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PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN INSTITUTEOF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS 33 -WEST 39TH ST- NEW YORK CITY - MEETINGS of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers

DISTRICT MEETING, Great Lakes District No. 5, Chicago, Illinois, December 2-4, 1929 WINTER CONVENTION, New York, N. Y., January 27-31, 1930 DISTRICT MEETING, North Eastern District No. 1, Springfield, Mass., May 7-10, 1930 SUMMER CONVENTION, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 23-27, 1930

MEETINGS OF OTHER SOCIETIES

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers,Engineering Societies Building, December 2-6, 1929 The American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, New York, N. Y., December 4-7, 1929. (D. L. Fiske, 37 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y.) AmericanMathematicalSociety,AnnualMeeting,Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., December 27-28, 1929 National Electric Light Association North Central Division, Engineering Section, Nicollet Hotel, Minneapolis, Feb. 24-25.(J. W. Lapham, 803 Plymouth Building, Minneapolis, Minn.) JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS 33 West 39th Street, New York PUBLICATION COMMITTEE W. S. GORSUCH,Chairman,H. P. CHARLESWORTH, F. L. HUTCHINSON, DONALD MCNICOL, E. B. METER GEORGE R. METCALFE,Editor Changes of advertising copy should reach Institute headquarters by the 15th day of the month for the issue of the following month. Subscription:$10.00 per year to United States, Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii and the Philippines, $10.50 to Canada, Central America, South America, Haiti, Spain and Colonies, and $11.00 to all other countries. Single copies $1.00. Entered as matter of the second class at the Post Office. Now York, N. Y., May 10, 1905, under the Act of Congress, March 3,1879. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized on August 3, 1918. Vol. XLVIII DECEMBER 1929 Number 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS Papers,Discussions, Reports, Etc. President's Message 863 Annual Report of Committee on Applications to Marine Some Leaders of the A. I. E. E. 864 Works. W. E. Thau, Chairman. 895 A Recording Torque Indicator, by G. R Anderson 865 Annual Report of Committee on General Power Applica- Automatic Regulation of Synchronous Condensers, by tion (Abridged), J. F. Gaskill, Chairman 896 L. W. Thompson and P. J. Walton 86S Spray and Fog Tests on 220-Kv. Insulators, by R. J. 0. Electricity Applied to Strip Coal Mining 871 Wood 900 Series Synchronous Condensers, by T. FL Morgan 872 Annual Report of Committee on Applications to Mining The Future of Higher Steam Pressures, by I. E. Moultrop.875 Work, Carl Lee. Chairman 905 Seek Fog -Penetrating Light 877 Audio -Frequency Transformers, by Paul Kiev. Jr.. and Annual Report of Committee on Electrochemistry and D. W. Shirley, Jr 907 Electrometallurgy, G. W. Vino', Chairman 878 Annual Report of the Committee on Automatic Stations An Economic Study of an Electrical Distributing Station, (Abridged). W. H. Milian. Chairman 011 by W. G. Kelley 881 Annual Report of Committee on Production and Applica- Atom Not Like Solar System 883 tion of Light (Abridged). B. E. Shackelford. Chairman. . 913 Current Transformer Excitation (Abridged), by D. E. illumination Items Marshall and P. O. Langguth 884 The Electrical Engineer and Light Therapy, by W. 0. Kalb 917 Annual Report of the Committee on Transportation, Mobile Color Lighting at Barcelona Exposition, by C. J. W. M. Vandersluis, Chairman Stahl 918 Progress in the Study of System Stability (Abridged), by The Motor Vehicle Light Testing Laboratory in Minne- I. H. Summers and J. B. McClure 891 sota, by Prof. W. T. Ryan 919 Institute and Related Activities The 1930 Winter Convention 920 Obituary 925 Chicago District Meeting 921 A. I. E. E. National and District Prizes 928 World Engineering Congress 921 Section Activities Engineering Foundation Power Group of New York Section Meets December 9..929 Visit of Professor Van Hecke 922 Now York Section to get Statistics on How Much Light. 929 American Committee-World Power Conference 922 Future Section Meetings 929 Meeting of American Mathematical Society 922 New York Section Power, Transportation, and Com-

New York Section Meetings of Illuminating Engineers . . .. 922 munication Groups Meet 929 Standards New York Section Meeting on Wonders of Sound Transmission Symbols for Photometry and Illumination 922 930 Navigational and Topographical Symbols 922 First Power Group Meeting-Chicago Section...... 930 National Electrical Code Approved 923 Past Section Meetings 930 Protection of Electrical Circuits and Equipment against Student Activities Lightning 923 Electrical Show Held at Montana State CollegeBranch.. 932 Faraday Electromagnetic Centenary 923 Past Branch Meetings 932 American Engineering Council Engineering Societies Library Annual Meeting 923 Book Notices 936 A. E. C. Mapping Program 923 Employment Recommends EngineersforInternationalJoint Positions Open 938 Commission 923 Men Available 938 200th Anniversary of Birth of First Engineer President. 923 Membership St. Lawrence Waterway 924 Applications. Elections and Transfers 939 Consulting Engineers for Government Service 924 A. I. E. E. Officers 944 Study of Airports Considered 924 List of Sections 944 Advisors for Rosenwald Museum 924 List of Branches 945 Relief of Engineers from Duty with Combat Forces 924 Affiliated Student Society 946 Plea for Forest Conservation 924 Geographical Districts 946 Personal Mention 924 Digest of Current Industrial News 956 A REQUEST FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS must be received at Instituteheadquarters at least ten days before the date of issue with which it is to take effect.Duplicate copies cannot be sent without charge to replace those issues undeliveredthrough failure to send such advance notice.With your new address, be sure to mention the old one, indicating alsoany changes in business connections. Copyright 1929. By A. I. E. E. Printed in U. S. A. Permission is given to reprint any article after its date of publication,provided proper credit is given, (The Journal of the A. I. E. E. is indexed in Industrial Arts Index.) \IEHICAN INSTITUTE OFELECTRICAL ENGINEERS -Some Actirbittes and Services Open toMembers- The Winter Conventionm are usually the outstanding technical meetingsof eildi year and are held in the eastern section of the country, generally in NewYork City. programs consist chiefly of technical sessions which occupy Practically all the a vailabletime of av e- da y meeting, except one day which is set aside for inspection trips to engineeringworks of interest in theneighbor- attendance, the only hood of the convention city.Aside from the entertainment provided for ladies in social function is a dinner -dance held on one evening during theconvention.The Winter Conventions have been described as the "working conventions" of the Institutebecause the social arid entertainment features are almost entirely subordinated to the consideration oftechnical papers. Presentation of Papers. An important activity of the Institute is thepreparation and presentation of papers before meetings of the Institute.Opportunity is offered for any member to present a paper of general interest to engineers at anInstitute meeting, or of having shortercontribu- tions published in the JOURNAL without verbal presentation.In preparing a paper for presentation at a meeting the first step should be tonotify the Meetings and Papers Committeeabout it so that it may be tentatively scheduled.Programs for the meetings are formulated severalmonths in advance and unless it is known well in advance that a paperis forthcoming, it may be subject to manymonths delay before it can be assigned to a definite meeting program.Immediately upon notification the author will receive a pamphlet entitled "Suggestions toAuthors" which gives in brief form instructions in regard to Institute requirements in thepreparation of manuscripts and illustrations.This pamphlet contains many helpful suggestions and its use mayavoid much loss of time in making changes to meet Institute requirements. Manuscripts should be in triplicate and should be sent toInstitute headquarters at least three months in advance of the date of themeeting for which they are intended; then arethey submitted first to the members of the technicalcommittee covering the subject of the paper, and if approved, will next go to the Meetings and PapersCommittee for final disposal.After final acceptance the paper goes to the Editorial departmentfor printing, which requires usually from two tothree weeks.Advance copies are desired about ten days prior to themeeting in order to distribute the paper to members desiring to discuss it.Considering the routine through which all papers must pass, the advantage of prompt notification and earlysubmission of manuscripts will be apparent. Attendance at Conventions.-Taking part in the Institute conventionsis one of the most useful and helpful activitieswhich membership in the Institute affords.The advantages offered lie in two distinct channels; technicalinformation and personal contacts.The papers presented are largely upon current problems and newdevelopments, and the educational advantages ofhearing and taking part in the discussion of these subjectsin an open forum cannot but broaden thevision and aug- ment the general knowledge of thosewho participate.Equally advantageous is the opportunity which conventions afford to extend professionalacquaintances and to gain the inspiration which grows outof intimate contact with the leaders in electricalengineering.These conventions draw an attendance of from 1000 to 2000 people and constitute milestonesin the development of the electrical art. Library Service.-The Engineering Societies Library isthe joint property of the four national societies of Civil, Mining, Mechanical, andElectrical Engineers and comprises one of the most complete technical libraries in existence.Arrangements have been made to place the resources of the library at the disposal of Institutemembers, wherever located.Books are rented for limited periods, bibliographies prepared on request,copies and translations of articles furnished, etc., at charges which merely cover the cost ofthe service.The Director of the library will gladly give any information requested as to the scope and costof any desired service.The library is open from 9 a. m. to 10 p. m. every day exceptholidays and during July and August, when itcloses at 5 p. m. JOURNAL OF THE A. I. E. E.

DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE THEORY AND PRACTISE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND THE ALLIED ARTS AND SCIENCES The Institute is not responsible for the statements and opinions given in the papers and discussions published herein. These are the views of individuals to whom they are credited and are not binding on the membership as a whole.

Vol. XLVIII DECEMBER, 1929 Number 12

A Message From the President.

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very (Derry Christmas ant' a iliappv 'Pew rear to all I FRIENDSHIP AND GOOD WILL gzm, mHIS number of the Journal goes to the membership of the Institute with the '&-'" approach of .the Christmas Season and itis appropriate to emphasize the ^ T fit -ebleehmaelfntofoaflifilennsdtisthuitpe oandcegrso,oidt wisilal iprnivviloelgveedto inexoteunrdatcotivtihtieactivities. happy entireOn Mag3g membership the most cordial of holiday greetings and good wishes fora Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. It requires little thought to realize the countless opportunities, in our common work for the Institute, for those who appreciate such friendship and good will. Those who value this feature as among the greatest of their possessions make the most of these opportunities. It is not easy to estimate the loss experienced by those who maintain isolation from these influences.In particular, Section, District, and National Meetings offer personal contact and opportunity for all those influences which are always felt and especiallyso at this season of the year.Based upon a common professional interest in Electrical Engineering, the addition of broad human sympathies applied throughout the year cements friendships of enduring character, --A man is known by his friends. - The rare privilege of visiting and meeting the membership of twenty-three sections of the Institute during the past four months and the inspiring hope of meeting the membership of thirty or forty other sections and branches during the next eight months has givengreat 4. emphasis to this thought. When thesepere- grinations are completed, itis hoped to use

one of these pages to record more of the result- ing reactions. Now, at this Christmas Season, letus draw about the blazing old time hearth of cheer and comfort to gather in to ourselves all that these 4 days have to offer to each andevery member of the Institute. Throw aside, at least for the

moment, all of care or sorrow or pressingre- sponsibility either of professionalor personal , character in the realization ofa great brother- MEV hood united in a commoncause even greater and finer than that of its purely professional aspect. May we hope that these blazing logswill radiate a cheerful, helpful thought andgood wish to each member of the Instituteat what- ever distance.

4,

President 864 NOTES AND COMMENTS Journal A. I. E. E.

Some Leaders 22,000 -voltlinewhilealive.The mine operators of the A. I. E. E. gradually became so impressed with the reliability of the William B. Jackson, RateEngineer of The New Yorkservice and with the possibilities of electric hoists, Edison Company anda member of the Institute since(which were also new in such work), that it became 1897 (Life Member),was its Manager from 1912 to 1915difficult to supply the demand.Due to the novel kinds and a Vice -President from1918 to 1919.Coincidently,of service,it was necessary for him to work out he was a Manager and Vice-President of the Americanappropriate methods of charging for them. Society of Mechanical Engineers,1915; also President Returning from this work to the Stanley Electric of the Western Society ofEngineers in 1915.HisManufacturing Company, he again took up problems papers before the Institute and Western Societyofof plant operation and development, including a com- Engineers on Advantages of UnifiedElectric Systemsprehensive layout of hydroelectric development for the Covering Large Territories, and HydraulicDevelopmentsState of South Carolina, such as is now in progress in as Related to Electric Installationswere in early pres-that territory.He also spent about six months in entation of the lines along which electricand powerEurope for his company, studying European methods, development has since progressed. including the electrification of railways. - He was born at Kennett Square,Pennsylvania, After returning from Europe in 1903, he decided to June 23, 1870; andwas graduated from the Pennsyl-form, with his brother Dugald C. Jackson, the Consult- vania State College in Mechanical Engineeringin 1890ing Engineering firm of D. C. and Wm. B. Jackson. with the degree of B. S., later, in considerationof hisThis firm soon opened offices in Chicago and Boston and work in electrical construction and operation,receivingwas occupied with general engineering advisory work, the degree of M. E. design of electric plants and systems, and inventory In 1894 he went with The United Electric Light &and valuation of electrical properties until our country Power Company in New York City, but shortly there-entered the World War, and both brothers entered the after entered the Test Department of the Stanley Elec-military service.Entering the Construction Division tric Manufacturing Company atPittsfield,Mass.as Major in the United States Army in 1918, and taking He later became Assistant to Mr. C. C. -Chesney, Chiefcharge of all operations and maintenance of electric Engineer, taking part in developing the equipment andlighting and power, refrigeration, buildings and grounds, designs for the first large transmission systems inroads, sewage and sewage disposal, water supply, California, undertaken by his company.In 1895 heheating, fire protection, etc., at Camp Merritt, N. J., was appointed his company's engineer for the North-the Chief embarkation camp of the Port of New York, west, this service including the supervision of the con-Mr. W. B. Jackson later added to these the duties of struction and the starting of the 12,000 -volt, two-phaseConstructing Quartermaster. transmission from Lowell to Grand Rapids, Mich., Upon leaving the Government Service in 1918, he which was the first transmission of such high voltagespent several years in consulting engineering work while east of the Rocky Mountains, and the distributionoperating his farm in Massachusetts, andwas. then em- system.He later took temporary charge of this hydro-ployed by John W. Lieb, Vice -President and General electric property, during which time he developedManager of The New York Edison Company, to work effective means for making all transmission line repairsout engineering and rate problems.He has remained while alive,-something new in the art for such highwith that Company as Rate Engineer and in advisory voltages,-to obviate the necessity of shutting downcapacity with its affiliated electric companies.He had his Grand Rapids service for such repairs. general charge of the recent Inventory and Valuation of After returning to the Stanley Company, he super-The New York Edison Company's entire property. vised the installation and starting of engine generators As Lieutenant -Colonelof the Engineer Reserve on Staten Island for his company in 1897, and thenCorps, he has charge of matters relating to the U. S. remained with the Staten Island Electric Company asReserve Corps, Military Training Camps, and the General Superintendent andChiefEngineer andCorps Area Engineer, for The New York Edison Com- Consulting Engineer of the Staten Island Electricpany and its affiliated electric companies. Railway Company. During this period, he recon- He is a member of the American Society of Mechani- structed the system for supply from a single generatingcal Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers, station and changed it from single-phase 133 -cycle, tothe Western Society of Engineers, the Society of two-phase 60 -cycle operation. American Military Engineers, the Reserve Officers' In 1899 he became General Superintendent and ChiefAssociation, the American Legion, the Academy of Engineer of the Colorado Electric Power Company,Political and Social Science, and other important transmitting energy from its steam station in Canyonengineering, civilian, and military organizations.He is City to Cripple Creek District for, various mine and orea member of the Engineer's Club of New York, the reduction operations.Here again it was not practicableUniversity Club of White Plains, and the Pittsfield to shut down the single transmission line, so that it wasCountry Club. He also finds much pleasure in his necessary for him to develop means for repairing hisfarm in the Berkshire Hills. A Recording TorqueIndicator That Records the Torsional Effortof Motors During Acceleration BY G. R. ANDERSON' Member, A. I. E. E.

Synopsis.-The measurement of torque under unstable conditions under stable conditions, and to obtain a permanent record of these of speed is usually extremely difficult and inaccurate when a measurements.-It has been particularly successful in recording dynamometer, prony brake, or similar torque measuring equipmentspeed -torque curves of motors during acceleration and it can also be is used.The device described in this paper was developed primarily applied very effectively to other fields. to obtain torque measurements under unstable conditions as well as * * * * *

INTRODUCTION capable of transmitting the torque of the motor and It is a relatively simple matter to measure, with a fairgiving an angular deflection proportional to the torque, degree of accuracy, the speed and torque ofanand (2) an electromagnetic circuit of two elements that induction motor for any load between no-load andare displaced from each other by an angle equal to the the pull-out point of the motor if the speed is steady.deflectionof the spring.A recording electrically - The static torque of the motor is also easily measured,operated position finder is connected to the device to but between these points where the speed is usuallyrecord the amount of angular deflection, which is pro- unstable, it is much more difficult to obtain satisfactoryportional to the torque. The helical torsion spring is accurately finished and is mounted so as to eliminate any distortion due to centrifugal forces.The spring is equipped with a damping sleeve that prevents fluctuations due to the

P.4.4.5C 60 CYCLES

FIG. 1-TORQUE INDICATOR SET-UP FOR MEASURING STARTING TORQUE OF INDUCTION MOTOR

measurement.With the development ofline -start motors, condenser- motors, etc., it is becoming increas- 1.pc03,04 ingly more important to know exactly the torque characteristics that the motor will develop.Dips in torque due to harmonics or other causes may be present in sufficient magnitude to seriously hinder the motor in FIG. 2-CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF TORQUE INDICATOR accelerating its load. A device that will quickly and accurately record this torque should therefore find many uses in analyzing and improving motor characteristics.natural period of vibration of the spring and elements, from being recorded on the chart. Such a device is described in this paper. Full-scale deflection on the meter is obtained with a spring deflection of 60 DESCRIPTION OF TORSIONAL INDICATOR degrees.Several sizes of springs can be interchange- Fig. 1 illustrates the torsional indicator setup to takeably mounted to take care of various ranges of torque. speed and torque curves on a squirrel -cage induction The electromagnetic elements are mounted on two motor.The device consists of(1) a helical springconcentric cores, one of which revolves with the motor 1. Development Engineer, Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Beloit,and the other with the load.The first element con- Wisconsin. sists of a three-phase winding arranged symmetrically Presented at the Great Lakes District Meeting of the A. I. E. E.,outside of the second element.This is shown dia- Chicago, Ill., Dec. 2-4, 1929.Printed complete herein. grammatically in Fig. 2.This three-phase winding is 865

29-167 866 ANI)ERSON: A RR( '01t1)1\ (;'I'(1i(,J1'I;1\1)1( ' 1'11M

excited through slip -ringsfrom an external three-phase METHODS OF LOADING source of power.The second element containsa Since this device indicates transmitted torque and winding which is connectedby another set of slip ringsspeed simultaneously and records these values on a to the position finderas shown.The moving coils ofchart, it is obvious that any suitable method of loading the position finderare connected to the external sourcecan be applied.In the case of taking speed and torque of power.When the first element is turned with respectcurves on motors during acceleration it has been found to the second, the phase angle of the voltagegenerated inthat a simple flywheel load is most satisfactory.Under the second, is changed and thiscauses a deflection of thethese conditions, the entire torque output of the motor position indicator proportionalto the torque.A tacho- isutilized to accelerate an inertia load, neglecting meter generator and recording meterare used to measurefriction, and the rate of acceleration is proportional to the speed. The charts for recording both thetorque andthe torque transmitted at that speed.The rate of the speed are mounted on the same shaft in order toacceleration can be readily determined from the speed- provide synchronized readings.Gear combinations intime chart.The torque indicated on the chart is the the tachometer generator allowdifferentfull-scaletorque transmitted through the spring, and is equal to values of speed on the chart.It is obvious that thethe torque developed by the motor less that required to meter circuit can be so designed that the needle deflec- . accelerate its rotor.Thus the indicated torque during tion is closely proportional to the angular deflection inacceleration will be slightly less than that shown at the electromagnetic circuitof the device, therebystable speeds and will be proportional at all speeds to the allowing the use of standard chartpaper. ratio of the WR2 of the flywheel and device to the The device is similar in action toa d -c.meterWR2 of the entire rotating mass.By calculating the WR2 of the rotor and determining the rate of accelera- tion from the chart, the ratio of developed torque to transmitted torque can be found.It is obvious that this ratio will hold constant for all conditions of accelera- tion of a simple flywheel load. In practise the torque available for bringing a load up to speed is the developed torque less that necessary to accelerate the rotor so that the indicated torque as produced on the chart actually represents the torque available at the shaft for the accelerating period as shown.In general it will be found that when the accelerating period exceeds 15 or 20 sec., the dif- ference between the developed torque and transmitted

IP SO SO 4-0 INACATIAT lir.4.21V torque will be less than four or five per cent.The necessary time to allow for full acceleration of a motor FIG. 3 -CALIBRATION CURVE OF TORQUE INDICATOR should not be less than 10 or 15 sec.in order that . -1800 Rev. per min. x -1200 Rev. per min. the pen of the instrument may follow accurately the 0 - 600 Rev. per min. changes of torque.It has been noted also that accelerat- - 0 Rev. per min. ing periods of 20 to 30 sec. usually cause sucha small change in motor temperature that this factorcan inthatitrecordsaveragevaluesandiswell be neglected. damped.It will not record very rapid fluctuations of In the following examples the instrument chart speed torque but it does produce fairly accurate quantitative.was 12 in. per min., each cross -division represent- measurements. ing a time of 3.75 sec.

CALIBRATION APPLICATIONS Calibration of the device is accomplished by placing Fig. 4 is an example of speed and torque charts it between a dynamometer and a load and recording thetaken on a 5 -hp., 1800 -rev. per min., 60 -cycle, repulsion- torque output of the dynamometer and the instrumentinduction motor.The variations in torque at start reading.Fig. 3 is a calibration curve for a given springdue to the commutator are clearly shown as well as the showing the relation between actual torque and instru-point of operation of the short-circuiting device and ment reading.The plotted readings were taken over achange over from repulsion to induction torques. wide range of speed and of torque and clearly indicateCharts of this kind were taken to show the effect of that centrifugal force has no serious influence on thesetting the short-circuiting device to operate at different accuracy of the device.While the calibration curve isspeeds. actually slightly S-shaped, for practical purposes it Other charts taken on repulsion -induction motors, may be considered a straight line, since the error intro-clearly show the change in shape of the repulsion torque duced by such assumption is extremely small. curve due to change in brush setting and the lowering Dec. 1929 ANDERSON: A RECORDING TORQUE INDICATOR 867 of pull -in torque when the brushes are displaced fromnoisy.Investigation with this device also verified the neutral by more than the proper angle. general belief that dips in torque due to harmonics in Fig. 5 shows records taken on a line -start squirrel -squirrel -cage motors are more pronounced at low cage induction motor.In addition to the charts of torque and speed, synchronized charts that recorded 1.0 the current and power input were also obtained with a 0.8 constant voltage applied to the terminals of the motor.

Several of these motors with different types of rotor 0.6 construction were tested in order that an accurate com- parison of the characteristics of each type might be 1 obtained. 0.4 ;., It was noted from the charts that each of these motors I

having a rotor winding of special shape designed to 0.2 lower the current drawn by the motor from the line

0 5.0

1,800 4.5

1,400 4.0

3.5 1,000

3.0

2.5

2.0 200 1.5

0 50 1,800

40 1,400

30 1.000

20

10 lime of Acceleration 200 0- 0 50 \ 30 SECONDS \ FIG. 4-SPEED AND TORQUE CURVES OF REPULSION -INDUCTION 40 MOTOR DURING STARTING This is a ti -hp. 1800 -rev, per min. 60 -cycle, 220 -volt single-phase motor 30 during starting, had. an appreciable dip in accelerating torque.The knowledge thus obtained of the exact 20 amount of accelerating torque at all speeds shouldpre- vent misapplications of these motors. 10 Time of Acceleration By means of the addition of current and wattmeter readings, the factors affecting the developed torque of 30 SECONDS the motor can be determined from tests for all speeds. The change in rotor resistance and reactance with FIG 5-RECORDS TAKEN DURING ACCELERATIONOF A LINE - START INDUCTION MOTOR changes in slip can be calculated and the valueof Curves are shown for kw., amperes, speed, and torque of a 20 -hp.1200 - any particular type of rotor construction for a given rev. per min. three-phase 60 -cycle motor condition can thereby be determined. In making tests on squirrel-cage induction motors itvoltage than at high voltage. A series ofcurves taken was found that invariably the indicator recorded dis-on a motor with different values of voltage applied to tinct torque pulsations whenever the motor becamethe terminals showed a damping out of harmonicsas PsoN AN I) WALTON .1mirtistl A. I. E E. the voltage was increased.It seems reasonable tlwre-reversed and in place of recording the torque output of a fore to assume thatif a motor developsa satisfactorymotor it could record the torque necessary to start and speed -torque characteristicon reduced voltage, it willrun a given load.By so doing definite data could he show an equally satisfactorycharacteristic at any higherobtained as to the load and the most economical type voltage. and size of motor could be applied. The charts shown hereillustrate the speed and torque characteristics of motorsof various types.It is quite ACKNOWLEDGEMENT apparent, however, thata recording torsional indicator The writer wishes to acknowledge the valuable can be used to advantage also inmany other fields ofassistance given by Mr. D. J. Angus of the Esterline investigation. For example,itsoperation can beAngus Company in developing the meter for this device.

AutomaticRegulation ofSynchronous Condensers Equipped with Superspeed Excitation BY L. W. THOMPSON' and P. J. WALTON., Non-member Member, A. I. E. E.

Synopsis.-This paper describes extensive field tests madeon the curves showing the performance of the synchronous condensers with super -high-speed excitation equipment used with the 30,000-kv-a. this equipment are included, together with a discussion of the results synchronous condensers at the Plymouth MeetingSubstation of the obtained. PhiladelphiaElectric Company.Oscillograms and calculated

THE speed and maximum voltage characteristicof At this time there will be little orno current in the the excitation system usedon synchronous con-second or regulating shunt field on which the regulator densers is of prime importance in determiningthecontacts operate.This of course is very desirable. amount of corrective kv-a. whichcan be furnished. by This regulating or auxiliary field itself will notpro- the condenser during a system disturbance. duce an exceedingly high rate of rise of the exciter volt- On the Conowingo Line at the PlymouthMeetingage, but can take care of ordinary conditions of load Substation there are installed three 30,000-kv-a.con-and voltage that may come during normal operation. densers equipped with a supersystem ofhigh-speedThis range of the auxiliary fielditselfis somewhat excitation and a method of control that issufficientlyunusual as it is capable of controlling the condenser novel to warrant a general description. from approximately 20,000-kv-a. lag to 60,000-kv-a. To obtain the same corrective kv-a. with ordinarylead under all steady-state conditions, and ifthere types of excitation; a much larger installation ofcon-were any requirement for it even this range could be denser capacity would be required. extended. These machines are installed for thepurpose of volt- The regulator is of the high-speed type equippedwith age regulation of the system and as an aid during tran-a three-phase torque motor as the master voltage ele- sient conditions.Since other articles have describedment, so as to provide proper response of the regulator the synchronous condensers,no description is givenon any type of disturbance.The relay contacts of this herein. regulator are connected to the auxiliary field throughan Excitation for the main exciter field is furnished fromunbalanced resistance bridge so thata reversal of the a subexciter.The subexciter itselfisof standardauxiliary field can be obtained, dependingon the ratio of design and is a straight shunt-wound machine.Thetime opened to time closed of these relaycontacts. main exciter is of very special design.It has laminatedThis regulator controls the line voltage undernormal poles and yoke, heavy series winding (which will beconditions because of its ability tovary the condenser referred to later), and an armature ceiling voltage ofkv-a. through the above mentioned range. approximately 1000.Also, it is provided with two However, for transient conditions, resulting from line- shunt -field windings. to -ground, double -line -to -ground,or three-phase faults The main shunt field is directly connected to the sub- when the average line voltage is depressed fiveper cent exciter through a simple motor -operated rheostat whichor more, the main shunt field is brought into play by if properly set will give in general the proper main ex-means of a second master voltage relay which operates citer volts to produce the desired kv-a. on the con-a high-speed contactor, opening the regulating field denser under steady conditions of load and voltage. and cutting out the resistance inseries with the main shunt -field winding. 1. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. When this resistance is cut out 2.General Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. of the main field, a rate of rise of approximately7000 Presented at the Great Lakes District Meeting of the A. I. E. E., volts per sec. is obtainedon the main exciter.This Chicago, Ill., December 2-4,1929.Printed complete herein. resistance is not cut -in again until the line voltage is

29-148 Dec. 1929 AUTOMATIC REGULATION OFSYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER 869 restored or until the kv-a. per condenser has reached At a time when conditions return to normal, the regu- approximately 60,000. lator rapidly backs the exciter voltage down from its At this time a current relay in the main condenseroriginal high value to the value required to give the field operates at a value corresponding to this maximumproper voltage on the system bus.This rapidity of die - kv-a., which again inserts the resistance in the main exciter field, the auxiliary field being closed simultane- Westmoreland This transi- ously with the insertion of this resistance. O O tion between the two shunt fields is very smooth and O o' Plymouth Meeting Condensers

A -Two Conductor to Condenser 0 Ground Fault on Siegfried Bus

Condenser Siegfried RelayHigh Trip Field CongoWingo Floating

Main Exciter FIG. 3-SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM UPON WHICH Series Field CALCULATIONS WERE BASED Main Field The fault F on Siegfried bus results in a decrease in positive phase sequence voltage at the terminals of the condensers of 30 per cent and an increase in positive phase sequence condenser current of 208 per cent. Conowingo assumed to be furnishing 150,000 kv-a. to Westmoreland

down is due to the auxiliary shunt field at this time receiving a reversed voltage, which in turn accelerates the decay of the main exciter.This scheme of con- 111M111k111 nections is shown in Fig. 1. 1. DISCUSSION OF CURVES AND CALCULATIONS nal= The benefit derived from superexcitation in regard to increased condenser capacity can best be understood by FIG. 1-HIGH-SPEEDEXCITATION SCHEME FORSYNCHRONOUS considering a specific example. CONDENSER The diagram of system connections is shown in Fig. 2; schematic diagram of system in Fig. 3.

