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162912442.Pdf Emily Mitchell Patronage and Politics at Barking Abbey, c. 950 - c. 1200 Abstract This thesis is a study of the Benedictine abbey of Barking in Essex from the tenth to the twelfth centuries. It is based on a wide range of published and unpublished documentary sources, and on hagiographie texts written at the abbey. It juxtaposes the literary and documentary sources in a new way to show that both are essential for a full understanding of events, and neither can be fully appreciated in isolation. It also deliberately crosses the political boundary of 1066, with the intention of demonstrating that political events were not the most significant determinant of the recipients of benefactors’ religious patronage. It also uses the longer chronological scale to show that patterns of patronage from the Anglo-Saxon era were frequently inherited by the incoming Normans along with their landholdings. Through a detailed discussion of two sets of unpublished charters (Essex Record Office MSS D/DP/Tl and Hatfield, Hatfield House MS Ilford Hospital 1/6) 1 offer new dates and interpretations of several events in the abbey’s history, and identify the abbey’s benefactors from the late tenth century to 1200. As Part III shows, it has been possible to trace patterns of patronage which were passed down through several generations, crossing the political divide of 1066. Royal patronage is shown to have been of great significance to the abbey, and successive kings exploited their power of advowson in different ways according to the political atmosphere o f England. The literary sources are discussed in a separate section, but with full reference to the historical narrative. I offer new interpretations of the hagiographie works of Goscelin of St-Bertin written for Barking in the late eleventh century, suggesting they were intended to promote the abbey’s interests and attract new donors, and that the choice of Latin for these works was intended to be politically neutral. I propose new dates for both the Anglo-Norman Life o f St Catherine of Alexandria and the Vie d ’Edouard le Confesseur written at late twelfth-century Barking, suggesting that they may have been far more politically motivated than previously thought, commissioned by Abbess Matilda to defend and promote her own family lineage. The thesis concludes that royal interest and interference in Barking’s affairs was a continuous factor throughout the period of the study; that aristocratic patronage often followed royal fashions, but in Barking’s case also frequently had more personal motivations; and that Barking’s literary activity can only be fully understood within the context of its political atmosphere, and should not be studied in isolation. Acknowledgements This thesis could not have been completed without the assistance of the Cambridge University Board of Graduate Studies in giving me a 3 year Research Maintenance Grant. I am also grateful to the Lightfoot Fund for Ecclesiastical History, Jesus College, and the Committee of the Cambridge University Hardship Fund for smaller grants. The generosity and support of my father Arthur Mitchell has been greatly appreciated throughout my graduate career. My greatest academic debt is to Liesbeth van Houts, who has supervised my work from undergraduate dissertation through MPhil to PhD with constant enthusiasm, encouragement, and fearless constructive criticism. She has been an inspiration, and I am proud to count myself amongst her students. Helpful comments and criticisms of my ideas have been received from Simon Keynes, Cyril Hart, Herbert Lockwood, Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, Richard Smith, Judith Everard, Christopher Brooke, Eve Salisbury and the participants in the 2001 Haskins Society Conference, to all of whom I am grateful. Laura Napran offered help with Osbert’s Latin, and Christopher Page assisted with the translation of Anglo-Norman. For urgent bibliographic help, I am indebted to Rebecca Rushforth of the British Library. I am especially grateful to the Marquess of Salisbury for allowing me to study the Ilford Cartulary and make copies of it. The staff of the Essex Record Office likewise helped beyond the call of duty. Personal thanks must go to Liesbeth’s fellow students Leonie Hicks, Miriam Büttner and Laura Napran for their interesting and entertaining conversations in the UL tea room. Kaele Stokes, Claire Hawkins, Charlie Farquharson-Roberts, Ferdia Stone- Davis and the members of Jesus College Mixed Choir helped to distract me from nuns now and again, and 1 am endlessly grateful to Jenni Hearn, Christophe Rhodes and Mark Dourish for keeping me fed, watered and happy. VI Abbreviations Adam of Cockfield: C.R. Hart, ‘An early charter of Adam of Cockfield, 1100-1118’, EHR 72 (1957) pp. 466-9 Aldhelm; Aldhelm, Prosa De Virginitate vol II: Textus. ed. S. Gwara (2 vols. Corpus Christianorum Series Latina, vol. 124A. Tumhout, 2001) ANL: R.J. Dean and M.B.M. Boulton, An2lo-Norman literature: A guide to texts and manuscripts (Anglo-Norman Text Society Occasional Publications 3. London, 1999) ANS: Anglo-Norman Studies (formerly Proceedings of the Battle Conference) Apprenticeship: W. MacBain, ‘The literary apprenticeship of Clemence of Barking’, Journal of the Australasian Universities Modem Language and Literature Association. 