An Extended Literature Review

Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age, 2018, 3(1), 21-34 ISSN:2458-8350 (online) Research Paper Where does Arduino’s power come from?: An extended literature review Mehmet Akif Ocak Gazi University [email protected] Received 8 October 2017, Revised 14 December 2017, Accepted 14 December 2017 ABSTRACT The aim of this literature review is to examine the applications and researches related to the use of Arduino boards in learning and teaching environments. The study conducted a content review of 100 studies published between the years 2006-2016 by using the indexes of Educational Research Information Center (ERIC), Academic Search Complete, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), IEEE/IEL, Science Direct, Scopus, ProQuest, Google Scholar and Web of Science. In-depth examination showed that that there were various approaches and practices in the case of using Arduino technology in literature. The fact that Arduino-based robot projects spread quickly and effectively was the first thing that this study found. Due to the contribution of Arduino technology to design and development process of educational robotics system, this study revealed that recent studies mostly focused on the efforts of integration and implementation of Arduino boards into educational activities and curriculums. This study listed the academic disciplines in which the studies used Arduino boards for learning and teaching activities and revealed the achievements with the application of Arduino boards. This study also determined the research methods and technological tools used in the prior research and reported the difficulties and problems related to the use of the Arduino boards.

Keywords: Arduino, sensor, robotics, STEM, IoT

INTRODUCTION appreciated the freedom of Arduino boards and looked for new opportunities for their projects to Arduino boards are small electronic circuits create new ideas. Banzi (2008), as a co-founder of including AT-mega microcontroller and other Arduino, published a book titled as “Getting electronic components. There are different types of Started with Arduino”. In his book, Banzi Arduino boards that their functionality are same, explained the Arduino as but their size, pin numbers and Microprocessor “The Arduino philosophy is based on making capabilities are different. The basic idea behind the designs rather than talking about them. It is a Arduino comes from the fact that it is open-source constant search for faster and more powerful ways and available to everyone interested in developing to build better prototypes. We have explored many new projects. Arduino IDE (integrated prototyping techniques and developed ways of development environment) is also very easy to thinking with our hands.”(p.5) install, use, and develop new sketches based on the integrated examples. Arduino boards also support Limitations of the Arduino different types of shields by which anyone interested in developing new and large projects On the other hand, some studies mentioned the could use it easily. limitations of the Arduino boards. For example, Scolnic (2015) argued that Arduino has traditional Developed by 2005 from team Massimo Banzi, text-based programming language based on C++ David Cuartielles, Tom Ingoe, Gianluca Martino and makes it hard to understand the structure of the and David Mellis in Italy, Arduino board’s starting programming of the Arduino for people who are in- point was not education (Arduino, 2017). In experienced or new to Arduino. Other studies also electronics, especially for robotics system, the idea argued that a well-designed visual programming of DIY (do-it-yourself) developed rapidly with the might be easier to understand since Arduino introduction of Arduino. Later, researchers sketches also include traditional code writing