PENNSYLVANIA WALLENPAUPACK Consider Siegfried, Conowingo, and Westmoreland NEW JERSEY HYDRO -PLANT 220 KV. o SCRANTON NEW CONNECTION YORK interconnected,Siegfriedfloating on the line,and o WILE ESSARRE Conowingo feeding 150,000 kv-a. to Westmoreland. If a two -conductor -to -ground fault occurs at F on the

TO Siegfried bus and two condensers are operating at POE SEE STEAM SUNBURY RACKVILLE PLANTS STEAM PLANT SUE...STATION NEWARK -\ 150 NEW° HARRISBURG - BRIENSW10 `413, o TRENTON 100 sPf*Cb4:t4. 46 0 LE< 44. PHILA. STEAM PLANTS .1.1150 ILMINGTON CONOWINGOf T MD. o

FIG. 2-MAP OF INTERCONNECTION 0 0. 0 0.20 0.50 0.40 0.50 Tirne, in Seconds After Fault does not produce fluctuations to any extent in the main FIG. 4-GRAPH SHOWING RISE OF CONDENSER KV-A. AFTER exciter voltage, or any fluctuations in the kv-a. on the TWO -CONDUCTOR -TO -GROUND FAULT main unit, as the transformer action between these fields tends to keep the flux constant.As the mainPlymouth Meeting at 10,000 kv-a. leading, giving a field tends to collapse, it induces substantially a corre-total of 20,000 kv-a., there will be an instantaneous rise sponding increase in ampere -turns in the auxiliary fieldto 43,000 leading kv-a. from the Plymouth Meeting sufficient to maintain the original flux produced by thecondensers at the moment of fault. main field.After this change the regulator again After the fault has been applied, the condenser kv-a. operates upon the auxiliary field either to maintainwill continue to rise as determined by the superexcita- voltage or a maximum kv-a. tion system from the above -mentioned initial value of 870 THOMPSON AND WALTON Journal A. I. E. E.

43,000 kv-a. toapproximately 150,000 kv-a. in 0.5sec. Before the fault occurs it is assumed that the con- This is showngraphically in Fig. 4. denser bus voltage is being held at its proper value by From Fig. 5 it isseen that two condensers withthe 20,000 kv-a. delivered by the two connected con- standard excitationare, at the first instant, equal in cor-densers.In order to deliver this same initial kv-a. rective effect totwo condensers with superexcitation,with a larger number of condensers with ordinary exci- but at the end ofone-half second, approximately tentation, the excitation on each condenser would neces- sarily be less than that of either one of the two units too with superexcitation. SZ Referring to Fig. 5, the integrated kv-a. or kv-a. seconds shown, could be furnished by approximately five and one-half condensers with standard excitation at the end of 0.5 sec., but the maximum instantaneous kv-a. at the end of 0.5 sec. with two condensers having

I i 1 t I superexcitation is approximately equal to ten condens- 'pc.s Calculated 14.....acr at Carder sers .. ti. Sta..dard Reg. aced E.c:tee.a.seestred ers with ordinary excitation. to Pror.de to56..4 LAW,n9 e. -e. as ten) Cereicrsers . e- 5..oe- Ercrtat.:. new ft t .0 Carracter to Gm. -4 Fa.re or. tot Sa,Pod &a REQUIREMENTS oo i , 1 1 1k it 1 0. 0.23 ' 240 a0 Tex Saw-.arts, Fa -,t It was required of the condenser that it be capable of FIG. 5-CURVE SHOWING NUMBEROF CONDENSERS NEEDED operating at 10,700 kv-a. lag up to 55,000-kv-a. lead; WITH STANDARD EXCITATION TO GIVE SAMECORRECTION AS also with the condenser carrying 10,000 kv-a. leadini- Two CONDENSERSWITH SUPEREXCITATION tially, the time from theoccurrence of a fault on the

_

IMMO!, OMMMPOMMIMMIMMIIMIIIIIMI I WI r tilliiiiimi01441Alikttkit!!!!"

'''', tiiiillillitt

Flu. Ose.ILLoGRAPII litcuttDP: Or HIGH-SPEED EXCITATIONTEsTS

FIG. 7--Oaca.LonaAws Or Tsar ON CONDENSER H A VING HIGH- FIG. S--OSCILLOG ANIS OF HIGH-SPEED SPEED EXCITATION EXCITATION TEST system to reaching 55,000-kv-a. leadto be not more condensers with standard excitation are required tothan 303cycles on the basis of 60 -cycle time,the exciter give corrective effect equivalent to two condensers withvoltage to be not more than 900 -voltsceiling. superexcitation. These requirements meant that the voltageregulator 871 Dec. 1929 AUTOMATIC REGULATION OF SYNCHRONOUSCONDENSER must operate over a range of from about zerovolts tocurrent of the main exciter rapidly increases, building 900 volts. up the exciter voltage tothe desired value, approxi- This condition will be appreciated when it is remem-mately 900 volts, as shown in Fig. 7.After this the bered that the usual voltage regulator is required toexciter voltage held practically constant because of the operate over a range of from 70 to 140 volts or a rangecombined effect of lowering the pilot exciter voltage by of 1 to 2. omitting its series field and by the action of the series In case of a short circuit on a line, it is possible for thefieldof the main exciter.This is also shown in voltage of one -phase to be higher than before the shortFig. 8. circuit occurred and for this reason, the voltage -regula- With the adjustments used, the kv-a. of the con- tor element and the element for applying the super -denser built up to about 73,000, or well beyond the excitation eachconsistsofa three-phasetorque55,000 kv-a. agreed upon. motor. Summarizing these tests, the time required to reach To insure the high-speed feature being applied inde-the required kv-a. is approximately 25 cycles on a 60 - pendently of the regulating equipment used for normalcycle basis, though in actual practise the required kv-a. conditions, and to have it come in with the least amountwould be reached much earlier because of an instan- of time delay after the occurrence of a fault and totaneous increase of kv-a. through a reduction in terminal adjust the voltage at which it would be applied inde-voltage resulting from a short circuit on the line, to pendently ofotherconditions,a separate torquewhich is added the subsequent increase due to the high- motor was used for the purpose of applying the high-speed excitation.Additional benefit in regard to rate speed excitation in addition to the torque motor operat-of rise is obtained from a very heavy series field on the ing as a normal voltage regulator. main exciter which tends to raise the exciter voltage due to the transient increase in the condenser field current, TESTS raising the exciter voltage before any of the automatic The kv-a. taken by a condenser for a given fieldequipment installed for this purpose comes into play. current depends upon the voltage at the condenser terminals.It was impossible to hold constant voltage when suddenly increasing from 10,000 kv-a. to 55,000 ELECTRICITY APPLIED TO STRIP kv-a. owing to the reactance of the transformer bank, COAL MINING to the tertiary winding of which the condenser is More than a thousand people traveled from Chicago, connected. St. Louis and other cities to the Fidelity Mine of the In testing, therefore, to determine the time to in-United Electric Coal Company, near Duquoin, Ill., on crease from 10,000 kv-a. to 55,000 kv-a., the startingNovember 7, to see an electric shovel said to be the point was taken as the field current to produce 10,000biggest in the world, which is used for stripping the kv-a. at rated voltage 13,800 volts; and at the startingearth from the coal vein which is being mined. point, the voltage was reduced by having lagging k -v -a. The shovel was designed for use with a 20 -cu. yd. on another condenser to try to reach 13,800 volts whenbucket, but this size was reduced to 15 cu. yd. in order thekv-a.reached 55,000 on the condenser underto permit an extension of the boom.The reach of the test. dipper is sufficient to place material about 85 ft. above In other words, the time is that required to build upthe ground.The complete shovel weighs approxi- the field current of the condenser, as the a -c. amperesmately 1650 tons.It is operated by one man by means depend on the condenser field flux, and tests showedof Ward Leonard control on the conversion equipment that there was practically no time delay between fieldsupplying direct current to the motor.The 4000 -volt amperes anda -c. amperes and consequentlyfieldalternating -current power supply drivesa five -unit flux. motor -generator set consisting of a 1700 -hp. motor,one Referring to Fig.6,the torque motor resistance860 -kw. generator, two 350 -kw. generators anda 50 -kw. is the voltage across a resistance inserted in the torqueexciter. motor circuit to reduce the voltage applied to the torque The electrical equipment was furnished by the motor to correspond to a short circuit on the system. GeneralElectricCompany. A verylargetipple When the system voltage dropped as indicated bydesigned by the Jeffrey Manufacturing Companyserves the voltage across this resistance, it will be noted thatseven railroad tracks and has a capacity of 800 tons of within a cycle, the torque motor contact closed, apply-coal per hour.The tipple is operated by 43 electric ing voltage to the coil of the high-speed contactor. motors ranging from 3 hp. to 150 hp. and aggregating The instant when the high-speed contactor closed isapproximately 1000 hp.Nearly all are three-phase, indicated by the point when the exciter main fieldcur-60 -cycle machines operatingon 440 volts, and with but rent starts to increase. few exceptions they are standard slip -ringinduction Following the short-circuiting of the resistance in themotors.Virtually all are operated by magnetic push- exciter main field by the high-speed contactor, thefieldbutton control.

Series Synchronous Condensers for Generation ofVoltage Consumed by Line inductance BY THEODORE H. MORGAN* Associate, A. I. E. E. Synopsis.-The factors determining thepower -carrying capac- A plan for obtaining direct or series reactive kv-a. compensation ity of a transmission systemare briefly discussed in this paper. by a method employing electric machinery is described.This includes The principal effects obtained by the operationof synchronous a description of a method for producing the required voltage and condensers usedto compensate forthe system consumption ofinserting it into the system. lagging reactive kv-a, are pointed out.This method of compensation Some of the characteristics of operation and advantages to be is contrasted with the direct method of supplying the reactivekv-a. to the gained by the use of the described method are given. line in the manner in which it is consumed, i.e., by the series method.

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTISE series inductive compensation whichisdirect and ACOMPLETE investigation of the transmission lineinherently automatic.They produce a voltage across power -limit problem shows that in the finalthem which is opposite in phase angle to the vol- analysis the limit of the amount ofpower whichtage caused by the inductive reactance of the line. can be transmitted over a given system at a fixed max-By proper choice of the capacitor size these two vol- imum voltage and load power factor is determined bytages may be made to entirely counteract each other, the total series inductive reactance of the system. Thethus compensating for the inductive effects of the combined inductive reactance effects of the circuit,system.The line effects are completely eliminated from the point of generation of the internal e. m. f. inand the amount of power which it is possible to trans- the alternator to the point of voltage drop due to themit is very materially increased. e. m. f. of the load end machinery, determine the max- General Methods.It may be said that there are in imum amount of power that can be transmitted from thegeneral two methods by which reactive kv-a. may be rotor of the generator to the rotors of the load machines.supplied to a transmission system.First,it may be The inductive reactive kv-a. of the load has its in-furnished indirectly by apparatus connected across the fluence in limiting the maximum power which a systemline in a manner similar to an ordinary load; or second, can transmit.An understanding of this principle,it may be added in a direct manner through apparatus combined with the necessity of maintaining constantconnected in series relation to the line conductors. voltage at the load, has led to the practise of operatingEach method gives compensating effects which are synchronous condensers at the load end of the line.different in character and results obtained. These condensers may be considered as a source of The first method changes the phase angle of the line inductive reactive kv-a. capable of compensating totallycurrent with respect to its voltage and in this way for load power faCtor, but only partially for line con-produces a line drop at such an angle that the load end sumption of reactive kv-a.Such a method of com-voltage is held constant at a required value which may pensation gives load end voltage control while in-be equal to that of the generator end. This is shown in creasing the system power limit.In fact, voltagea simple case by the vector diagram of Fig. 1, in which control and reactive kv-a. compensation are inter-the line charging current and resistance dropare related, one action accompanying the other.Theomitted. With increase of line current, the angle be- ultimate power limit is reached with the limit of com-tween the generator -end voltage and the load current pensation. The important fact related to synchronousincreases and the compensating reactive powersup- condenser operation at the load end of the line is thatplied must increase with the load in order that the load complete compensation for line effects becomes impos-voltage may be maintained.The maintenance of sible with increasing load, and the load and generatorsynchronism between generator and load is dependent machinery finally fall out of step because of the inabilityentirely upon this principle when the phase angle be- of the system to transmit the load required of it. tween load current and generator -end voltage becomes large.This is because the power represented by these About a year and a halfago,in an attempt to test out a new practise, an installation of seriestwo quantities considered by themselves becomes dimin- capacitors was placed in operation on a transmis-ishing under these conditions. sionline.'Such capacitors provide a method of In the second method, the compensation is obtained by the addition of a series voltage to the system. This *Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering, Stanford Uni-plan does not alter the line current, but the reactive versity, Palo Alto, Calif. kv-a. is produced by the inserted voltage acting with 1. See Bibliography 2 and 3. Presented at the Pacific Coast Convention of the A. I. E. E.,thiscurrent.The compensation is direct and the Santa Monica, Calif., Sept. 3-6, 1929. Printed complete herein. reactive kv-a. is supplied in the samemanner that it is 872

29-136 CONDENSERS 873 Dec. 1929 MORGAN: SERIES SYNCHRONOUS Description.The general plan of arrangementis consumed.Referring to Fig. 2, EL, thevoltage pro- counteracted by theshown by the wiring diagramof Fig. 3.The reactive duced by line inductanceis issupplied by a voltage Ec, equal to it and opposite inphase angle.Inkv-a. required for compensation completely com-machine similar inconstruction to a synchronous this case the line effects have been condenser, which for want of abetter name will be pensated for, and the load end voltagebecomes identi- This that of the gen-called the "inductive compensatinggenerator." cally equal in magnitude and phase to machine is driven at synchronousspeed by a syn- erator end. chronous motor, operated in theordinary way from a ANEW;METHOD bank of transformers connected acrossthe line. The problem at its present statuswould seem to The voltage to be supplied to theline by the driven demand that all possibilities and optionsshould againmachine should be proportional tothe line current since its purpose is to compensate for avoltage caused by this current flowing throughthe line inductive reactance.With the iron of the magneticcircuit of the machine below the point ofsaturation, this would require an exciting current which is atall times pro- portional to the alternating current ofthe line.This immediately suggests using the line currentfor machine

Transformer

VMMANN--

Transmission Line

FIG.1-VECTORDIATRAM SHOWINGCOMPENSATION WITH SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER EG is generator end voltage IR is load current IC is correcting current /1, is line current EL is voltage produced by line inductive reactance Rectifier ER is load end voltage Field

Inductive Compensating Generator

Synchronous Fd. Motor EG&En, D. C. FIG.3-WIRING DIAGRAM OF ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS

excitation purposes.This current may be passed through current transformers to obtain a suitable IP EL. magnitude, then rectified with a polyphase mercury arc FIG.2-VECTOR DIAGRAM SHOWING DIRECT COMPENSATION or other rectifier, and passed through the field circuitof Ea and Ea are generator end and load end voltages the machine.Special current transformers with suffi- iR is load current cient iron in the core would produce voltage impulses EL is voltage produced by line inductance Ec is voltage supplied by correcting apparatus on sudden changes of line current, thus providingrapid response in machine excitation. be investigated.With the belief that the direct or The requirements of frequency and magnitude hav- second method is preferable to the one now commonlying been met, there is the question of maintenance of used, an attempt has been made to develop a plan byproper phase relation for the compensating voltage. which the desired results may be obtained by the use ofDue to its inherent characteristic, the driving synchron- electrical machinery.It was realized that if a voltageous motor would hold the rotor of the inductive identical both in magnitude and phase to that producedcompensating generator to an approximately constant by series capacitors be generated and applied in seriesphase position with respect to the line voltage.If it to the circuit, effects similar in general character towere possible to maintain constant power factor on the those realized by capacitors may be obtained. Theline, this is all that would be required, once the original following systemof machine operationhas beensetting of the angle between the two rotors had been devised for this purpose. correctly adjusted.However, since there is a pos- 57.1 \I(R(iAN: SERIES SYNcIlltoNolts CONDENNKR14 Journal A. I. sibihty 01 change of line power factorangle with changecompensation, irrespective of the number or location of load, it. wouldseem that provision should be made to meet this contingency. of the units, the total reactive kv-a. supplied would be The machine should normallyequal to the inductive reactive kv-a. consumed by the operate with the voltage which it produces in leadinglineifthe line charging kv-a. be neglected. quadrature relation Also to the current through it.Bycomplete compensationby compounding theline arranging the stator ofeither the driving motoror theinductance voltage would eliminate, in inductive compensating every case, its generator so that itcan bedetrimental effects on voltage regulation andpower - moved in sucha way as to alter the relative phase anglecarrying capacity, leaving only the factor of line between their armaturewindings, the required conditionresistance. can be maintained. The realpower output will always be zero and the stator The one operating benefit derived from linein- position could be automaticallyductance is its effectiveness in limiting short-circuit controlled to produce this condition for all phasecurrents.If the compensation were sufficientlycom- positions of the linecurrent. In cases where compensation plete to counteract all inductance effects of the lineand is to be madeon re-transformers over the range of all possible currents, the latively low -voltage lines,the separate phase windings of the machine could short-circuit currents would be excessively high.The be connected directly in seriesmachine system of compensation, however, hasthe with the line wires. Whenused on high -voltage linesdecided advantage that the magnetic circuit transformers would be of the necessary.These transformersmachine becomes saturated at certaincurrents and that would have their high -voltagewindings placed in seriesits compensating ability is thus limited. As with the transmission line wires a result of and low -voltage wind-this characteristic of the machine, it is possibleto ob- ings connected to the machinephases. Such transform-tain full compensationup to a critical current, after ers would perform both series and potentialduty and inwhich any appreciable increase in addition, insulate the machine compensation be- from the line voltage.comes impossible.The effect desired is obtained by They would actas series or current transformers inper- mitting passage of line the inherent characteristic of themachine without any current, the ampere -turns ofsupplementary control.In this respect, compensation both windings being equal.In stepping -up and intro-by machinery is far superior ducing the machine voltage into to that obtained with a the line they wouldseries capacitor, which must beshort-circuited on heavy be doing potential transformerduty. currents with the resulting system disturbanceupon its With the inductive compensatinggenerator beingsubsequent return to the circuit. driven so that its generated With machine com- e. m. f. is in leading quad-pensation, on the disappearance ofthe heavy line cur- rature to the current in its windings,there will be norent, normal operation is restored by torque or power developed by the machine. smooth action as However,the excitation on the machine isreduced. it will be operating ina condition of unstable equi- In other respects it would librium.By thisis meant that on seem that all the advan- any relativetages claimed for series capacitoroperation would displacement of the rotor and stator fromthe requiredapply to this method. position, a torque will be producedwhich will tend to The inductive compensating still further increase the displacement. generator is connec- This torqueted to the circuit in sucha way that it will not supply its will increase with the amount of thedisplacement up tostorage of rotationalenergy to a short circuit in the the 90 electrical degree angle in eitherdirection. Themanner in which a synchronous condenseroperates position of 180 electrical degrees fromthe requiredunder such conditions. operating position is the stableone, and the rotor would seek this position if allowed to do CONCLUSION so.In order to main- The above described system tain the desired operation it isnecessary that the driv- of inductancecompen- ing motor be designed to produce sation has been devised withthe hope that itmay in more torque for smallsome small way point toward the solution angles of displacement than that producedby the of a vital problem in power transmission.No claim is made driven machine. Under normal operation theload onthat the general plan is the driving motor would be very smallas it would only finally or completely worked out in all its details.On the basis of conformity be required to supply the rotation losses of thecompen- to present practise, it will haveno advocates. sating machine. Thus for the driving machine,there Because of its departure from methodsnow employed, many mat- would be required a relatively small motor with specialters realized only through characteristics. operating experienceare as yet undetermined. However,granted that the general Characteristics and Advantages. When this plan ofplan is fundamentally compensation is applied to very long lines it might sound, its success must bein- beseparably linked with the abilityto maintain complete, desirable to insert a number of compensating unitsatdependable, automatic machine intervals along the line, so that the supplied voltage control. In this regard it may be said that therapid advance which isbeing would not be excessive at any single unit.This wouldmade in the art of electrical also aid in keeping the line voltage more uniform controls is positive proof that this phase of theproblem can be satisfactorily throughout the entire length.For all cases of completesolved when the demandarises. STATIONS 875 Dec. 1929 HIGHER STEAM PRESSURES INSTEAM ELECTRIC GENERATING

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bibliography appreciation to the The author wishes to express his 1. "Tuned Transmission Lines," by H. H. Skilling; Thesis, faculty of the Electrical EngineeringDepartment ofStanford University, June1927. StanfordUniversity for many helpful suggestions, 2. "The Series Capacitor Installation at Ballston, N. Y.," by and particularly to Dr. Harris J. Ryan forhis inimitableE. K. Skelton, General Electric Review, August,1928. encouragement and assistance in thedevelopment of 3. Editorial:"And Now the Series Capacitor," by T. A. E. this plan. Belt, General Electric Review, August,1928. The Future of HigherSteam Pressures in Steam Electric GeneratingStations BY IRVING E. MOULTROP1 Fellow, A. I. E. E.

Synopsis.-Construction and operating experience has shown By the use of large turbine generator units and large steam generat- materially. that a large part of the theoretically possible gains in efficiencydue ing units, the unit cost of construction can be reduced turbine to higher steam pressures has been obtained in practise. The present practise of installing several boilers to serve one The use of large steam What are the future possibilities of higher pressures? generator increases the cost of construction. The biggest problem before station designers today is to reduce the generating and turbine generator units will reduce the unit cost of cost of construction per unit of capacity.Some engineers have sug- high-pressure stations more than it will reduce the unit cost of normal gested that we should build cheaper and less economical stations. pressure stations. This is an unsatisfactory answer tothe problem.The proper If the steam generating units match the turbine generator units in answer is to maintain the high standards ofefficiency that have been capacity, we can design for unit construction.This unit construc- established and reduce the cost of construction by intensive studytion will not only reduce the cost of construction but will also sim- and better design.Better engineering in the future is the answer to plify operation. the problem.

-MUCH has been written about the present state ofoperating steam pressure has produced results that are development in the use of higher steam pres-very satisfactory.They are satisfying principally, how- sures in steamelectricgeneratingstations.ever, because they indicate that we have made progress The plants in service and under construction have beenand lead us to believe that we will continue to do so discussed at length in the technical press, and it wouldin the future. be useless to endeavor to present to you a detailed pic- Looking back at the development of the steam elec- ture of what has been accomplished.It is sufficient totric generating station since Mr. Edison started the say that a large part of the theoretically possible gainPearl Street Station in New York City, what can we in efficiency has been obtained in practise, and there islearn of particular moment to guide us in the design of every reason to believe that we will, in the near future,new stations? obtain as near the theoretical efficiencies possible as we Many things have been accomplished and the best of have in stations designed for more moderate operatingthese should be incorporated in the new installations pressures. that we are about to make. It would appear to be of more use to attempt to take Many costly mistakes have been made and these stock and discuss the future possibilities of highershould not be repeated, for while it is excusable to err, pressures. to repeat an engineering error is an economic waste. In meeting our every -day problems, we are prone to see only the immediate job before us and to lose sight of Let us select for discussion a few salient points the broad economic problem with which we are dealing.of a general nature, and let us confine ourselves to It is becoming more and more necessary to keepthose points that need to be kept constantly before us the broad problem before us continually and to so con-in our new designs. duct our every -day work that it will fit into the larger First and foremost, we find that in the past we have picture to the best advantage. so designed our stations that the fixed charges on the A résumé of the accomplishments of the past iscost of construction are several times the combined helpful only in focusing our attention on the possibili-cost of fuel, maintenance, and operating labor.It is ties of the future.The work done so far in raising thetherefore apparent that by attention to this fact we can make the largest saving in the cost of generating elec- 1. Chief Engineer, The Edison Electric Illuminating Com- pany of Boston, Boston, Mass. trical energy.This problem undoubtedly takes prece- Presented at the Great Lakes District Meeting of the A. I. E. E., dence over all others before the industry today. What Chicago, Ill., Dec. 2-3-4, 1929.Printed complete herein. is the answer?

