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The Dry Valleys of Barbados: a Critical Review of Their Pattern and Origin Author(S): J The Dry Valleys of Barbados: A Critical Review of Their Pattern and Origin Author(s): J. Fermor Source: Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, No. 57 (Nov., 1972), pp. 153-165 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/621559 Accessed: 07/10/2009 17:21 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=black. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Blackwell Publishing and The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. http://www.jstor.org The dry valleys of Barbados A criticalreview of their patternand origin J. FERMOR FormerlyLecturer in Geography,University of the WestIndies Revised MS received i March i972 ABSTRACT.The major erosional feature on the emerged coral reefs of Barbadosconsists of a network of valleys. These valleys are generallydry, and the main problem discussed is that of their origin and subsequent desiccation. A secon- dary problem is provided by the courses of many valleys which have sections at right-angles to past and present shore- lines. Of the various hypotheses reviewed, that of surface run-off after heavy storms receives the most support. The possibility of climatic change is discussed and the contributory role of karstificationconsidered. The valley pattern is judged to be a consequent one, its peculiarities resulting from primary depressions on the reefs. THErock outcropping over six-seventhsof Barbadosis a corallinelimestone often referred to as the CoralCap. In the north-eastof the island this has been breachedto revealthe underlyingsandstones and clays of the Scotlanddistrict (Fig. i.) The CoralCap has never been overlainby other strataand its surfacedescends west and south from elevationsof over 350 m nearthe escarpmentin a seriesof terraces.The originof these terraceshas been explained by K. J. Mesolella (i967), whose stratigraphicalstudies reveal an ordered sequenceof fore reef, reef crest and back-reefdeposits across each terrace.This indicates that the terracesare separateraised reefs, ratherthan wave-cutplatforms on a single tilted reef or the productof a series of step faults. E. T. Price (1958) concludedthat the decliningsilica/aluminium ratios with heighton the limestonesoils indicatea uniformrate of uplift. Mesolellaet al. (i969) confirmthis for the lowerterraces by Thorium-Uraniumdating, and they find an overallassociation of the height spacingof reefs with the time spacingof radiationmaxima predicted by considering the changingtilt of the earthand the precessionof the equinoxes.An almostuniform rate of uplift of 0-3 m per thousandyears is indicated.This steadyuplift has separatedthe reefs formedby the successionof high warminterglacial sea-levels in the Pleistocene. There has been some foldingduring the uplift (Fig. i) and the large-scalerelief of the CoralCap, with anticlinaldomes and synclinalvales, faithfullyreflects this. Two types of erosionalfeature are commonon the limestone.The first consistsof small dolines,usually discrete, predominantlycircular in form and seldom greaterthan I5 m in depth, many containingsinkholes and manyothers ponds. The secondand morestriking features are the valleys which radiatefrom the high ground aroundthe Scotland district and from the Golden Ridge dome. They are often incised to depths of 30 m and their sides slope com- monly at more than 30° and rarelyless than I5°. The valley patternis pinnatewith some trellising. When analysedwith respect to past and present shorelines,the trend of the formershown by the raised fringingreefs, 79 per cent of the total length makes angles greaterthan 6o0°to the shore,7-3 per cent is between30° and 6o0°and 13'7 per cent is less I53 I54 J. FERMOR than 30°; in the lattercategory, many segments are parallelto the old shorelines.Many of the valleys have been beheadedby the retreatof the escarpmentaround the Scotland district.Most valleysreach the sea but some end in the Sweetvaleand St. George'svale synclines.These may terminatein definitesinks or they becomeshallower and fade away 1. Crab Hill Anticline 2. Mt. Poyer Syncline 3. Clairmont Anticline 4. Sweet Vale Syncline 5- Golden Ridge Anticline 