoid storage of construction materials HPPTCL beside the road, around water bodies, residential or public sensitive locations

Construction materials should be stored in covered areas to ensure protection from dust, emissions and such materials should be bundled in environment friendly and nuisance free manner Temporary Loss of power supply to Advance notice to the public about the time Power disruption to Regular monitoring Contractor Throughout outage of the the local community and the duration of the utility disruption houses and during the period of through contract the electricity when distribution lines commercial premises strengthening the provisions construction crossing the new Restore the utilities immediately to of power disruption conductors under period transmission line are overcome public inconvenience supervision of switched off HPPTCL Health and Injury and sickness of Contract provisions specifying minimum Contract clauses HPPTCL and ADB Contractor Construction safety workers and members of requirements for construction camps (number of incidents Health and safety through contract period the public and total lost-work days standards - provisions Contractor to prepare and implement a caused by injuries and Monthly under health and safety plan and provide workers sickness) supervision of with required PPE. HPPTCL

Contractor to arrange for health and safety awareness programmes including on AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) Capacity Improve standards of Training of HPPTCL Environment and Training schedules Number of training HPPTCL Construction Building implementation and Social Cell program - period monitoring Yearly Operation and Maintenance Phase A. Physical Resources Operation of Leakage of SF6 gas Record of all substation switchgear located Switchgear casings Ozone Depleting HPPTCL Throughout Switchgear within secure casings and Substation substances the operation bounding – Monthly B. Environmental Resources Soil Erosion at Removal of top soil Planting of buffer zone species suitable for Turbidity of water Visual inspection HPPTCL Throughout tower base of hilly terrain (Visual Inspection) (Turbidity and the operations transmission sedimentation) 73

Project Potential Mitigation Action Parameters to be Standards/ Institutional Implementat Activity Environmental Monitored Measurement/ Responsibilit ion Impact Frequency y Schedule line Oil spillage Contamination of Substation transformers located within Substation bounding Hazardous Waste HPPTCL Throughout land/nearby water bodies secure and impervious bundled areas with (“as-built” diagrams)- (Management, the operation a storage capacity of at least 100% of the Monthly handling, Trans- capacity of oil in transformers and boundary associated reserve tanks. Movement) Rules 2009 C. Ecological Recourses Trimming/cuttin Fire hazards Trees allowed growing up to a height within Species-specific tree Presence of target HPPTCL, with Operation g of trees within the RoW by maintaining adequate retention as approved species in RoW forest period RoW clearance between the top of tree and the by statutory authorities following vegetation department conductor as per the regulations. (average and maximum clearance. tree height at maturity, Trees that can survive pruning should be in metres) - Quarterly pruned instead of cleared.

D. Human Environment Maintenance of Exposure to Transmission line design to comply with the Required ground Ground clearance, HPPTCL Throughout Transmission electromagnetic limits of electromagnetic interference from clearance (metres) – standards on EMF the operation line interference overhead power lines Quarterly Substation Exposure to Substation design to comply with the limits Required vibrations Technical HPPTCL Throughout maintenance electromagnetic of electromagnetic interference within floor level, instrumentation – specifications the operation interference area on public complaint Noise Nuisance to the Provision of noise barriers near substation Noise level Noise level (dbA)- HPPTCL Throughout generation community around the sites Once a year the operation site Electric shock Death or injury to the Security fences around substation Proper maintenance of Periodic HPPTCL Throughout workers and public Establishment of warning signs fences and sign boards maintenance the operation

Careful design using appropriate Usage of appropriate Number of technologies to minimise hazards technologies (lost work programmes and days due to illness and percent of staff/ injuries) workers covered Training for Rising of awareness for Training of HPPTCL personals Training schedules Number of training HPPTCL Operation Electric safety electric safety program Yearly ESC –Environment & Social Cell of HPPTCL

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Annex 4 Environmental Monitoring Plan

Environment Project stage Parameters to be Location Frequen Standards Rate (Rs.) Implementation Supervision al monitored cy component

