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From the Tenth Century Account of Ealdorman Aethelweard)

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From the Tenth Century Account of Ealdorman Aethelweard) 1 IN SEARCH OF ALFRED THE GREAT Stained glass window, 20th century, commemorating the anniversary of St. Bartholomew school in the church of St. Bartholomew, Hyde. Photograph by Joe Low “In the year 899. the magnanimous Alfred passed from the world. King of the Saxons, unshakeable pillar of the western people, a man replete with justice, vigorous in warfare, learned in speech, above all instructed in divine learning. For he had translated unknown numbers of books from rhetorical Latin speech into his own language – so variously and richly, that his book of Boethius would arouse tearful emotions not only in those familiar with it but even in those hearing it for the first time. For the king died on the seventh day before the Feast of All Saints… HIS BODY LIES AT PEACE IN WINCHESTER Now reader say, ‘O, Christ Our Redeemer, save his soul.” (From the tenth century account of Ealdorman Aethelweard) HYDE900 2 HYDE ABBEY AND THE REMAINS OF ALFRED THE GREAT yde Abbey was established in the first decade of the twelfth century to accommodate the Hcommunity and the treasures of New Minster, Winchester. New Minster had been built in the years 899-904 in the centre of the city – close to where the cathedral is today - as the final resting place of King The procession transferring the bones of Alfred the Great (reigned 871-899), his King Alfred and his family from Old wife Alswitha, his son King Edward Minster to New Minster in 1110. and other members of the Royal House of Wessex. In 1110 the royal remains (and accompanying treasures such as the However, in the decades after 1066, as Gold Cross of Canute, illustrated the new Norman regime entrenched above*) were carried with great pomp itself, the abbey had to move to a new and reverence to their new resting site in Hyde, to the north of the city. place for reburial before the high altar of the abbey church. Left: 11th Century, from the ‘Liber Vitae’ (Book of Life), illustrating the donation of a gold cross (one of the ‘Treasures of Hyde Abbey’) to New Minster by King Cnut and his wife Emma. Bird’s eye view of Hyde Abbey from the south-west. Drawing by Nick McPherson. 1110-1538: The abbey Four years later, when the famous flourishes and then dies antiquary John Leland visited the site in 1542 the Abbey was already espite suffering from the a thing of the past. “In this suburbe effects of civil war, fires stood the great abbay of Hyde…” he and the Black Death the commented. “The bones of Alfred, Abbey survived for more King of the West Saxons, and of Dthan four hundred years and over this Edward his sone and king, were time it became a place of pilgrimage. translated from he Newan Ministre, and laid in a tomb before the high However, with the start of the English altar at Hyde. In the which tomb there Reformation under Henry VIII, was of late found two little tables of the abbey’s days were numbered. lead, inscribed with their names.” The Abbey was finally dissolved in 1538 and the ‘stripping of the altars’ The ‘great abbaye’ was no longer commenced. But, as far as one can there. But the great King and his tell, what lay underground – including family remained. the royal graves - was mostly left undisturbed. HYDE900 3 1788: THE YEAR THAT DisASTER STRUCK or 250 years - from 1538 until themselves were put to work digging 1788 – the choir end of Hyde the foundations and in doing so – or Abbey where Alfred and his maybe in reburying materials from family members lay buried - other parts of the site – they started to Fwas gradually forgotten about. This come across a number of subterranean all changed, however, in 1788 when graves from across the abbey site. the land was taken over by the county authorities as they site of a small local One observer, the local Catholic prison or ‘bridewell’. The convicts priest, Dr. Milner wrote: “Miscreants couch amidst the ashes of our Alfreds and Edwards….. In digging for the foundations of that mournful edifice [the bridewell] at almost every stroke of the mattock or spade some ancient sepulchre was violated, the venerable contents of which were treated with marked indignity.” ‘The bones thrown about’ happened in the area of the Royal graves (before the altar) to a visiting he overseer of this horror antiquary, Captain Henry Howard was a man named Page (the who drew up a rough plan of the Keeper of the bridewell). east end of the church as a record of Ten years later Page was to the lay-out. Subsequently Howard Tprovide a detailed account of what reported what he had been told: “A great stone coffin was found, cased with lead both within and without, and containing some bones and remains of garnets. The lead, in its decayed state, sold Abbot’s crosier from Hyde for two guineas; the bones were thrown about Abbey, believed and the stone coffin broken into pieces. There to date from the first half of 13th were also two other coffins and no more century, now in the Victoria & found in this part, which were also broke Albert Museum. for the sake of the garden in which they lay, Found during the excavations of broken up and buried as low as the spring.” 