Correspondence to: Mehmet Akif Ocak, Associate Professor, Department of Computer and Instructional Technologies Teaching, Faculty of Education, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey, E-mail: [email protected] M. A. Ocak mentality (Blikstein, 2013; Lab Kits Using the set. Similarly, Margolis (2012), in his book, Arduino Prototyping Platform, 2010). Another showed building an Arduino based robot. In the challenge comes from the fact that many researcher book, Arduino made it easy to construct and build and institutions are trying to understand how to a program by which a robot could roam around. integrate Arduino more deeply in class Moreover, Gargava, Sindwani, & Soman (2014), in environments, for K-12 (David, 2011). their study, established an application to control a Scolnic (2015) indicated that Arduino, normally, robot on the Arduino platform by the use of a BCI was not designed for educational purposes. The (brain control interface) system, which did not starting point of the Arduino was based on require training for individual users. They designed developing DIY electronic circuits for hobbyists and developed BCI processing pipeline built on and designers. Because of this, many researchers open-source platforms using the Emotiv EEG found it hard to implement Arduino based activities headset. Results showed that system achieved into class environment. Moreover, Arduino, for around 96% accuracy using computationally many high-level applications and projects, needs inexpensive feature extraction and classification external programs and user-developed libraries by techniques. which users might develop further projects and expand the capabilities of the Arduino boards. In this regard, some studies also focused on Similarly, Linsalata (2012) indicates that Arduino implementing Arduino based applications in boards, as integrated software and hardware educational programs. For example, Jooeun, environment, maintain high-level coding Jooyoug& Jaechang (2014) performed a short-term knowledge and wiring system thorough libraries computer information and communication for inputs and outputs that make it hard to combine technology education using Arduino. The purpose basic functions together. Especially, high-level of the study was about practicing basic examples projects like Arduino robotics systems need about H/W, S/W, communication, and solving abstraction of many different functions rather than creative tasks. The study showed that they simple processor operations. developed meaningful ICT integrated curriculum that had high usefulness in a short period. Results Arduino based Robotics Technologies showed that students completed 96% out of 10 creative Arduino tasks. The answer to question of “Why Arduino” lies beneath Arduino’ flexible and user-friendly From an educational perspective, Busaidi(2012) structure. It is very easy to distinguish Arduino also discussed that any student can reconstruct and boards from microcontroller due to its simple and start using it to understand his/her subject by accessible user experience. Arduino software and setting up platform and the algorithm adopted in hardware is very understandable for beginners, yet controlling the servos as well as reading from the flexible enough for advanced users, for example, sensors in Arduino. In the study, the Arduino board thinking of getting started with robotics was utilized as a final controller for the applications. In this sense, Hau-Shiue Juang, & servomotors as well as a Data Acquisition Card Lum (2013), in their study, reported the design, (DAC). Eguchi (2016), in her study, focused on construction and control of a two-wheel self- Arduino Robot as a competition and robotics balancing robot. Results showed that self- initiative. Study introduced a case of balancing can be achieved with PI-PD control in RoboCupJunior and the effectiveness of its practice the vicinity of the upright position. Arduino based for enhancing learning of STEM contents and skills structure allowed researchers to design for innovation and creativity among participating improvement, low cost remote control, and students. Similarly, Wong (2015), in his study, obstacle avoidance and perimeter following. proposed a new Arduino-based mobile robotics kit Karvinen & Karvinen (2011) showed how to build design for class activities. The study discussed the a robot that responded to electrical activity in brain. mechanical design, electronic components and They used Arduino that had basic mechanical software developments method of the robotics kit. building skills. Their process mostly focused on Results argued that new robotics kit, CPSKit, has how to construct a robot that plays sounds, blinks several overwhelming features over existing K-12 lights, and reacts to signals from an affordable head educational robotics kits. Results showed that 22 © 2018, Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age, 3(1), 21-34

Where does Arduino’ power come from? CPSKit, as a 3D-printable Arduino-based mobile low-cost, light-weight, modular Arduino-based robot, has good features such as versatility, robot hands. The study showed that robotic hands accessibility, cost, and capabilities such as could be used for various applications, indicating odometry and wireless communication. The study that capabilities of hands were highly efficient. furhet argued that CPSKit might be implemented in K-12 or university level as manufacturing 3D-print Zhao and Zhu (2013), in their study, introduced the designs. design and implementation of an autonomous obstacle-avoiding robot car. Arduino based robot From a technological perspective, Timmis (2011) car gave good experimental effect to researchers. focused on developing an Arduino based GPS Kulkarni, Grama, Suresh, Krishna, Antony (2014), robot and sending the location of the robot to a in a similar way, focused on developing four- micro SD card and logging it to a text file. Araujo, wheeled surveillance robot by Arduino and Portugal, Couceiro, & Rocha (2015) presented a Android APIs. The researchers showed that the solution for integrating Arduino-based robotic possibilities with surveillance robot are endless. platforms in robotics operating system through the The designed robot provided a platform for further development of a robotics operating system driver. research into improving its capabilities. The study showed that Arduino presented an ideal Furthermore, Volos, Kyprianidis, & Stouboulos platform for educational robotics. Elfasakhany, (2013) presented autonomous mobile robot, a Yanez, Baylon, & Salgado (2011) designed, motion controller, based on the dynamical behavior developed and implemented an Arduino based of a known discrete chaotic system. The researcher robot arm with enhanced control. The study preferred to use Arduino for developing the robot showed that Arduino robot arm accurately system, indicating that Arduino is probably the accomplished simple tasks, such as light material most commercial platform which is used in a great handling. Another Arduino based Robotics number of applications, especially in robotics. application belongs to Balogh (2010). In his study, Prabha, Antony, Meena and Pandian (2014) Balogh (2010) described a new controller board for designed an autonomous robot to sense a mobile robot based on Arduino platform. The environmental data such as temperature, humidity, study showed the analysis and design principles of and air quality, along with GPS coordinates and the new board regarding Arduino. In addition, the store them on the cloud. The researchers used study showed some illustration examples. Lopez- Arduino microcontroller to control robot and Rodriguez & Cuesta (2016) presented a low cost Raspberry Pi to communicate with the cloud. robot based on Arduino. This study showed the Junior, Neto, Hernandez, Martins, Roger, & Guerra design of an open educational low cost modular and (2013), in their study, presented an Arduino-based extendable mobile robot. Similarly, Hernández, low cost educational robotics kit. The researchers Poot, Narváez, Llanes, & Chi (2010), in their study, indicated that the purpose of the robot was to developed a robot with the help of Arduino and +X- support the teachers in diversifying their studies bee. The robot could be controlled with certain using robotics kit. freedom and autonomy without using wires. Alexan, Osan, & Oniga (2012) also focused on For a different field, Patoliya, Mehta, & Patel developing a personal assistant robot designed by (2015), in their study, designed and developed a Arduino. The study concentrated on designing robot to detect and prevent any damage and loss to Arduino-based robot for disabled people, as its human life in battlefield. The researchers argued main purpose is to assist an elderly or disabled that robot would serve as an appropriate tool to help person. military people and to prevent illegal activities. In a similar way, Sathiyanarayanan, Azharuddin, Phal, Phal, & Jacob (2014), in their study, focused Kumar, & Khan (2014) also developed a robotics on design and development process of an Arduino- system for military purposes. They successfully based speech-controlled mobile robot. Zisimatos, built a prototype robot capable of being controlled Liarokapis, Mavrogiannis, & Kyriakopoulos using hand gestures. The study argued that (2014), similar to Elfasakhany, A., Yanez, E., developed robot could undertake missions like Baylon, K., &Salgado, R. (2011)’ study, presented border control, surveillance and active combat. a series of design directions for the development of 23 © 2018, Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age, 3(1), 21-34