1.Air Quality A. Pre- PM10, PM2.5, SO2, Inside and One time National Air quality Per sample Contractor by Contractor/ construction NOx, SPM, CO outside (0.5 km) standards of CPCB Rs. 15,000 CPCB approved PMU stage (The along with of the proposed laboratory project once Meteorological data- substation assigned to temperature contractor) Humidity, wind speed, wind direction B. Construction PM10, PM2.5, SO2, Inside and Two National Air quality Per sample Contractor by Contractor/ Stage NOx, SPM, CO outside (0.5 km) times standards of CPCB Rs. 15,000 CPCB approved PMU along with of the proposed laboratory Meteorological data- substation temperature Humidity, wind speed, wind direction C. Operation PM10, PM2.5, SO2, Inside and One time National Air quality Per sample Contractor by PMU Stage NOx, SPM, CO outside (0.5 km) standards of CPCB Rs. 15,000 CPCB approved along with of the proposed laboratory Meteorological data- substation temperature Humidity, wind speed, wind direction 2.Water A. Pre- EC, TSS, DO, BOD, Nearest One time National water Per sample Contractor by Contractor/ Quality construction PH Oil and grease, downstream quality standards of Rs. 1,500 CPCB approved PMU stage (The Pb, spring/handpump CPCB laboratory project once wells (2 wells) assigned to around the contractor) substation B. Construction EC, TSS, DO, BOD, Nearest Three National water Per sample Contractor by Contractor/ Stage PH, Oil and grease, downstream times/yea quality standards of Rs. 1,500 CPCB approved PMU Pb spring/handpump r CPCB laboratory wells (2 wells) around the substation C. Operation EC, TSS, DO, BOD, Nearest Yearly National water Per sample Contractor by PMU Stage PH Oil and grease, downstream quality standards of Rs. 1,500 CPCB approved Pb spring/handpump CPCB laboratory wells (2 wells) 75

Environment Project stage Parameters to be Location Frequen Standards Rate (Rs.) Implementation Supervision al monitored cy component

around the substation 3.Noise/ A. Pre- Noise level (dB Inside and A single CPCB standards Per sample Contractor by Contractor/ Vibration construction level) outside (0.25 km) time for Noise and Rs. 6,000 CPCB approved PMU stage (The of the proposed vibrations laboratory project once substation assigned to contractor) B. Construction Noise level (dB Inside and 2 times/ CPCB standards Per sample Contractor by Contractor/ Stage level) outside (0.25 km) year for Noise and Rs. 6,000 CPCB approved PMU of the proposed vibrations laboratory substation C. Operation Noise level (dB Inside and 3 CPCB standards Per sample Contractor by PMU Stage level) outside (0.25 km) times/yea for Noise and Rs. 6,000 CPCB approved of the proposed r vibrations laboratory substation

4. Soil A. Pre- PH, Sulfate (SO3 ), Inside and A single Technical Per sample Contractor by Contractor/ construction Chloride, ORP, outside (just time specifications Rs. 1,500 CPCB approved PMU stage (The water Soluble salts close to the laboratory project after EC, Organic Matter, proposed site, 2 assign to Moisture Content locations) of the contractor) proposed substation

B. Construction PH, Sulfate (SO3 ), Inside and Two Technical Per sample Contractor by Contractor/ Stage Chloride, ORP, outside (just times specifications Rs. 1,500 CPCB approved PMU water Soluble salts close to the laboratory EC, Organic Matter, proposed site, 2 Moisture Content locations) of the proposed substation

C. Operation PH, Sulfate (SO3 ), Inside and A single Technical Per sample Contractor by PMU Stage Chloride, ORP, outside (just time specifications Rs. 1,500 CPCB approved water Soluble salts close to the laboratory EC, Organic Matter, proposed site, 2 Moisture Content locations) of the proposed substation ESC –Environment & Social Cell of HPPTCL Abbreviations: SO2- -Sulphur Dioxide; NO2- - Nitrogen Dioxide; CO- Carbon Monoxide; EC – Electric Conductivity; Pb – Lead; PM2.5 - Particulate Matter <2.5; PM10 - Particulate Matter <10; TSPM- Total suspended Particulate Matter; EC - Electrical Conductivity; DO - Dissolved Oxygen; TSS - Total Suspended Solids;

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BOD - Biological Oxygen Demand; NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards; NWQS - National water Quality Standards; HPPTCL – HP Power Transmission Corporation Limited; ORP – Oxidation Reduction Potential

Notes: Transport/Accommodation & Sample collection cost, VAT are not included for the EMoP. Source for Rates: MoEF (CPCB) New Delhi, Notification Dated 15 June 2008 Nearest Board’s Laboratory: Central Laboratory, H. P. State Environment Protection & Pollution Control Board, SCF 6, 7, 8, Sector-IV, Parwanoo, District. Solan-173 220, Himachal Pradesh

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Annex 5 Details of Public Consultations

General Perception about Project 1. People of the area are very positive for this project which will give employment generation and development through income generation by selling of clean energy. The income generated by the project will insure better infrastructure development in the state and area.

2. Villagers of Hatkoti also appreciated the previous work done by the HPPCL for development of area of Hatkoti temple and sponsoring the education of many children of the area as R&R measure for the land acquired in the village. The only matter of concern for the villagers was losing orchards and fertile land.