29-145 876 MOULTROP: Jo mud A. I. E. E. Some engineers havegone so far as to recommend thatshould not be lost sight of if the fullest advantages are we forget our efforts for higherthermal efficiencies andto be obtained by interconnections. build cheaper and lesseconomical generating stations. In the past, the size of our steam generating units That is nota satisfactory answer.It is not right thatin our stations has always lagged behind the size of our we should cast aside the accomplishmentsof the past,turbine generator units.From three to five boilers are for the facts of thecase prove that those accomplish-often installed to serve one turbine generator with a ments have resulted in reducingthe cost of supplyingresultant large increase in the unit cost of our boiler electric service. plants when compared with a design in which the steam What we should do is tomaintain the higher effi-generating unit matches the size of the turbine generator ciencies that have been obtainedand at the same timeunit. reduce the cost of constructionby more intensive study There seems to be no basic reason why the steam and better design. generating units should not match the turbine generator Better engineering in the future isthe answer to ourunits in reliability.Already steam generating units problem. have been operated with availability factors in excess We are doing better engineeringtoday than in theof 90 per cent.If this performance can be matched past because of the accumulated engineeringdata avail-consistently, there seems to be no reason why one steam able and because of the extensiveresearch work of the'generating unit should not supply all of the steam for past few years.Better engineering will result inmoreoperating one turbine generator unit.We can then economical designs, more economicaluse of the ma-have unit construction, one boiler feedpump, one terials of construction,more economical production,boiler, one turbine, one condenser, one circulating water greater simplicity and ease of operation, and probablypump, and one auxiliary power supply. A reasonable higher thermal efficiencies. number of cross -connections will insure continuity of As a matter of fact, weare fortunately trapped byservice and will reduce the unit cost ofspare equipment. circumstances for our own good. We cannot affordto It is also true that this better balance between the build stations today of thesame design as those built asize of steam generating units and turbinegenerator few years ago. A careful study will showthat if ourunits is desirable irrespective of the operatingpressure fuel cost us nothing we could not affordto build stationsemployed, but the accomplishment of theproper bal- with as low thermal efficienciesas were built ten orance will make a greater reduction in the unit cost of the fifteen years ago.No! The answer to the problem ishigh pressure stations because of the higher unitcost of not to take a backward step but togo forward.Byhigh pressure boiler plant equipment.

better design we can maintain the high standards of The argument of "the larger the unit, the lowerthe efficiency and at the same time reduce the cost ofunit cost" carries throughout the station, for itapplies to construction and the fixed charge item in the cost ofstation structures, piping, and auxiliaries.It likewise supplying electric service to our customers. applies to transmission lines, substations, anddistribu- As electrical systems have grown in size, the capacitytion systems right up to the customer'smeters.The of the prime movers and generators hasgrown likewise.basic reason for this is the fact that thelarger units The use of larger turbine generator units, when intelli-permit the most economicaluse of the materials of con- gently used, has reduced the unit cost of generatingstruction, labor, and supervision. stations irrespective of the operating pressure.How- Construction experience has very definitelyshown ever, it appears from the facts available at this timethat the size of the unit hasa great deal to do with the that the use of large turbine generator units favors thecomparative cost between high-pressure andmoderate higher pressure stations more than it does those de-pressure installations.Undoubtedly a 5000- kw. 1200- signed for more moderate pressures.Today a 50,000- lb. installation would costmore per kilowatt than one kw. unit for 1200 -lb. pressure costs somewhatmore thanfor 350 lb., while for much larger unitsthere appears to one designed for 350 -lb. pressure, but a 125,000 -kw.be littleif any difference in unit cost.This is un- unit costs about the same whether designed for 1200-ordoubtedly the reason why comparativestudies for 350 -lb. pressure. small plants for industrials usuallyshow that the It would therefore appear advisable in high pressurenormal pressure installation is thecheaper, all factors stations to install as large -sized turbine generator units asconsidered. practical from the operating standpoint.The recent The recent A. S. M. E. Steam TableResearch Com- designs of turbines that give practically the samemittee's publication of the TotalHeat Entropy Dia- economy over wide ranges of load have made it ad-gram extended to 3500 lb. persq. in. and 1000 deg. visable today to use larger units than would have beenfahr. total steam temperature hasvery clearly pointed advisable a few years ago for the same system loadout that for every steam temperaturethere is a theoreti- conditions. cally economical pressure.The higher the tempera- Interconnections of electric systems also permit theture,the higher the economicalpressure.For a installation of larger turbine generator units than wouldtemperature of 750 deg. fahr. and theregenerative be advisable without interconnections.This factorreheat cycle, the economicalpressure is in the neighbor- IN STEAM ELECTRICGENERATING STATIONS 877 Dec. 1929 HIGHER STEAM PRESURES operation of high pressureand high temperature sta- hood of 1400 lb. per sq. in.In other words, the steam tions has very clearly shownthat the design and opera- temperature is in reality thegoverning factor. talent of the highest type. has decided totion calls for engineering Already the Detroit Edison Company Designs and constructiondetails must be worked out lead the way in an attempt toraise the operating steam otherwise the cost of construc- They have purchasedwith the greatest care or temperature to 1000 deg. fahr. tion will increase to a pointwhere the fixed charges will a turbine generator tooperate with steam at moderate On the other hand, if the for their new Delrayoffset the savings in fuel. pressure at this temperature proper skill isexercised there does not appear to be any Station. additional capital burden and the greater economypays temperatures are As the difficulties with the higher a handsomedividend on the effort expended.The worked out, the higher temperatureswill be combinedargument that greater skillis required is no valid reason with higher pressures and there is apossibility that wefor refraining from using the mosteconomical equip- will be faced with the necessity ofraising operatingment any more than a merchantshould refuse to enlarge pressures even higher than1400 lb. his business for fear that thelarger and more profit- The development of equipment suitablefor utilizingable business will require morecareful planning and steam at 1000 deg. fahr. will resultin justifying the use ofattention. higher pressures without reheat, and who can saythat Construction experience has shownalso that high- with reheat 3200 lb. per sq. in. will not bejustified? pressure stations neednot be confined to base load If the time comes when pressuresconsiderably inoperation.Since they can be built for practicallythe excess of 1400 lb. arejustified, we must depart radicallysame unit cost aslow-pressure stations, they impose no from our present designs of boilers.We must abandonadditional capital burden and can bejustified for supply- thermal circulation in boilers and water-cooledfurnaceing the normal load of the system.This fact 'will walls and adopt forced circulation.Just because weundoubtedly greatly increase the use ofhigher pres- cannot at once reconcile our minds tosuch a radicalsures in the futurebecause itis seldom practical to departure in design is no reason for our feelingthatoperate a generating station as abase load station there is nothing in the idea before it has beengiven afor a long period of years. thorough trial.Some European engineers believe that Just as the hand -fired grate for largeboilers has forced circulation is advisable for pressures aslow aspassed into the discard with the developmentof effi- 1500 lb. cient automatic fuel burning equipment, sohave "rule The European trend is distinctly toward higher steamof thumb" design, construction andoperating prac- temperatures at moderate pressures because theengi-tises passed on.Brains instead of brawn rule today. neers over there believe that theunit cost of high pressure equipment is too great to be justified by the fuel savings SEEK FOG -PENETRATING LIGHT America to be obtained by its use. On the other hand, in There has been a great deal of talk about thefog - the trend is just the other way; i. e., higher pressures atpenetrating power of the light produced by meansof moderate temperatures.It is the opinion of Americancertain lamps, but according to impartial experts on engineers that higher temperatures call for the use ofthe subject such a source of light is not yet. alloy steels and the proper alloys are not available today at prices that make their use profitable. Speaking on the subject before the Chicago Section of the Society of Automotive Engineers, R. E. Carlson, There is no doubt that many engineers on both sides of the Westinghouse Lamp Co., said: of the Atlantic Ocean are fully alive to the proper rela- tion between pressures and temperatures, and you can "I wish we knew how to design lamps for use in fog. find many instances where certain companies are goingFrom time to time, particularly in aviation work, one far ahead of the general trend.Two noteworthyhears about certain wave -lengths of light being more examples of this are the Detroit Edison Company'ssuitable for fog penetration.I have in mind some purchase of 1000 deg. fahr. equipment, and the recenttests that were well controlled and well conducted by purchase of a 300,000 lb. per hr., 3200 lb. per sq. in.the Bureau of Standards in Massachusetts last year. Benson boiler for the Langerbrugge Station in Belgium.Those tests showed that, for fog penetration, the differ- We have been told on many occasions that the laws ofence between a tungsten -filamentincandescent lamp diminishing returns will preclude going much higher inand a neon lamp is not great enough to measure within pressures or temperatures, and yet both in Americaclose limits. and Europe engineers are going ahead and accomplish- "From my own experience, I think the less light one ing results with higher pressures and temperatures thathas in a fog the better, because the back glare impairs may force a revision or a reinterpretation of that law ofvisibility.On the Pacific Coast, up in Oregon and that diminishing returns.It is indeed very dangerous toregion, what are known as 'fog lights' are mounted low draw definite conclusions from trends;it is wiser toso that they reduce, as much as possible, thereflection watch the accomplishments of the pioneers. and back glare.We have no solution for that problem The experience thus far gained in the construction andyet; I wish we had." Electrochemistry andElectrometallurgy ANNUAL REPORT OFCOMMITTEE ON ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND ELECTROMETALLURGY*

To the Board of Directors: similar materials produced without the expenditure of The Committeeon Electrochemistry and Electro-electrical energy; and yet the electrochemicalprocesses metallurgy submits thefollowing report coveringsomeare justified by the higher quality of material or by of the outstandingmatters of interest within the fieldunusual physical or chemical properties.The problem of the committee.Such a review cannever claim to beis therefore a complex one which will have much to do complete.The past year has broughtseveral itemswith the success or failure of electrolytic production, be- of unusual interest.As an innovation in thereport ofcause the power costs are usually a considerable fraction the committee, for thepresent year somewhatmoreof the total cost per unit of the material. details are given about certainmaterials and their pro- duction, including the featureslikely to be of interest to CHROMIUM PLATING electrical engineers.For this reason, the number of Chromium plating which was first accomplished 70 items covered in thereport is somewhat less than in theyears ago has undergone a sensational development in reports for the severalyears preceding. the electroplating field within the past threeyears.It is only recently that the mechanism of theprocesses has D -C. SUPPLY FOR ELECTROLYTICUSES become sufficiently well understood to make possible Approximately 200,000 -kw.capacityin d -c. ma-its commercial application.From the various uses chinery is now purchased yearlyby growing electro-proposed for chromium plating, it is becomingapparent lytic industries throughoutthe world.Electrolyticwhat may reasonably be expected. processesareessentiallyd -c.processesrequiring Scratch tests on thin films of chromium indicate that large current at relatively lowvoltage per unit.Thethe hardest chromium is harder thanany other metals problem of a suitable and economicalsource of power,or alloys previously tested; its ductility is almostzero; therefore, is of importance, andone requiring carefulits expansivity is about thesame as for glass or plati- studytodeterminethebestconditionsinanynum; it resists tarnish to a remarkable degree.The particular case.The generation of direct currentmayreflecting power of chromium is 65per cent as com- have some advantagesas to cost and maintenance, ifpared with silver 95per cent.Its electrical conduc- the electrolytic plaiit is not far removedfrom the sourcetivity is about that of aluminum. of power, and if exhaustor bled steam can be used to As a protective coating, thin filmsare desirable.For advantage in process work.Such a source of supply,some purposes 0.0)002- to 0.0)004 -in.are used over a however, is limited in its application and doesnot per-preliminary coat of copperor nickel.Thicker deposits mit of interconnection to othersources of power. Whenmay tend to crack.Chromium deposits are made power is purchased, the problem of converting it fromfrom a chromic acid bath to whicha sulphate has been alternating current to direct current usuallyarises.added.The anodes are of ironor lead.The condi- Synchronous converters and motor -generatorsets bothtions for making satisfactory depositsare rather critical find use for this purpose.Possibly, large mercury rec-as to temperature and current density, the latterrang- tifiers also may find extendeduse in the future.Ining from 100 to 300amperes per sq. ft.From the several papers which have recently appeared,it has beenstandpoint of the electrical engineer,the large amount pointed out that the proper choice inany particular caseof energy required is of interest.The voltage across the must depend, (1) upon voltage and other characteristicstank ranges from 6 to 12 volts.The current must be of the transmission line;(2) the range of voltage, thelarge and since the valence is 6and the efficiency of the current, and other characteristics of the electrolyticprocess low, the amount of metal depositedper coulomb circuit; and (3) the efficiency under particular operatingis very small.It has been estimated thatchromium conditions; and (4) the initial investment and interestplating requires 15 times theelectrical energy used for charges.It frequently happens that materialspro-nickel plating in equivalentamounts.However, in the duced by electrochemical means are more costly thancase of chromium but little metal is needed.The proc- *COMMITTEE ON ELECTROCHEMISTRY ANDELECTROMETALLIIRGY: ess brings with it hazards that requirecarefully designed G. W. Vinal. Chairman. ventilating systems to protect theworkers.In spite of Lawrence Addicks. E. B. Dawson, C. G. Schluederberg, Arthur N. Anderson. F. A. J. Fitzgerald. J. A. Seede. difficulties which mayseem numerous, the desirable T. C. Atchison, F. C. Hanker. Magnus Unger. properties of chromiumas a protective coating, its P. H. Brace, W. E. Holland. J. B. Whitehead, Farley G. Clark. F. A. Lidbury. E. A. Williford. resistance to wear, its hardness,and its pleasing ap- Safford K. Colby. J. L. Woodbridge. pearance have brought it intouse in many industries. Presented at the Summer Convention ofthe A. I. E. E., Swamp- Some of the applications whichhave been made of it scott, Mass., June 54-28, 1929. Printedcomplete her( in. have not been successful;as, for example, in stamping 878

29-113 879 Dec. 1929 ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND ELECTROMETALLURGY hydrogen cooling The chromium is brittle and flakesoff.In thetests and a commercial application of dies. large synchro- popular, mind chromium is associatedwith automobilehas recently been made in the case of a and plumbing fixtures, but in a lessconspicuous way,nous condenser whichis totally enclosed. The capacity of chromium plating has proved its worth byprolongingthis condenser with hydrogen cooling is said tobe 12,500 The the life of gages, tapes, measuring devices,forming dies,kv-a., as compared with 10,000 kv-a. if air-cooled. spinning tools, and printing plates. use of hydrogen forsuch a purpose is beneficial in other An important development during 1928 wastheways, since oxygen anddirt are excluded and the effect installation of several completely automaticequip-of corona on the insulation eliminated.As a safeguard, above atmos- ments for chromium plating.The electroplating indus-the pressure of hydrogen is maintained try has learned the value of chemical controland nowpheric pressure and the purity of the gas is continu- itis adding automatic electrical control of currentously recorded.An alarm is sounded if the purity density and control of temperature. falls below 91 per cent.

ELECTROPLATING OF VARIOUS METALS COPPER In other fields of electroplating, new finishes have The change in the copper situation during 1928 was been developed.Cadmium plating, which can besensational. A sluggish market which had persisted easily done on any commercial metal, promises valuablefor years with comparatively little prospect of marked service as a preventative of rust, but it is handicappedadvancement was transformed by the increasing de- by the high price of metal. A process has long beenmand for this metal.Existing stocks were reduced sought for electroplating aluminum on other metals.and outlets for even the high -cost copper provided. A step in this direction has been made in the experi-Copper as a product of electrochemical industry and as mental work of depositing aluminum on other metalsa basic material of electricalconstruction has a double from organic solutions.New developments are takinginterest for the electrical engineer.Part of the in- place in the electrodeposition of alloys.Whereas increased use of copper may be attributed to systematic the past this has been confined chiefly to brass andefforts of a research association to extend its uses and bronze, today there are a dozen different alloys thatpart may be attributed to the growth of electrical may be deposited from aqueoussolutions.Nickel -industry, which is said to consume in one form or plating continues to increase in spite of the threatenedanother, more than one-half of the total supply.It has competition of chromium plating.Actually, the latterbeen estimated that the mines of the United States will needs an underlying layer of nickel, and so it has beenproduce over a million tons during the present year and said that chromium plating has actually stimulated themost of this will be used within this country. demand for nickel.The trend in nickel plating is to- wards the use of very pure anodes containing not less ELECTROLYTIC ZINC than 99 per cent of nickel. A large plant has recently been installed in Idaho for the production of electrolytic zinc by the "Tainton- HYDROGEN FOR INDUSTRIAL USES Pring" process.Good deposits of very pure zinc are Industrial uses for hydrogen are rapidly increasing.obtained fromthestronglyacidsolutions.The The electrolytic process is particularly well adapted tocathodic current density is about 100 amperes per the production of hydrogen of a high degree of purity.sqft. and the voltage per cell, about 3 volts. It is of more than passing interest that a large researchThe nominal capacity of the plant is 5Q tons of zinc per laboratory is provided with pure hydrogen piped to theday, with provision for trebling this output.Direct various rooms and consuming in the experimental workcurrent of 16,000 amperes at 500 volts is supplied by more than 2,000,000 cu. ft. of hydrogen per month.two synchronous motor -driven generator units.The Inthefat -hardening industriesthe demand forelectrolytic cells are arranged in two groups of 150 cells, pure hydrogen is increasing and larger electrolyticconnected in series.Each cell contains 20 aluminum cell units in some cases amounting to 4 to 5 times thecathodes faced by anodes of a lead alloy. By ground- capacity of present installations are being sought.ing the midpoint of the circuit, the maximum voltage to More electrolytic hydrogen is likewise being used in theground is reduced to 250 volts.The purified zinc sul- synthesis of liquid ammonia, the production of which inphate solution is circulated to the cells until 90 per cent 1928 was so large that it became the cheapest alkali perof the zinc has been extracted when the solution con- unit.It has been found that liquid ammonia is a verytains about 28 per cent acid.The deposition process convenient form for transporting hydrogen.Of par-is a continuous one with periodic changes of the electro- ticular interest to electrical engineers is the use of hydro-lyte.The current efficiency of the electrolytic process gen as a cooling agent.It naturally diffuses faster thanaverages about 85 per cent.The zinc obtained by this other gases and has a high thermal conductivity so thatprocess is of high purity and soft. it can be used to advantage where it is important to remove heat rapidly.High-speed motors and genera- NICKEL tors are being operated in hydrogen gas in development Improved smelting and refining methods have re- 880 ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND ELECTROMETALLURGY Journal A. I. E. E.

suited in improvingthe purity of commercial grades ofsucceeded in introducing the electric furnace into glass nickel.Electrolytic nickel, averaging99.90 per cent orand porcelain industries. better, is the highestgrade produced on a commercial In the carbide industries, the desire to increase the scale.This is especially suitedto the production ofunit by increasing the ampere input at 100 to 200 volts alloys containing highpercentages of nickel.Itishas met with difficulties and the electric furnace engi- available as "electro-squares"in a variety of conve-neer is confronted with the problem of how to overcome nient sizes.The ferro-nickel alloys containinglargethese limits of design without increasing voltage.At percentages of nickelare finding increased use in radio25 to 60 cycles, the present electrical equipment will not transformercoresbecauseoftheirextraordinarypermit of commercial operation beyond 3000 amperes permeability. per furnace unit. ALUMINUM A numberofelectricfurnaceinstallationshas been recorded in different parts of the world for the Figures have been publishedto show that the world'sproduction of phosphoric acid and potassium phos- production of aluminum hasgrown from 24,000 tons inphate.There is every indication at the present time 1908, to 214,000 tons in 1927.Aluminum is typicallythat the electric furnace will eventually displace the an electrochemical product.At present two greatsulphuric acid process in the manufacture of phos- outlets for aluminum and its alloys are in the manu-phoric acid. A noteworthy event has beencommer- facture of automobiles and aircraft.It is said thatcialization of the electric furnace for smelting zinc from more than 30,000,000 aluminum pistonswere made inits ore. 1928. At one plant a furnace turning out 50 tons of Aluminum cylinder headsare beginning to ap-pure spelter per day has been reported. pear. Aluminum alloy frames for motor coachesare The largest peace -time electrolytic alkali -chlorine decreasing the non-profitable load of thesebulky ma- chines. plant has been put in operation in the vicinity of Aluminum crank enses and housingsareCharleston, West Virginia.This locality is rapidly already familiar.Light and strong alloysare neces-becoming a center of electrochemical industry. sary for airplane construction.The strength of a variety of these alloys isnow very well known.The BATTERIES fire hazard in the airplane has beenreduced and In the battery field, the production of batteries for quantity production as in theease of automobiles has become possible. A new material called automobiles has continued to increase, the number "alclad"produced yearly being variously estimated from 11to which combines the strength of duralumin andthe re- 15millions. Since the standard specifications sistance to corrosion of pure aluminum were seems destinedadopted for them several yearsago the quality of dry to become important in many fields.Aluminum which cells has increased and a proposal to materiallyincrease at one time was considered a material chiefly for cook-the minimum requirements for the various sizes ing utensils, has thus founda wider field. and Aluminumkinds is now before the Sectional Committeeon Dry cooking utensils continue to increase, butas an outletCells.The dry -cell industry has for this metal, this application is overshadowed by feltthe inroads theof the a -c.radio sets, but itis likely that a large newer uses in airplanes, automobiles, trucks, railwaynumber of battery setswill continue to be used. cars, furniture, roofing, decorative castings, and foilIn the field of small rectifiers, the which competes with tin. most important development has been thecopper -copper oxide type ELECTRIC FURNACES which has displacedmany of the electrolytic types. In the electric furnace industry there has beena de- ELECTROCHEMICAL RESEARCH cided increase in the use of the high -frequency furnace. Interesting results are being obtainedin the study of These furnaces, using a motor -generator type of equip-the nature of conduction found in ment, have entered the field of silver melting, and it is dielectrics and par- ticularly in insulating oils.This field of researchre- reported that 3.76 kilogramsper kw -hr.canbequires a knowledge of both melted with this form of equipment as compared with electrical and chemical processes.Relationships have been found betweenthe 2.9kilogramsper kw -hr.fortheearliertypevariation of conductivity with time, operated by an oscillator.The high -frequency furnace the accumulation of space charges, and the finaldissymmetry of the po- is well established in the non-ferrous field, and itseemstential gradient. likely that it will find use in the steel foundry as acon- A new material of extreme venient means of holding the heat. A large number of hardness for machine cutting tools has been placedon the market under the electric furnaces, mostly of the resistor type, has beenname of "carboloy." installed for the nitriding processes for steel. A It consists of tungsten carbide veryand cobalt.The carbide is extremelyhard and the hard surface is obtained similar to that produced bycobalt increases the strength. case hardening but superior in some respects. The demands of industry fornew and pure materials Ceramic engineers have accomplished much afterhas encouraged the developmentof electrical processes. years of experimentation and many failures, and haveRare metals have been producedby electrolytic methods ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTING STATION 881 Dec. 1929 KELLEY: ECONOMIC STUDY OF AN and and these are gradually coming intothe field of tech-revealed surprising changes in their mechanical nology. We can not anticipate the usesthat they maychemical properties.Electric furnace products bear ultimately find in the service of mankind,but the ex-the brand of superior quality and by the use ofelectric perience with others which we now regard as commonheating many improvements have been made inworking indicates that uses rapidly arise when suchmaterialsconditions. become available commercially.The further purifica- The Committee wishes again to acknowledge the tion of the more common metals and. the eliminationof helpful cooperation of Professor Colin G. Fink, Secre- almost the last fractional percent of the impuritieshastary of the American Electrochemical Society. An Economic Study of anElectrical Distributing Station BY W. G. KELLEY' Fellow, A. I. E. E.

Synopsis.-This paper outlines some of the physical reasonsat 12 kv. directly from generating stations.However, a study and economic advantages influencing the establishment of Wash-indicated several reasons for discarding the practise in this case. ington Park Distributing Station of the Commonwealth Edison The main physical reasons were the congested condition in the Company of Chicago. underground cable system surrounding Calumet Generating Station This station is located at the electrical center of the load which itand the distance from Calumet Station to its dependent substations. supplies.It receives energy at 66 kv. from an outlying generating The economic advantages consisted primarily of the decrease in station, State Line Station.The voltage is reduced at the distribut-transmission line costs due to the location of the distributing station ing station and fed to a number of substations at 12 kv. at the center of the zone load and the savings resulting from the The past practise of this company has been to feed the substationsuse of 66-kv. instead of 12-kv. for the primary transmission system.

THE subject matter contained in this paper is con-accessible to water for condensing purposes, they can fined to a study of the transmission costs incidentseldom be located at the electrical center of load for to the establishment of the Washington Parktheir respective zones. Distributing Station of the Commonwealth Edison Table I and Fig. 2 show the load in kilowatts for the Company of Chicago. various station zones from the years 1920 to 1928, A distributing station differs from a generating stationinclusive. in that it receives electrical energy over transmission In the case of Calumet and Fisk -Quarry Stations, the lines instead of producing the energy by means ofzone loads now exceed the generating capacity and part generators.The energy is usually transmitted to theof the energy is supplied to these two zones from station at a higher voltage and distributed from theState Line Generating Station by means of 66-kv. station at a lesser voltage to a number of adjacentunderground transmission lines. substations. The distribution of energy in the Calumet Station The three-phase electrical system supplying energyzone has introduced certain physical and economic to the distributing station may be termed the primarydifficulties; first, due to the high cable temperatures in, transmission system and consists in this case of threethe underground conduit system resulting from the single -conductor750,000 -cm.,66-kv.cables. Thelarge number of heavily loaded cables radiating to the three-phase system conveying energy from the distrib-west and north of the station; and second, due to the uting station to the substations may be termed thelength ofthe12-kv. secondary transmissionlines secondary transmission system, and the feeders arefrom Calumet Station to the various substations in in this case three -conductor, 500,000 -cm., 12-kv. cables.the zone. A map of the City of Chicago, showing the various The number of 12-kv. underground cables at Calumet generating stations, Washington Park DistributingStation is designated by the figures shown on the con- Station, and the substations receiving energy from theduit line in Fig. 3. distributing and generating stations is given in Fig. 1. Due to the fact that a considerable portion of the The various zones or districts fed by the generating andzone load is brought into the district at 66 kv. and not distributing stations are also outlined on the map.generated at Calumet Station, it was proposed that a As the generating stations must be located on propertynew station be established at the electrical load center of the northern half of the Calumet zone for the pur- 1. AssistantEngineerofDistribution,Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, Ill. pose of receiving energy from State Line Station at Presented at the Great Lakes District Meeting of the A. I. E. E.,66 kv. and distributing it to the various substations Chicago, Ill., Dec. 2-4, 1920.Printed complete herein. at 12 kv.

29-146 882 KELLEY: ECONOMIC STUDYOF AN ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTING STATION Journal A. I. E. E.

TABLE I GROWTH OF 60 -CYCLE ZONE LOAD AT TIME OF SYSTEM MAXIMUM

1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 Kw. Kw. Kw. Kw. Kw. Kw. Kw. Kw. Kw. Northwest 50,000 65,000 81,430 91,000 84,780 101,850 118,210 128,922 143.260 Fisk -Quarry 140,000 122,000 Crawford 155,200 91,980 112,985 136,276 140,220 190,840 177,723 53,920 80,350 103,019 158,020 177,932 Washington Park . 218,777 Calumet 55,388 26,000 38,770 91,290 101,187 141,885 159,000 172,952 123,880 Total 190,000 213,000 275,400 328,190 379,302 483,030 575,450 670,646 719,028

A preliminary study ofthe secondary transmission cables on the 12-kv.system expressed in circular-mil- feetper kilowatt, showedthat a 10 per cent reduction GROWTHOf ZONE in this ratio could be effectedfor the entire Chicago LOAD (co cm.'coax) NORTHWEST area by the establishment of Washington Park Distrib- GOO uting Station. 500

CRAWFORD 405 J 0 30> z

a FISHQUARRY bx1.--

MO

CALUMET

In! en) n' 102s V520 "7 nza YEARS

FIG. 2 -GROWTH OF ZONE LOAD FOR THE YEARS 1920TO 1928, INCLUSIVE

F10. 1 -MAP OF CHICAGOSHOWING THE LOCATION OF STATIONS AND SUBSTATIONS Eight substations were tentatively selected to form a zone load for the first year for Washington Park Distrib- FIG. 3 -DIAGRAMOF UNDERGROUND TRANSMISSIONCABLES AT uting Station and for the year 1928, the load in this CALUMET STATION zone was 55,388 kw. The numerals denote the number of three-phase12-kv. cables in each Table III shows the load on the eight substations Conduit line 883 Dec. 1929 KELLEY: ECONOMIC STUDY OF AN ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTIONSTATION selected for the years 1923 to 1928, inclusive, segregatedto be the same whether installed at one point or the under the threeheadings,four-kv.,railway, andother. industrial load. The cost per kilowatt of the 66-kv. primary trans- The average distance from these substations tomission lines, with the necessary conduit from Calumet Calumet Generating Station, weighted for load, wasStation to Washington Park Distributing Station, was found to be 41,600 ft., while the average distance to$11.40, and the total cost allocated to the Washington Park Distributing Station plan, based on the load of 55,388 kw., was therefore $630,000.The cost of 12-kv. TABLE II secondary transmission lines and conduit from Washing- TRANSMISSION COPPER IN 12-KV. DIRECT TRANSMISSION LINE S ton Park Distributing Station to the eight substations, for this plan, of Copper was ;$220,000, making a total cost Volume $850,000. Length 1,000,000 1,000,000 circuit cir. mil. ft. Peak cir. mil. ft. The cost of 12-kv. secondary transmission lines and feet (one phase) load per kilowatt conduit from Calumet Station to the various sub- 1923 1,961,882 728,885 328,100 2.22 stations, assuming Washington Park is not to be built, 1924 2,202,563 980,044 379,302 2.58 was found to be $994,000, making adifference of 1925 2,376,517 1,079,283, 483,030 2.23 1926 2,887,780 1,352,029 575,450 2.35 $144,000 capital investment in favor of the construction 1927 3,183,648 1,505,647 670,646 2.24 of Washington Park Distributing Station. 1928 3,118,895 1,483,448 719,028 2.06 This saving is due primarily to the development of 66-kv. underground cable and the greater economy of Washington Park Distributing Station, weighted fortransmission at this voltage over the use of 12-kv. load, was found to be only 8690 ft.This representedcable. a marked decrease in the amount of cable necessary, It is proposed to put additional substations as shown in Fig. 1 in the Washington Park Distributing Station TABLE III zone during the years 1929 and 1930, thereby increasing GROWTH OF PROPOSED WASHINGTON PARK ZONE LOADthe zone load, and also to establish additional distrib- 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 uting stations in the central and northern sections of Hyde Pk 11,60010,4009,8808,9007,4308,100 the city, when economic conditions warrant. Prairie 5,1804,9205,8905,6304,9005,740 62nd St 9,1007,8208,8259,2709,40010,200 Harper 3,6604,4504,3005,3005,210 56th St 10,7209,3209,6009,6507,5607,350 ATOMS NOT LIKE SOLAR SYSTEMS Lowe 7603,1004,5303,9506,3607,400 As every modern school child knows, the atoms of Total 4-kv 37,36039,22043,17541,70040,95044,000 matter which were thought indivisible even 30 years ago 62nd Railway 5,7605,5204,1404,1304,0704,058 are now considered to be complicated agglomerations of E. 63rd Railway 1,9702,6704,0003,370 positively charged protons and negative electrons. Total Railway 5,7605,5206,1106,8008,0707,428 But the manner in which the structure of the atom is visualized has changed vastly during the past few years. Hyde Pk. Indus 22 655 416 104 62nd Indus 149 663 4451,573 The modern physicist has discarded the entire picture - 56th Indus 307 4361,1481,460 theory of imagining the atom as a small replica of the Wash. Pk. Indus 457 725 323 solar system. Total Indus 4782,2112,7343,460 Grand Total 43,12044,74049,76350,71151,75454,888 These facts were stated at a recent meeting of the Detroit Section of the Society of Automotive Engineers by Professor Vladimir Karapetoff, of Cornell University, and formed one of the main economic factors leadingwho pointed out that when physicists endowed an atom to the construction of Washington Park Distributingwith the central nucleus and imagined electrons like Station. little spheres revolving around that central nucleus, The following cost data were used in making thewhat they did was not different in principle from the study: process whereby the primitive man creates his god in 12-kv. three -conductor cable $1.95 per ft. his own likeness.They knew the solar system was so 66-kv. single -conductor cable. . 2.64 to 3.07 per ft. made, so they put it in the atom.This method worked Conduit per duct 1.00 per ft. well enough for hydrogen, composed of only one nucleus Due to the fact that the energy for thiszoneand one electron; but the complexity of the atoms of is brought toit at 66 kv.,itwould have beenthe very heavy chemical elements spelled the death necessary to install switching equipment, transformers,knell of the picture theory of the atom and the attempts and the necessary buildings either at Calumet or Wash-to express the motion of approximately 92 electrons by ington Park Stations, and the cost of these was assumedequations and to solve these equations. Abridgment of Current Transformer Excitation Under Transit Conditions BY D. E. MARSHALL* and P. O. LANGGUTH* Associate, A. T. E. E. Associate, A. I. E. E.