M. A. Ocak Al-Sahib, & Azeez (2015), by using Arduino and focus on open-source applications. This process Rasberyy Pi, developed Internet mobile robot. The also improved the platforms of the Arduino researchers indicated that developed robot could be (Balogh, 2010). Table 1 shows recent studies controlled from any place via the Internet. Pahuja dealing with Arduino based robotic design and & Kumar (2014), in their study, designed a robot, development. In this sense, it can be seen clearly which could be controlled by Android mobile that some studies mainly focused on mind- Apps. The researchers also indicated that designed controlled robotic applications using Arduino robot along with quality and repeatability were board (Gargava, Sindwani, & Soman, 2014; unmatched. Wasif, Raza, Rasheed, Farooq, & Ali Karvinen, & Karvinen, 2011). On the other hand, (2013) also focused on developing an Arduino other studies only concentrated on designing and based robotic control system. They discussed the developing process of educational robotics system control of unbalanced system by implementing an by using Arduino (Hernández, Poot , Narváez, adaptive rendition of the classic PD control. Lim, Llanes, & Chi, 2010; Juang & Lum, 2013; Busaidi, Lee, Tewolde & Kwon (2014), also, developed an 2012; Balogh, 2010; Elfasakhany, Yanez, Baylon, efficient way of deployment of ultrasonic sensors & Salgado, 2011). From a different perspective, for low-cost mobile robots. They presented sensor Das, Sadhu, Vyas, Konar, & Bhattacharyya (2015) deployment strategies and a navigation method of showed a real-time cooperation between two robots a mobile robot using an orientation sensor of a while transporting a stick from starting positions to Smartphone. Study results showed possibility of fixed goal positions. Some studies focus on developing a low-cost indoor robotics platform for controlling Arduino based robotics system by college education and robotics research Android base APPs, which require Bluetooth laboratories. remote connection (Kulkarni, Grama, Suresh, Krishna, Antony, 2014; Patoliya, Mehta, & Patel, Generally, prior research shows that Arduino based 2015; Pahuja, & Kumar, 2014). microcontroller applications are very successful in robotics design, development and implementation. It is very clear that Arduino made it easy to develop robotics applications easily, yielding people to

Table 1. Some of the recent studies focusing on robotic design and development based on Arduino

The study Purpose Platform Example Eguchi (2016) STEM, Educational Arduino RoboCupJunior Wong(2015) STEM, educational, 3D- Arduino CPSKit printable Arduino-based mobile robot kit with various capabilities Araujo, Portugal, Educational Mobile Robot Arduino-based TraxBot; TraxBot; StingBot/ROS Couceiro, &Rocha driver (2015) Gargava, Sindwani, & Brain control interface BCI+ Arduino Robot control with BCI Soman (2014) Hernández, Poot, Design and implementation of a LPT Parallel port controlled robot Narváez, Llanes & Chi Robotics system Interface/ Arduino + (2010) X-bee Juang & Lum (2013) Design, construction and Arduino Two-wheel self-balancing robot control of a robot microcontroller board Busaidi (2012) Development of an educational MATLAB+Arduino Bioloid Biped robot environment for online control of robot Balogh (2010) Educational Robotic Platform Arduino Acrob(robot)

Where does Arduino’ power come from?