3. Similarly people staying nearby area of proposed substation sites at Gumma (Pragati Nagar) and Wangtoo showed a positive response for the project as they felt that such projects will increase the importance of the area. However they did not want them to cause any disturbance to public staying nearby in nearby area such as dust emissions during construction phase.

Support of local people for proposed project 4. All the villages covered under the consultation were ready to support the project. According to the villagers, such type of projects leads to infrastructure improvement in all aspects and they are also ready to support such environmental friendly projects proposed by the government.

5. Villagers of Katgaon (village near Wangtoo substation) and Bhagori (village near Gumma Substation) assured full support for the project.

Critical issue and concern by the local people for the project

6. The villagers demanded that the line should avoid passing over through or nearby any habituated area and fertile lands. Villagers were concerned about the safety issues related to transmission line and requested proper education about probable harms of power transmission line to human and crops and required proper training to mitigate those harms.

7. For substations, villagers did not raise any critical concern as all three substation site are located very far away from habitation area of villages.

Precautions demanded by local people during project design, operation stage, and construction 8. Rohru area of Shimla district is a rich apple producing belt of Himachal Pradesh and loosing land is major concern of the villagers. People wanted HPPTCL to avoid locating towers in fertile land and orchards and wanted proper compensation for land before start of project.

9. Villagers also demanded HPPTCL to avoid construction work during flowering season as the dust produced by construction may cause decrease in pollination of flowers and damage to crops production. The villagers also showed their concern about landslides and soil erosion caused during the construction.

Employment potential in the project 10. Almost all the villages felt that the project will definitely increase the employment potential of the villages. Villagers showed interest in getting involved in small construction, transportation, providing security and storage of material, and providing labour at the time of construction. A shopkeeper near Hatkoti village has informed his business had increased 10 times after start of construction of hydropower project work in the village. The villagers felt that the increase in income from electricity generation to the state will also lead to development in area and additional employment opportunities.

11. For substations, villagers demanded maximum employment to people staying nearby.

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Ethnic Minorities 12. No ethnic minorities or vulnerable people are residing in Rohru area, The Kinnaur district is a tribal district but people are mainstreamed. Project will not have any impact on any ethnic communities of the area. Substations are located at far away from nearest habitations - Wangtoo Substation is located 14 km from Katgaon and Boktoo is located 7 km away from nearest habitation, Talangi.

No of shops/commercial establishments 13. During consultation, it was noted that one or two shops were present in all villages covered in the project area, which comprise of daily need shops, tea shops and flour mills. Commercial establishment are situated within 10 km area of all the villages.

14. Katgaon village of Kinnaur has big commercial establishment for nearby areas for which most buyers come from nearby colonies of various hydroelectric projects located in the area. They are looking at positive prospects of increasing their commercial activities with this project also.

Number of industrial units 15. There are no big industrial units surrounding the project area. Three villages, Kot, Magawata and Magara have saw mills in the area. Majority of villagers are involved in Agriculture, Horticulture and milk producing activities.

Socio economic standing: land use, cropping pattern 16. In most villages, the major occupation of the people was horticulture and agriculture. Almost all farmers have own lands and they are involved in works related to horticulture, agriculture and animal husbandry. Along with agriculture, few people have their small shops in village and some villagers are employed by government in other parts of state.

Sources of irrigation 17. Almost all the villagers are dependent upon rain water and snow for agriculture. Mostly, villagers use spring water with gravity gradient for irrigation but do not use water pumps for irrigation.

Access to Forest Land and Use 18. The upper area of the mountains are having forests, villagers have access to forest for collection of fodder and grazing for the animals. Some forest lands are also encroached by villagers on which they have planted apple and other horticulture trees on encroached lands.

Current rates for agricultural land 19. Buying and selling of land in the area has rarely been seen, so it’s difficult to calculate the actual market rate of land in the area. However the villagers explained that the previous cases of compensation paid by the Public Works Department (PWD) for acquisition of lands, it is calculated as Rs. 0.15 million per Biswa9 of land in upper areas and Rs. 0.1 million per Biswa in lower area.

Sources of power supply 20. All the areas covered during consultation were getting power from Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Limited (HPSEBL).

Average total monthly expenditure per household on grid electricity 21. During consultation, the average monthly expenditure of electricity for domestic purpose was found to vary between Rs. 250-400. The average expenditure was about Rs. 200 per 2 months for most villages.

Source of drinking water 22. The household connection to each house of villages is through the Irrigation and Public Health department. Besides government connection, hand pump and natural water springs are

9 1 Biswa is equal to 38 m2 79

used in some villages. Availability of water is often a problem during the summers.