Synopsis.-Tests of circuit breakers, relays,and similar devices transient conditions is the cause of these errors, and to point out how in which current transformershave been used to step down the large the errors may be minimized sufficiently to be negligible. currents involved to values measurableby the oscillograph, have Mathematical expressions are also derived to make it possible to shown peculiar errors in therecords during the transient portionpredetermine the ability of a transformer to handle transients of the current wave. correctly and to be a guide in the design of transformers for this The purpose of thispaper is to show that the abnormal excitation service. of the magnetic circuit of thecurrent transformer required during

THIS paper is closely related to the problem of theconstructive criticism, and to Mr. L. R. Smith foras- measurement of transient alternatingcurrents.sistance in conducting the tests. When certain apparatus suchas circuit breakers OUTLINE OF CAUSES OF ERRORS AND THEIR are subject to short-circuit tests, it is desirableto have a correct indication of current during thetransient CHARACTERISTICS condition. If the circuit in which the primary of thecurrent transformer is connected contains both resistance In the past, two methods have beenused for measur- and ing heavy transient currents;namely, the non -inductiveinductance, the current flowing in that circuitjust shunt and the current transformer. after its switch is closed will notassume always im- Considerable fieldmediately a pure sinusoidal testing has demonstrated that thesemethods have in- wave form, but will be dis- troduced difficulty undersome conditions.When the shunt is used, it is ofcourse necessary to insulate it and 2 associated oscillograph apparatus fromground to the extent of full -line voltage.Furthermore, non -inductive A A shunts can be used only withnon -inductive measuring devices and therefore cannot be used withthe current hirik_ coil of watt oscillograph elements,which are highly IF V inductive, for the measurement of instantaneouspower. Even with resistive burdens inaccuracieswill result due both to self-inductance and mutualinductance on multi -phase set-ups. [ A zz _.v -34 05 .06 .77 Se 09 re -f£ A sEcrwas The use of the current transformer forthe measure- FIG. I-TRANSIENT CURRENT FOR INDUCTIVECIRCUIT HAVING ment of transients under certain conditions has resulted TILE CONTANT 0.0304AT 60 CYCLES in some inaccuracies.In this paper effort has been (.4 As) tunietri.A.1 current wave made to determine the causes of theerrors which occur, ,11) Displaced zero axis the extent of the errors, andmeans for elimination or placed from its normalzero axis in a manner similar to minimization.The causes of the errorsare first briefly the current curve shown in Fig.1. (Eq. (4) of complete outlined.A discussion of the practical importance ofpaper.) the errors is given as is also mathematical expositon This asymmetry rapidly of the theory including the formulas fordesigning decreases and in practical circuits disappears in about3 to 15 cycles of 60 -cycle transformers having suitable characteristics forthecurrent.The degree of measurement of transients.A number of oscillograph asymmetry depends on the point of the voltagewave at which the switch is dosed. records amplifying and checking the theory ispre- The current wave is practicallynormal if the switch is sented; and finally a method is given for testingtrans-closed when the voltage is formers to determine their suitability foruse under at its maximum andmay be entirely above or below thezero line, if the switch is transient conditions. closed at the zero of the The authors are indebted to Mr. J. F. Peters for voltage wave.The point on the voltage wave at whichthe switch is closed is usually 'Westinghouse Elec. & Mtg. Co.. East Pittsburgh, Pa. a matter of chance, although it issometimes argued that Presented at the Regional Meeting of the Middle Eastern Districtinasmuch as in high -voltagecircuits the current might of the A. I. E. E., Cincinnati. Ohio, 3/ard, ,?($..22, 1929.completestart before the switch iscompletely closed, the first copy upon request. case is the more probable.Thus in the majority of NS4

29-144 885 Dec. 1929 CURRENT TRANSFORMER EXCITATION cases, the transientwill be comparatively slight.(Fig.reached a steady-state condition before arcing starts. 1 is calculated on the basis of a closureunder the worstEven though this condition has not beenreached, the half cycle of arcing is usually possible conditions.) r. m. s. current of the first The important thing to appreciate, so far as this paperdetermined from the crest value, with due allowancefor is concerned, is that this dissymmetry is quite likely tothe displacement of the neutral axis, on the assump- occur just after the switchis closed.The paper there-tion that the wave is of sinusoidal shape which partially fore treats of the effect of the dissymmetry on the mag-corrects for the error but always indicates a lower cur- netizing current and the resultant error in a currentrent than actually occurred. transformer under such transient conditions. In oscillograph testing, however, the accuracy re- The error is due to the over -saturation of the trans-quired is not of so high an order as required for cur- former which is caused by the d -c. component of therent transformers used with watthour meters;hence asymmetrical current.This condition is of course ag-the allowable flux density is higher.The oscillograph gravated if the secondary burden is excessive.Theburden is lower than the usual burdens.These two error in transformation also will varydepending uponfactors tend to compensate for the high value of the amount of residual magnetism and its polarity withtransient flux required, thus making the problem of respect to that of the d -c. component.For this reason,applying or designing a suitable current transformer in tests where accuracy is essential, the transformerless difficult than might appear. selected for use in measuring transients must be de- The only competitor of the current transformer has signed for a low degree of saturation at the burden tobeen the non -inductive shunt.This method, however, be imposed, and must be demagnetized between suc-presents difficult insulation problems, as the oscillograph cessive heavy shots.On tests which do not come up toelements must be directly connected to the high -voltage the knee of the saturation curve, the residual will prob-lines.'It should also be fully appreciated that a non - ably be so slight that demagnetization will not beinductive shunt is only allowable for use with non -induc- required. tive burdens.It must always be of the same time A complete mathematical exposition is included inconstant as the burden.This effect is not serious for this paper and will be printed in full in the TRANSAC-straight current -measuring oscillograph elements. Watt TIONS. The equations and the data indicate that theoscillograph elements, however, having current coils of inaccuracies of the current transformer during unsym-relatively high inductance, cannot be used with non - metrical transients are caused by the large flux requiredinductive shunts. to generate the voltage necessary to reproduce the The current transformer works better, if anything, transient in the burden of the transformer.The maxi-for inductive than for resistive burdens, and may be mum value of transient flux is dependent upon theused for any type of element.Against the disad- magnitude of the current, the duration of the transient,vantages of demagnetizing transformers may be set the the design of the transformer, and the secondary burden.added safety to operators, the lack of necessity of in- A series of tests was made to check and amplify thesulating the operator and instrument from ground, and mathematical theory and the data thus secured arethe possibility of using the transformers supplied in the given under the heading of Test Data in this paper. apparatus under test instead of special equipment. PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE OF ERRORS MATHEMATICAL EXPOSITION As these errors are caused by the dissymmetry of the primary current which is dependent on the cyclic time If the primary current is unsymmetrical, it may be of closing the switch, their appearance is rather uncer-represented by the following equation as given earlier tain, but always possible, and may cause erroneousin the paper: (See Fig. 1.) conclusions on an important test. The magnitude of these errors is generally compara- i = / [sin ( co t a) - sin a ET] tively slight, although on extremely heavy short cir- If this expression is substituted in (15) the equation cuits of a high degree of asymmetry, with a particularlyfor the magnetizing current will be found to be: unsuitable transformer having a heavy secondary VR22 w2 L22 burden, the degree of over -saturation may be so great sin ( co t I T12[ + -A) as to cause an error of, roughly, 50 per cent in the r. m. s. R2 V1 CO2 value of the first current wave.The most noticeable -I -' effect of the errors is the distortion of the secondary L2 - R2 T T n) current wave shape rather than serious diminution of-sin(a+ 11)6T]+R2 (71- Ti)sin a the crest value. In most eases the error thus introduced is compara- Li+L2 W L2 T1= D tan ci)= ,tan z = T 1 co; = 0), (t = 0). tively unimportant except in the cases of high-speed ' R2 relay operation and watt oscillographs.The great majority of tests to determine rupturing capacity of (16) circuit breakers are so made that the current has 1.For references see Bibliography. 886 MARSHALL AND LANGGUTH Journal A. I. E. E.

If we substitute inEquation (16), L2= 0, sin a = 1,where as before, which causes maximumprimary transient), we have: 1 L, = T1 = T = time constant of primary transient, /[ + (.02 T12cos (wt - tan--' w R2 '

-t and I = maximum value of the steady-state primary -1 current. (T_E )± (18) T -T 1 + (42 T12 TEST DATA which gives the shape ofthe magnetizing current asa As a check on the theory, a series of testswas made on several through type current transformers. Li For function of (T1)= This factor is Pasily calcu-the purpose of separating the exciting currentcom- R2 ponent from the primary current, a scheme shown in lated from the magnetizingcurrent-voltage character-Fig. 10 was used. A primary circuitwas set up to have istic of the transformer, andthe total secondarydefinite pre -determined values of resistance and in- resistance. ductance such that transients of definitely known Maximum Value of Transient Flux. time constant (T) could be obtained.To obtain the As given before,total secondary current and the total primary the transient termmay be represented by Equation current, (17): non -inductive shunts were used in parallel with the -' oscillograph elements V1 and V3. A combination of three shunts of equal value AET was used in the differen- -(A-FB)ETI =u tial circuit with oscillograph element V2 forthe purpose where u represents the transient portion ofthe magnet-of obtaining the difference betweenthe primary and izing current.Differentiating (17) and equating to zero, we find that

QUICK CLOSE SINGLE T RILE KNicE TI A -IT, -T t loge (19) PRIMARY TRANSIENT [T A±Bi 1100 VAG 60-- CIRCUIT CONSTANTS 1 HAND OPER. which is the time at which the transientterm reaches OIL CIR. BKR. its maximum value. -.05-OHM Substituting this expression in Equation (17),we TEST TRANSFORM SHUNTS have for the maximum value of the transientmagnet- izing current: - SECDNDARY BURDEN r T A 17.1 Umax = A L T A+Bi FIG.10-SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF TRANSIENT TESTINGCIRCUIT -T T, A 17.1 -T secondary currents.As the ratio of the transformer - + B) T 21+13-1 (20)is 2 to 1, and as the resistanceof element V2 is high in comparison with the resistanceof the shunts, the By substituting the values of the constants ofdeflection of the element V2 willbe proportional to Equation (17) in the above Equation (20), the correctthe difference between theprimary and secondary maximum value of the transient magnetizing currentcurrents, thus giving ameasure of the exciting current will be obtained. orinstanta.neous error of thetransformer. For design purposes Equation (18) is accurate to The transformer used forthese tests was of ring a high degree.By taking the coefficients as giventype, constructed to fit the standard37,000 -volt con- there and substituting in (20), and by the use ofadenser type bushing having designconstants justifiable assumption, the following simpler equationa.Secondary turns 100 for the maximum is derived: b.Core diameter inside 4% in. c.Core diameter outside 6A in. d.Core cross sectionalarea 4 26 sq. in. e.Secondary resistance Umax = I(T1 (21) 0 1668 ohms. f. Saturation characteristic(referred to secondary). EXCITATION 887 Dec. 1929 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Amperes Volts The time at which the transient portionof the mag- netizing current should be a maximumis given by 0.2 32 Equation (19).Substituting the value of T1 calculated 0.5 73 above, the time obtained is 0.137 seconds.This time is 1.0 90 actual 2.0 99 indicated on the film for comparison with the 8.0 112 maximum as shown on the oscillograph. in percentage By short-circuit impedance test of thetransformer The maximum exciting current is given which,calculatedforthe with wound primary, it was determined thatthe leak-by the Equation(21), above constants, is 4.8 per cent.From measurements age inductance of bothprimary and secondary is is 11.2 justi-of the oscillogram, Fig. 12, the secondary current exceedingly small, (power factor 99 per cent), thus transient exciting current is fying the assumption made in the theory of zeroleak-amperes and the maximum 0.45 ampere, giving a per cent maximumexciting cur- age inductance. Fig. 10,rent of 4.02.These values check quite closely when the To allow the use of the measuring scheme of oscillograph calibration are it was found necessary to use relatively lowvalueserrors in measurement and of current.Thus, to simulate the actual transformertaken into account. performance under heavy short circuits, it was neces- METHOD OF SELECTING SUITABLE TRANSFORMER sary to wind a primary of 50symmetrically spaced When a current transformer is to be usedfor short- turns on the transformer, thus giving the effectof 800circuit testing, before making tests, someinformation amperes, (800 ampere -turns). should be obtained regarding its adaptabilityfor use on Numerous tests were made under various conditionstransients.It is a relatiely simple matter to test a of circuits and transformer. current transformer to determine its suitability for The results of a few of the tests and theiranalysismeasuring transients.The first operation necessary is to obtain the saturation curve of the transformer by taking readings of volts and amperes into the secon- litilMkiiiiti dary with the primary circuit open.Then the resis- tance of the secondary may be measured with a small testing set, to which should be added the oscillograph shunt resistance.(Designate this sum by R2.)Using values up to the knee of the saturation curve, divide each voltage by the corresponding current and obtain an average of these results for a value (Z1).The factor Ti may be calculated from the following formula: Zi I TI-2 ir f R2 FIG.12-0SCILLOGRAM OF OC TRANSIENT WITH OSCILLO-Calculate the time constant (T) of the primary circuit GRAPH AND SHUNT BURDEN as the ratio of inductance to resistance of the primary are given individually in the form of oscillograms. circuit.Knowing (T1) and (T), the ratio of maximum The oscillogram, Fig. 12, was taken with the trans-transientexciting current to maximum secondary former thoroughly demagnetized, and approaches closersteady state current can be exterpolated from Fig. 8, to the theoretical curves than any of the oscillograms.or calculated from Equation (21).This ratio gives The primary current is identified as I,, the secondarydirectly the percentage maximum error due to the by /8, and the differential or exciting current by I dftransient in instantaneous values of secondary current. The transient portion of the magnetizing current is Dividing ther. m. s.exciting current just below well above the zero line.This current gradually diessaturation as obtained from the saturation curve, by down to a steady state of very small amplitude sym-the above ratio, will give the r. m. s. value of steady- metrical with respect to the zero line.This film shouldstate secondary current which the transformer is be compared with Figs. 1, 5, and 6 of the completecapable of handling without excessive errors due to paper. saturation under the given transient conditions. The power factor of the primary circuit is 5.77 per If the percentage error is within the limits of accu- cent, which corresponds to a time constant (T) ofracy desired, and if the current to be measured is not 0.0447.The total secondary circuit resistance includ-greater than the amount calculated above, the trans- ing oscillograph shunts is 0.30.Since the exciting cur-formers hould be satisfactory for use in that transient rent of the transformer is one ampere at 90 volts on thetest.The authors' experience has been that the cali- "knee" of the saturation curve, we can determine thatbration and measurement of oscillograph films give the average value of (T1) in Equation (18) is 0.795.results of an average accuracy of ±5 per cent.Th e TRANSPORTATION Journal A. I. E. E. transformers should beof about thesame order ofseem an added burden to the complexities of oscillo- accuracy. graphic testing.If, however, a source of low -voltage If transient testsare to be made in fairly closesucces-alternating current is available, the arrangement of the sion, and especially forheavy OCO transients, the trans-demagnetizing circuits adds but little to the set-up, and formers should bedemagnetized before each test.Thisits use becomes a small matter of extra routineon the is easily done byarranging the current transformerpart of the oscillograph operators. circuits to allow themto be switched easily from the oscillograph elements toa source of alternating current Bibliography of a value comparable to the saturation current ob- 1.Short -Circuit Testing on Alabama Power Company System, tainedpreviously.This currentshouldthen beby H. J. Scholtz and C. B. Haw ins, A. I.E. E. JL.,Vol. 48, reduced smoothly tozero by the use of slide wire resis- April 1929, p. 264. tors or their equivalent.In general, if thesource of Tests on High- and Low -Voltage Oil Circuit Breakers, by power is 110 volts, two resistances will berequired inPhilip Sporn and H. P. St. Clair, A. I. E. E.TRANS.,Vol.46, series; one of the magnitude of0 to 50 ohms and the 1927,p.289. other from 0 to 500 ohms.The first should be of suf- 2. "Alternating Currents," by C. E. Magnusson, p. 144. ficient capacity for saturationcurrent, and the second 3."Differential Equations," by D. A. Murray, p. 27. should introduce enough resistance 4.Papers on Current Transformers-Bulletin No. 2, Uni- to reduce the cur- versity of Toronto. rent to a minimum value for thoroughdemagnetization. At first thought, the demagnetizing 5."Electric Discharge Waves and Impulses," by C.P. operation would Steinmetz. Transportation ANNUAL REPORT OF COMAIITTEEON TRANSPORTATION* To the Board of Directors: Pennsylvania, and connect the cities of NewYork, Following established precedent,your CommitteePhiladelphia, and Wilmington with the West. submits a brief review of the year's developmentin the Work is already under wayon the 132,000 -volt tran- application of electricity to transportation. mission line through Philadelphia forthe extension STEAM RAILROAD ELECTRIFICATION to Trenton. Pennsylvania Railroad.The Pennsylvania Railroad Great Northern Railway.The Great Northern Rail- has completed the electrification of its suburbanserviceway has completed and placed in service the extension from Philadelphia to Wilmington, Delaware,on itsof the present single-phase electrificationthrough the main line to Washington, and to West Chester, Pa.,onnew tunnel from Scenic to Berne and theneast to the Wawa Branch.The 11,000 -volt, 25 -cycle, single-Wenatchee.This required the abandonment ofits phase system with overhead catenary used is inac-old line from Scenic to Cascadethrough the snow cordance with the original electrification workon thesheds, which electrificationwas completed about two Pennsylvania in the vicinity of Philadelphia. years ago. Of far greater importance, however, is the announced All traffic is now handled betweenWenatchee and program and actual starting of work on the electrifi-Skykomish with motor-generator locomotives having cation of the entire road train service, freight and d -c.traction motors, the overheadcontact system passenger,between New York andWilmington,supplying energy at 11,000 volts,25 cycles, single-phase. Delaware. Boston, Revere Beach & LynnRailroad.This narrow The project covers the passenger and freight servicegage line has completed its electrification of15 route on 325 mi. of line and 1300 mi. of track, beginning atmiles, using 600 -volt d-c. overhead catenary system Hell Gate Bridge, New York, where connection iswith multiple -unit operation. made with New England, and extending west and south Cleveland Union Terminal Company.In connection to Wilmington, west from Philadelphia on the Mainwith the building ofa combined terminal station and Line in the direction of Harrisburg as far as Atglen,office building in the heart ofthe business district of and the low grade freight lines which join at Columbia,Cleveland, it is necessary to handleall trains electri- COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION: cally.Through passenger trains W. M. Vandenluls Chairman. of the New York R. Beeuwkes. W. K. Howe. W. B. Potter. Central, C. C. C. & St. L., andN. Y. C. & St. L. will A. E. Bettis. D. C. Jackson. Ralph H. Rice, be so handled through the city.It has been decided J. V. B. Duer. John Murphy. N. W. Storer, to use 3000 volts direct current with Horace H. Field. W. S. Murray, Richard H. Wheeler. overhead catenary E. R. Hill. Sidney Withington. system.Twenty-five 204 -tonpassenger locomotives, Presented at the Summer Convention of the A. I. B. B.. Swamp- with a rating of about 3000 hp.each, have been ordered scott, Mass., June £4-88, 1929.Printed complete hereil,. and active work on substationsand distribution system 29-89 889 Dee. 1929 TRANSPORTATION -hp. Diesel engine started.Power will be purchased from the localtons each, equipped with one 300 with generator and d -c. traction motors. power company. Interurban and suburban trains will also usethe Eight locomotives with the same type of powerplant, station over separate tracks with 600 -volt d -c.overheadbut in duplicate, (the locomotiveweighing about 108 This is in addition to the trolley construction. tons), are also in service. The Reading Company hasNew York Central combination thirdrail, overhead, and Reading Company. storage battery locomotive equippedwith the same started construction on the Philadelphia Suburban for opera- Electrification, which, initially, will include multiple -type of 300 -hp. Diesel engine with generator tion off the trolley or third rail and forcharging the Unit service from the terminal in Philadelphia to Chest- nut Hill, Lansdale on the Bethlehem Branch,Hatborobattery. on the New Hope Branch, andLanghorne on the New The New York Central has recently accepted de- York Branch.This electrification was decided on notlivery of a Diesel-electric locomotive for passenger to meet any particular operating difficulty or municipalservice on its Putnam division.The engine is a four- requirements, but to furnish a better service at a lowercycle air -injection Diesel of the 12 -cylinder V -typewith operating cost and with a hoped for increase in traffica full -load rating of 900 b.hp.On the same division and revenue. is also a freight locomotive with a six -cylinder 750 - The initial installation will consist of 50 route mileshp. solid -injection Diesel.Electrical equipment covers and 110 track miles, and the 11,000 -volt, 25 -cycle,a main generator and anauxiliary generator direct - single-phase system will be used. connected to the engine, four d -c. traction motors, control equipment air compressors, and auxiliaries. Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad.This company is actively engaged on thedesign and con- Another manufacturer has supplied the Long Island struction work covering the electrification of its sub-R. R. with an articulated locomotive for switching urban service with multiple -unit car trains from itspurposes, equipped with two 330-hp. Diesel engines Hoboken terminal to Dover, New Jersey, via Morris-and electrical equipment.The complete locomotive town; also the Montclair Branch and the Passaic &weighs 87 tons. Delaware Branch.The running tracks between West The largest single -unitDiesel-electric locomotive End Junction and Kingsland are included in thebuilt so far, however, is that purchased by the Canadian program, as the inspection and repair facilities are toNational Railways.It consists of two separate cabs, be located at the latter point.Certain freight move-each cab containing a 12 -cylinder Diesel engine of the ments between Secaucus and Hoboken Yards will besolid -injection type rated at 1330 hp. at 800 rev. per made electrically. min.Each unit weighs 325,000 lb., of which 240,000 Power will -be supplied through five substations atlb. are on driving wheels.The present gear ratio was 3000 volts, direct current, to the catenary system.Thelaid out for high-speed passenger service. program calls for the electrification of 150 track mi. Other experimental oil -electric locomotives of varied of main line and 25 mi. of yards and sidings. horsepower are in process of development. City of Rochester.The city of Rochester has com- GENERAL PURPOSE LOCOMOTIVE pleted and put in service an electrified railroad through The Commonwealth Edison Company has ordered the city, in the bed of the old Erie Canal, the right offor trial what might be called a General Purpose Loco- way being purchased from the State. A modernmotive.It will weigh 85 tons with all weight on drivers boulevard has been built over the tracks for a consid-and is intended primarily for switching work.It can erable distance in the heart of the city. operate directly from the overhead at 1500, 750, or The line is nine miles in length with two tracks thelower voltage. A storage battery having a capacity full distance, one additional freight track for sevenof 544 ampere -hours at the six -hour rate is provided, miles, and two other freight tracks for 1miles.Inter-this battery to be charged through a motor -generator change tracks with steam railroads are provided.Fre-set when operating under the wire, or from two 155 -hp. quent rapid transit cars are operated. gasoline engines driving generators.The engines can The overhead construction is of the catenary typebe operated with distillate fuel.The four motors are using three wires with one contact wire.Inclinedrated at 250 hp. each, at 750 volts, one -hour rating. catenary is used on all curves except the slight ones atThis locomotive will be put in switching service on the station approaches.Operation is at 600 volts directIllinois Central Railroad in the near future, for trial. current. DIESEL-ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES RAIL CARS.DIESEL-ELECTRIC The development of oil -electric locomotives using The Canadian National Railways has in service 14 prime movers of the Diesel type is continuing. A 300 -hp.Diesel-electric rail cars, four, six, and eight cylinders prime mover is most in use to date, one manufacturereach, with a rating of from 200 to 400 hp.They are having delivered 25 locomotives weighing about 60continuing the use of the Diesel type of motive power rail 890 TRANSPORTATION Journal A. I. E. E. cars and now haveon order nine cars to be equippeddecreases running times between terminals with con- with six -cylinder engines,rated at 400 hp., each atsequent savings. 900 rev. per min. Between Stanley and Berwick, Ohio, on the New GASOLINE -ELECTRIC York Central Railroad, the principal switches,some Over 120 gasoline -electricrail cars primarily for30 in number, with all signals, are controlled fromone branch line servicewere put in service during the pastpoint.This covers 37 mi. of single track and three of year. double track. There are over 20 installations of varying lengths in They vary in weight,and also in power from 200 to 800 hp. in one- two- and three service or on order, and the use of this scheme is growing -unit power plants withrapidly. individual engines ratedup to 400 hp.The majority have single power plants withengines of from 275 to 400 TRAIN CONTROL hp., the tendency in the lastyear being toward the Covering the installation of train controlon some larger units.One company is putting outpower plants44 Class 1 railroads, the orders of the Interstate Com- of 135 hp. each,one, two, or three being used, dependingmerce Commission have been complied with and there upon the weight of a car and the desired trailerload.are now over15,000 track mi. and about 9000 The largest cars have two of the400 -hp. power plantslocomotives equipped.In addition, there have been and are in serviceon the Chicago, Rock Island, andvoluntary installations covering over 3000 roadmiles Pacific Railway. and over 750 engines. MARINE PROPULSION The installations cover continuous control,inter- mittent control, and speed control. The electric -drive airplane carriersSaratoga and While no new orders of the Interstate Commerce Lexington broke all existing speedrecords for capital naval ships in their Commission are contemplated, yet the Divisionof sea trials. Safety is following up the whole subject and The use of turbine -electric drives for suggesting large ships andfurther installations where, in their opinion,conditions Diesel-electric drive for smaller ships, ferries,and tugswarrant them. continues to grow. SUPERVISORY CONTROL CAR RETARDERS The use of supervisory control in thehandling of Refinements have been made in the designof bothsubstation and switching stationapparatus has con- electro-pneumatic and straight electriccar retarderstinued.The last year hasseen considerable develop- for regulating the speed ofcars being operated overment work done on the so-called synchronous humps to classification tracks. selector and relay types, with initialinstallation of the first Where formerly all switcheswere controlled frommentioned on the Cincinnati StreetRailway System, one central point by electropneumaticorelectricand of the second at the GrimmAvenue Substation of switch machines and where each cut ofcars was ac-the Chicago Sur:ace Lines. companied by a car rider to control the speed of thecut, now a large yard may be handled from separate towers MERCURY ARC RECTIFIERS near the switches, each tower' controlling agroup of The use of mercuryarc rectifiers has continued switches and retarders withcar riders eliminated.rapidly, there now being in theUnited States in the Several such yards are in successful operation. vicinity of 40 installations forstreet railway, interurban, and steam road electrifications.These are arranged RADIO COMMUNICATION for manual, semi -automatic, Several installations of radio communication between and automatic control. The tendency has beento increase the capacityper locomotive, caboose, and station have been in successfulbowl, there being operation. one installation by the Commonwealth Apparatus as mentioned above isnowEdison Company in Chicago, availableforradiocommunication between trains having a capacity of 5000 amperes at 600 volts in one bowl.This is an automatic and between hump engines and the variouscontrolstation for railway towers. use. HIGH-SPEED CIRCUIT BREAKERS CENTRALIZED OR DISPATCHERS CONTROL The high-speeda -c.circuit breakers of both the The railroads are making great strides in themove-air and oil typeas mentioned in last year's report ment of trains by signal indication only and have madehave been completed use of the recent developments in centralized or dis- and are now in successfulopera- tion on the Wilmingtonand West Chester extension patchers control for this purpose. of the Pennsylvania single-phase It is now possible and practicable to control electri- electrification.These circuit breakers interruptshort circuits ina half cycle cally from a central point all desired switches and signalsor less and are comparable over a considerable route mileage. to the high-speed d-c. This arrangementbreakers which have beenin use on steam railroad facilitates meeting and passing points and therebyelectrification for the last threeyears. Abridgment of Progress in the Studyof System Stability * BY I. H. SUMMERS* and J. B. McCLURE Member, A. I. E. E. Associate, A. I. E. E.