6. St. Georges Vale Syncline 7. Christ Church Anticline .4/ Escarpment of the Coral Cap \ Dry Valleys (from 1: 50000 map) FIGURE i. Structure and valley pattern on the Coral Cap (Fig. i). This imposingvalley system is dry savefor shortstretches near the mouthsof some valleys,and infrequentephemeral flows after heavy storms. The hydrologyof the CoralCap has been thoroughlyinvestigated by A. Senn (1946). He divides the cap into two areaswith respect to phreaticconditions, naming these the stream-waterand sheet-waterzones (Fig. 2). In the firstcase, waterpercolates through the coraluntil arrestedby the Oceanicsbeneath. These Oceanicsare deep-waterlimestones of low permeability,and water flows seaward above them in the basalAmphisteginal horizon of Dry valleysof Barbados I55 the CoralCap, either diffuselyor in cave systems. The form of the watertable is closely tied to the top of the Oceanicsand, where this is irregular,perched water tables may be impounded.In a few areasthe Oceanicsare brought near to the floorsof surfacevalleys and intermittentsprings may rise and flow for short distances.However, in generalthe water table in this zone is over 30 m below the valley floors. Near the coast the interfacebetween the coralrock and the Oceanicspasses below sea level, and the usual relationshipbetween fresh and seawatercomes into play. The slope of the watertable depends on the permeabilityof the coralrock and the amountof percolation. This slope is extremelylow; indeed, Senn found it lowerthan the i m closingerror of his surveyingof well tops, so that he considersthe sheet-waterzone to be virtuallyhorizontal at sea level. This low gradientis confirmedby the low seasonalrange which can be measured with greateraccuracy and which does not exceed I.5 m within this zone despite the markedseasonal regime of precipitation.Pumping tests show only fractionaldrawdowns with high yields as a furtherindication of high permeability. W E 8km Sheet r- Stream Water Zone hreatic FWterI Zone I Divide Sea Lvel . S I- Sait water/Fresh water L- Fresh water lens - Water table interface FIGURE2. Diagrammaticsection to show the hydrology of the Coral Cap (after A. Senn and P. Martin-Kaye) Some groundwateris routedinto the Scotlanddistrict. Though no springsissue at the junction of the Coral Cap and the Oceanics,it appearsthat the latter are locally more permeableat the outcropthan when buriedbeneath the CoralCap. Waterpasses through both beds to outlets at the foot of the Oceanics.The phreaticdivide occurs at a variable distance not exceeding i km behind the scarp (P. Martin-Kayeand J. Badcock, i962; E. R. Cumberbatch, I967). THE PROBLEM OF THE VALLEY PATTERN The pinnate form of the valley patternis to be expected of youthful drainageon high overallslopes-commonly 300 m in 8 km. The right-angledbends and the stretchesparallel to the presentor past shorelinesare less readilyexplained. The drainagehas presumably extendedacross each new reef as it emerged.Live fringingreefs are often distinctlylower at the backthan at the crest (T. F. Goreaux,1959), so that on emergencethey may present a barrierto streamextension which diverts the drainageparallel to the shoreuntil some low point or formersubmarine channel through the reef crest allowspassage to the sea. I. G. Macintyre(i967) recordsa living and a drownedbarrier reef off the west coastof Barbados today, these being respectively20 and io m high. If similarreefs were raisedin the past, as the combinedtectonic and eustatic history suggests, then trellisingof the drainagepattern is made yet more understandable. I56 J. FERMOR The ChristChurch dome is withoutmarked valleys, and in this areait is possibleto find troughsbehind raised reefs priorto valleycutting. The best exampleis foundbetween Bridgetownand GraemeHall behindthe First High Cliff,where a stringof largeelongate depressionsruns parallelto the south coast. THE PROBLEM OF THE ORIGIN AND DESICCATION OF THE VALLEYS R. H. Schombergk(I848) concludedthat the catchmentsare too smallto provideenough run-offto cut the valleys. He consideredthem crackscaused by an earthquakeand cites their radialpattern in evidenceof this. Subsequentopinion is unanimouslyin favourof streamcutting
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