Shortage of water 23. Sometimes availability of water is a problem during summer season. Rest of the year, water is available for all domestic needs. Availability of water is also dependent on snowfall occurring during winter. A good snowfall can fulfil demands of water for entire year.

24. During consultation, no negative impact on food grain production, availability/land use was reported; landslides and soil erosion may be caused due to project activities which may damage the fertile top soil and standing crops below the tower leg. The villages reported that the project will not cause any widespread imbalance, no displacement of people is involved in the project. It was perceived that no electromagnetic effect of transmission line may cause some health and safety issues for which villagers should be educated to mitigate such issues.

Protected areas 25. There are no protected areas within 10 km vicinity of sub-projects and will not have any negative impact due to project activities.

Health status 26. The health status of villagers is good. There have been no chronic diseases or health disaster or outburst of any disease is reported in recent past. In most of the villages primary health centres are not present, but they are available with in area of 3-5 km from village, the people usually travel towards nearby town to access medical services such as Kotkhai, Jubbal, Rohru, Rekong Peo and Shimla. Villagers are aware of HIV/AIDS and about sexually transmitted diseases (STD).

27. The villagers felt that the project would not cause permanent migration. There will be no adverse impact on water by project activities but soil erosion needed to be taken care as digging for tower base may cause small land slide and damage of crops in nearby area.

Educational status 28. Literacy rate in most of the villages are around 90-100%. A primary school is present in the village or nearby village. For middle level and high school, the villagers mostly go outside. Some villages reported of having a high school. Villagers have to go to nearby urban area for their higher education; it was found that the education level of boys and girls is at par.

Employment status 29. Most villagers were engaged in horticulture, agricultural and agriculture related activities throughout the year. Among the youth, unemployment is about 40-50%. In the villages, which are in close proximity to urban towns, some of them are engaged in jobs and carry small business.

Perceived benefits from project 30. Most of the villages perceive that the project will result in provision of employment, small construction works, transportation works and development of basic infrastructure like roads, small commercial establishment.

Village Committee 31. In all the villages, the decisions are taken by gram Panchayat and gram Sabha held on critical and community related issues. All the Panchayat members and Sarpanch actively participate to take decisions on any community related issues.

Other issues 32. Better roads and employment is a demand in some villages. Few villagers demanded that crop and loss of agricultural land due to projected activities should be compensated in terms of regular source of income like taking land on lease instead of one time compensation or giving permanent employment.

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Usefulness of consultation 33. All the villagers admitted that the consultation as very useful, and were happy as they got an opportunity to share their views before the government officials. They feel that the consultation is useful for sharing views about the project and after hearing the details.

Involvement of people in implementation 34. All the participants during the consultation assured that the local people would provide full cooperation and involvement for the implementation of the project.

35. Village wise List of the Participants and their occupation are given in Tables A5.1-3 below.

Table A5.1 Villages involved in consultation at Shimla district for 220 kV (Hatkoti Gumma) Transmission Line Sl No Village Panchyat Districts Distance from the Number of District Head Participants Quarters 1 Bakneot Purag Shimla 65 km 09 2 Dalsar Bagdomehar Shimla 66 km 09 3 Pandrog Purag Shimla 67 km 08 4 Pudag Pudag Shimla 65 km 06 5 Galera Bagdomehar Shimla 62 km 05 6 Naktada Deem Shimla 91 km 06 7 Deem Deem Shimla 90 km 05 8 Khara Pathar Deem Shimla 88 km 07 9 Chandel Dharkoti Shimla 80 km 06 10 Dharkoti Patshal Shimla 80 km 07 11 Jhandoli Dharkoti Shimla 81 km 10 12 Sholi Kot kaina Shimla 96 km 07 13 Kaina Kot kaina Shimla 93 km 08 14 Vadot Thana Shimla 105 km 06 15 Rampuri Deem Shimla 92 km 06 16 Virat Nagar (Hatkoti ) Saraswati Nagar Shimla 100 km 09 17 Sari Sari Panchayat Shimla 90 km 08 18 Astandli Sari Shimla 96 km 05 19 Mandhol Mandhol Shimla 110 km 07 20 Mangara Sari Shimla 98 km 07 21 Magouta Kotkhai Shimla 105 km 14 22 Kot Kotkhai Shimla 105 km 13 23 Mhanghali Pudag Shimla 55 km 09 24 Marathu Tharola Shimla 97 km 08 25 Purjali Bagdomehar Shimla 53 km 06 26 Bagori Bagori Shimla 50 km 02

Table A5.2 Consultation at Shimla district for 400/220 kV Gumma (Pragati Nagar) Substations SNo Village Panchyat Districts Distance from the Number of District Head Participants Quarters 1 Bagori Bagori Shimla 50 km 02