Synopsis.-In the second part of this paper and in the appen-just as they now make short-circuit studies which formerly were dices, attention is given to simplified methods of treating the problem thought too difficult and too highly theoretical. The first part of the paper gives some comments and conclusions of of system stability.Methods which have been found useful in mak- ing many system studies are recorded.These methods have had the authors and their colleagues as a result of many such system considerable verification by tests both on a model system and on studies as well as studies involving more detailed methods, and also large operating systems and have been simplified to such an extentas the result of practical experiencethrough contact with various that many operating companies are now finding it to their advantage operating companies.Some of these comments are based directly to undertake the work of making careful studies of their own systems, upon an example which is given in detailin Appendix I.

INTRODUCTION mands most attention today.Faults may be con- HE literature on Power System Stability is grow-ductor -to -ground,conductor -to -conductor,two -con- ing rapidly. tIt includes papers on theoreticalductors -to -ground, or three -conductors, short-circuited methods of calculating stability, the observationsin the order of their severity.Experience indicates of actual systems, and on methods of improving sta-that some systems are subjected largely to one - bility.This paper is intended to give the conclusionsconductor -to -ground faults, while others are subjected of the authors and their colleagues, based on many care-chiefly to two -conductor -to -ground faults.The char- ful system studies and observations and tests onacter of the fault, whether one -conductor or two - actual and model systems. conductor -to -ground, has a decisive influence in the The conditions under which instability occurs may bedesign of systems for stability at all times. classified as, The effect of these faults is to throw an active and Case 1.Under steady -load conditions due to in-reactive load suddenly on the system and to reduce adequate synchronizing power. the synchronizing power between machines.As a Case 2.Understeady -loadconditionsduetoresult, the position of the rotors of the machines in the hunting. system tends to vary, the variation being in general Case 3.During disturbances, particularly those duesuch as to increase the angular separation between the to short circuits. generators and motors. Case 1.Various criteria have been developed to An accurate analysis involves a step-by-step calcula- permit the design of a system which will be stable undertion of the motion of each machine in the system, the these conditions.1, 15, 21Continuously vibrating regu-principle factors involved being the line reactances, lators are helpful in increasing the power limit, es-machine synchronous and transient reactances, time pecially when the machine synchronous reactances areconstants of the machine field structures, governor and a large percentage of the whole reactance.To allowregulator actions, switching times, and machine inertias. for some swings and hunting, a power system mustSimplified methods of analysis in certain cases are be stable under steady -load conditions for a reason-available. * able margin above the expected load; otherwise the THE RELATION OF SYSTEM CONNECTIONS AND system will be liable to lose synchronism at any time. APPARATUS TO STABILITY Therefore, no system should be considered practical An endeavor has been made to investigate the effects unless such a margin is established at the outset. Thus,of various bus and apparatus arrangements in a typical in practise, the problem reduces to the consideration oftransmission system which is required to withstand cases 2 and 3. . shocks ensuing from major switching operations and Case2.This type of instability occurs principallyfault conditions. at light loads and when the resistance of the lines in- In Fig. 16 is shown the simplified diagram of such a volved is high.Continuously vibrating regulators aretypical generating station delivering power over high - apparently helpful in eliminating danger from thisvoltage transmission lines to a large interconnected cause. system which is represented as an equivalent motor. Case 3.This is the type of instability which de -The generating station is assumed to consist entirely of *Both of the Central Station Engineering Dept., Generalwaterwheel generators.The power is to be transmitted Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y. over 154-kv. lines where two circuits are considered f See Bibliography. and over 110-kv. lines where four circuits are considered. I.For references see Bibliography in complete paper. Presented at the Pacific Coast Convention of the A. I. E. E.,These ratios of voltages and number of circuits are Santa Monica, Calif., Sept.8-6,1929.Complete copy uponchosen in order that the maximum steady-state powers request. *See Bibliography I and Appendixes II and III. 891 29-141 892 SUMMERS AND McCLURE Journal A. I. E. E. under normal conditionsmay be equal.The curves in It has been definitely shown that regulators which Part I show the resultsfound in this particular study.act quickly are effective in improving stability.For As a result of studiessuch as this, and also of practicalexample, as stated in paragraph (I) of the complete experience, a discussion ofvarious factors has beenpaper, under Genera'ors, with proper regulators both prepared.On account ofspace limitations, this abridg-steady-state and transient power limits may be materi- ment includes onlya few of the items presented in theally increased.To accomplish this result it is necessary complete paper. that the excitation systems be fast enough to respond APPARATUS sufficiently.The practical criterion of the speed of (a)Generators response necessary has been investigated and a tenta- (III)Damper Windings.Damper windings havetive figure of 200 volts per second determined.', 16Field two effects: the first, a damping action, andthe second, antests should be made on an actual system to verify

LonLines this decision. A04 I-0 co-) to The use of the appropriate type of regulator tends also to prevent hunting. I 1 )10oc-1 (c) Neutral Impedance B°1 The effect of neutral reactors is to lower the shock I4, I t when faults involving grounds are considered.

103x 240 For conductor -to -ground faults the benefit isvery great, and itis considerable for two -conductor-to - 200 ground faults also.Quick switching tends to reduce the gain due to reactors, but even with 0.2second switching time they still have a considerable value. 0)160 D The improvements which may be expected fromthe use of neutral reactors are shown in Figs. 6 and7. 9 120 The amount of neutral reactance is necessarilya S.

80 C 103x 240 A 40 200 D

0 0 0.2 04 06 08 10 1.2 1 TIME OF CLEARING FAULT INSECONDS cr)60 F- FIG. 2-POWER WHICH MAY BE CARRIED THROUGHA TWO - CONDUCTOR -TO -GROUND FAULT OUTSIDETHE GENERATOR TRANS- 9 120 A FORMERS Versus TIME OF CLEARING THE FAULT. Long lines - - -Short lines 80 increase in fault current and shock to thesystem.The 40 latter effect is due to the reduction in generatornega- tive -phase sequence reactance.If the shock to the 0 system is relatively smal., aslight increase in shock, 02 0.4 0.6 0.8 10 1.2 because of the reduction in reactance, will not be serious. TIME OF CLEARING FAULT IN SECONDS If the shock is so severe that .synchronism will belost FIG. 3-POWER WHICHMAY BE CARRIED THROUGH A ONE- CONDUCTORGROUND FAULT Versus TIMEOF CLEARING THE without damper windings, their presence cannot make FAULT matters worse. There will be a critical shock which is FOR DIAGRAMS SEE FIG.2 just great enough to cause instability whenno damper Long lines winding is used.Calculations made on typical systems Short lines have indicated that with a shock of this magnitude, the compromise between gain instability, reduction in beneficial effect of damping exceeds the disadvanta-circuit -breaker duty, reduction geous effect of increased shock. in current available for Furthermore, theactuating relays, reductionin telephone interference, presence of damper windings produces a markedlyand an increase in phasevoltage to ground during beneficial effect in extinguishing arcs more quickly, duedisturbances. to the reduction in the recovery voltage.Therefore, The latter consideration the use of low -resistance damper windings on water- becomes important incon- nection with lightningarresters and overvoltage relays. wheel generators would, in general, appear desirable.Studies have shown thatwhen ground relays Such windings should be especially desirable in are used, a en-ses reactor of about two andone-half to three times the where stability is determined after several swings.the reactance of the Field tests are required to verify these data. transformer is usually correct. In cases of sufficientimportance, this figure should (b)Excitation Systems be checked by special calculation.The neutral reactance OF SYSTEM STABILITY 893 Dec. 1929 PROGRESS IN THE STUDY in any way approach the di-the reactor is usually cheaper.Therefore, in general, as so far discussed does not reactorsarepreferable. mensons of aPetersen coil, and therefore does nota current -limitingdevice, The Petersen coil isWhether or not a braking type ofresistor is preferable involve resonance phenomena. is a question which is not merely a reactor which permits a reactivefault currentto a current -limiting reactor equal to the line charging current -to-ground underyet entirely clear.However, for general applications, current to athe reactor appears preferablesince the choice of fault conditions, and this reduces the fault study in each low value.3, 4In addition, it operates to cause thebraking resistor requires very careful the arcparticular case, which is not the casewith reactors. voltage across the arc to recover slowly in case there is a greater is extinguished. When the arc extinguishes,both theFurthermore with a braking resistor than if either a current - voltage across it and the dielectric strengthof the arcdanger of telephone interference space begins to increase.The arc will extinguish per-limiting resistor or reactor is used. manently if the recovery voltage across it is alwaysless(d)Synchronous Condensers The authors believe that the useof synchronous aid to stability A04 1-1[1 /-0 condensers wholly or principally as an is not, in general, desirable except,perhaps, in a few } isolated cases.This belief is based on the observation DO- 14 1-'9 1A of certain synchronous condensers undertransient con- ditions and also on calculations of thetype leading to 103x 160 A curves shown in Figs. 24 and25 of the complete paper. obtained in the B These curves show how slight is the gain 120 Thus it u-) case for which thecalculations were made. C should be purchased D Vl .4 appears that normally condensers ° 80 only on the basis of their function insupplying watt - less kv-a.In other words, it is thought that in most 40 daises the gain is not sufficient tojustify them solely on the basis of their stabilizing effect.In cases where it is desired to increase any stabilizing effect they may 00 0 2 0.4 0.6 0 8 1 0 1.2 accomplish, this may be done advantageously by pro - TIME OF CLEARING FAULT IN SECONDS 4-POWER WHICH MAY BE CARRIED THROUGH A Two - FIG. 1031 200 Mid Sectionalizing Bus CONDUCTOR -TO -GROUND FAULT OUTSIDE THE GENERATOR TRANS- FAULT No Mid SectIonalwing Bus FORMERS Versus THE TIME OF CLEARING THE 160 Long lines, mid -sectionalizing bus A Long lines, no mid.sectionalizing bus B A and C High -voltage Busses 120 B and D Low -voltage Busses 0 D than its dielectric strength.24Thus the magnitude of 80 recovery voltage is a measure of arcstability.The magnitude of the recovery voltage in the first quarter 40 cycle depends on the degree of "tuning" and is propor- tional to the ratio of fault current with the Petersen coil 0 to the fault current without the Petersen coil.Even 0 02 0 4 0 6 0.8 1 0 1.2 with only a moderate degree of tuning, this ratio is TIME OF CLEARING FAULT IN SECONDS small and experience shows that even on widely dis- FIG.5-POWER WHICH MAY BE CARRIED THROUGH A ONE - tributed systems with large charging currents, the arc CONDUCTOR -TO -GROUND FAULT OUTSIDE THE GENERATOR TRANS- FORMERS Versus TIME OFCLEARING FAULT (SEE FIG. 4 FOR is unstable and goes out.Petersen coils are much used DIAGRAM) abroad, but have so far been used little in this country. Experience abroad would indicate that their use hereviding a balancing type of regulator and high ceiling should be reconsidered. exciters.When considering the use of condensers, it is Neutral resistors may be of two types;current -important to bear in mind that they may not, and limiting and braking.The former is of relatively highapparently usually do not, increase the transient limit as resistance and acts primarily to reduce the shock to themuch as the steady-state limit. generator and the system having the fault.The latter (e) Governors is of low resistance and is used to load the generator, From a stability standpoint governors should operate thus providing a braking action.With this type ofquickly and should possess anti -hunting features tend- resistor the shock to the generator is reduced, while theing to reduce swinging after disturbances.Governor shock to the system is increased. operation in direct response to fault indication may It has been shownm that the current -limiting type ofprove desirable.F eld tests as an aid to improvement resistor causes greater phase -to ground voltages than aof governor characteristics under transient conditions reactance would for the same gain in stability. Further,would be very desirable. 894 SUMMERS AND McCLURE Journal A. I. E. E Automatic controlof frequency is being tried onminimum reduction in synchronizing power after the certain systems;to the extent that each system andfaulted line has been cleared.If the shock is already each station holdsvery closely to the exact system fre-small as in the case of a single -conductor -to -ground fault quency, the problem of tie -lineloading should be sim-when neutral reactances are employed, or if the duration plified and a corresponding improvement in stabilityof the fault is short as when high-speed switchesare will result. used, this is a desirable arrangement from a stability Switches and Relays standpoint.If these conditions .do not exist, this type When the duration ofshort circuit is low, the im-of arrangement may prove unsatisfactory.

103x160

103x 160 120

120 S80

B 40 C 40 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 REACTANCE IN NEUTRAL IN 0 TIMES TRANSFORMER REACTANCE 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 REACTANCE IN EITHER NEUTRAL IN FIG. TIMES TRANSFORMER REACTANCE 7-POWER WHICH MAY BE CARRIED THROUGH FAULTS FIG.6-POWER WHICH MAY BE CARRIED THROUGH OUTSIDE THE GENERATOR TRANSFORMERS Versus REACTANCE FAULTS IN THE NEUTRAL WHEN THE FAULT IS CLEARED IN 0.2 SEC. OUTSIDE THE GENERATOR TRANSFORMERSVersus REACTANCE IN EITHER NEUTRAL WHEN THE FAULT Long lines with a high-tension bus and no mid bus.For diagrams see Fig. 6 IS CLEARED IN 1.0 SEC. A 1 conductor to ground fault Long lines with high -voltage busses and no mid -bus B Conductor to conductor fault A One conductor -to -ground fault C2 conductor to ground fault B Conductor -to -conductor fault C Two conductor -to -ground fault

Synchronous Reactance Diagram pulse given to machinerotors is small, and hence M =7.5 Sec. M.105 Sec. stability is improved. \-1 FO From this standpoint, therefore, j 0.48 j 0.08 j 0.13 j j 0.10 j0.18 high speed in both relays and circuitbreakers is very Generator Motor desirable. Positive Phase Sequence Reactance 0-I TABLE I j 0.24 j0.08 10.13 j0.13 j0.10 j0.14 Power which may be carried through a two- Time of clearing faultconductor -to -ground Negative Phase Sequence Reactance in seconds fault 0-i 1-0 j023 10.08 10.13 j0.13 j0.10 j0.115 0.0 100 per cent 0.1 83 per cent Zero Phase Sequence Reactances 0.2 68 per cent 008 for Faults on the Busses 0.3 56 per cent j 0.10 0.5 42 per cent 10.66 0.75 33 per cent j 0.65 j 0.65 110.60 FIG. 16-DIAGRAM SHOWING DISTRIBUTIONOF REACTANCES Table I shows the average reduction inpower limit IN A SAMPLE SYSTEM WHICHHAS BEEN USED TO DEMONSTRATE over transmission systems involving waterwheel generat- THE EFFECT OF Bus ARRANGEMENTS. WHEN LOW-TENSION BUS ARRANGEMENTS ing capacity due to delayed switching,* withpower ARE CONSIDERED, THE REACTANCESARE SIMILAR limit at zero switching time as reference, fortwo -con- Reactance base 120,000 kv-a.,154 kv. ductor -to -ground faults. Generator capacity 120.000kv-a. SYSTEM CONNECTIONS (b)Low -Voltage Bus* (a)High -Voltage Bus* A low -voltage bus has The use of a high-tension bus either at thegenerator the advantageover a high -volt- age bus that the reactanceto the fault is increased. or system end of the line or as a mid -bus results inaOn the other hand, when maximum shock during the occurrence of a fault, buta the fault clears, the synchro- nizing power is less thanwith a high -voltage bus.If *Figs. 4 and 5 show the comparison between high- and low - there are several lines,-sayfour or more,-the low- voltage busses voltage bus is very advantageous.A further advantage 895 Dec. 1929 MARINE REPORT reactance at is not required, provided It seems possible that high transformer is that high-speed switching beneficial with this that faults do not involve more than oneconductor. the system end of the line may be arrangement willarrangement since it tends to reducethe shock to the For long distance transmission, this This point is being usually be uneconomical, but fortransmission overgenerators on the unaffected lines. relatively short distances, it offers great promise.Theinvestigated. curves in Fig. 2 show theindicated results with this CONCLUSION arrangement. One outstanding conclusion which maybe derived (c)Split Bus from the foregoing discussion is thatthe development of Another solution is to use a low -voltage bus atthehigh-speed high -voltage circuit breakersand relays will system end of the line and to split the lines atthe gen-mark the greatest single advancein the solution of erator end, putting part of the generatingcapacity onpresent stability problems. each bus.5, 6, 7When this is done it is usually possible for the generators on any one line to ride throughthe ACKNOWLEDGMENT disturbance occasioned by a fault on another.How- The authors gratefully wish to acknowledgethe con- They also ever, for long distancetransmission lines even with thistributions to this article by Mr. R. H. Park. arrangement a higher speed of switching thanhaswish to thank Miss Edith Clarke andMessrs. E. M. heretofore been commonly available in thehigherHunter and Myron Zucker for their assistancein the voltage switches will be required to insure stability. preparation of the paper. Applications toMarine Work ANNUAL REPORT OF COMMITTEE ONAPPLICATIONS TO MARINE WORK*

To the Board of Directors: The past year has seen the following major marine The activities of the Committee on Applications toactivities in which electricity has contributed its full Marine Work this year were devoted chiefly to theshare: consideration of future revisions in the Marine Stand- 1.The placing in service of five turbine electric ards (A. I. E. E. Standard No. 45) and in further effortsdrive U. S. coast guard cutters.These ships use the to induce the U. S. Steamboat Inspection Service todual -drive system for the auxiliaries. arrange for proper recognition and classificationof the 2.The placing in service of the 18,000 -ship hp. electrical engineer on shipboard.Owing to the fewtwin screw turbine electric drive passenger vessel, S. S. active matters for consideration by the committee, andVirginia, a sister ship to the S. S. California. the unusual activity in new marine construction placing 3.The construction of a third 18,000 -ship hp. a large demand upon the time of most of thecommittee,turbine electric drive passenger vessel, S. S. Pennsyl- the meetings of the committee were curtailed. vania, a sister ship to the Virginia and the S. S. For certain reasons not pertinent to this report, the committee's progress with the U. S. Steamboat In-California. spection Service has been extremely slow, even though 4.The construction of two 14,600 -ship hp. twin- Line. the committee has done considerable constructive workscrew turbine electric drive vessels for the Ward to assist in bringing about a solution.Apparently, 5.The construction of a 12,600 -ship hp. twin- certain obstacles have been encountered which willscrew turbine electric drive vessel for the GraceLine. have to be economically dispensed with if our efforts 6.The placing in service of three 4000 -ship hp. are to succeed ; however, the committee is hopeful of asingle -screw Diesel electric drive cargo ships: M. S. final solution which will obtain for the electrical engi-Courageous, M. S. Triumph, and M. S. Defiance by the neer the recognition and classification which he deserves.U. S. Shipping Board. It is recommended that the committee pursue this 7.Several smaller craft utilizing Diesel electric activity with unceasing efforts and possibly throughdrive. other channels. The results of the Jones -White Act are already being *COMMITTEE ON APPLICATIONS TO MARINE WORK: felt by the marine industry. A few large ships taking W. E. Thau, Chairman, advantage of the provisions of this Act are in the course Edgar C. Alger, Wm. Hetherington, Jr. Wm. H. Reed, R. A. Beekman, H. L. Hibbard, Edgar P. Slack, of construction and contracts for several large vessels H. C. Coleman, A. Kennedy, Jr., H. M. Southgate, are pending, most of which will probably employ E. M. Glasgow, J. B. Lunsford, Oscar A. Wilde, H. F. Harvey, Jr., E. B. Merriam, J. L. Wilson, turbine electric drive. C. J. Henschel, I. H. Osborne, R. L. Witham. The use of electric auxiliary machinery is established, G. A. Pierce, Presented at the Summer Convention of the A. I. E. E., Swamp-and in most cases the auxiliaries throughout the ship scott, Mass., June 24-28, 1929.Printed complete herein. are driven electrically.

29-121 Abridgment of General Power Applications ANNUAL REPORTOF COMMITTEE ON GENERAL POWERAPPLICATIONS* To the Board ofDirectors: sists of a motor and brake coupled to a Your Committee gear mechanism on General Power Applications hasadjacent to the retarder with remote -control toenable attempted to keep in closetouch with the development of power applications operation from conveniently located towers inthe during the year.through thefreight yard. selection by the various members of the committee of The year also was marked by the number specific industries inwhich they were deeply interested of oil electric locomotives and gas electric motorcars put in and on which theyagreed to furnish a condensedreport early in 1929. service by the railroads.Ranging in size from 60 to 150 tons, and in power from 100 to 900 hp., oil No attempt has beenmade to cover the entire in- electric dustrial field locomotives were successfully used by bothrailroads so that there are undoubtedlymany newand industrial plants. applications which havenot been brought to the atten- tion of your committee.An effort was made, however, The popularity of the gas electricmotor car is in- to cover the outstandingdevelopments in basic indus-dicated by the total of 117cars placed in service during tries which should bea true measure of the advancethe past year.These cars are rapidly replacingsteam during the pastyear. trains on the short branch line roads. Distillate fuel has been successfully used MARINE EQUIPMENT in place of gasoline by several companies operatinggas -electric During the year 1928 therewere placed in commis-trains. sion or under construction, This fuel has also been adoptedby a large a total of 38 electrically- city transit company for propelled vessels of various sizes use in its gas electric busses. and types ranging In the street railway industry there from the small river towboatto the most modern of pas- has been a senger liners. decided tendency toward lighterand faster motors, The aggregate shaft horsepowerof thelighter car bodies, and improved electrical equipment in these vesselswas over 132.300, methods of drive. of which 88 per centwas supplied by turbines and 12per STEEL MILL INDUSTRY cent by Diesel engines.However, of the 38 vessels The total horsepower of main -drivemotors installed electrified, 24 were of the Diesel-electricdrive. by steel companies during 192sreached 212.300, with Outstanding developments inthe applicationof an average motor size of 1250 -hp.Of this total, ap- electricity to marine work during 1928were the launch-proximately so per centare d -c. machines. ing of the largest electrically -propelled vmsPnger liner. During the year therewere several outstanding instal- the Virginia, the breaking of all existing speed recordslations where steam engine driveswere replaced by for capital naval ships by the airplanecarriers, Saratogad -c. reversing motors.The largest d -c. and Lexington, and the installation motors in the on three freightersworld are now found drivingthe big reversing mills of owned by the U. S. Shipping Board, ofthe biggest d -c.the steel industry. motors ever put on a ship. Strip mills area distinctly new development andare Et.Ecrxii I:A !LW A I'S gradually replacing the oldsheet mills for doing the Although electric railwayscome under the jurisdictionsame work.The new continuous but stripmill of the of the Transportation Committee,there are severalAmerican Rolling Mill Companyat Middletown, Ohio, unusual applications of power in this field whichit willis the highest powered ofany strip mill yet built.The be well to mention briefly. main rolls are driven by21,S00 hp. in motors; four To speed up the classification of freightand to elimi-300o -hp.. and three 2000 -hp.d -c. motors on the finishing nate so far as possible the hazardous occupation ofcarend, and 3soo-hp. in inductionmotors on the roughing riding, several railroads have adopted electricretardersend.This mill purchases66,000 -volt power and has in their hump yards.The apparatus requiredcon - three .its!(! -kw.motor -generator sets to supply direct 'COMMITTEE ON GENERAL POWER APPLICATIONS. current for the main rollmotors. J. F. Gask1.111. Chatrauka D H Waimea'. A e Lastirr W W Prior M A TE RIAt. HANDLING C. W Drake. A %t1-k4t1 III.rarity During the past H am L Grant. A St NIAceutchnue. Pt IImet-tdrie year. industry as a whole was much Clyde D. Gni!. W 5. NI adduct... C benefited by the improvementand increase inthe C Prantio IlardInS . L Slorterisen W IIItzut.ir number of applications E W liralerr.n. E. IINeva!, E St %% fur handling materials electri- :creme IIJonas, K A Paul). SiItIt ta.r.lat cally.In manycases the removal of P Junea. D NIPiotty. W t' Mats the human element has resulted inastounding increases in plant Preheated of IAe Sommer Coareolton of Ilte .4. I. E. E.. Stro p - efficiency, while in certain *eon. Maas., June S4 -SS. 1919.l'orso pits( ropy upon requt industries the development of proper equipmentfor handling odd shapesand sizes

29-96 897 Dec. 1929 GENERAL POWER APPLICATIONS generally conceded forever assigned to unskilled laborand exhaust steam from the turbine is used in the can has effected considerable saving. dryers.Speed can be held within very narrow limits In general the year was characterized by the applica-between 65 rev. per min. and 390 rev. per min. on the tion of mechanical handling to a wider variety of uses.driven shaft.This unit is rated at 475 hp. at 4200 Equipment for handling freight cars was furtherrev. per min. and operates at110 lb. gage steam pres- developed during the year.One of the newest type carsure with back pressuresvarying from 20 to 40 lb. gage. dumpers, capable of dumping a car a minute, is being CEMENT INDUSTRY constructed for the New York Central Railroad at Productive capacity far in excess of normal consump- Toledo, Ohio.The total electrical equipment aggre-tion has caused the cement industry to turn to elec- gates 3000 hp. and consists of both a -c. and d -c. motors tricityfor economical operation.New plants are with special control by means of variable voltage. universally electrically driven while mechanical drives Two other installations now under construction for are rapidly being replaced in theolder mills. loading ships, one at New Orleans and the other at Isolated generating plants utilizing the heat from Havana, Cuba, are of an unusual type.This equip- ment will load refrigerating cars on a ship speciallycement kiln gases are still popular although during the year several contracts were signed withpublic utilities designed with tracks to handle about 95 cars.These While this ex- cranes will lift 165 tons at the rate of 50 ft. per minutecalling for an interchange of power. and use two 250 -hp. totally enclosed mill type d -c.change provides an outlet for the excess power of these motors for drive.These cranes are the first everplants, it also places a premium that formerly did not designed for loading and unloading ships with standardexist on economies in power generation and mill freight cars. operation. Prior to 1928 the largest electrical shovel was the Notable developments have been several specialized 8 -cu. yd. or 300 -ton shovel. A number of 12 -cu. yd.types of synchronous motors designed to provide the capacity shovels was placed in service during the pasthigh torques necessary for heavy crushing and grinding year.Due to the extreme fluctuation of currentmachinery. demand, it was necessary to design special equipment Another application of the synchronous motor is on for the drive and control of these shovels.Threehammer mills.A novel feature of this installation is the motor -generator sets, with the generators all differen-overload relay.When the overload is great enough to tially wound, are capable of generating 750 kw.Thepull the motor out of step, the relay operates, cutting off four motors for the various drives aggregate 650 hp.the material being fed to the hammer while permitting One of these shovels recently established a new world'sthe motor to regain speed, running as a straight induc- record for material handled when it moved 15,497 cu.tion motor. yd. of overburden in 24 hr. Push-button control has become almost universal, Numerous other improvements in material handlingeven for motors of the smaller sizes.One large mill, have been made during the year, especially in regardcompleted this year, points with pride to the elimination to the method of connecting the drive to the conveyor,of starting equipment other than push-button con- as well as the use of anti -friction bearings, gear replace-trolled, full automatic circuit breakers of high inter- ment of pulleys, and other similar refinements. rupting capacity.Low starting kv-a. of the motors has made such installations possible; in some cases, the PAPER INDUSTRY motor starts directly across the line. The paper industry was long since converted to motor An important application of specialized control is the drive of the main rolls, but this year has seen the prin-automatic blending of dry cement materials as de- ciple pushed still further.Cylinder machines have aveloped in connection with the Fuller-Kinyon System. larger number of small rolls, baby presses, and cylinderThe Fuller-Kinyon pumps handle the pulverized rock molds, which heretofore have been driven by the feltmixture like water, and a very ingenious control system carrying the paper pulp.The long, broad belt of highfor the pumps and valves has been designed.Electrical grade felt is decidedly expensive, and the practise ofinterlocks and time clock regulation permit almost un- using it as a drive necessitated frequent replacements.limited combinations for blending the contents of bins A new mill at Port Townsend, Washington, eliminatedor silos to produce a constant quality feed for the kilns. this illogical expense;small motors, held in extraor- dinarily exact speed agreement, drive each element. MINING Carbon pile regulators, which have been successful The coal mining industry endeavored during the past in the control of single -motor paper mills elsewhere,year to solve many of its troubles by the wider applica- have been further developed to aid in the exact speedtion of electricity and the adaptation of more adequate regulation of the Port Townsend machines. and more efficient machinery. A variable -speed turbine with reduction gear was an An outstanding feature of the year was the new mine important development in isolated power plant equip-locomotive built for the Pemberton Coal and Coke ment for paper mills.The low -speed end of the gearCompany, Bluefield, W. Va. This locomotive, although is connected through sheave pulleys to thepaper millweighing only 30 tons, develops 532 hp. and will haul a 898 GENERAL POWER APPLICATIONS Journal A. I. E. E.