Elfasakhany, Yanez, Design and development of a Labview+Arduino Robotic arm applications Baylon, &Salgado robotic arm (2011) Alexan, Osan & Robotic assistance to disabled Arduino compatible Assistive technology/robot Oniga (2012) persons board (CHIPKIT Max32) +Android Karvinen, & Karvinen Mind controlled robot Arduino Robot (2011) Phal, Phal, & Jacob Speech controlled robot Arduino based Robot (2014) Zhao & Zhu (2013) Design and implementation of Arduino based Robot car an autonomous obstacle- avoiding robot car Zisimatos, Liarokapis, design and development of low- Arduino based Robotic hands Mavrogiannis, & cost, light-weight, modular Kyriakopoulos (2014) robot hands Kulkarni, Grama, Four-wheeled surveillance Arduino+Android Survillance robot Suresh, Krishna, robot Antony (2014) Volos, Kyprianidis, & The design of an Arduino Mobile robot Stouboulos (2013) autonomous mobile robot, a motion controller, based on the dynamical behavior of a known discrete chaotic system Prabha, Antony, Autonomous robot to measure Arduino+ Robot Meena & Pandian temperature, humidity, and air Raspberry Pi (2014) quality, along with GPS coordinates and store them on the cloud Das, Sadhu, Vyas, Two mobile robots carrying a Arduino based+ X Two robots avoiding obstacles Konar, & stick to a destination bee Bhattacharyya (2015) Junior, Neto, Educational robotics Arduino based Robot Hernandez, Martins, kit Roger, & Guerra (2013) Patoliya, Mehta, & War field spy robot using night Arduino+Android Robot Patel (2015) vision wireless camera Al-Sahib, & Azeez Internet mobile robot Arduino+ Robot (2015) Raspberry Pi Pahuja, & Kumar Mobile Phone Controlled Arduino+Android Robot (2014) Bluetooth Robot Wasif, Raza, Rasheed, Design and Implementation of a Arduino based Robot Farooq, & Ali (2013) Two Wheel Self-Balancing Robot

Sathiyanarayanan, Gesture Controlled Robot For Arduino based Robot Azharuddin, Kumar, & Military Purpose Khan (2014) Lim, Lee, Tewolde, & Use of Arduino based Robot Kwon (2014) Smartphone Sensors for Mobile Robot Navigation

M.A.Ocak Table 1 clearly shows that many recent studies Literature review clearly shows that in design and describe their robot design process developed on development process of robotics systems using Arduino platforms. It is clear to see that in robotic Arduino, integrating other software technologies projects, researchers mostly prefer to use Arduino into same project create new opportunities and microcontroller. Arduino based technology allows directions for the Arduino based platforms. In this researchers to support and motivate learning in sense, Pahuja, & Kumar (2014), Patoliya, Mehta, design and development process of robot projects. & Patel (2015), and Kulkarni, Grama, Suresh, The reason for that is economically feasible, taking Krishna, Antony (2014) focused on creating a in consideration its low cost. Secondly, due to robotics system by using Arduino platform and open-source feature, Arduino based robotic Android API together. Especially, projects based projects give independence of suppliers of parts on surveillance or military purposes, using Arduino and components. On the other hand, other robotics with other technological tools seemed to be more kits such as Legos has only closed standard and implementable in real world applications (Figure proprietary components. 1).

Figure 1. A content map regarding Arduino technology an embedded system course. From a different Arduino in educational field perspective, García-Peñalvo, Rees, Hughes, Jormanainen, Toivonen, & Vermeersch (2016), in It would be a good idea to relate Arduino their study, presented the most popular robotics experiences in teaching and learning process while products in order to help teachers to introduce providing the students access to the Arduino programming in pre-university studies. In this platform and its open source community. Thus, this sense, many products like Robbo and mBot are study intended to investigate Arduino in course built with Arduino microcontrollers. Arduino- environments and tried to show how the Arduino based Robots have LED, sensors and motors to can be used to expose the students to many of the move the robots around. In this way, students can topics normally included in educational programs. get easily involved in programming and coding For example, Jamieson (2010) described a project process. Similarly, Grover, Krishnan, Shoup, and based learning embedded system course. Study Khanbaghi (2014) investigated an undergraduate results showed that using the Arduino exposed mechatronics course using the Arduino platform. students to sufficient complexity and challenges for The study showed very encouraging results and