Table A5.3 Consultation at Kinnaur district for 400/220 kV Wangtoo Substation SNo Village Panchyat Districts Distance from the Number of District Head Participants Quarters 1 Katgaon Katgaon Kinnaur 25 05

Table A5.4 List of Participants for Consultation at Shimla district for 220 kV Transmission Line Sl No Name of the Participants Occupation Name of the Village: Bakneot 81

Sl No Name of the Participants Occupation 1 Hare Krishan Service Man 2 Krishan Lal Service Man 3 Ram Krishan Agriculture 4 Prem Agriculture 5 Laik Ram Ex. Service Man 6 Rama Nand Govt. Service 7 Bale Ram Agriculture 8 Nain Dutt Private Job 9 Meena Ram Govt. Service Name of the Village: Dalsar 1 Brije Sharma Govt. Service 2 Rake Sharma Govt. Service 3 Sure Sharma Govt. Service 4 Ram Bharadwaj Govt. Service 5 Jagmohan Sharma Govt. Service 6 Prem Mohan Govt. Service 7 Narender Bhardwaj Horticulture 8 Ashok Sharma Horticulture 9 .Raje Bhardwaj Govt. Service Name of the Village: Pandrog 1 Vijay Kapret Pardhan 2 Vinod Service 3 Brij Lal Service 4 Nand Lal Service 5 Ram Lal Service 6 Jia Lal Agriculture 7 Prem Prakash Service 8 Ranvir Service Name of the Village: Pudag 1 Hareram Service Man 2 Lal Chand Service Man 3 Manjit Ram Farmer 4 Krishan Lal Ex. Service Man 5 Bhagat Ram Ex. Service Man 6 Alat Ram Farmer Name of the Village: Galera 1 Sunder Bragta Agriculture 2 Arjun Bregta Agriculture 3 Hama Nand Bregta Agriculture 4 Chetan Bregta Agriculture 5 Shrimam Bregta Agriculture Name of the Village: Naktada 1 Vinod Kumar Horticulture 2 Nayan Singh Horticulture 3 Chanden Singh Horticulture 4 Vijay Chouhan Horticulture 5 Sandeep Kumar Student 6 Balbir Chouhan Service Name of the Village: Deem 1 Mela Ram Horticulture 2 Saligram Horticulture 3 Laxmi Singh Horticulture 4 Pradeep Horticulture 5 Devki Chand Horticulture Name of the Village: Khara Pathar 1 Bhawani Singh Retd. Serviceman 2 Jeet Singh Service 3 Baderi Dutt Horticulture 4 Sohan Singh Shop Keeper 5 Ashok Jita Horticulture 6 Shiv Lal Horticulture 7 Surender Chouhan Horticulture Name of the Village: Chandel 1 Firozdeen Agriculture 2 Bhupender Singh Horticulture 3 Rahi Ram Horticulture

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Sl No Name of the Participants Occupation 4 Kewal Ram Horticulture 5 Khempe Ram Horticulture 6 Dilip Singh Horticulture Name of the Village: Dharkuti 1 Jagat Ram Horticulture 2 Balbir Horticulture 3 Rajesh Horticulture 4 Balwan Horticulture 5 Seema House Wife 6 Kamla House Wife 7 Chatter Singh Horticulture Name of the Village: Jhandoli 1 Praveen Agriculture 2 Mohan Lal Agriculture 3 Joginder Agriculture 4 Barat Bhushan Agriculture 5 Ravinder Agriculture 6 Shyam Lal Agriculture 7 Mohinder Agriculture 8 Jiya Lal Agriculture 9 Roshan Lal Agriculture 10 Mohan Lal Ex. Service Man Name of the Village: Sholi 1 Ropinder Daulta Horticulture 2 Madan Manta Horticulture 3 Kaushal Chanta Horticulture 4 Brij Lal Sinha Horticulture 5 Nand Lal Sinha Horticulture 6 Diwan Manta Horticulture 7 Nanveer Manta Horticulture Name of the Village: Kaina 1 Prabudayal Manta Horticulture 2 Godu Chanta Horticulture 3 Naresh Chauhan Horticulture 4 Tulsi Ram Chanta Horticulture 5 Aman Manta Horticulture 6 Yashwant Chanta Horticulture 7 Joginder Khinta Horticulture 8 Pradhan Chanta Horticulture Name of the Village: Rampuri 1 Durga Horticulture 2 Rajinder Service 3 Mohan Singh Service 4 Lazza Ram Shop Keeper 5 Deepak Horticulture 6 Jai Prakash Service Name of the Village: Vadot 1 Jaya Lal Horticulture 2 Kawal Ram Horticulture 3 Lachu Ram Horticulture 4 Yashwant Horticulture 5 Hapinder Horticulture 6 Rajesh Gangta Horticulture Name of the Village: Virat Nagar (Hatkoti) 1 Kishan Lal Sharma Shop Keeper 2 Bihari Lal Sharma Self Employed 3 Shyam Lal Sharma Self Employed 4 Baldev Agriculture 5 Sanjay Khimta Agriculture 6 Mihan Azad Agriculture 7 Sanjeev Self Employed 8 Rajinder Self Employed 9 Bakshi Agriculture Name of the Village: Sari 1 Gopal Business 2 Pankaj Vice Pradhan 83