full load of 168tons up a 1.5 per cent grade at 10M mi.field can be emphasized by the faith of the Ford organi- an hour.Electropneumatic control and air -brakesarezation in this type of welding.It is stated that the features whichare most unusual on this type of loco-Ford Company has recently expended over $100,000,000 motive. for equipment and methods to produce their new model Ore Reduction.The first commercial size plant in"A" car, which depend primarily on electric welding. this country to utilizethe Tainton process, i. e., strongHere electric welding is reduced to an almost automatic acid and high currentdensity for the electrolytic re-process requiring very little personal supervision. duction of zinc,was installed by the Sullivan Mining A new process was developed for producing electri- Company at Kellogg, Idaho.Current is supplied bycally -welded railroad ties from scrap rails, which is done two three -unit 4000 -kw.motor -generator sets. entirely automatically and produces a very satisfactory The Anaconda Copper MiningCompany during 1928tie at a low cost from scrap material. put in operation the largest motor -generator sets' ever INDUSTRIAL HEATING used in an electrolytic zincplant.There are four three -unit sets, each ratedat 5500 kw. During 1928 the use of electricity for industrial heating has increased rapidly due to the development OIL INDUSTRY work of the manufacturers and the recognition of the As the oil industrypasses the stage of adventuringcentral stations to the desirability and importance of the with its picturesque engine and rig,and becomes moreload. and more a leading industry withan economic problem Electric Stereotyping.The first electric stereotype of conservation, it is markedby the application ofpot was built and installed in 1925, but it has been electricity to give the best resultsat the lowest cost.during the past year that most of the large installations Well -drilling has becomean affair requiring large capi-were made.More than 100 are now in operation,vary- tal, as several wells have alreadycost over a quartering in size from 40 kw. for small pots to 360 kw. for of a million dollars and havereached depths of overlarge 9 -ton pots.The pots make use of an immersion 8000 ft.One well in West Texas has beendrilledelement placed in the lead with automatic temperature 8255 ft. or 1.56 mi. deep and is thedeepest hole evercontrol.The total load in many metropolitan plants dug by man. Two 25/65 -hp. oilwell motors, driving aruns from 800 to 1500 kw., connected load, for this cable tool rig, supply thepower for the drilling which isservice.Indications point to the complete electrifica- still continuing. tion of stereotype pots in the next fewyears. Until very recently itwas thought impossible to Silk Moistening.An important application hasoc- apply centrifugalpumps to oil pipe lines. A develop-curred in the full-fashioned hosiery manufacturing field ment of suitable high-speed centrifugalpumps whichfor the moistening of silk before passing throughthe would not emulsify the oil enabled theeconomic use ofneedles of the knitting machine.Units consisting of an electrical drive. A new pipe line, 400 mi.long, went intoinsulated box, containing water with felts for the silkto service during the pastyear, using this equipment.pass through and having electric heating units of 173 Forty-four 400 -hp. squirrel-cage, 1800 -rev. per min.watts each, are placed so that from 3 to 7 threadsare motors drive the pumps in the 13 stations alongitsmoistened on the way to the needles. length. The water is kept at about 160 deg. fahr. andthe ELECTRIC WELDING evaporation of water moistens the feltso that the silk Only a few of the more important developmentsinpicks up enough moisture to eliminate backwinding. electric welding can be mentioned in this shortrésumé. Loads of 990 kw., connected inone plant, have been One of the most important advances has beenthe in-noted, and in the Philadelphia district,approximately creased size of the electrode used, which, ingeneral,2000 kw. is in use in this class of business. reduces the time for welding in about the inversepro- Electric Brazing Furnaces.The application of elec- portion to the size of the electrode. tric furnaces to copper brazing steelparts together has Another development of considerable importanceismade possible the assembly inone operation of com- the introduction of the new atomic hydrogen methodofplicated structures from simpleparts by a strong alloy electric welding, which makes possible the welding ofweld.This is accomplished by placingcopper wire or thin metals and alloys that could not be welded beforechips next to joints to be brazed,and then heating the because of the oxidation of the materials by the heat ofassembly in a furnace containinga hydrogen atmosphere the arc.This new method introduces hydrogengasto a temperature above the melting point ofcopper. into the arc flame, the gas being broken down into In the process of brazing, thehydrogen performs the atomic hydrogen by the heat of the arc.This atomicfunction of a fluxas well as excluding air from the hydrogen effectively prevents oxidation of the materialsheating chamber. so that a satisfactory joint can be obtained.This Both intermittent and continuoustypes of furnaces enables countless small objects, which otherwise wouldare in use for this work and have extensive application in require more expensive methods of union, to be welded.the assembly of refrigeratorevaporation shells. The importance of electric welding in the industrial The use of protectivegases in other type electric 899 Dee. 1929 GENERAL POWER APPLICATIONS furnaces is recognized as metallurgicallybeneficial into present mills rather than the developmentof new the heat treatment of various steels andin cases whereapplications.The slow -speed synchronous motor has bright annealing is essential. been the predominant type in new installations.Full - High -Frequency Furnaces.Recently the applicationvoltage starting, together with dynamic braking,has of the high -frequency induction type furnace to meltingbeen almost universally adopted.All new installations and heat treating steel has been given greater considera-have the thermal, and particularly the thermostatic, tion.Furnaces are in use for making cast steel in ingottype of overload protection. form for production work and for heat treating high- Power Applications in Telephone Industry.Power speed steel in liquid baths. applications in the telephone industry are naturally Gray Iron Melting.The application -of the indirectlimited.The drives that are used generally make only arc type electric furnace to theproduction of syntheticsmall power demands and are commonly rather special east iron is a comparatively recent development. Grayin their nature.Special motors are required for tele- iron borings from the manufacturer's machine shop,vision and sound pictures, with very ingenious speed which have a very small market value, are utilized inregulation; but they are of too narrow scope for discus- the production of iron of good physical properties, andsion in this report.The development of large capacity the over-all melting cost per ton is less than that forfilters to eliminate noise -producing ripples in the gen- cupola operation.This has opened a new field forerating current has permitted the application of stand- development in the iron industry. ard generaitors for telephone battery charging. Small Motors.Improvement in design of small CONTROL motors was apparent during the year.Single-phase During 1928 improvements in design and applicationsmotors received a great deal of attention, and the im- of control have been in keeping with the general trendprovements made will be of considerable advantage to of the past several years.Although a great manyvarious industries. individual instances could be cited, a few general Single-phase repulsion induction motors, ranging in examples will be sufficient to indicate the general trendsize from 3% to 2 hp. at 1800 rev. per min., were pro- of the various types of control equipment. duced with a high -starting torque and constant speed. Most of the motor control is now of the definite timeBetter magnetic utilization of the steel was accom- accelerating type. A time-current control has devel-plished in these motors by using square stator punchings oped for d -c. equipment which provides maximum timewith graded slots. saving in motor acceleration within predetermined Single-phase condenser motors having practically current limits under conditions of light or normal loadsthe same efficiency as a two-phase motor and operating and forced acceleration at a predetermined rate whereat or near 100 per cent power factor were designed. the load is too heavy for the motor to start with theThe motor develops even more torque than the two- normal accelerating current setting. phase motor, whereas the current required is consider- The conventional form of master switches, usingably less. segments and fingers, has been replaced in the last few Recent tests in the textile industry have indicated years by the cam -operated switches.The past yearthe desirability of applying the a -c., brush -shifting, produced further development of the cam operation,shunt -characteristic polyphase motor for obtaining special attention being paid to simplicity of design.variable speed in the spinning of cotton as well as An outstanding example of this is a small, compactworsted yarns. device which was designed to fulfill three purposes,- The development of high-speed, controller, disconnect switch, and overload relay. A Electric Elevators. complete line of master switches was also producedfull, and semi -automatic elevators was furthered during the year.Deficiencies affecting the riding qualities of which required only a few different fundamental cams to obtain a great variety of combination of contactelevators in the automatic control of the rates of ac- celeration and retardation were removed by the applica-. sequence.Still another indication of the trend towards simplified design is in the compact limit switch de-tion of a small auxiliary d -c. machine to act upon the veloped for use on motor -driven valve equipment. Bygenerator field of the motor -generator set of the genera- means of intermittent gears it is possible to get antor -voltage type of elevator drive.By this means, the adjustment of from 1 to 1365 turns on the valve stem. acceleration and retardation are caused to begin at Push-button control incorporating simplicity andvery moderate rates, increase to higher rates and again sturdiness of design without sacrificing dependabilitydiminish as the speed change nears completion. of service is rapidly replacing the cumbersome and An automatic leveling system was developed, em- complicated control systems of a few years back. bodying a radical departure from previous practise. This system utilizes radio -frequency devices wherein, MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS the position of the car with respect to the floor controls RubberIndustry.The largeexpansionofthisthe leveling speed of the elevator accordingly.The par- industry in the past few years has caused engineers toticular advantage of this control is the elimination of all devote their attention to new plants and extensionsmechanical engagement with its noise and ultimate V(ol): SPICA YA N H I TENTS Juurnal A, I.I.:, E. deterioration,a minimum clearance of 3 h in. existingpresses today operal e at the rate of 60,000 to 75,000 between the partson the car and the corresponding partpapers an hour.This hasuiu the application of in the hatchway. higher speed motors in some cases, while in others, it Printing.The main advance during the p:tstyearwas simply a matter of increasing the gear nit it,.The in the printing industry hasbeen the increase in thehorsepower of the motors has increased in proportion, speed of thepresses.Where a few years ago, 24,000 towhile new improved and simplified methods of control 25,000 papersan hour were considered good production,have, :ireompanied the change.

Spray and Fog Testson220-Kv. Insulators BY 11.1 C. W0(11), Agsocluto. A. I. L. F:

Synopsis.-To determine insulation for an outdoor 220-kv. The surface resistance is that calculated upon the assumption of a station on the coast subject to oceanspray, an insulator test rack was uniform condurlinq coating upon all the exposed surface of the installed at Redondo, California. insulator and is the line integral of distance divided by circumference Ten types of insulator, including widely different designs,were along the shortest surface path from cap to pin. tested continuously for two years anda half at 150 kv. to ground. Accidental differences of conditions are such that one insulator Comparative results were obtained by addingor subtracting units in string would not consistently arc -over in preference to another unless suspension strings until an equality againstarc -over was approx- its surface resistance were less than HO per cent of the other. imated.Ninety arc-overs occurred. Suspension strings having a total surface resistance of 11.0, using The surface leakage resistance was found to bea fair index of theinch units, were found satisfactory for a steady 150 kv. to ground resistance to arc -over under salt spray conditions.The shape of theunder the conditions al Redondo. insulator made no difference as longas the total surface resistance of A spray method of cleaning insulatorswhile energized was the string remained the same. devised.

INTRODUCTION coast, the location being chosen as one of the most IN the latter part of 1926 it wasseen that it would soonsubject to ocean spray and fog upon the system, and become necessary to decide upon the kind of insula-where considerable insulator trouble on both 66-kv. and tion to be used in the Southern California Edison16-kv. lines had been experienced. Company's 220-kv. outdoor station thatwas to be built CLIMATIC CONDITIONS The storm winds are westerly and drive thespray from the ocean surf directly into the test rack, the accumulation of salt upon the insulators having been

FIG.1-TEST RACK, ENERGIZING TRANSFORMER, AND Two SMALL TRANSFORMERS USED AS REACTORS. LOOKING NORTH

FIG.2-TEST RACK. LOOKING SOUTHWEST at Long Beach, on the coast south of Los Angeles. A test rack was therefore set up at Redondoon thesuch at times that during theheat of the day small crystals 1.Research Engineer, Southern California Edison Co., Losof salt have been observedscattered all over the surface Angeles, Calif. of the porcelain. At nightthedeposition of moisture Presented at the Pacific Coast Convention of the A. I. E. E.,upon the insulators is frequently sufficientso that they Santa Monica, Calif., Sept. 3-6, 1929.Printed complete herein. drip and the sandy soilunderneath is all pock marked

29-139 901 Dec. 1929 WOOD: SPRAY AND FOG TESTS from the dropping water. In addition tothe salt depositsquare inch, then the figures ofTable I give the surface there is a certain amount of dust andsufficient sootresistance from cap to pin in megohms. to blacken any rag used for cleaning. The rack was kept energized both day and night The time of year during which arc-overs are mostwhenever possible; an arc -over would cause the relays prevalent is from March or April until the first rains ofto open the main 16-kv. switch; the operatorwould at the season, which may come in September or October.once close the switch again;if upon the third trial the switch would be left open until DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS arc -over still persisted the the next day.Arc-overs practically always occurred The rack illustrated in Figs. 1, and 2, was situatedduring the night when fog or dew was heaviest. PROGRAM OF TESTS Test Rack 4,500 Kv-a 150,000/15,000 Volts During the period from January 1, 1927, to June1, 150 Kv-a 150 Kv-a. 15,750/460 Volts 460/16,500 Volts 1928, a number of rather long suspension strings was

Recording Ammeter

Switch

Station Bus 16 900 Volts A 4.06.1.ft B -CAIREEM 1k FIG.3 -DIAGRAM OF CONNECTIONS BETWEEN STATION Bus MIM10113:1111M1 AND TEST RACK about 500 ft. from the ocean front.The pipe bus was A AIM energized to 150 kv. to ground. MNIIESIMIN 11111111111111, Electrical connections were as in Fig. 3, the two 150- 1111111M111111111 kv-a. banks of transformers in series with the 4500-kv-a. Am, 0111;160m...-_- 1111111113111111, transformer being used as reactors to limit the short- circuit current to 10 amperes over an insulator and 100 amperes on the station bus. N To indicate which of the insulator strings had arced - over, a one -ampere enclosed fuse was connected between 1111111113111111, each insulator string and the bus.These fuses were 4 J further protected against weather and corona by short FIG.4 -TYPES OF INSULATOR UNDER TEST lengths of one -inch pipe and may be seen in Figs. 1 and 2. The types of insulator tested are shown in Fig. 4;under test, no changes being made except to disconnect some of their physical constants in Table I.Thetwo short strings of 13 Type A and 13 Type D which quantitycalled"Surface Resistance"isnotanyarced -over. measured resistance, but is the calculated surface The strings under test during this period are detailed leakage resistance from cap to pin of a single insulatorin Table II. They were all washed by hand on February unit, assuming the exposed porcelain surface to be9, 1927.6-E and 6-J were washed immediately after uniformly coated with a conducting layer.Should theeach arc -over, and 5-J was washed frequently as conducting layer have a resistance of one meghom perdescribed later.

TABLEI PHYSICALCONSTANTS OF INSULATORS: INCH UNITS

Resistance per Axial length Resistance per Type Diameter Leakage distance Surface resistance inch leakage per unit axial inch

A 10 10.75 0.651 0.0605 5.75 0.1132 B 9 20.0 1.062 0.0531 6.5 0.1634 C 9 18.25 0.955 0.0523 6.5 0.1468 I) 10 11.0 .. .. 5.37 E 17 33.0 1.163 0.0352 14.5 0.0802 F 11 18.5 0.811 0.0492 5.75 0.1411 Cr 10 13.12 0.715 0.0545 5.75 0.1244 H 10 15.5 0.837 0.0540 5.75 0.1455 .1 17 33.0 1.163 0.0352 14.5 0.0802 K 14 16.5 0.848 0.0514 6.6 0.1285 L 14 19.0 0.908 0.0478 6.6 0.1375 M 14 16.5 0.848 0.0514 8.0 0.1060 N 14 19.0 0.908 0.0478 8.0 0.1135

. _ . o . es s ance is not easily calculated for Type D. From test resultsItseemstohave approximately the same resistance as Typo A. 902 WOOD: SPRAY AND FOG TESTS Journal A. I. E. E.

Beginning June 1, 1928, theprogram was changed.There were six arc-overs on 6-E in suspension and three Strings 8-E, 7-E, 6-E,were removed (the number andon 6-J as a post, in each case the insulator being hand letter designating the number ofunits of a certain type).washed immediately after arcing -over. This difference in The other types in service had the effectivenumber ofbehavior between post and suspension may have been due units in a string reduced by short-circuitingany requiredto the slight difference in the shielding, or to the cap in one ease and the pin of the insulator in the other being TABLE II at bus potential or, what seems most probable, that at INSULATOR STRINGS UNDER TEST 1-1-27 TO 6-1-28 the greater elevation above ground of the suspension Number Type and Leakage Surface string there was a greater wind velocity and more in string position distance resistance Period wider testspray and dirt were deposited upon the porcelain; heat 13 A suspension 140 8.47 1-1-27 to 3-12-27 radiation would also be greater in the more exposed 17 A . 183 11.06 1-1-27 to 6-1-28 15 AA dead end 161 9.77 1-14-27 to 6-1-28 position and deposition of dew greater,-all of which would render the suspension string more liable to arc- 15 AA " " 161 9.77 1-14-27 to 6-1-28 12 B suspension 240 12.75 1-1-27 to 6-1-28 over than the post.The post 5-J arced -over four 13 D " 143 .. 9-23-27 to 2-1-28 times but not after regular washings were inaugurated. 6 E . 231 6.98 1-1-27 to 6-1-28 7 E id 231 8.14 " . " No relative values for the remaining suspension strings id di ti 8 E 264 9.30 - it 5 Jpost 165 5.81 " . . 6 J " 198 6.98 .. . 7 J " 231 8.14 . . " A B C D F G H 7 15 . . . 1 0000: K suspension 248 12.72 000 .. . 0 et . ....z. . 12L +3K 278 13.43 2-10-27 " " . 4. , .. . ,.. 12 Ni id 4.1-1. I, 198 10.17 " 1-1-27 " o. 1+ 12 N di 228 10.89 2-10-27" " 1+ +4";

number of units, at the upper end of the string, with O .,,Tt wire. 170 1

The general practise was then followed of addinga K L M \ AA unit, by moving the short-circuiting wire, on anyone z<100 0 ._..2 -o+.:::: *i12 2 . +4 4 -1.4 string after it had arced -over on two separate days. + 90 +.1- 4+- .. '....4. This wire device enabled units to be addedor sub- 4+4' tracted without handling the units and changing their 4-...... f 80 t surface condition. r It was expected in this way to arrive gradually atan 70 equality in the different strings. FIG.5-COMPARISON OF TYPESUPON A LEAKAGE DISTANCE Types H and G were not put on test until October BASIS 15, 1928; Types C and F were added January 10, 1929. The insulator string having the shortest leakage distance isnot always In order to get comparative results, types C, F, G, H, the one to arc -over.Each cross shows the percentage leakage length of a string that was shorter than the one arcing-over.A circle shows the N, M, were all washed by hand on January 15, 1929, so shortest arcing -over. as to have them in the same condition as the recently added types. None of the other suspension strings hadwere obtained as none arced -over.Altogether there been washed, except by natural rains, since Februarywere 17 arc-overs in this period. 9, 1927, and they were now left in that state but reduced From June 1, 1928 to September 30, 1928 therewere in number of units per string and the process of building30 arc-overs.The first rain of the season occurred up to an equality started in again. October 11, 1928, andno further arc-overs took place On June 15, 1929 the program was again changed anduntil March 4, 1929. From March4, 1929 to July 19, all types, except the posts J, had units added until1929 there were 43arc-overs, giving a total of 73 arc- there was one more unit in each string than the max-overs from which to analyze the relative performance of imum number that had arced -over at any time. the different types of insulator. ARC-OVERS ANALYSIS OF ARC-OVERS The first period of the test showed that neither the In Fig. 5 each flashover has beenplotted with a view five- nor six -unit post, type J, would be satisfactoryto seeing whether the leakage distance mightnot be the without periodic cleaning; it was found feasible, how-controlling factor in arc-over;if so, the string arcing ever, to spray the five -unit post with water, whileover should have the least leakage distance of all under energized, without danger of its arcing -over, providedtest. When this was thecase it was plotted as a circle at the spraying were done frequently.Cleaning once a100 per cent. When, however, therewere one or more week apparently kept this post in good condition. Thestrings having lower leakagedistances than the one special spray nozzle used washed practically the entirearcing -over, then theywere plotted as crosses showing porcelain surface. their leakage distancesas a per cent of that of the string 13-A, 13-D proved inadequate, each arcing over twice. that arced.Thus in Fig. 5 any type which hasmany 903 Dec. 1929 WOOD: SPRAY AND FOG TESTS low -percentage plots is apparently not sogood as one incomparison will have been found if in such aplot as which the plots are of a higher percentage,rememberingFig. 5 all the types exhibit equal divergencies.It is that the comparison is not unit perunit, but is basedseen at once that Fig. 5fails chiefly with respect to should show up upon strings of equalleakage distance. Type J, which by reason of its position It is seen at once that this basis ofcomparison is notbetter than all others.Fig. 5 shows it as the worst. entirely satisfactory. Due to the unavoidablevariationsThe intercomparison of the other types isfair in view of the fact that C, F, G, H, N, M, were all washedJanuary 15, 1929, and would be expected to show upbetter than A B C F G H J the others last washed February 9, 1927.It will be 000,3, see 100 .. . ++ SOW. found significant that the ratio of surfaceresistance to : -33+ * . . * +4.* inch of leakage distance does not vary over awide range .. 88 . + . ..* 4.4. until Type J is considered. 080 In Fig. 6 a plot similar to that of Fig. 5 is shown, the total surface resistance of the string, insteadof the t. 70 leakage distance, being made the basis ofcomparison. cn K L M N AA D Type D is given an arbitrary resistance perunit equal 100 , ee 00 *4 II + # 4 43+a+ . ..t +.+.. SO to that of Type A for reasons referred tolater.This 4 4.** 4. tit 4. 90 .4 4.4. plot exhibits a much greater uniformity than Fig. 5. .4 4. 44444 4: : ++++ ++ + + 10 B 80 ++. 4.4.

($ .. e.A. 70 r°y'2 FIG.6-COMPARISON OF TYPES UPON A SURFACE RESISTANCE 8 .1 BASIS C c C 57 Each cross shows the percentage resistance of a string that was less than that of the one arcing -over.A circle shows the lowest resistance arcing - over 8-COMPARISON OF TYPES BY PAIRS UPON A SURFACE

RESISTANCE BASIS. 1 t-1. %TORS NOT WAslIED SINCE JAN. 15, '29 in amount of deposit, dew, wind, no two strings ofTypes A, B, K, L, AA, D are practically identical as to insulators subjected to field conditions would everthe range covered and are all types not washed since behave exactly in accordance with any of their physical February 9, 1927.Types C, F, G, H, also have about dimensions, except by accident.It would, however, bethe same range; M and .V are restricted in range but expected that they would average in some relation tothe number of observations is small for each. The same qualification applies to type J; however, J is now in its proper place, not having arced -over unless it had the A 11 lowest resistance, which is as it should be considering its A preferred position near the ground. 10 1.1 As a further test of the supposition that the surface resistance is a comparative measure of the resistance to B B arc -over, a direct comparison between types, taken in pairs, covering the whole period January 1, 1927 to July 19, 1929 is given in Figs. 7 and 8. K Comparing for instance Types A and B, each arc - 9 over that has occurred upon either one of these is B plotted, showing in the same vertical line the surface 8 L L resistance of the two strings, the one that arced -over