Where does Arduino’ power come from? indicated Arduino-based course provided effective project-based learning. Rahul, Whitchurch, and learning environment for undergraduate students. Rao (2014) introduced a graphical approach to Kapur, Hochenbaum, Darling, Diakopoulos, programming in an undergraudate level coursr. The Trimpin (2011) focused on the technical details of programming utility was basically developed for an the Arduino-based NotomotoN, a musical robotic open source Arduino platform. The results showed system, and discussed its use in performance and that students found to be easy to learn by educational scenarios. The study results showed programming tool with the robotic hardware. that NotomotoN served as a means by which Candelas, García, Puente, Pomares, Jara, Pérez, students could rapidly test new beater designs. Mira, & Torres (2015), in their study, described Gartseev, Lee, and Krovi (2011) created using Arduino platform in different laboratory ArEduBot, an Arduino-based low-cost realtime experiments of engineering courses. Furthermore, mobile-robot platform. The study discussed the the study results showed that Arduino based educational aspects of the ArEduBot laboratory experiments increased students’ interest in introductory robotics and mechatronics classes verified by academic results and surveys. to complement the lecture and to support

Table 2. Some recent studies implementing Arduino in class environments The study Field Approach Jamieson (2010) Computer Science/Engineering Project-based learning with Arduino García-Peñalvo, Rees, Programming/ Pre-university Tools/resources regarding Arduino Hughes, Jormanainen, level Toivonen, & Vermeersch (2016) Grover, Krishnan, Shoup, and Undergraduate mechatronics Robotics course Khanbaghi (2014) course curriculum/classroom teaching Arduino based platform Androutsopoulos, First year Computer Science Attendance/engagement/progression Gorogiannis, Loomes, (A racket-based robot) Margolis, Primiero, Raimondi, Varsani, Weldin, & Zivanovic (2014) Kapur, Hochenbaum, Darling, Musical classes/ New learning strategies Diakopoulos, Trimpin (2011) musical robotic education curriculum Gartseev, Lee, and Krovi Robotics & Mechatronics class Complementing the lecture and (2011) supporting project-based learning. Rahul, Whitchurch, and Rao Introductory programming Visual learning (2014) curriculum for undergraduates Kuan, Tseng, Sufen, & Wong Physics Students’ confidence and motivation (2016) Qiu, Buechley, Baafi, & Computer Science/programming Successful implementation of the Dubow (2013) curriculum Albrecht, Bender, & Computer Science n/a Kussmann (2012) Candelas, García, Puente, Engineering Courses/ Automatic Laboratory Pomares, Jara, Pérez, Mira, & Control and experiments Torres (2015) Robotics course

Prior research clearly shows that compared to other some unique features that make it preferable for microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms educational purposes. The prominent feature of the such as Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Arduino boards is their cost. Secondly, many Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, Arduino presents microcontroller platforms only runs on Windows. 27 © 2018, Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age, 3(1), 21-34