Sl No Name of the Participants Occupation 3 Roop Singh Shop Keeper 4 Trilok Agriculture 5 Lokinder Agriculture 6 Pritam Agriculture 7 Jay Singh Agriculture 8 Motilal Govt. Service Name of the Village: Astandli 1 Kehar Singh Agriculture 2 Hardayal Agriculture 3 Balbir Contractor 4 Manmohan Agriculture 5 Beliram Agriculture Name of the Village: Mandhol 1 Jashu Ram Farmer 2 Kamla Ram Farmer 3 Chhagan Farmer 4 Chatte Ram Farmer 5 Attru Farmer 6 Dhirje Farmer 7 Gopal Farmer Name of the Village: Mangara 1 Chaman Lal Horticulture 2 Roshan Lal Horticulture 3 Prem Singh Horticulture 4 Dhanu Ram Horticulture 5 Bihari Lal Horticulture 6 Rameshwar Singh Horticulture 7 Lokinder Horticulture Name of the Village: Magouta 1 Sadan Nand Ex. Service Man 2 Rajesh Horticulture 3 Gyan Singh Horticulture 4 Ishwari Singh Govt. Service 5 Saran Dassi Horticulture 6 Chander Prakash Horticulture 7 Hari Saran Horticulture 8 Anand Prakash Horticulture 9 Bashir Chand Govt. Service 10 Jawahar Sharma Govt. Service 11 Lokinder Sharma Advocate 12 Narender Singh Govt. Service 13 Dharm Singh Horticulture 14 Ami Chand Horticulture Name of the Village: Kot 1 Ram Gopal Horticulture 2 Adit Ram Horticulture 3 Chander Lal Govt. Service 4 Ravinder Dutt Horticulture 5 Pradeep Kumar Horticulture 6 Mangat Ram Ex. Service Man 7 Lodu Ram Ex. Service Man 8 Ram Prakash Govt. Service 9 Bija Ram Ex. Service Man 10 Devi Dutt Ex. Service Man 11 Kamla Nand Govt. Service 12 Bisasar Dutt Govt. Service 13 Payari Lal Govt. Service Name of the Village: Mhanghali 1 Narayan Dass Govt. Service 2 Sati Kumar Self 3 Daulat Ram Ex.Service Man 4 Mehu Ram Self Employed 5 Rajinder Singh Agriculture 6 Jai Ram Agriculture 7 Daulat Ram Ex.Service Man 8 Rati Ram Agriculture

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Sl No Name of the Participants Occupation 9 Chet Ram Govt.Service Name of the Village: Marathu 1 Jagdish Govt.Service 2 Ravinder Agriculture 3 Suresh Agriculture 4 Roshan Agriculture 5 Mahinder Agriculture 6 Subhadra Agriculture 7 Dharpal Agriculture 8 Durga Singh Agriculture Name of the Village: Purjali 1 Agya Ram Horticulture 2 Kapil Dev Horticulture 3 Punji Ram Horticulture 4 Laik Ram Horticulture 5 Sendar Singh Horticulture 6 Bal Krishan Horticulture

Table A5.5 List Of Participants For Consultation In Shimla district For Gumma (Pragati Nagar) Substation Name of the Village: Bagori (For Gumma Sub Station) 1 N D Chauhan Business 2 Rati Ram Agriculture

Table A5.6 List of Participants for Consultation In Kinnaur district for Wangtoo Substation Name of the Village: Katgaon (For Wangtoo Substation At Kinnaur) 1 Prabhulal Negi Retired Govt. Servant 2 Ravi Negi Horticulture 3 Harman Dass Ex Army Officer 4 Pratap Negi Shop Keeper 5 Shiv Singh Govt. Employee

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Annex 6: Earthquake History of Himachal Pradesh

The state of Himachal Pradesh lies almost entirely in the Himalayan mountains, and is part of the Punjab Himalayas. Due to its location, it weathers dozens of mild earthquakes every year. Large earthquakes have occurred in all parts of Himachal Pradesh, the biggest being the Kangra Earthquake of 1905. The Himalayan Frontal Thrust, the Main boundary Thrust, the Krol, the Giri, Jutogh and Nahan thrusts lie in this region. Besides that there are scores of smaller faults, like the Kaurik Fault which triggered the 1975 earthquake. However, it must be stated that proximity to faults does not necessarily translate into a higher hazard as compared to areas located further away, as damage from earthquakes depends on numerous factors such as subsurface geology as well as adherence to the building codes.