1788. This was the critical point when the So by the end of 1788 the royal Royal bones – along with many others bones were probably smashed in part, – were wrenched from the relative scattered and reburied to the level of security of their graves, disarticulated the water-table. But exactly where was and exposed to the rough elements. not clear. Two carved stone capitals, 12th century, probably from the cloisters of Hyde Abbey. Now on display in the church of St. Bartholomew, Hyde. Photos: Sophie Cunningham Dawe. Window glass from Hyde Tracery work from Hyde Abbey recently Abbey, re-cycled into the found by Wessex north wall of the church Archaeology. of St. Bartholomew, Image: Hyde. Photo: Sophie Winchester Cunningham Dawe. Museums. HYDE900 4 1800-1866: THE AGE OF INDigNATION Sketch plan of A little later, in October 1825 the the area of Hyde great writer and campaigner William Abbey Church Cobbett, visiting Winchester, wrote: from ‘Enquiries etc. concerning the “How am I to describe what I felt when Tomb of King Alfred I saw in Hyde Meadow, a County at Hyde Abbey’ Bridewell, standing on the very spot, where by Henry Howard stood the Abbey, which was founded and published in endowed by Alfred, which contained the Archaeologia 1798. bones of that maker of the English name.” n the first half of the 19th The bridewell, however, was not to last century understanding gradually long. It was demolished in the late- spread of what had happened 1840s and once again the site of Hyde on the Hyde Abbey site. Many Abbey was tuned over to rough land. Ivisitors to Winchester expressed their shock and indignation. Captain Twenty years later a literary event Howard was foremost amongst these was to set off a train of events which as he wrote: culminated in the construction of the ‘Unmarked Grave’. “You will lament with me the failure of my researches, and feel some share of Illustrations from the same indignation, when I inform you around 1800 of that the ashes of the great Alfred, after the church of St. being scattered about by the hands of Bartholomew with convicts, are now probably covered by a the east end in a building erected for their confinement and state of neglect, punishment. And when you are told that and Hyde Gate this occurred so lately as the year 1788, and the Almoners and that no-one in the neighbourhood , led Hall used for either by curiosity or veneration for his agricultural remains, attempted to discover or rescue purposes. them from this ignoble fate, your surprise will not, I think , be any less than my own.” John Mellor arrives on the venture into the murky ground of scene ‘searching for Alfred’. n 1866 ‘The Chronicle and His impact on the story create waves Chartulary of Hyde Abbey’ which are still felt today. was published, This collected together a large number of Arriving in Winchester in the Autumn Iancient Anglo-Saxon texts. It generated of 1866 Mellor gained permission a lot of interest and put Hyde Abbey to explore the site of Hyde Abbey. and its link with the Royal House of Armed with a copy of the plan (above Wessex back on the map. left) drawn up by Captain Howard, Mellor felt confident that he could One especially keen reader was a rediscover the bones of the Royal somewhat eccentric antiquarian, House of Wessex and, as he put it, John Mellor, a ‘historian and strolling ‘gaze upon the skeleton of the much student’ who had also read Dr. loved and venerable Saxon warrior, Milner’s account of the disgraceful the bravest of England’s sons.” 1788 excavation and was inspired to View of Hyde Gate and Almoners’ Hall from the north, late 18th century taken from “An Historical Account of Winchester” by Charles Ball, 1818. HYDE900 5 THE MELLOR EXCAVATIONS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE UNMARKED GRAVE he last few months of 1866 and the beginning of 1867 marked a time of deep controversy in Winchester Tcaused by the antics of John Mellor which cast an adverse shadow over Photograph of the five skulls found by John subsequent investigations. Mellor in 1866 and claimed by him to be those of King Alfred and members of Mellor’s made a ‘best guess’ as to the Royal House of Wessex.
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