9 (1958) pp. 3-21 ASC: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ed. G.N. Garmonsway (London, 1953) ASE: Anglo-Saxon England Barlow: F. Barlow, Edward the Confessor (new ed. Yale, 1997) Baronies: I.J. Sanders, English baronies: A study of their origins and descent 1086- 1327 (Oxford, 1960) Bascombe: K.N. Bascombe, ‘Two charters of King Suebred of Essex’, in K.J. Neale (ed.). An Essex tribute: Essays presented to Frederick G. Emmison. (London, 1987) pp. 85-96 Bede: Bede, Ecclesiastical history of the English people, eds. and trans. B. Colgrave and R.A.B. Mynors (Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford, 1969) Bloch: ‘La vie d’Edouard le Confesseur par Osbert de Clare’, ed. M. Bloch, Analecta Bollandiana 41(1923) pp. 5-63 Catherine: Clemence of Barking, The Life of St Catherine bv Clemence of Barking, ed. W. MacBain (Anglo-Norman Text Society vol. 18. Oxford, 1964) (quoted by verse) CCR: Calendar of Charter Rolls in the Public Record Office (6 vols. London, 1916) Clanchy: M. Clanchy, From memory to written record. England 1066-1307 (2"“' edn. Oxford, 1993) Clapham: A.W. Clapham, ‘The Benedictine Abbey of Barking: A sketch of its architectural history and an account of recent excavations on its site’, TEAS NS 12 (1913) pp. 69-87 vil Colker: M.L. Colker, ‘Texts of Jocelyn of Canterbury which relate to the history of Barking Abbey’, Studia Monastica 7 (1965) pp. 383-460 Crick: J. Crick, ‘The wealth, patronage, and connections of women’s houses in late Anglo-Saxon England’, Revue Bénédictine 109 (1999) pp. 154-85 Dalton: P. Dalton, ‘Eustace Fitz John and the politics of Anglo-Norman England: The rise and survival of a twelfth-century royal servant’. Speculum 78 (1996) pp. 358-83 DB: A. Farley (ed.), Domesday book, seu liber censualis Wilhelmi nrimi Regis Angliae (2 vols. London, 1783) De translatione 1 : Longer version of the ‘De Translatione vel elevatione sanctarum virginum Ethelburgae, Hildelithae ac Wlfhildae’, Colker pp. 435-52 De translatione 2: shorter version o f‘De translatione vel elevatione santarum virginum Ethelburgae, Hildelithae ac Wlfhildae’, Colker pp. 435-52 (parallel with De translatione 1 ) ECBA: C.R. Hart (ed.). The early charters of Barking Abbey (Colchester, 1953) ECEss: C.R. Hart (ed.). The early charters of Essex (Leicester, 1971) Edouard: O. Sôdergârd (ed.). La vie d’Edouard le Confesseur: poème anglo-normand du xii‘ siècle (Uppsala. 1948) EHR: English Historical Review Fowler, Barking: R.C. Fowler, ‘Barking Abbey’, in W. Page and J.H. Round (eds.) Victoria County History of Essex vol. 11 (London, 1907) pp. 115-22 Fowler, Ilford: R.C. Fowler, ‘The hospital of Ilford’, in W. Page and J.H. Round feds.J Victoria Countv History of Essex vol. II (London, 1907) pp. 186-8 Gwara: Aldhelm, Prosa De Virginitate vol I: Praefatio et Indices, ed. S. Gwara (2 vols. Corpus Christianorum Series Latina, vol. 124. Tumhout, 2001) Hart, Charters: Charters of Barking Abbey, ed. C.R. Hart (Anglo-Saxon Charters. Oxford, forthcoming) Henry 11: W.L. Warren, Henry II (new ed. Yale, 2000) HRH 1: D. Knowles, C.N.L. Brooke and V.C.M. London(eds.), The heads of religious houses England and Wales. 940-1216 (2"** ed. Cambridge, 2001 ) HRH 2: D.M. Smith and V.C.M. London (eds.). Heads of religious houses vol. II: England and Wales. 1216-1377 (Cambridge, 2001) HSJ: Haskins Society Journal Ilford Cartulary: Hatfield, Hatfield House MS Ilford Hospital 1/6 LH; Aldhelm, ‘De Virginitate’ in M. Lapidge and M. Herren (eds. and trans), Aldhelm: The prose works (Ipswich. 1979)pp. 51-132 Lockwood: H.H. Lockwood, ‘One thing leads to another: The discovery of additional charters of Barking Abbey’, Essex Journal ( 1990) pp. 11-13 Lockwood and Howson: H.H. Lockwood and J. Howson (eds.), Barkina Abbey 1300"’ Anniversary: An exhibition at Barking central library 3-22 October 1996 (London Borough of Barking Libraries, 1966) Loftus and Chettle: E.A. Loftus and H.F. Chettle, A history of Barking Abbey (Barking, 1954) MRH: D. Knowles and R.N. Hadcock, Medieval religious houses: England and Wales (London. 1971) New charters: N. Vincent, ‘New charters of King Stephen with some reflections upon the royal forests during the anarchy’, EHR 114 (1999) pp. 899-928 Ordinale I: J. Tolhurst (ed.). The ordinale and customary of the Benedictine nuns of Barking Abbey Voi. 1. Temporale (Henry Bradshaw Society voi. 65. London, 1927) Ordinale II: J. Tolhurst (ed.). The ordinale and customary of the Benedictine nuns of Barking Abbey Voi. 2. Sanctorale (Henry Bradshaw Society voi. 66. London, 1928) Osbert: Osbert of Clare, Letters of Osbert of Clare, ed.
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