Seismic Hazard Chamba, Kullu, Kangra, Una, Hamirpur, Mandi, and Bilaspur Districts lie in Zone V. The remaining districts of Lahual and Spiti, Kinnaur, Shimla, Solan and Sirmaur lie in Zone IV. Since the earthquake database in India is still incomplete, especially with regards to earthquakes prior to the historical period (before 1800 A.D.), these zones offer a rough guide of the earthquake hazard in any particular region and need to be regularly updated (See also: GSHAP Hazard Map for Himachal Pradesh).

Largest Instrumented Earthquake in Himachal Pradesh 4 April 1905 - Kangra (Himachal Pradesh), Mw 7.8 33.00 N , 76.00 E, OT=00:50 UTC At leats 28,000 people were killed in the Kangra-Dharamsala region of Himachal Pradesh. Damage and casualties also occurred in adjoining parts of Punjab including in the cities of Amritsar, Lahore, Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Sialkot.

Significant Earthquakes in Himachal Pradesh The following list briefly outlines known earthquakes in this region. General locations10 are provided for historical events for which "generalized" epicentral co-ordinates are available.

4 April 1905 - Kangra (Himachal Pradesh), Mw 7.8 33.00 N, 76.00 E, OT=00:50 UTC At least 28,000 people were killed in the Kangra-Dharamsala region of Himachal Pradesh. Damage and casualties also occurred in adjoining parts of Punjab including in the cities of Amritsar, Lahore, Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Sialkot.

28 February 1906 - Near Kullu (Himachal Pradesh), Mw 6.4 32.00N, 77.00E Damage and casualties in the Bashahr-Shimla hills states.

11 May 1930 - East of Sultanpur (Himachal Pradesh), 6.0 (TS) 11:30:36 UTC, 31.70N, 77.00E. 22 June 1945 - Near Padua, Kathwa District, J&K (H.P.-J&K Border region), 6.0 (TS) 18:00:51 UTC, 32.599N, 75.90E.

10 July 1947 - Near Padua, Kathwad District, J&K (H.P.-J&K Border region), 6.0 (TS) 10:19:20 UTC, 32.599N, 75.90 E.

12 August 1950 - Near Padua, Kathwad District, J&K (H.P.-J&K Border region), 6.0 (TS) 03:59:06 UTC, 32.599N, 75.90E.

12 September 1951 - Chamba-Udhampur Districts (H.P.--J&K Border region), 6.0 (TS) 20:41:48UTC, 33.30N, 76.50E.

17 June 1955 - Lahual-Spiti District (Himachal Pradesh), 6.0 (TS) 10:14:09UTC, 32.50N, 78.60E

17 June 1962 - Chamba-Udhampur Districts (Himacahl Pradesh-J&K Border region), 6.0 (TS) 04:39:26.60 UTC, 33.30N, 76.20E.

10 Some events which were significant for other reasons are also included. Please note that Magnitude and Intensity are not the same. All events are within the state or union territory covered on this page unless stated otherwise.

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19 January 1975 -SW of Dutung, Himachal Pradesh (Indo-China Border region), Ms 6.8 (NEIC) 08:02:02.50, 32.455N, 78.430N, 33km depth This earthquake struck in the early afternoon of January 19, 1975. It registered 6.2 on the Richter scale. It caused havoc in parts of the Kinnaur, Lahaul and Spiti regions of India. 60 people were killed in this sparsely populated region.

21 October 1991 - Near Pilang (Uttarkashi District), Uttaranchal, Mw 6.8 (NEIC) 21:23:14 UTC / 02:53:14 IST, 30.78N, 78.77E between 750 to 2000 people killed in the Gharwal region. It was also felt very strongly in Uttar Pradesh, Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana and Punjab. Fatalities were also reported from Himachal Pradesh. Some minor damage was reported in Chandigarh and New Delhi.

29th March 1999 - Near Gopeshwar (Chamoli District), Uttaranchal, Mw 6.5 (HRV) 19:05:11 UTC, 30.492N, 79.288E 115 people killed in the Gharwal region. The quake was felt very strongly in Uttar Pradesh, Chandigarh, Delhi and Haryana. In Haryana, one person was killed in the city of Ambala and 2 at Nakodar in the neighbouring state of Punjab. Minor damage to buildings in New Delhi, most significantly in Patparganj. Minor damage also reported from Chandigarh.

