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Chapter 6 Plantation Research in 1987: Ethnographic and Historical Chapter 6 Plantation Research in 1987: Ethnographic and Historical This chapter discusses the five the Barbados Department of Archives, this plantations on which archaeological work research was merely intended to gather data concentrated. An overview is given of their that had not been acquired on earlier field trips contemporary features, and the specific reasons and which would help in developing historical why-eaeh-was-chosen-forintensive-investigation overviews of the-plantations If archaeological is discussed. The results of interviews bearing on evidence of a slave cemetery was to have been possible cemetery locations are detailed, and found, then it was intended to make more the historical overviews of each plantation elaborate efforts at gathering historical present whatever basic demographic materials. The five plantations are discussed in information could be found relating to the the order in which archaeological work was slaves. It should be reemphasized that commenced. although the field season involved some research into primary sources, particularly in Guinea Lying amidst the gently undulating standards, and is supervised by a resident topography of the southeastern section of St. manager and two full-time submanagers. The John parish (Figure 1), Guinea plantation, its land of Guinea itself contains some unused fields of sugar cane often fanned by sea breezes, pastures and gullies, and about 309 arable acres offers a highly pleasing perspective of the divided into 37 named fields. The fields geography of Barbados, and provides broad average about 8 1/3 acres; the Negro Yard, vistas of the surrounding countryside and the today planted in cane, contains 7 3/4 acres fields of neighboring plantations. (Figure 2). In its overall layout Guinea does not The eastern portion of the Negro Yard differ very much from other Barbados inclines into a thickly wooded gully with dense plantations. Its Mill Yard contains, among underbrush which runs for several hundred other structures, a well built and well yards along an approximate northwestern- maintained house for the manager, various southeastern axis. This gully contains two 30 to outbuildings, and the ruins of an old sugar 40 foot deep "sink holes," well-like structures factory; there is also a. pond area nearby. which help drain excess water from the fields. Surrounding the Mill Yard are the plantation's Covering the steeply rising eastern side of this agricultural fields, including the Negro Yard gully is an approximately six to seven acre field. This field lies immediately to the pasture (together the pasture and gully area southeast of the Mill Yard and, separated only comprise about eight acres) with a thick grass by a "cart road" (the general term for the cover and widely dispersed coconut trees (Figure unpaved, narrow roads that run between a 2). This pasture and its proximity to the Negro plantation's fields), it virtually adjoins the Yard were major factors in choosing Guinea for manager's house. From the veranda of the archaeological research. latter, the entire Negro Yard and its surrounding fields and pastures are readily visible (Figure Guinea was initially attractive for 2). several reasons. The Project Director was already well acquainted with the plantation's Today owned by a family based major owner, who was very supportive of the company which also holds other plantations, proposed research. In addition, during the early Guinea and an adjoining plantation (Cliffden, 1970s historical research yielded enough data with which Guinea is today combined) is to compile a fairly detailed account of Guinea's considered relatively large by Barbadian ownership history; also available were some 27 GUINEA, 1987 EAST NEWTON PATRICK FIELD (4%) (9) SOUTH PATRICK (4) PASTURE FIELD (53/.) N•R HEAST RODGERS (4%) NORTHWEST RODGERS CLIFFDEN PLANTATION (6%) Mitt YARD PAVED MAIN ROAD AREAS INVESTIGATED ‘•,. CART ROAD OR FIELD BOUNDARY Meters 300 III MANAGERS HOUSE Ei SURVEY ( ) ACREAGE TO KENDAL SHOVEL TEST AND ASHFORD • SINK HOLE A FRUIT ORCHARD AND KITCHEN GARDEN 2. Guinea, 1987: fields and archaeological research areas TO MASSIAH STREET GUINEA, 1857 AND 1987: FIELD DIVISIONS AND FIELD NAMES NEWTON EAST FIELD PATRICK K R 1857 FIELD NAMES AND APPRO XIMATE ACREAGES NORTH (TO NEAREST 'A A PATRICK RE) HORSE THUNDER POND A: NORTH ROGERS (4%) Q: LO ER GRIFFITHS (9) PASTURE FIELD • • • • • • • • • • B:NORTH SCOTTS (6%) R:UPP'ER GRIFFITHS (9) C:SOUTH ROGERS (5%) ILL FIELD 5: HEN ISS (7) •.... ,CAT 0: SOUTH SCOTTS (6%) T:MA TER POND (7) .#4,!