M. A. Ocak However, Arduino boards runs on Windows, environment works only by using C/C++ Macintosh OSX and Linux operating systems. In programming environments and passing to code this way, everyone can use Arduino boards sketches to a compiler. In this sense, the Arduino according to their needs. Moreover, Arduino offers compiler only sends low-level coding sketches to an open-source platform for everyone. With this compiler, meaning that high-level coding feature, even unexperienced users can develop knowledge and programming needs some kind of different modules, programs and boards by which expertise to produce advanced projects. Linsalata order-based projects and programs are easily (2012) further argues that Arduino boards only use developed. In this sense, similar microprocessors within the same chip family (Atmega 128 etc.). This feature limits to use Androutsopoulos, Gorogiannis, Loomes, Margolis, different chip architecture, meaning that allows Primiero, Raimondi, Varsani, Weldin, & Zivanovic developing different projects and ideas. Arduino’ (2014), in their study, described Arduino-based similar microprocessor structure allows users to open-source robot platform to support teaching of develop projects with simple differences by core Computer Science topics. The study presented defining same functions. teaching and assessment strageis, as well as evaluation of their teaching approach. Kuan, Arduino and STEM education Tseng, Sufen, & Wong (2016) proposed an Arduino-based integrated curriculum for the Research on using Arduino boards in STEM freshmen of a physics department. Results showed education has two folds. One approach focuses on that the curriculum helped students gain knowledge only design, development and implementation of programming and instrumentation, and process of a robotics system (Hernández, Poot, increased the students’ confidence and motivation Narváez, Llanes & Chi, 2010; Juang & Lum, 2013; to learn physics and computer languages. Busaidi, 2012; Elfasakhany, Yanez, Baylon &Salgado, 2011; Zhao & Zhu, 2013; Zisimatos, Qiu, Buechley, Baafi, & Dubow (2013) presented Liarokapis, Mavrogiannis, & Kyriakopoulos, a curriculum teaching computer science and 2014; Volos, Kyprianidis, & Stouboulos, 2013; computer programming. The study results clearly Wasif, Raza, Rasheed, Farooq, & Ali, 2013). This showed that curriculum increased students’ kind of research mainly tires to focus on robotics comfort with, enjoyment of, and interest in working design in terms of engineering perspective and with electronics and programming. In a similar handle the robotics system as control and design of way, Albrecht, Bender, & Kussmann (2012) developed robots. Brain control robots, mind proposed an Arduino based curriculum in controlled robots, speech controlled robots, undergraduate computer science course. The surveillance robots are some examples of this kind. researchers argued that the Arduino platform Fields like Military, Surveillance are other good would bring a new direction and attract new examples for this kind approach. Developing students into program. robotic systems seem more important than teaching or learning with robotics systems. However, as a There are also opposite views and research second approach, some studies directly focused on regarding the implementation of Arduino boards implementing robotics system in class into class curriculum and activities. For example, environments (Jamieson, 2010; García-Peñalvo, Linsalata (2012) argues that although Arduino Rees, Hughes, Jormanainen, Toivonen, & boards are favorable for educational purposes, Vermeersch, 2016; Grover, Krishnan, Shoup, and there are still some limitations to use Arduino Khanbaghi, 2014; Androutsopoulos, Gorogiannis, boards in educational environments. The most Loomes, Margolis, Primiero, Raimondi, Varsani, noticeable deficiency is Arduino’ programming Weldin, & Zivanovic, 2014; Kapur, Hochenbaum, language. Since Arduino uses C/C++ programming Darling, Diakopoulos, Trimpin; 2011; Gartseev, language and environment, every sketch of Lee, and Krovi, 2011; Rahul, Whitchurch, and Rao, Arduino must rely on C/C++ coding and compiling 2014; Kuan, Tseng, Sufen, & Wong, 2016; Qiu, to generate a working code system. This brings Buechley, Baafi, & Dubow, 2013; Albrecht, another problem that since all Arduino boards are Bender, & Kussmann, 2012). In this regard, for similar to each other, Arduino programming specific college courses and curriculums, schools

Where does Arduino’ power come from? began to use robotics systems to teach topics not necessarily relate to robotics technology (Wong, Arduino and IoT (Internet of Things) 2015). Some college level courses use Arduino based robotics system to teach subjects such as According to Wortmann, & Flüchter (2015), the Computer Science/Engineering, pre-university definition of IoT is very broad and there is no level programming, mechatronics and physics common consensus on what IoT technologies courses. actually include. Prior research clearly shows that IoT technologies mainly were based on RFID Hoffer (2012), in his study, argued that Arduino (radio-frequency identification) infrastructures boards and their open source nature make it ideal (Doukas, 2012; Xia, F., Yang, L. T., Wang, L., & platform for STEM (Science, Tecnology, Vinel, 2012). Since then, general definitions of IoT Engineering, and Matematics) education. Faugel, emphasis the things that become connected with & Bobkov (2013), in their study, argue that IDE Internet. Internet protocols and network technology environment of the Arduino provides a large seemed important components in IoT technologies. number of libraries easing the implementation of In addition to these definitions, Atzori, Iera, & standard applications such as using sensors or I/O Morabito (2010) added cloud technologies (data devices. Moreover, the price of the Arduino boards management, process management and is reasonably low and affordable by many students thing/device communication and management) to and the software development process by IDE is the definition of IoT. Based on prior research, it can free in Arduino boards. Thus, the students and be concluded that applications of IoT technologies teachers freely can download the IDE of the are very broad and continuing to extend nowadays. Arduino in website and use it to develop their own projects in STEM education. Moreover, there are a The basic idea behind IoT is the network that variety of web sites and educational blogs to further connects physical devices (things) with Cloud education and expand the capabilities of the technologies, Internet/web applications and Arduino boards. However, as an opposite view, network communications (Doukas, 2012). In this Hayward (2016), also, focused on definition of I- sense, IoT based devices allows users to access, STEM (Integrated STEM education) in his study, store and retrieve data on the Internet and interact in terms of teachers’ point of view, indicating with other physical devices (Xia, Yang, Wang, & factors that support I-STEM lessons. The study Vinel, 2012). Therefore, in order to create IoT results clearly showed that there was a lack of based devices and applications, users need to use consistency among I-STEM disciplines, including platforms allowing remote controls and data Engineering Courses, PLTW Courses, management systems. Doukas (2012) argues that Python/Arduino Sketch and Technology of Robotic Arduino boards are one of the suitable examples for Design. IoT technologies. Arduino boards have IDE environment easy to understand and use, and Eguchi (2016), in her study, introduced a robotics micro-controllers allowing controlling different system to enhance students’ learning in STEM sensors and many Arduino shields. For this reason, contents and skills for innovation and creativity. the idea of “open-source” mentality of Arduino The study results argued that Arduino based boards fits very well with IoT platforms, which educational robotics systems, generally, increase Arduino boards offer simple, functional and students’ interest and motivation. Especially, the extendable features for wired and wireless projects. study showed that robotics competition activities In this regard, Al-Fuqaha, Guizani, Mohammadi, provided long-lasting impacts for STEM subjects. Aledhari, & Ayyash (2015), in their study, indicate In a similar way, Wong (2015), in his study, argued that IoT elements include following components: that robotics systems used in class activities might identification, sensing, communication, be the dominant effect on science and technology. computation, services, and semantic. The study Nature of designing robotics system allows clearly argued that Arduino (among other handling many interdisciplinary areas in STEM platforms such as TinyOS, Contiki, LiteOS, fields. In sum, prior research mostly shows that RiotOS) was one of the most common operating Arduino based robotics activities help students systems used in IoT environments. keep engaged in STEM education.