11 November 2004 - Bharmour, Kangra region, Mb 5.1 32.442 N, 76.512 E, D=34 km, OT=02:13:45 UTC A moderate earthquake struck the Kangra Valley and the Dhauladhar Mountains on 11 November 2004 at 07:43 AM local time. It was felt strongly in the Kangra- Dharamsala region and event caused minor damage to buildings in the region. It had a magnitude of Mb=5.1.

8 October 2005 - Kashmir-Kohistan, Pakistan-India border, Mw 7.6 34.432 N, 73.537 E, D=020.0 km, OT=03:50:40 UTC.

A major earthquake struck the India-Pakistan border on the morning of 8 October 2005. It had a magnitude of Mw=7.6 and was felt strongly in much of Pakistan, northern India and eastern Afghanistan. The earthquake resulted in more than 80,000 deaths in northern Pakistan and adjoining parts of Jammu & Kashmir, India and is by far one of the deadliest in the sub-continent. At least 10 people also died in other parts of north India and 4 in Afghanistan due to this earthquake. Tremors from the earthquake were felt more than a thousand kilometres away in the Indian states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Source: Amateur Seismic Centre, http://www.asc-india.org/, Pune, India

Acronyms Used: D=Depth; OT=Origin Time; Mw=Moment Magnitude; Ms=Surface Wave magnitude; Mb=Body Wave Magnitude; ML=Local Magnitude; M?=Magnitude Type unknown

List of Earthquake in Himachal Pradesh w.e.f 1st Jan 2006 Date LAT (deg. N) LONG (deg. E) Depth (km) Magnitude Region Jammu & Kashmir-Himachal 26/05.2006 32.9°N 76.0°E 33.0 4.7 Pradesh border region 20/07/2006 31.7°N 78.2°E 10 3.5 Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh 10/12/2006 31.5N 76.7 E 33 3.5 Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh 21/02/2007 31.4°N 77.6°E 33.0 3.6 Himachal Pradesh 04/10/2007 32.5°N 76.0°E 10.0 3.8 Chamba, Himachal Pradesh 14/9/2008 32.4 N 76.1 E 10 3.4 Chamba, Himachal Pradesh 21/10/2008 31.5 N 77.3 E 10 4.5 District Kullu, Himachal Pradesh 9/1/2009 31.7 N 78.4 E 10 3.0 Kinnaur District, Himachal Pradesh 9/1/2009 31.7 N 78.3 E 16 3.8 Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh Source: Indian Meteorological Department (http://www.weathershimla.gov.in) 87

Annex 7: Highlights of Census 2011 in comparison with 2001 data

Description Himachal Shimla Kinnaur 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 Actual Population 6,856,509 6,077,248 813,384 722,502 84,298 78,334 Male 3,473,892 3,085,256 424,486 380,996 46,364 42,173 Female 3,382,617 2,991,992 388,898 341,506 37,934 36,161 Population Growth 12.81% 17.54% 12.58% 17.02% 7.61% 9.91% Area Sq. km 55,673 55673 5,131 5,131 6,401 6,401 Density/km2 123 109 159 141 13 12 Proportion to Himachal 100% 100% 11.86% 11.89% 1.23% 1.29% Pradesh Population Sex Ratio (Per 1000) 974 968 916 896 818 857 Child Sex Ratio (0-6 Age) 906 896 922 929 953 979 Average Literacy 83.78 76.48 84.55 79.12 80.77 75.20 Male Literacy 90.83 85.35 90.73 87.19 88.37 84.30 Female Literacy 76.6 67.42 77.80 70.07 71.34 64.40 Total Child Population (0-6 763,864 769,424 80,778 85,089 7,987 9,304 Age) Male Population (0-6 Age) 400,681 405,618 42,018 44,105 4,090 4,701 Female Population (0-6 Age) 363,183 363,806 38,760 40,984 3,897 4,603 Literates 5,1,04506 4,029,097 619,427 504,330 61,639 51,913 Male Literates 2,791,542 2,266,103 347,013 293,745 37,356 31,589 Female Literates 2,312,964 1,762,994 272,414 210,585 24,283 20,324 Child Proportion (0-6 Age) 11.14 13.05 9.93% 11.78% 9.47% 11.88% Boys Proportion (0-6 Age) 11.53 13.55 9.90% 11.58% 8.82% 11.15% Girls Proportion (0-6 Age) 10.74 12.53 9.97% 12.00% 10.27% 12.73% Source http://www.census2011.co.in/census