7 marked with a circle, and the one that did not, with a FIG.7-COMPARISON OF TYPES BY PAIRS UPON A SURFACE dot. Drawn lines connect points of the same type and RESISTANCE BASIS do not represent any relation between coordinates. Type D has arbitrarily been assigned such a resistance The string arcing -over is marked with a circle vertically over or under the one not arcing.Insulators not washed since Feb. 9. '27 per unit as would make it best fit the comparisons A -D and D -B, A and B being radically different designs. some measuring stick, each exhibiting departures onThis arbitrary resistance of D turns out to be the same either side of a mean. When these departures from theper unit as the calculated value for A. mean were the same for each, then they would be If there were none of the accidental variations considered as equal, according to the particular basis ofpreviously referred to and the surface resistance were an measurement chosen.Extending this argument to aexact measure of the arc -over resistance, then the circle number of different types of insulator, a true basis ofpoints would always be on the lower line. This is not the WOOD: SPRAY AND FOG TESTS Journal A. I. E. E. case, considering thosepairs of points where the higher resistance string suit the locality at the minimum of cost for both in-; has arced-over.The amount of thesulators and supporting structures. discrepancies is shown in Table III. The final results of the elimination contestare shown in Table IV. TABLE III PERCENTAGE DISCREPANCIES It is seen that strings having a surface res'stance of OF FIGS. 7 AND S from 9.99 to 10.62 have arced over, these strings having Average difference in sur- Pair of types face resistances as per gone through the whole period of the test from 1-1- considered cent of the ereater Period of test 27 to 7-19-29 without being artificially washed,but A -B 5.3S 1- 1-27to7-19-29 that the strings washed 1-15-29 had in competition B -C 7.07 y with them arced -over resistances of from 8.17 to A -D 6.15 9.21, D -B 2.76 showing to some extent quantitatively how the washing A -L 4.17 done by natural rains compares with careful artificial B -L 4.40 B- K S.60 cleaning.It further seems that a string with surface K -L 5..22 resistance of 11.0 will satisfactorily insulate against B -J 0.00 a N -C 3.72 1-15-27 to 7-19-29 steady 150 kv. to ground for threeyears under climatic M -C 1.2S F -C 5.50 conditions similar to those encountered at Redondo. G -C 0.12 Acknowledgments are due practically all the in- B -C S.23 sulator manufacturers for their readyresponse with samples of "fog type" insulators withoutwhich it It will be noted that the discrepanciesare not largewould have been impossible to arriveat such definite after all, considering thenature of the original data,results. and it is certainly impossibleto assign to any one type rather than another any materiallygreater liability to CONCLUSIONS arc -over when equal surface resistances of eachare 1. Insulators may be compared.as to their ability taken and exposed to thesame conditions. to withstand arc -over under spray and fog conditions, It therefore appears that the surfaceleakage resis-by their surface leakage resistance, calculatedas the tance is a close measure of the ability of thesetypes ofline integral of length divided bycircumference along insulators to stand up under such conditionsas arethe shortest surface path fromcap to pin. found at Redondo and that there isno particular virtue 2.There is no virtue in any particular shapeexcept in one shape over another, except inso far as it mayas it provides surface leakage resistance. afford more surface resistance and enablea fewer number of units to provide the total required. 3.One insulator string willnot consistently arc -over in preference to another unless There is a limit to the reduction in numberof units its surface leakage resistance is less than soper cent of that of the other. TABLE IV 4. A surface leakage resistance of 11.0, ininch units, LIMITS REACHED IN ARC-oVER. LEAKAGE AND RESISTANCE per string, appears sufficient fora steady voltage of 3.tas N101 150 kv. to ground with conditionsas at Redondo, Calif. n umber n um tort litaamory surfed itcsimlaawy On a line, allowance atend- 1244 bui arced - may have to be made for surges. T)pwr o%rf arced arvIrd arvzl 5. It has been found practicalto clean some in- A 16 17 172 1N3 lo 41 11 ots sulators, while energized, witha water spray and thus B 10 II ...:-.43 :Mu 10 62 11 use a smaller number of units than would otherwise C 9 10 164 1sa s.`...+ 9 1. be 16 17 176 1%7 lo 41 II 06 safe. 7 s E :31 264 14 9 AP 11 13 12 19% 92 9 73 12 13 15A 171 s5s 930 An investigation of concentricand parallel duplex H 11 12 171 1..6 9 21 10 (54 .1 7 1 14 types of trailing cables made by the Bureauof Mines 12 13 *9s 21'. 10 17 11 01 engineers leaves no doubt 1. rin, as to the greater relative 11 13 209 9 9.9 10 %,-. 10 t 1 164 Its% s 4s 10 17 safety of the parallel duplex cablefor use on bureau- 0 11 1: 1 3449 17 9 9.4 approved equipment, and it ishoped that after a careful Noce: Itatiatanco pot.unit( 1 amotned equal to that of A ' study of the matter presentedas a result of these in- vestigations, the industry willarrive at the samecon- per string imposed by ordinary dry and wet arc -overclusions and take stepsto use the safest type of cable. requirements and the danger of puncture when too few Field inspections showed thatfrom the standpoint of thicknesses of porcelain are used between line andreeling there issome preference for concentric cable. ground.it would seem conservative to satisfy theHowever, at mines where reelingdifficulties have been ordinary line conditions as to number of units and thenovercome it was shown that ifproper spooling devices choose the type and perhaps greater number of unitsare used practically no trouble is experiencedin reeling which will furnish the necess.-iry surface resistance toparallel duplex rubber-shrat hercable. Applications to MiningWork ANNUAL REPORT OF COMMITTEEON APPLICATIONS TOMINING WORK* has been attained by To the Board of Directors: formance of 258 trips per hour reducing the caging or stop period to twosections. In the past many criticisms havebeen made against -controlled from backward in modern The motor -generator set is remote the mining industry as being the operator's platform. Noauxiliary hoist motor is developments.Certainly such criticisms are no longer decade or two ago. provided.The hoist is controlled through master justified to the same extent as a controller and time limit relays for bothacceleration and During the past year there havebeen many develop- for mining work and theretardation. ments of electrical apparatus In the mountain mines, a -c. motorshave been applied operators have not disregardedthe applications offered.for control and regenerative braking tocontrol heavy In fact, the operators have soughtrelief in every possibledescending loads previously handledby large drums Over development way to reduceoperating costs. and mechanical brakes.The power saving is ap- during the war has not been absorbedby increased This is largely due to rapidpreciable and safety of control is valuable. consumption of coal. Fans.Synchronous motor drives for fans have been improvement in efficiency in large electric powerplants, Increased efficiency improved railroadapplied in sizes up to 500 hp.2 electrical interconnection, and in and improved power factor areaccomplished. performance. Continued applications of automatic startersfor Metal mines have been similarly affectedfrom over-fan motors have proved desirable toreduce to a development and lack of increased demands. minimum the delay in the restarting of fans after power It is generaly predicted that both coaland metalinterruption. mining are entering a new era of development.Further Motor -GeneratorSets. Automatic substations for mechanization is considered as a solution to theproblemmotor -generator sets have increasedin number both ofcost reduction.Mechanizationimpliesfurtherto save in labor of attendance and toprovide better electrical application to all types of miningequipment.service for supply of direct current to remoteload A few years ago there was considerablediscussioncenters. on superpower systems.Without a great deal of Automatic power -factorcontrol on synchronous publicity these superpower systems have developedmotors has been accomplished on several sets. until now practically every industrial and mining field Cleaning Plants.With the mechanical loading of coal is served from high -voltage interconnected lines re-being accomplished and with more discriminating buyers ceiving energy from large efficient power plants.Thusof coal, the industry has turned to mechanical cleaning. it is logical that the major part of the further electrifi-Several large bituminous coal cleaning plants were cation and mechanization of mines will be served fromcompleted during the year.'Thus, the soft coal in- the electric utilities. dustry is approaching the practise of the anthracite Hoists.Due to high cost of equipping shaft minesbreakers.These wet washing pl ants use around 150 with electric hoists the change over from steam tomotors of various sizes, aggregating some 1200 hp. electric is slow.One such change over a mediumconnected load.Texropes or V-shaped multiple belts, capacity mine is worthy of note, not for its size but forpermit of standard motors in most applications to the rapid Cycle. A 750 -kw. synchronous motor -gen-secure proper speed reductionin short space.Three erator set supplies an 850 -hp., 116 -rev. per min. motorsuch plants on one public utility service add a very through Ward Leonard control.' - desirable day load. The hoist operates in balance and is designed for Shovels.In metal mining the 3-,4-, and 5 -yd. 230 trips per hour from a depth of 282 ft., with a maxi-electric shovels using shunt motors and Ward Leonard mum 'rope speed of 3300 ft. per min.The cyclecontrol continue to be installed to effect economies. allows for 5 sec. acceleration, 1.65 sec. full -speed run- Additional 15 -yard stripping shovels, weighing 1550 ning, 5 sec. retardation, and 4 sec. caging.Actual per -tons, and carrying motor -generator sets with 1500 -hp. *COMMITTEE ON APPLICATIONS TO MINING WORK: synchronous motors continue to be installed.' Carl Lee, Chairman. Improved rubber covering for trailing cables has made A. R. Anderson, G. M. Kennedy, F. 0. Nicholson, F. N. Bosson, R. L. Kingsland, W. F. Schwedes, these safer and more dependable.They usually carry Graham Bright, A. B. Kiser, P. L. Stone, 4000 volts, three-phase with a fourth wire for ground. M. M. Fowler, W. H. Lesser, E. B. Wagner, E. J. Gealy, John A. Malady, J. F. Wiggert, Occasionally when blasting, these cables are damaged. L. 0. Bliley, C. H. Matthews, 0. D. Woodward. Field vulcanizing has been perfected so that the outer 1. Equipment furnished by General Electric Co. and in-covering is repaired so well that it will stand up through stalled at Peabody Coal Co., Mine 53, Springfield, Ill. Presented at the Summer Convention of the A. I. E. E., Swamp- 2.Installed at Chicago, Wilmington, and Franklin New scott, Mass., June 24-28, 1929.Printed complete herein. Orient mine, West Frankfort, Ill. 905

29-105 906 MINING WORK Journal A. I. E. E. water and oil thesame as the original cable, thus savingbeen worked out to meet the tests of the Bureau of a great deal on replacementcosts. Mines.' Slushers.Metal mines have almostcompletely A recently developed machine is the hitch cutter.' adopted motor -drivenunderground slusher machines toThis is a very special type drill to cut hitches in sides replace air -driven machines. of rooms of coal mines to enable timbering to be carried Locomotives. One manufacturer has developed roller- to the face without interfering with cutting and loading bearing application to motor support on axles to main-machinesThis should materially reduce accidents at tain the gears in exactlycorrect mesh.'Experiencethe coal face. in the field has notyet proved whether this will beac- ceptable practise. Loading Machines.One type of loading machine usually called pit -car loader has been extensively in Heavy service due eitherto large locomotives or - very frequent travel of locomotives has leda number of mines to go to 6/0 trolley wireinstead of 4/0. Mining Machines.The manufacturers of mining machines have broughtout improved track -mounted cutters (Fig. 1). These can be builtto cut at any height in the coal seam that is required.These machines consist essentially of a heavy frame mountedon trucks contain- ing traction motor anda swinging section pivoted at the

FIG. 1-TRACK-MOUNTED BOTTOM CUTTER

front end of frame.This section carries the motor gearing, raising, lowering, and tiltingmechanism, and the cutter bar and chain proper. The advantageof this type cutting machine over the breast machineand short -wall machine is thatno unloading or loading of cutting machine properisrequired.This feature elminates most of the manual labor, and throughhigher power and saving of time enables the operator to practi- cally double his productivity.One make of machine is equipped with a drill so that thesame crew can drill FIG. 3-TANK TREAD LOADER for the blasting.6 In cutters for coal seams less than 30 in. high, stalled (Fig. 2).Approximately 2000 have beenplaced it isin service. difficult to place all controls convenient to theoperator. They consist of short-drag type conveyer One manufacturer has partiallyovercome this bydriven by to 7% -hp. motor.In this machine coal applying contactor controlto the machine. is shoveled onto theloader which dischargesinto mine Thiscar. control is of the "permissible" type construction,having Full mechanical loadersof several types have been 3.Pittsburgh Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. improved and 4.The United Electric Coal Co. at DuQuoin, are coming into more generaluse (Fig. 3). 5.Jeffrey Manufacturing Co. These vary in design,using fromone to eleven motors, 6.Sullivan Machinery Co. 7.Goodman ManufacturingCo. -FREQUENCY TRANSFORMERS 907 Dec. 1929 KLEV AND SHIRLEY: AUDIO switch connected horsepower. SwitchThrow.Anelectrically -operated having from 15 to over 100 to mine switches." Reports indicate that approximately3 per cent. of thethrow has been successfully applied loaded mechanically andThis eliminates the danger of havingthese throwed by soft coal mined in 1927 was conjunction with most recent reports indicate over22 per cent of coalhand.Also signal lights are worked in mechanical and pit -the throw. mined in Illinois was loaded by Electric arc welding is becoming more car loaders. Welding. Continued experiments in smokelessshoot-common for repair work.It is almost universally used Blasting. This year has brought a new ing of coal have been made.9In this a gas is com-for welding rail bonds. cartridge, then fired byuse in the weldingof a very hard special metal to the pressed to high pressure in the produce ten times the means of fuse inheavy detonation or heating element.tips of mining machine bits, to at 180 volts towear." This fuse requires about 100 amperes The Bureau of Mines continues to set off heating element. Safety Work. a completetest all types of equipment to beused in gaseous mines. Telephones.One company installed of approval on 30 system, using lead -coveredpair in conduit laid in theThey have now placed their stamp floor of the mine.9In rapid hoisting, the cagingistypes of motors. limited to 1M or 2 sec.This does not permit the The approved cap lamp with greatlyincreased illumi- check puller to safely detach theidentification checks.nation is being rapidly adopted."Over 30,000 of this Several mines overcame this byinstalling loud speakingtype have been placed in use. A new caplamp with telephones between top andbottom." The bottomlead battery and dry electrolyte has beendeveloped." man pulls the checkand telephones the weighmanThis should reduce accidental burns fromelectrolyte. giving him the number of the check. 11.Mines Equipment Co., St. Louis, Mo. 12. "Blackor." 8.Cardox. 13.Edison Models E & F. 9.Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Dehue,W. Va 14. Concordia. 10.Peabody Coal Co., Mine No. 8, Tovey, Ill.

Audio- FrequencyTransformers Voltage -Ratio CharacteristicsDetermined by the Low -Voltage Cathode Ray Oscillograph BY PAUL KLEV, and D. W. SHIRLEY, Jr.'

Synopsis.-The usual method of determining the voltage ratiooffor all frequencies and d -c. components.The ratios of several makes audio -frequency transformers employs a three -element vacuum tube of transformers were determined over a frequency rangeof 20 to The in the circuit.Due to the fact that the results are a combination 10,000 cycles and at different degrees of magnetic saturation. of both transformer and vacuum tube characteristics this methodresults indicate that the ratios are very good between frequencies of 40 is not entirely satisfactory.This paper describes a new method, and 3000 cycles.Saturation within the usual operating limits was using a low -voltage cathode ray oscillograph, by means of which thefound to have little effect.The method developed was found to be voltage ratio of a transformer is determined independent of any otherexceptionally good, as the results are accurate and are readily repro- apparatusThis newly developed method is accurate and simple duced.However, precautions must be taken to eliminate stray fields in operation, and gives the actual characteristics of the transformer which may influence the tube unless properly shielded.

INTRODUCTION being the case, it is important to be able to determine IN the last few years, the radio industry has experi-the characteristics of audio -frequency transformers in- enced an exceptional growth.Accompanying thisdependent of the apparatus which would influence the growth is the desire on the part of the public forresults.This paper describes a method by means of better reproduction of voice and music; and closelywhich the voltage ratio of transformers may be deter- connected with this is the amplification of audio fre-mined entirely independent of all other equipment. quencies.This in turn calls for audio -frequency trans- METHOD OF OBTAINING DATA formers which have good characteristics; that is, good voltage ratios over a wide range of frequencies.This Under actual operating conditions, an audio -fre- quency amplifying transformer hasimpressed on the 1.Students in Electrical Engineering at Oregon State College.primary a direct current with a superimposed alter- This paper received the A. I. E. E. National Prize for Branchnating current of audible frequency.The d -c. com- Paper (year 1928). Presented before the Portland Sections of The A. I. E. E. andponent of this pulsating current largely determines the The N. E. L. A., May 25, 1928. point on the saturation curve at which the transformer

9-165 908 AND SIIIIMEN': A('I)10 101(EQI'ENC1' THANSFORMEICH Jounstil A. I. E. E.

operates, and thereforemay influence the voltage ratioconstruction and operation will be given.The general at various frequencies.Before attempting to deter-arrangement of parts is shown in Fig. 7. mine the voltage ratios,the magnetizationcurves of the A stream of electrons is projected from the heated transformerswere obtained so that values of directfilament on to the fluorescent screen where it produces current within the workingrange could be used. a bright spot.This electron stream may be deflected The magnetizationcurves were determined with aby subjecting it to an electric or magnetic field, and circuit arrangementas shown in Fig. 1.The data werethe position of the spot at any time is an indication of the strength and direction of the field at that instant. 24 If properly connected, these deflecting fields willvary with the current or voltage under observation and thus E 20 electrical phenomena are made visible on thescreen. Due to the fact that the moving element consists ofa stream of electrons, the cathode ray tube is practically 12 free from inertia or resonance effects.This feature makes the frequency limits at least as highas the upper radio frequencies, which are far beyond the highestfre- quencies used in these tests.Another feature which makes this tube very desirable is its 10 15 20' 25 30 35 accuracy.This MILLIAMPERES may be shown by the calibration curve, Fig. 2.As can FIG. 1-SATURATION CURVESFOR TRANSFORMERS TESTED be seen, the maximum deviation ofany point from the Curve 1 Transformer A experimentally determined calibrationcurve is about Curve 2 Transformer 13 one-half of one per cent. Curve 3 Transformer C Due to the action of the earth's magneticfield and obtained by adjusting the directcurrent in the primary to certain values and then reversingthe switch shown. The resulting galvanometerdeflections, also shown plotted in Fig. 1, indicate the degreeof saturation of the core.The curves in Fig. 1 shouldnot be regarded as indicating the relative degree ofsaturation since dif- ferent galvanometer shuntswere used; also, the number FIG. 3-CIRCUIT USED FOR CALIBRATIONOF THE CATHODE RAY of secondary turns and othertransformer constants OSCILLOGRAPH

other stray fields, and partly because 11111M111M1111111111111111E1111.1101 of the lack of 28 mechanical alinement of the tubeparts, the fluorescent 24MINIMMEMOMMEMEMENOthili spot may fall several centimeters from MMEMMEMMIIIMMEMMEMM the center of the > MMINIMMEMIIMMEMMEMINIM screen.It is necessary to bring thespot to the center, 3<2IMMOINIMMEMMEMMEMMEM and here thiswas accomplished by means of a large (716MEMMMEMMOMMEMMEMMINIIIMMEMMOMMEMMEMME electromagnet mountedupon a movable platform. oaMEM MMERWMEMMEMEMMIN The spot may be broughtto the center of the tube with 0 IIMEMEMEMEMMINIMMEMEM a small magnet nearer the tube; however,less distortion 2 MMEMMEMEMEMMEM MINIMMEMINIMMEMME results if a strong magnetis used some distanceaway. WOMMEMMEMMEMMINIMME By moving the positionand regulating the value of MEM=MEMEMMENIMMIMMIMMIIM MEMMEMMEMMEMM current in the electromagnet,the spot was brought to 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 the center of the tube andat the same time the value of TCTAL DEFLECTION CENTIMETERS current supplied was noted.This current valuewas FIG. 2-CALIBRATION CURVE FOR WESTERN ELECTRICTYPE held constant for alltests. 324-A LOW -VOLTAGE CATHODE RAY OSCILLOGRAPH Due to the fact that the Anode voltage 312, using deflector plates PY deflector plates are not the same distance from thescreen and that they are not a given distance apart, it is were not the same for each.This figure does show, necessary that the tube be calibrated for quantitativeresults.The circuit used however, the shape of the magnetizationcurves and for calibrating the tubeis shown in Fig. 3A. Aknown thus indicates the range of d -c. values whichmay besine wave alternating used in the primary. voltage was applied to thedeflec- tor plates used and the lengthof the deflection, which is A Western Electric 324-A low -voltage cathoderaya straight line, Fig. 3B, oscillograph tube was used for measuring the primary on the fluorescent screenwas measured.Various values of voltagewere impressed and secondary voltages.Since this low -voltage oscillo-and the corresponding graph is comparatively new, a brief explanation of its deflection observed.The cali- bration curve, Fig. 2,was then drawn by plotting -FREQUENCY TRANSFORMERS 909 Dec. 1929 }MEV AND SHIRLEY: AUDIO finally adopted effective (r. m. s.) volts as ordinatesand total deflectionfor this deflection. A method was which used a compensating potentiometer, asshown in in centimeters as abscissas. connected to Every precaution was taken toeliminate errors inFig. 4.This potentiometer voltage was of the cathodeoppose the constant componentof the pulsating voltage obtaining data for the calibration curve the cathode ray tube. The current supplied to the electromagnet,that would otherwise be applied to ray tube. potentiometer, used to compensate for theearth's field, was heldBy properly adjusting this compensating Also, the effects ofthe spot was brought to the centerof the screen.As a constant during the entire test. constant Component was stray fields were eliminated;first, by using closelytest to determine whether the balanced, the deflector plates wereshort-circuited. Transformer Undertest If the spot remained stationary whenthis was done, no .1.1.1.1+1+11 A constant voltage was impressed onthe oscillograph. Primary Secondary The position of the compensatingpotentiometer and the Cathode -Ray Tut* battery in the circuit has no effect onthe oscillograph, but merely acts as an additional load onthe oscillator. As previously explained, the oscillographis very Potentiometer sensitive to stray fields, and in view ofthis fact, all rri+itrr Compensating Battery current -carrying leads were twisted.The leads from FIG. 4-CIRCUIT USED FOR DETERMININGAUDIO-FREQUENCY the switch or transformer to the oscillographshould be TRANSFORMER RATIOS USING THELOW-VOLTAGE CATHODE RAY as short as possible and nottwisted. The reason for this OSCILLOGRAPH is that at high frequencies, the charging currentdue to the capacitance of long twisted wires acts as aload on twisted parallel conductors forall current -carrying the tube from elec-the transformer when measuring the secondaryvoltage. circuits; and second, by shielding used, the The calibration varies with the anodeIt was found that if long twisted leads were trostatic fields. 2000 voltage and thus this voltage was heldconstant for allvoltage ratios were lower for frequencies above tests.For calibrating, the wave form of theappliedcycles. voltage should be a sine wave, and toobtain this as Several types of transformers were received and three practically elim-transformers which were considered to be representative nearly as possible, the harmonics were The ratio of transformer A inated with a filter as shown in Fig. 3.An oscillogramwere chosen for the tests. be awas 3 to 1; the core is of silicon steeland is extra large, of the voltage was made and showed the wave to pounds. sine wave with practically less than twothe entire transformer weighing very nearly five factor of practicallyTransformer B has a ratio of 2.7 to 1 and weighs about per cent deviation, and a crest Transformer C has a 1.414.The calibrating voltage was obtained from aone and three-quarters pounds. three-phase 220/127 -volt alternator.All instrumentsratio of 5 to 1, and weighs approximately two pounds.

used in making current and voltage measurements were 9 carefully calibrated against accurate standards. The connections used for measuring the transformer 7 ratios is shown in Fig. 4.As indicated in the diagram, 0 a battery "A" was connected through aresistance and a g5 milliammeter to the primary of the transformer.This battery supplied the component of direct current which 03 1 O is present in the primary of all audio -frequency trans- formers.The variable -frequency voltage was obtained from a Western Electric 8-A oscillator which had a 8 frequency range from 100 to 50,000 cycles and a good FREQUENCY"4 wave shape.The voltages at frequencies below 100 FIG. 5-VOLTAGE RATIO OF TRANSFORMERS TESTED, PRIMARY cycles were taken from an alternator driven at different CURRENT THREE MILLIAMPERES speeds so as to generate the frequency desired.The Curve 1 Transformer A Curve 2 Transformer B voltage wave of the alternator was practically a 'sine Curve 3 Transformer C wave.. A condenser, C 1 Fig. 4, was connected in series with the oscillator to prevent the direct current fromAll of these transformers are standard makes and are entering the oscillator circuit.To facilitate makingused extensively in radio work.Other 'information measurements, a double -pole double -throw switch wasregarding their construction was not available at the connected to the primary and secondary of the trans-time these tests were made. former and to the oscillograph, as shown in Fig. 4. From a study of the magnetization curves, (Fig. 1) The voltage drop due to the d -c. component in theand a general knowledge of the primary currents usu- primary of the transformer caused the electron streamally found in radio receivers, it was decided to use to be thrown entirely off the fluorescent screen, and con-currents of one, three, and five milliamperes for the sequently, some means had to be devised to compensatetransformer tests. 910 KLEV AND SHIRLEY: AUDIO -FREQUENCY TRANSFORMERS Journal A. I. E. E. In making allmeasurements, the value of current incurves would fall so close together, only one curve has the electromagnetproducing the compensating fieldbeen drawn, and points have been shown only for the was adjusted to thepredetermined value and heldother two curves.The curves seem to indicate that constant.The direct current inthe primary was thenthe degree of saturation has little effect on the trans- adjusted to the desiredvalue.As previously men-former ratio.However, the fact that these curves were tioned, the d-c. component of voltage in the primarytaken at degrees of saturation below the knee of the must be balancedso that the reading could be made in themagnetization curve must be considered, and these 8 results hold for such values only. Again referring to Figs. 5 and 6, thecurves indicate 7 that in all cases the points are uniform and closely follow the curve.This indicates not only that the 06 measurements were accurately made, but also that this method is satisfactory. L5 CONCLUSIONS >4 The major conclusions to be drawn from thisstudy are as follows: 3 1. The method hereoutlinedfordetermining 20 8 25 25 FREQUENCY -

FIG. 6-VOLTAGE RATIOOF TRANSFORMER A USING VARIOUS VALUES OF PRIMARY CURRENT - 0 Primary current -1 milliampere a Primary current -3 milliamperes + Primary current -5 milliamperes

center of the oscillographscreen.This was accom- plished by adjusting thepotentiometer across the compensating battery until thespot remained station- ary when the deflector plateswere short-circuited. kvoltage of theproper frequency was then applied to the primary of the transformerand its magnitude ad- N justed to give a reading of primaryand secondary 0 voltage on the workingrange of the fluorescent screen. In measuring the length of thedeflections, a piece of .5 thin paper was placedover the fluorescent screen and the maximum deflections of the visiblespot were marked for both primary and secondaryreadings.To be sure the readings were accurate, each readingwas checked. In a similar manner, other readingswere made using different frequencies and various degreesof core satura- tion for each transformer tested. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The curves, Fig. 5, show the voltage ratiosof trans- formers A, B, and C witha primary current of three FIG. 7-SCHEMATIC VIEW milliamperes.These curves show that inallcases OF THE CATHODE RAY TUBE the transformer ratios arevery good at frequencies be- Key,- V-Viewing screen tween 40 and 3000 cycles.The curves also show that P. Q.-Upper deflecting plates N. 0-Lower deflecting plates "peaks" occur within a range of frequencies from4000 A-Anode to 7000 cycles.Although each transformer hada S-Shield C-Cathode different ratio, transformer C (curve 3)seems to have E-Stream of electrons the best characteristics as the per cent increase inratio at 3000 cycles is less than for either of the othertwo. transformer voltage ratio issimple, direct, andaccu- However, transformer A (curve 1) is practicallyas goodrate.The error in making as transformer C in this respect. individual measurements is not more than one-half ofone per cent. The curves in Fig. 6 were made for transformer A to 2.After the circuit, isonce adjusted, measurements show the effects of saturation.Due to the fact that the can be made very quickly.With a little experience, 911 AUTOMATIC STATIONS Dec. 1929 5.. Below the knee of themagnetization curve, the two men can obtain datafor a curve in about 15 min. stray fieldsdegree of core saturation did notmaterially affect the 3.To insure a high degree of accuracy, of frequency from must be eliminated by doublingall current -carryingvoltage ratios over the entire range conductors; by using leads fromthe transformer to the20 to 10,000 cycles. possible, and by keep- The faculty of the ElectricalEngineering Depart- oscillograph which are as short as deserves mention for its ing them far apart; and byshielding the cathode rayment at Oregon State College field current andhearty cooperation in connectionwith this study. tube. Furthermore, the compensating McMillan, Associate the tube anode voltage must bemaintained at constantConsiderable credit is due F. 0. Professor of Electrical Engineering,and Messrs. A. L. values. transformers testedAlbert and E. C. Starr, Instructorsin Electrical Engi- 4.The results obtained from the assistance and many valuable indicate that the best working rangeis between 40 andneering,fortheir 3000 cycles per sec. suggestions. Abridgment of Automatic Stations ANNUAL REPORT OF THECOMMITTEE ON AUTOMATICSTATIONS tendency to take advantage of the economicalconstruc- To the Board of Directors: existence oftion possible with the use of automaticstations.It is This terminates the second year of the in station The field of action in which thisrela-still hard to realize the radical difference this committee. firmly rooted tively new committee finds itself is so broadand has soarrangement and set-up between the old automatic many inviting byways that it hasbeen difficult to out-manual system of operation and modern line the work.The engineering connectionwith theoperation. application of automatic control is so fascinating asto It is believed that one of the mostradical and eco- result. in so many new ideas being steadilydevelopednomical changes in station arrangement hasbeen the that sometimes the fundamentals are almostoverlooked.elimination of the continuous switchboard.When this In the following report, this committee attemptstois studied it is found that there is no longer anecessity outline some of the development and offer suggestionsfor assembling all of the control wiringfrom remote which are intended to benefit this branch oftheparts of a station at one point at the expenseof thou- industry. sands of feet of wire and conduit. and SCOPE The above is particularly true in a -c. substations hydro station applications where the details ofcontrol The scope of this work covers automatic, and partially be located as near the equip- automatic, generating stations and substations, thecan and properly should ment controlled as is consistent with goodfire protection committeehavingcompletejurisdictionoverall In addition,and safety.It is now becoming common to see control apparatus associated with such stations. panels located in various places throughout astation it has jurisdiction over systems of remote dispatching, consider- control, indications, etc., associated with the industry.close to the equipment controlled, thus saving The committee is interested in the dissemination of theable in wire, conduit, and hazard. knowledge and experience already gained in the design Another saving has been realized from the reduction and operation of such equipment and combinationsin size and, in some cases, the complete elimination of thereof, in order that this branch of the industry may beheating plantS. more fully developed. Ventilation has also been reduced, as in many cases a considerable amount of air over and above that actually ECONOMICAL CONSTRUCTION essential to station apparatus for the comfort of the The developments of the year indicate a generaloperating employes was required. COMMITTEE 0N AUTOMATIC STATIONS The problem of station location has been eased some- W. H. Milian, Chairman. P. H. Adams, H. C. Don Carlos, 0. Naef, what by the advent of automatic control, as stations can Caesar Antoniono, P. E. Hart, E. W. Seeger, L. D. Bale, Joseph Hellenthal, Roy M. Stanley, be located now in places where it would be almost 'im- 0. A. Butcher, Chester Lichtenberg, L. J. Turley, possible to keep operating men on the job on account of M. S Coover, S. J. Lisberger, P. Zogbaum. G. H. Middlemiss, the absence of what might be considered the amount of Presented at the Summer Convention of the A. I. E. E., Swamp -daylight, pure air, water, etc., necessary for the con- spoil, Mass., June 24-28, 1929. Complete copy upon request. tinuous maintenance of human beings. 912 \I TuNIATIcs'r.'rit)Ns I I I

R Est.:Awl I AND 1)EvKiA)emENT its successors with the earnest recommend:1f 111;11 Research during tilepast year has brought forwardthey carry itft rwari many improvements in detailedapparatus which are Inspect ion and maintenance of automatic plan contributing much to simplifythe problems of applica- may he catalogued into t wo general classifications, tions.Careful analysis of operatingrecords disclosedquality and quantity,depending entirelyupon thi the need ofmore simple means for the adjustment ofcontinuity of service expected and demanded of equipment to meeta wide range of applications, par-automalic plants and by the individual managements. ticularly for the calibration of relays.Much has been The word -maintenance" is used advisedly ;n, done in this connection with the result that not onlyof the fact that inspection and maintenanceare to, have improvements inrelays simplified matters ofclosely allied at times as to be almost inseparable. calibration, but by extendingthe range of applications, Past. and present experience as reported by the the number of types of relays required has beenre- various operating engineers seem to disclose the fact duced, thus greatly simplifying routine inspection andthat to properly function, automatic equipment should maintenance. be given casual and periodicalinspections.These Simplified and improvedsupervisory control andinspections vary according to the needs and conditions remote metering systems have been produced as a result.of the individual installation and the severity ofservice. of experience with several very successful schemes inThe casual inspections on metropolitan systemsas numerous applications. reported are made as often as two hours apart during' Some work has been done inthe development ofthe heavy hours of the day, and two or three daysaltar, devices for recording operations,quantities, etc., onon other systems and conditions. charts, but this appears to be one of the weakest points These inspections usually consist of observingthe in automatic development. functioning of equipment in service, overheatedcon- Simplified schemes of control forthe automatictacts, graphic chart clocks for time, inking, bearings, switching of rotating apparatuslooking toward reduc-overheating, ventilation, etc.For stations outside of tion in the number of movingparts are being tried out.,metropolitan districts the casual inspectionsare like- The economics of applicationare being given a greatwise reported as being made dailyon some systems, and deal of study.On a number of metropolitanstreetweekly on others, ranging in theaverage of two or three railway properties, the items ofpower consumptiontimes a week, with a tendency to makefewer inspections from the generating stations tothe car wheels are beingwhen the stations are equipped with supervisorycontrol. carefully analyzed.Operating voltages best suitedtoThe actual time required to makea casual inspection is given areas will be selected andmeans for automaticallymuch less than the traveling time. or remotely controlling the substationapparatus for proper adjustment of the voltage to operating conditions STANDARDS will be provided. Standards for Automatic Stations (No.26) were OPERATING REPORTS AND INSPECTION adopted and issued in 1928.It was realized that in view of the rapidprogress of this branch of the industry, The predecessors of this committee have stated thatit would benecessary to revise these standards from the art would advance much more rapidly if moretime to time. A subcommitteehas worked out some operating engineers would avail themselves the oppor-desirable changes whichare not sufficiently voluminous tunity at Institute meetings to tell, through papers, ofto warrant a revision of theStandards as published. their individual experiences and freelytaking part inhowever this committee willadd to this group of discussion.It is felt that in thisway the annualchanges from time to time, until reports of this committee will be it is felt that it is more representative.worth while to present themto the Standards Com- With this idea in mind,your committee has this yearmittee with recommendations. sent out questionnaires attempting to gatheroperating, maintenance, and inspection data froma wide field of BIBLIOGRAPHY experience covering a variety of applications. While With, the idea thata complete bibliography of these questionnaires may be considered a burden by"Automatic Station" literaturewould be of inestimable some, this committee feels that a large number of engi-value to the electrical engineer, neers are vitally interested in the subject and this committee published areas an appendix to its report of lastyear a complete willing to furnish the data requested to the end that thebibliography up to the dateof this report. art may be more universally applied and incidentally A supple- ment covering literaturepublished since the last report improved.Some answers to the questionnaire have and up to March 1, 1929is included as been received, but not a sufficient number to an appendix to present athis report.Acknowledgment and thanks recapitulation in the pages of this report. is hereby This com-given to the MainLibrary, of the General Electric mittee intends to turn this partly finished workover toCompany for this service. Abridgment of Production and Applicationof Light ANNUAL REPORT OF COMMITTEE ONPRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OFLIGHT*

To the Board of Directors: Street Series Lamps.There has been further stand- ardization of bulb sizes for street series lampswith INTRODUCTION resultant greater flexibility in manufacture andin use. The report of the Committee on Production and Aviation Lamps.The ideas of illuminating engi- Application of Light calls attention to the outstandingneers on the subject offloodlighting for aviation land- advancements and trends in the art of lightingbying fields crystallized during the year to the pointwhere electricity.Material used in the compilation has beenit was impossible to standardize a group of fourlamps furnished not only by members of the committee butfor this service.These are the 1500 -watt 32 -volt T-24, by other authorities in various fields. the 3000 -watt 32 -volt GT-38, the 5000 -watt 115-volt PRODUCTION OF LIGHT G-64, and the 10,000 -watt 115 -volt G-80 airport flood- As was the case a year ago, most of the developmentslighting lamps. in production of light during the past yearhave been Motion Picture and Sound Recording Lamps. The of the nature of improvements rather thanradicallyintroduction of motion pictures accompanied by sound required the development of a number of new tpyes of new devices or methods. incandescent lamps designed for use both in the studio INCANDESCENT FILAMENT LAMPS where the pictures are taken and in the projection StandardMultiple Lamps.The 60 -wattinside -apparatus.In the studio, in addition to the standard frosted lamp is now made in the A21 bulb, as is also thegenerallightinglamps,threehigh -wattage lamps 50 -watt.This simplification is of advantage not onlyespecially designed for this service are used. These are to the manufacturer but to the user. the 2000 -watt 115 -volt G-48 bulb spotlight, the 5000 - There has been brought out a 75 -watt inside -frostedwatt 115 -volt G-64 and the 10,000 watt 115 -volt G-80.