M. A. Ocak IoT based research in literature review mostly boards with respect to similar systems and explains seems to focus on home control and monitoring the studies focusing on the design, development systems. For example, Piyare (2013) presented a and implementation process of Arduino based home control and monitoring system remotely robotics systems. This study argues that Arduino using Arduino based technology. The study argued boards offers a suitable environment to create both that IoT based system was feasible and effective in wired and wireless projects using different terms of controlling devices in home environment. communication protocols and monitoring and Similarly, Soliman, Abiodun, Hamouda, Zhou, & controlling different IoT technologies. Prior Lung (2013) focused on creating smart home research argues that Arduino based projects are system in which home appliances and settings were easy to be extended and applied to different controlled by IoT based technology. The study situations since Arduino has ability to support used embedding intelligence into sensors using different sensors and shields showing the Arduino board. Sundmaeker, Guillemin, Friess, & feasibility and effectiveness of Arduino based Woelfflé (2010), in their book, described Arduino systems (Xia, Yang, Wang, & Vinel, 2012; as one of the specific IoT products that have indeed Sundmaeker, Guillemin, Friess, & Woelfflé, 2010; gained visibility recently. Barbon, Margolis, Piyare, 2013). Palumbo, Raimondi, & Weldin (2016) presented an Arduino based IoT system including service For the purpose of this study, 100 studies(research interface programming model in which provided articles, proceedings, books, dissertations) mainly support to network boards using different focusing on Arduino boards and their relation to strategies. robotics systems, education, STEM, IoT, Maker and prototyping were investigated deeply to make Research clearly shows that Arduino boards play a clear understanding on how prior research shaped an important role in developing IoT based around Arduino technology and to which direction technologies. Arduino provides an open-source research focus have gone so far. This study found implementation of the code running on Arduino that Arduino technology and compatible products boards and in this way, users create flexible and have an overwhelming superiority over other functional wired or wireless projects according to systems. This superiority comes from the fact that their needs (Wortmann, & Flüchter, 2015; Xia, Arduino boards use open-source microcontroller Yang, Wang, & Vinel, 2012; Sundmaeker, technology and IDE environment allowing Guillemin, Friess, & Woelfflé, 2010; Soliman, M., everyone to contribute and customize it. Thus, Abiodun, T., Hamouda, T., Zhou, J., & Lung, 2013; Arduino based projects seem to widespread into Piyare, 2013; Doukas, 2012; Barbon, Margolis, many disciplines and influence many people from Palumbo, Raimondi, & Weldin, 2016; Atzori, Iera, different fields. & Morabito, 2010; Al-Fuqaha, Guizani, Mohammadi, Aledhari, & Ayyash, 2015). Secondly, this study found that Arduino based Galadima (2014), in his study, presented robotics systems are very common in researchers. applications to be taken as examples that can help Moreover, it is clear from prior research that make learning Arduino more interesting. The study Arduino based robotics systems enhances students argued that these examples encourage students and and teachers’ point of view and catches their teachers to learn more about electronics and attention toward educational robotics and programming. promotes STEM interests among students. This study clearly found that Arduino technology allows CONCLUSION AND FUTURE REMARKS student and teachers to develop project-based and goal-oriented activities regarding STEM related This paper presented an extended literature review fields. Many schools and educational institutions regarding Arduino technology, in terms of its low began to integrate embedded systems like Arduino cost and flexible system using an embedded into their curriculum and class activities. Research microcontroller, with STEM, IoT and Maker results generally shows that Arduino based movement aspects including coding teaching and activities have long-lasting impact on students’ prototyping. This study clearly, and in detail, understanding of STEM fields. Computer shows the strength and popularity of the Arduino Science/Engineering courses, pre-university level

