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Afro-Zulians in the Trans-Atlantic World: a Case Study of Jean De Chourio and the Black Venezuelans of the Sur Del Lago Maracaibo (1722--1811)

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Afro-Zulians in the Trans-Atlantic World: a Case Study of Jean De Chourio and the Black Venezuelans of the Sur Del Lago Maracaibo (1722--1811) Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2010 Afro-Zulians in the Trans-Atlantic World: A Case Study of Jean de Chourio and the Black Venezuelans of the Sur del Lago Maracaibo (1722--1811) Raymond Andrew Keller II West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Keller, Raymond Andrew II, "Afro-Zulians in the Trans-Atlantic World: A Case Study of Jean de Chourio and the Black Venezuelans of the Sur del Lago Maracaibo (1722--1811)" (2010). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4616. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4616 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Afro-Zulians in the Trans-Atlantic World: A Case Study of Jean de Chourio and the Black Venezuelans of the Sur del Lago Maracaibo (1722-1811) Raymond Andrew Keller, II Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Robert M. Maxon, Ph.D., Chair Sandra Dixon, Ph.D. James Siekmeier, Ph.D. SilverMoon, Ph.D. Evan Widders, Ph.D. Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia 2010 Keywords: Jean de Chourio; African Diaspora; Afro-Zulians; Venezuelan History Copyright 2010 Raymond Andrew Keller, II ABSTRACT Afro-Zulians in the Trans-Atlantic World: A Case Study of Jean de Chourio and the Black Venezuelans of the Sur del Lago Maracaibo (1722-1811) Raymond Andrew Keller, II This di ssertation a ddresses t he hi story of a s mall c ommunity of t he A frican D iaspora m ostly overlooked: t he Afro-Zulians as the descendants of the first blacks brought over to the Sur del Lago M aracaibo r egion in V enezuela b y t he B asque-French s lave t rader J ean de C hourio in 1722. T he significance of this group in the context of colonial Venezuela from the p eriod o f 1722-1811, t he year o f Venezuelan i ndependence, i s hi ghlighted. T his dissertation e xamines perceptions that the Afro-Zulian community has of itself, as well as the perceptions that others have of it both within and outside of Venezuela. The theoretical idea central to this study is that despite attempts by the European colonists and Creole elites to strip away the African identity of the Afro-Zulian peoples (deculturation), the Afro-Zulians have managed to hold on to both their racial i ntegrity and t hose fundamentals of culture, l anguage a nd r eligion t hat l ink t hem t o t he Imbangala peoples of pre-colonial Angola. T hese fundamentals in varying degrees h ave been transmitted to, and incorporated into, the larger Afro-Venezuelan and even greater multicultural Venezuelan hi storical a nd s ocial m atrix through a gradual pr ocess of a cculturation a nd conflation. T his s tudy assists i n a ugmenting an unde rstanding o f t his ove rlooked m inority’s contributions t o V enezuelan hi story and s ociety. In addition, i t w ill s erve t o ge nerate f urther interest a nd i nvestigation on t he p art o f hi storians a nd researchers of the A frican Diaspora throughout the Americas. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Raymond Andrew Keller, II, was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1954. He currently serves as an Americorps VISTA (Volunteer in Service to America), attached to Literacy Volunteers, a United Way agency in Monongalia County, West Virginia, where he is developing a program to assist immigrants in the United States obtain citizenship. He g raduated f rom B edford S enior H igh S chool i n B edford, O hio, i n 1972, a nd w ent on t o honorably serve in both the United States Navy and United States Army, where he worked as a voice i ntercept ope rator i n t he Spanish l anguage t hroughout Latin A merica. H e r eceived a n associate degree in business from the University of Maryland in 1977, and his bachelor of arts in world history from the University of Maryland in 1985, bot h degrees while on a ctive duty. In 1989 he successfully completed the Multicultural Education Program at the College of Santa Fe in New Mexico, whence he went on t o become the Director of English as a Second Language and Bilingual/Multicultural Education programs for secondary education at the Hilmar Unified School District in the San Joaquin Valley in California from 1990-1995. Keller was employed by VENUSA (Venezuela-United States Academy) in Mérida, Venezuela, in 2001 and 2002 as an ESL instructor and editor of the textbook division. He also was attached to La Universidad Valle del Momboy in Valera, Venezuela, from VENUSA. He returned to the United States in 2002 to accept a scholarship in foreign languages at West Virginia University, receiving his master’s degree in Spanish with an emphasis on Latin American literature in May 2004. He enrolled in the doctoral program in the Department of History in the Fall of 2004, and mostly taught classes on Africana Studies, with some World History and Latin America. He and his wife, Ydalis M. Herrera, make their home in Morgantown, West Virginia. Eskertzen Dizut (Basque/Euskara) iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation was motivated by several factors. First, my wife, Ydalis María Herrera Chourio, a nd he r f amily, or iginate i n t he S ur de l Lago M aracaibo r egion. T herefore, t his dissertation can be considered as a work of love, revealing for the first time a history of the Afro- Zulians. S econd, I m ade m y hom e i n v arious c ountries i n A frica from 1995 -1996, a nd Venezuela f rom 2001 -2002, w hence m y i nterest i n t he w orldwide A frican D iaspora w as significantly a ugmented. T his di ssertation a llowed m e t o c onsolidate m y obs ervations a nd experiences into a case study of one aspect of the Trans-Atlantic world. Lastly, my experiences as a g raduate i nstructor o f A fricana S tudies an d Latin A merican H istory at W est V irginia University permitted me to broaden my perspective on the overall dispersion of African peoples throughout Latin America. The research for my classes paralleled the work being carried out on the dissertation. For the research conducted in Venezuela, special thanks go to m y wife Ydalis and her entire family, but particularly to Cirilo Antúnez Pirela of San José and Deglis Atilano Herrera Chourio of S an Antonio f or t heir h elp w ith t he sections on J ean d e C hourio a nd S an Benito, without whose kind assistance this work would not have been possible or completed. A nother thank you goes to the entire staff at the public library in Mérida, Venezuela, for their patience in helping me find and allowing me to hand copy the royal decrees pertaining to Juan de Chourio, as well as other important historical documents of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Also highly appreciated were the contributions made by Roberto “Diken” Carlos López of the Afro- Asian Center of the La Universidad de Los Andes (ULA) in Mérida, Dr. Jesús Angel Parra of the La Universidad de Zulia (LUZ) Department of History in Maracaibo and esteemed member of iv the Zulia History Academy, as well as Ricardo Pineda from the editorial staff of the Panorama daily newspaper in Maracaibo. For the research conducted in the United States, a very special thanks to Patty A. Miller, the Executive Director of the Basque Museum and Cultural Center in Boise, Idaho, for all of the unprecedented ki ndness and help rendered b y he r and her entire s taff i n the s ummer of 2009, without which Chapter Two on t he genealogy, life and heritage of Juan de Chourio would only be but a shadow of what ultimately materialized. Another thank you goes to Patty A. Miller for coordinating t he ve rbal a nd e lectronic m ail c ommunications be tween D r. A lberto S antana Ezkerra, Director of the Basque Studies Program at Boise State University and me. A thank you is also extended to Dr. Ezkerra. T he Department of History o f West Virginia University also receives t hanks and appreciation for t he partial funding of t he Idaho t rip as well as t wo ot her brief excursions to Venezuela. On t he c ampus of W est V irginia U niversity a h earty t hank you goes ou t t o a ll of t he members of my committee: D r. Sandra Dixon (Afro-Hispanic Culture and Spanish Language); Dr.
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