•P•ogs. HOLE E:CLARKE'S (10) U:GA DEN (12) RODGERS F:BEAN (10) V:NEGRO YARD (6%) G:COWITCH (11) W:NORTH DUFFY (10%) NORTH ORCHARD u HAZARD FIELD H:GULLY (10%) X:HAZARD (10%) EE • GARDEN SOUTH AA WORK I: HILL (2%) Y:NOII TH PROVERBS (10%) FIELD FIELD XHAZARD J: THUNDERHOLE (9) Z:SOU TH DUFFY (10%) rt) K: tit NEWTON (9) AA: 0 CHARD (9) O Iv L:WILDCANE (12%) BB: SO JTH PROVERBS (6) -t M:MILL (12%) CC: W IARTON (9%) N:PLOUGH (8%) DD: W ST OLD WORK (6%) O 0: STABLE (8%) EE: EA1T OLD WORK (6) P: LIME KILN (81/2) FF: SHAWS (9%) 1857 FIELD BOUNDARY 1857 ALLOTMENTS ALLOTMENTS: 54 O • 1987 FIELDIOUNDARY PASTURE: 35'h O r;S: 1857 PASTURE ROADS, GULLYS, FIELD BOUNDARIES: 26% Cr?-t TO KENDAL =Pp TOTAL ACREAGE: 384 AND ASHFORD, 0 Meters 300 O Guinea, 1857 and 1987: field divisions and field names 0 30 Chapter 6 Plantation Research in 1987: Ethnographic and Historical 31 relatively rich demographic data on the It is uncertain how the name Guinea arable acreage was divided into 32 named fields recorded at 317 acres, but with only 70 slaves plantation's slaves during the 1820s (White originated. The only written evidence ranging in size from 2 3/4 acres to 12 3/4, and (51% female; 27 "men," 7 "boys," 28 "women," 1972). A visit to Guinea in 1983 established the suggesting its origin is in an 1825 account by Judge averaging 8 1/2 acres, not much more than and 8 "girls"). Whatever Guinea's actual presence of a Negro Yard whose location Nathaniel Lucas, a Barbadian, who wrote a today's 8 1/3 average. population in the early eighteenth century, followed the wider Barbadian pattern (and great deal about the island's early history: later figures are much more accurate for they conformed to the Newton model) by its "Tradition says this estate took its name from Reflecting what is probably typical of were acquired when triennial counts, mandated proximity to the Mill Yard. Moreover, it was having been formerly stocked at once with an many Barbadian plantations, most of Guinea's by the British government, were made of the later ascertained that the large pasture close to entire cargo of Africans from the coast of Guinea. 1857 fields still existed in 1987. Of the 32 fields island's (and West Indian) slaves in general. the Negro Yard had never been cultivated-- at If this is accurate, it must have been at-some in-18577-28—stith" • e----Between----1-8-1-7 --and 1812, Guinea's slave least not within living memory. It is relevant very remove period, for I have taken no trifling locations as in 1857, although some acreages and population averaged 196, increasing from 180 in that an 1857 map of Guinea also shows the area pains to ascertain this fact, hitherto without boundaries have been altered as fields were 1817, to 190 in 1823, 203 in 1826, 208 in 1829, and as a pasture (Figure 3). This pasture displayed success" (Lucas 1953a:127). Another version was combined or subdivided over the years (Figures 216 by 1832; by contemporary standards, Guinea topographical and other physical given in 1987 by an elderly informant who had 2, 3). For example, North Scotts and South would have been considered a large plantation characteristics similar to the Newton cemetery been born on the plantation. Although he could Scotts in 1857, fields of about 6 1/2 acres each, in terms of its slave population. During this area. As was experienced with many other not specify the names of the people involved, he are now one field, Scott, with 15 3/4 acres. The period, females averaged 102, or 52% of the pastures in Barbados, the extreme thickness of relates that when the "old owners had bought 10 1/4 acre Hazard field of 1857 became North total--a sexual distribution comparable to many the grass cover made it difficult for surface Guinea, money was very small" (scarce) and Hazard and South Hazard with 5 1/2 and 4 other Barbadian plantations (Public Record inspections alone to establish if the apparent they were able to buy the plantation cheap; acres, respectively. The 12 3/4 acre Mill field of Office 1817-1832; also, Barbados Department of rises on the land were natural rock outcroppings, "they bought it in Guineas . all in shillings." 1857 was reduced to 4 1/2 acres by 1987, but the Archives, Deeds [vol. 24, p. 295]; Handler and manmade rock piles or mounds, or just natural The informant had heard this account when he rest of it was added onto the Mill Yard and to Lange 1978: 34-36; Lucas 1953a: 127; White contours of the hilly land (Plate 3). Yet, the was a "boy," it being part of an oral tradition Wildcane field. What is today Stable field 1972). - proximity of this pasture to the Negro Yard, its passed down "from one aged person to another." with 15 1/2 acres was two fields in 1857, Stable shallow soil cover, frequent rock outcroppings, (8 1/4 acres) and Plough (8 1/4 acres); the name Available figures for Guinea show that and apparent mounds, suggested it was an ideal Whatever the case, sometime in the Plough is no longer present.
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