Where does Arduino’ power come from? programming courses, undergraduate mechatronics contribute in communication and network and courses, Musical classes, and Physics are some manage things/devices in IoT technologies. In examples in which Arduino technology was addition, this study argues that Arduino technology successfully integrated into curriculum and classes. plays a dominant role in providing embedded sensors, actuators, processors, and other physical This study highlighted four cases of technological devices to IoT based projects. This study also contributions made by Arduino systems: (1) argues that more research is needed to investigate Arduino based Robotics technologies (2) Arduino how the implementation of Arduino platforms suit in educational field (3) Arduino and STEM with integration of information and communication education (4) Arduino and IoT (Internet of Things). technologies in IoT applications. Thus, the idea of What was presented in this study was related to open source mentality and effectiveness of Arduino contributions made by Arduino technology to boards might be deeply investigated and adapted to different fields in general. For example, IoT create new design, development and technologies, STEM and robotics systems seem to implementation of IoT technologies. To better be effected and benefited from Arduino’s open control for risky factors and to identify any source mentality and Maker Movement of Arduino technology based problems regarding Arduino (Barbon, Margolis, Palumbo, Raimondi, & Weldin, boards, future studies should investigate different 2016; Hayward, 2016; Hoffer, 2012; Soliman, embedded platforms to compare and contrast Abiodun, Hamouda, Zhou, & Lung, 2013; Xia, features and identify and address experiences Yang, Wang, & Vinel, 2012). regarding using embedded platforms in robotic system as well as in IoT technologies. Moreover, Opposite views also exits in literature review from an educational point of view, implementation (Scolnic, 2015; Blikstein, 2013; Lab Kits Using the of Arduino based technologies require more Arduino Prototyping Platform, 2010; David, 2011; concrete evidence by which educators will be eager Linsalata, 2012. Firstly, there is a lack of to integrate hardware and software features of collaboration and consensus on how to implement Arduino boards in class activities. This study Arduino based technologies in educational presented some research regarding using Arduino organizations, and schools interested in promoting in curriculum and class activities; however, prior Arduino in their environments. This study argues research shows that there is lack of focus and that Arduino based technologies provides valuable harmonization with regard to applying Arduino impacts on educational field, as explained in Table bases technologies into class environments. Also, 2, by experiencing and advancing new Arduino based STEM activities and Maker technological opportunities among students, movements need some kind of standardization and teachers and researchers. Secondly, Arduino alignment as well as the integration of the boards have some technical limitations. For embedded hardware and software domains to example, when it is necessary to make and use the enhance student learning and teacher awareness circuits permanently, the difficulties of and productivity representing further important conventional circuit production are more visible in challenges in the development of Arduino based Arduino circuits. Moreover, initial Arduino cards technologies. are economical; however, the cost for the advanced Arduino boards and shields are increasing REFERENCES dramatically. This can be considered as a hidden disadvantage for Arduino boards. In addition, the Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., input/output ports on some boards like UNO are Aledhari, M., & Ayyash, M. (2015). limited. Many middle-level and advanced projects Internet of things: A survey on enabling and applications inevitably push users to use technologies, protocols, and applications. different Arduino boards, which lead to a change in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 17(4), 2347-2376. cost. Albrecht, W., Bender, P., & Kussmann, K. (2012). Integrating microcontrollers in This research clearly shows that IoT technologies undergraduate curriculum. Journal of are getting popular and expectations are rising. In Computing Sciences in Colleges, 27(4), 45- this regard, Arduino technology seems to 52. 31 © 2018, Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age, 3(1), 21-34

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