Rated aver. General application Volts Amperes Watts Bulb Base Filament life (hours) Night indication, including switch lamps, semaphores, wig -wag highway crossing and crossing gates 3.5 0.3 5-11 S. C. C-2 1000 10. 0.25 S-11 S. C. C-2 1000 13.5 0.25 S-11 S. C. C-2 1000 10. S-11 S. C. C-2 1000

Day and night indication including light sig- nals and highway crossingflashing signals 10. 5 S-11 S. C. C-2 1000 10. 10 S-11 S. C. C-2 1000 10. 18 S-11 S. C. C-2 1000 bulb lamp in the A23 bulb, having the same dimensions Colored Lamps.Light's Golden Jubilee, celebrated as the 100 -watt lamp. this year to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Special Multiple Lamps.The 10 -watt 115 -volt inincandescent lamp, is made more colorful by the use of the C91/1 bulb has been improved in appearance and ainside -colored lamps, a process developed during the new 25 -watt115 -volt T6 bulb lamp has beenyear.By this process, the coloring material is sprayed announced.This lamp is for use in showcase and otheron the inside of the bulb walls instead of on the outside. small reflectors. Thus the coloring materialisprotected from the Railway Signal Lamps.Several types of lamps haveweather,is rendered permanent and proof against been standardized by the Signal Section of the Americanfading or scratching, and the outside of the bulb is left Railway Association-these have the popular C-2smooth to retard the accumulation of dirt and permit filament form. easy cleaning. *PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF LIGHT: Bases,Sockets, andAdapters.Therehasbeen B. E. Shackelford, Chairman, Westinghouse Lamp Co., Bloomfield, N. J. W. T. Blackwell, H. H. Higbie, F. H. Murphy, brought up a mogul prefocused base, similar to the J. R. Cravath, C. L. Kinsloo, P. A. Rogers, medium screw base brought up on last year's report. W. T. Dempsey, A. S. McAllister, W. T. Ryan, Lewis Fussell, G. S. Merrill, W. M. Skiff, This is used for various spotlight lamps, floodlight G. C. Hall, P. S. Millar, C. J. Stahl, lamps, airplane headlight lamps and airway beacon L. A. Hawkins, G. H. Stickney. Presented at the Summer Convention of the A. I. E. E., Swamp- lamps.New vibration resisting adapters have been scott, Mass., June 24-28, 1929.Complete copies upon request. developed for use in lamp sockets in order to give still

913

22-116 014 PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION Or 1.101 IT Journal A. I.19.14. further protection tolamps burning under conditionsinterest in special lighting for specific jobs.Group of extreme vibration. lighting, a system in which the lighting units are located Voltage Standardization.It is common practise towith respect to the machine groups, has been adopted refer to the lighting circuitvoltage as "110 volts" butin a number of plants, especially those where the loca- it may surprisemany to learn that 110 -volt lampstion of the machine groups is fair'y permanent and comprised only 8.1per cent of the total number in thein which the direction of light desired is constant. 100- to 130 -voltrange sold during 1928.Approxi- The development of group lighting applications mately 48 per centwere rated at 115 volts and 39requires characteristic distributioncurvesoflight per cent at 120 volts.The remaining 5 per cent werewhich are necessary to obtain the greatest utilization scattered among the other voltages in thatrange. over any given area; more and more attention is being GASEOUS CONDUCTOR LAMPS paid to the control of light to fit these requirements. Mercury Arc Lamps.To meet the demand for in- COMMERCIAL LIGHTING dustrial lighting units givinga radiation more nearly Mention was made last year that installations de- equivalent to direct sunlight in the effecton generalsigned along modernistic lines were beginning to appear. health, mercury arc tubes have been madeup in forms The merchant is always in search of the new to attract identical with those used for industrial lighting, but incustomers, and it is natural that he is one of the first glass of slightly higher ultra violet transmission. to adopt the new school.The distinctive shops have The rapidly expanding field of application ofquartzgiven us some wonderful examples of the use of light mercury arcs in both therapeutic and health lightingfor decoration and even the department stores under has brought forth a variety ofnew types of arc, all ofconstruction are decidedly modernistic in feeling. them differing from older designs in minor mechani- The entrance and lobbies of the new office buildings cal details of construction andappearance only. Neon Lamps.Smaller electrodes are being usedare striking and generally lighted in such a way as to than were formerly thought possible and lamps oftake full advantage of the potentialities of present day light sources. higher current density are coming into greateruse. New color effects have been obtained bymeans of RESIDENCE LIGHTING filter glass tubing and by the use of differentgases. The modernistic trend in home lighting equipment Hot -cathode low -voltage and negative glow sockethas made a vast stride in the past year.American type of neon lamps have undergone further develop-manufacturers are offering many varieties of fixtures ment during the past year. closely resembling the designs which European artists Induction Lamp.The electrodeless discharge inhave been developing.Decorative portables,wall neon, in the form of an induction lamp, has undergonebrackets, and center luminaries are designed with development during the past year and is being usedpronounced geometric plane surfaces representing in experimentally as a light source for airway beacons.many instances an assembly of rectangles, triangles or A three -in. clear fused quartz bulb incloses the luminoussquares of various light colored tints, plain shades, gas.The lamp under operating conditions hasaand artistic mixtures.These glass planes not only brightness in excess of 40 candles per sq. cm. and whenconceal the lamps from general view but also diffuse used at the focus of a 36 -in. mirror, a beam candle-the light over a wide area, thereby creatinga quality of power of the order of 500,000 is obtained. illumination which engineers have been striving for Carbon Arc Lamps. A number of types of arc lampsyears to introduce into the American home for whole- using impregnated carbons has been placedon thesome lighting. market for therapeutic use.While some of these are Light Ornaments. A few yearsago the use of light of the cheapest construction, others are very well madesimply for decorationwas encountered only rarely. and provided with filtering glasses for properranges inNow one scarcely passesa single gift shop which does the ultra violet spectrum. not display one or more forms of lightornaments. Application of Light During the past year American manufacturershave INTERIOR ILLUMINATION developed some very commendable types. Theseuse cast Industrial Lighting.The past year has witnessed anfigures against lighted background, translucentcolored increasing acceptance on the part of production man-urns, cut crystal figures lighted from beneath, andeven agers of high levels of general illumination.Among thetranslucent porcelain. new lighting systems installed was a goodly number in MOTION PICTURE LIGHTING which 15 to 30 foot-candles of general illumination are . A census taken about the firstof February shows obtained; in some instances higher illumination valuesthat of some 60 or more pictures inthe process of being of 40 to 60 foot-candles over large areas have beenphotographed approximately 60per cent were being found economical. made with incandescent lamps,an increase from 25 Following closely upon the acceptance and installa-per cent as of July 1, 1928.The general practise of tion of these higher levels of illumination is an increasingthe studios has been to maketheir sound pictures 915 Dec. 1929 PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF LIGHT entirely with incandescent lamps and to restrictthethat a; marked advance not only in the amount oflight use of other illuminants to thesilent pictures. produced for street lighting but also in theskilful The Universal Studio has recently completed theapplication of that light is required before streetlighting filming of the picture "Broadway," taken from thepractise may be considered to be abreast of modern popular New York success of the same name.Therequirements. largest indoor set ever constructed was used for the The outstanding development in street lighting isthe cabaret scene.This scene,together withseveralincreasing recognition of the importance of a compre- others immediately adjacent and really becoming ahensive street lighting plan prepared in coordination single large set, was lighted entirely with 4800 incan-with city planning at large and particularly with regard descent lamps whose wattage totalled 3,900,000.Theto street traffic problems.The practise of classifying largest part of this energy was employed in regulationprojected street lighting plans by stating the illumina- motionpicturephotographiclightingequipment.tion required for streets of different character is also a There were, however, many thousands of lamps ofgrowing tendency which promises a more definite and lower wattage employed for decorative effects. scientific treatment in the future. It is coming to be recognized increasingly that the INSTALLATION STANDARDS only thoroughly satisfactory solution of the automobile For several years illuminating engineers have beenheadlighting problem is to provide street or highway feeling an increasing degree the limitation of inadequatelighting sufficiently to permit safe and expeditious transit wiring as an obstacle to the development of goodwithout the employment of powerful far-reaching head- lighting practise in commercial and industrial buildings.lights, and at least with depressed headlight beams. From a study of the problem it was concluded that thisIn the case of interurban highways, the problem of situation and other problems could best be met by co-providing fixed lighting is receiving much attention. operation on the part of central station lighting serviceWhere needed, enabling acts to permit counties and bureaus with architects.In forniulating a plan certainvillages to provide for highway lighting are being officials of the American Institute of Architects weresought. consulted with gratifying response.Therefore in the Fall of 1928 a committee of the National Electric Light TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTING Association started in on a program of constructive In the year 1928 much was done towards standardiza- effort.Two courses of instruction for central stationtion of traffic signals.The report of the Committee of lighting service the American Engineering Council on Street Traffic which pertinent technical information was reviewed.Signs, Signals, and Markings was finally finished and To express the adequacy features of wiring so that thehas been issued in pamphlet form.This report is very illuminating engineer may plan proper lighting a set ofcomplete and does a great deal to lead to standardiza- model specification paragraphs has been preparedtion of traffic signal practises.Very little change has containing some new features which facilitate checkingoccurred in traffic signals themselves since these had up on the wiring construction work. reached a very high state of development prior to 1928. A third phase of the program is a plan of advertisingDuring the year, however, traffic control apparatus to emphasize to architects the importance of goodtook another step forward in that practically all manu- lighting and to interest them in cooperation with thefacturers developed control apparatus for a full co- lighting experts of the central station companies. ordinated movement of traffic. Based on experience in Chicago, the Society for Portable Flasher.There is being brought out a port- ElectricalDevelopment has adopted asimplifiedable electric flasher designedprimarilyfortraffic method of planning and figuring the lighting installationwarnings where kerosene lanterns have been exten- in accordance with present-day standards.This issively used.It has, however, many other possible uses known as the Franklin Red Seal Lighting Specification,inconnection with both land and watertraffic. the rules being published in pamphlet form and provid-Although the initial cost of the beacon is considerably ing for all conditions ordinarily existing in that field.more than that of oil lantern, its maintenance cost is so EXTERIOR ILLUMINATION much less that in the long run, it provides the most Street Lighting.Street lighting practise is progress-economical warning signal. ing slowly but at a rate which with a few sporadic Automobile Headlighting.Committees of the Illu- exceptions is inadequate to meet the rigorous demandsminating Engineering Society and the Society of Auto- of modern high speed traffic.The average light outputmotive Engineers have been active during the past year of incandescent street series lamps sold during 1928wasconsidering such subjects as Specifications for Head-. 5.8 per cent higher than the output of such lamps soldlamp Mountings, Specifications for the Test of Rear during 1927 (Report of Lamp Committee, N. E. L. A.).and Signal Lamps, and Comments on the Existing This is one indication of progress, since theuse ofSpecifications for test of Headlamps of the dual beam larger lamps suggests improved street lighting.Yet ittype. is the general testimony of the best informed engineers The outstanding achievement during the past year in 916 PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF LIGHT Journal A. I. E: E.

motor car lighting has beenthe adoption of fixed -focus The retractable airplane headlight may be operated construction for headlamps.Various investigationson the retracted position with beam pointing downward have shown that theprincipal cause of glaring lightsfor pick-up and can also be used in any intermediate has been improper focusingof the lamps. position to forward, where it is usually held wheii con- SIGN LIGHTING tact is made with the ground.The fixed headlights are usually stream lights in the wings to reduce air re- The two schools of electricaladvertising sponsored by the National ElectricLight Association in thesistance. A smaller headlight with a 6 -in. reflector has Spring of 1928were so successful that it was decided tohas recently been developed using a 100 -watt 12 -volt A-19 bulb lamp with intermediate profocused base. try out local schools in thegeographic divisions.Three of these schools have alreadybeen opened, New EnglandThe subject of airplane headlighting is being studied by Division in Boston, Mass., GreatLakes Division ina committee of the Society of Automotive Engineers. Chicago, Ill., and East CentralDivision in Cincinnati, LIGHTING OF BRIDGES AND TUNNELS Ohio.Others are planned for the Fall.The Society Since the opening of the Holland Vehicular Tunnel for Electrical Development, ElectricalAdvertisingunder the Hudson River, a new standard for the light- Section, is bringing outa Plan Book suggesting methodsing of underground vehicular passageways has been by which publicutilities can stimulateelectricalestablished which is being followed by several similar advertising. installations, notably the Zion -Mount Carmel Tunnel Among the developments in sign lightingduring thein Utah and the Detroit Vehicular Tunnel between that past year, should be mentioned thenew S11 sign lampscity and Windsor. An item of interestmay be re- supplied in colors and with the intermediatescrew base,corded; namely, that higher intensities of roadway the so-called "Talking Signs" ina variety of sizes andillumination without glare speedsup traffic very the 'continued improvement ingaseous tube signs.materially and quite directly returns Some of the latter a greater revenue are used in combination with in-from the investments 'in the complete structure.This candescent lamps for very effective combinedsigns. same fact is now recognized in connection with bridge LIGHTING OF BUILDING EXTERIORS traffic as is also fairly well recognized thefact that Floodlighting is being usedmore extensively to bringbridge lighting should be of the order oftwo to three out the architectural beauty of offices and publicbuild-times the intensity of the connecting highways.The ings at night.In the larger citiesnew buildings arefloodlighting of bridge structures, especiallythe ap- generally erected with step -back constructionat theproaches thereto, has resulted ina considerable beautifi- higher levels and these offsets made theuse of flood-cation of water fronts incidentally affordinggreater lighting particularlyeffective.Architects are alsosafety to aviation pilots. showing a greater appreciation of the value offlood- lighting with the result that insome instances the UNDERWATER LIGHTING exterior lighting .of the buildings is consideredat the Considerable interest has been displayed inthe ap- time the designs for the buildingare made.Coloredplication of electric incandescent lampsto under water lighting is receiving more attention, and the combina-illumination.The 1000 -watt,115 -volt,G-40 bulb tion of color and motion in what has been calledmobilespecial diving lamp which isself-contained and de- color lighting is unfolding new possibilities forattrac-signed to be operated directly immersedin the water is tive night displays in building decoration.There is astandard equipment for all capital shipsin the U. S. very decided trend toward the use of colored lightingNavy.Luminous fountains have beenconstructed either with or without motion as this type of lightingwith light projectors mounted beneathwater -tight glass has much greater possibilities than theuse of plainplates or with separate water -tightself-contained pro- white light. jectors located in the wateror at the base of the foun- LIGHTING FOR AVIATION tain jets.Various types of equipmentare now avail- able, some consisting of lamps Beacons and course lights have been installedon mounted behind glass approximately 9000 mi. of the national airways by theplates, others being water -tight metalunits moulded in U. S. Department of Commerce, and about 2000 addi-the pool wall, and stillothers being water -tight tional miles will be lighted by the end of June, 1929.self-contained units operatingcompletely surrounded Where course lights are mounted on beacon towers,by water but located generallyin niches prepared for them in the pool wall. when no landing field is near by they are equipped with a red color screen; when a suitable landing area is INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONON ILLUMINATION in the vicinity, with an amber color screen. The last year wasa very important one for the U. S. During the past year there has been great activity inNational Committee, inasmuchas the American meet- equipping airports for night flying with a view to ob-ing of the International Commissionon Illumination taining an "A" rating from the U. S. Department ofwas held then. Commerce, which has issued Aeronautics Bulletin No. The commission hassome 15 technical committees, 16 explaining the requirements in detail. all of which met at SaranacInn and considered the 917 Dec. 1929 ILLUMINATION ITEMS recommendations and reports from variousnationalmittee: E. W. Beggs, H. S. Broadbent, R.E. Carlson, committees, with a view to formulatingrecommenda-R. W. Cost, C. Dick, S. G. Hibben, H.C. Rentschler, The technicalGeo. H. St. John, and R. L. Zahour of theWestinghouse tions for adoption by the commission. James M. papers at thismeeting covered a wide variety of sub-Lamp Company; R. E. Farnham and jects, the practical details of lightingpractise receivingKetch of the National Lamp Works ofthe General A. L. Powell a very large amountof attention. Electric Company; A. L. Broe, E. B. Fox, The proceedings of the meetingwhich are now beingand G. F. Prideaux of the Edison LampWorks of the printed will make a volume upwardof 1500 pages,General Electric Company; C. A. B. Halvorsonof the constituting a very notable summaryof the existingGeneral Electric Company, West Lynn, Mass.;H. P. state of the art and scienceof illumination not only inGage, of the Corning Glass Works; Loyd A.Jones of this country but throughout theworld. the Eastman Kodak Company; K. W. Mackallof the The next meeting of the commission,in 1931, is to beCrouse -Hinds Company; R. D. Mailey of theCooper the held in England. Hewitt Electric Company; S. R. McCandless of The committee wishes toacknowledge the coopera-School of Fine Arts, Yale University;and C. H. tion of the following men notmembers of the corn-Sharp of the Electrical Testing Laboratories.

ILLUMINATION ITEMS Submitted by the Committee on Production and Application of Light THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER AND LIGHT THERAPY W. C. KALB1

The popularity of the present sun -tan vogueand itsIt is as essential to life and health as food, water, or air. hearty endorsement by prominent membersof theNormal growth and development of the child demand medical profession point to the probability of thede-complete sunshine. mand for artificial sources of sunshine being permanent The electrical engineer is not concerned primarily rather than the fad of a day. with the application of light in the therapeutic sense;

GREEN YELLOW ORANGE RFD THERAPEU IC ULTRA VIOLET tONGFR WAVE ULTRA VIOLET VIOLET BLUE

150 -°------,,,---,----c :0,...,t,

,..._.

100 MODEI 1 i F r(NEADY

SUNSHINE LAMP

50

WAVELENGTH 0 IN 0 ANGSTROM-UNITS

2000 3000 4000 I 5000 6000 7000 EVEREADY SUNSETNE 11111.11.111.111111111eaMpreT,,,'",,,°,1, '177it'o'R.941f11111111111Ntittfl :illti4). NATURAL SUNLIGHT

Due to this fact there has been a marked stimulationthe treatment and cure of disease is essentially the of research with the purpose of producing artificialfunction of the physician, not of the engineer. How- sourcesofilluminationclosely approximating theever, electrical sources of illumination having been radiations received from natural sunlight.Through thefound to be the most practicable means of reproducing centuries, mankind has grown accustomed to sunshine. 1.National Carbon Company, Cleveland, 0. 918 ILLUMINATION ITEMS Journal A. 1.le,.le, all the bands of radiationfound in sunlight and evenradiant energy in wavelengths less than 2500 Angstrom rays of shorter wavelength valuable in light therapy,units to total radiant energy is greater than that for the electrical engineeris vitally concerned with theany of the other core materials here discussed. growth of knowledge in thisfield to the end of providing To produce a carbon emitting a high percentage of still more efficient light producing units. infra red rays, strontium is used in the core.The light Through the demand foran artificial source offrom the arc formed by this carbon is decidedly reddish sunshine to be used in the homeand a dependable sourcein color, and the quantity as well as the percentage of of ultra -violet radiation for use in light therapy, theinfra red radiation greater than that obtained fromany carbon arc has receiveda new stimulus.Instantlyof the other core materials. available at full intensity and freefrom loss of efficiency The foregoing statementsclearlyillustratethe with use, this type of illuminantis attracting marked attention. versatility of the carbon arc. By modifying thecom- position of the core many other variations are possible. Carbons used for light treatmentare almost invari-Experience, however, indicates that with the five types ably of the flame type.The outer shell of pure carbonof carbon electrodes here described it is possible to obtain is filled with acore of flame -supporting material and thepractically any distribution of radiant energy which the greater portion of the radiationcomes from the flamephysician may desire in the practise of light therapy. of the arc rather than the incandescenttips of the carbons. By varying the composition of thecore, the characteristics of the radiation emittedcan be modified. MOBILE COLOR LIGHTING AT BARCELONA EXPOSITION For the close reproduction of natural sunlight, cerium C. J. STAHL1 is used in the core of the carbon electrodes.The bare arc thus formed has a distribution of radiantenergy From the standpoint of mobile color lighting,the c ose to that of natural sunlight.Like all carbon arcs,International Exposition held thisyear at Barcelona, however, it emits somerays of wavelengths shorterSpain, is the most exquisite display of itskind ever than 2900 Angstrom units, the shortestrays reachingproduced.Itisparticularly interestingas to the us in natural sunlight.These can be screened out byquantity of colored light employed and theextent of the area over which coordinated using a suitable filter of special ultra -violettransmitting sequence is maintained, glass.The efficiency of thisarc for purposes of ir-In length, this area is approximately one-thirdof a mile. radiation and the similarity to the radiantenergy dis-and in width it averages 350 ft.Both as to colors tribution of natural sunlightcan be further increased byand intensities, this widespread synchronizedmobility is controlled through the use of a suitably designed reflector.The accom- a multiplicity of circuits which panying figure illustrates bymeans of curves and specto-appear hopelessly intricate until the systematic desing grams the distribution of radiant energy for naturaland arrangementsare understood.The apparatus, sunlight in comparison with that ofa cerium -coredto control automatically the changingcolors, (5000 -kw. carbon arc backed by a carefully designedchromiumconnected load), cost approximately$250,000.00 exclu- plated reflector and screened by_a filter of specialsive of freight, erection, wiring,or the electric distribu- ultra -violet transmitting glass. tion system. In the treatment of physical disorders thephysician The sloping expositionarea was transformed into makes use of ultra -violet radiations shorter thanthosea series of terraced gardens where luxurianttrees, found in natural sunlight as wellas infra red rays ofbeautiful flower beds, fountains,statuary, and cascades adorn the grounds. greater proportional intensity than that normalto sun- light.The carbon arc may be adapted to these special Throughout thisarea, the colored lighting display requirements by selecting suitable materials fortheis composed of the followingelements: composition of the core. 1. There is anaurora of searchlight beams from The use of iron in the core of the carbon electrodes24 to 36 in.; 150-ampere searchlights placed back of gives strong ultra -violet radiation in the band from2300the dome of the NationalPalace. to 3200 Angstrom units. A polymetalliccore com- 2.There are four cascadeswhich are illuminated in posed of iron, nickel, aluminum, and silicon is particu-mobile colors,so that the color seems to flow down like larly strong in the zone from 2700 to 3200 Angstromthe water that carries it;only more slowly. units.This embraces that band of rays which medical 3.There aremore than fifty fountains all fully il- authorities consider most effective in thecure and pre-luminated and controlledso that color changes may be vention of rickets as well as those rays having themostsynchronized with thechanging colors of the cascades. rapid action in producing pigmentation of the skin. 4.There are approximatelytwo hundred glass Cobalt in the core of the carbon gives considerable columns of various shapesand, in addition, manyurns, ultra -violet intensity from 3100 to 3500 Angstrom units, but its most striking effect is that the proportion of 1. Manager, IlluminatingEngineering Bureau, Westing- house Elec. & Mfg. Co., SouthBend, Ind. ILLUMINATION ITEMS 919 Dec. 1929 of which can be syn-lights.Many of these are of 200 -kw. capacity.They flower pots, and fire pots, most close to the load they con- chronized in like manner. are placed at remote points the National Palace over -trol.Motor -generator sets are used in connection with From back of the dome of the 200 -kw. reactors, the control beingeffected by towering the central area, an auroraof colored search- the heavens.As the aurorabringing the shunt -field circuit of the d -c. generator light beams fan out over to the dimming resistance plate at thecentral control radiates upward, the grounddisplay is a great stream of color consisting of thecascades, fountains, crystalstation. columns and various otherornamental shapes,all As resistance is cut out in the dimming cycle, the d -c. aglow with colored light which progressesthrough con-voltage of the motor -generator set increases and the secutive dimming and brightening sothat it seems todirect current delivered to the reactor by the motor - This decreases flow down the inclined central area.The effect is thatgenerator set therefore also increases. of a mammoth staircase, almosthalf a mile in length,the effective resistance of the reactor, which is connected illuminated with slowly moving wavesof color.Blue,in series with the primary winding of the 5600 -volt, lamp for example, starts from theNational Palace at the top50 -cycle transformers supplying energy to the and moves slowly down. Whenthe blue has gone 200circuits.When the current in the d -c. winding of the meters, the effect of a mixture ofred appears, graduallyreactor is at maximum, the secondary voltageof the changing to pure red.Green follows, and then white,supply transformers is at full normal voltage, and the which holds until the advancing colorshave reachedlights at full brightness. the lower end of the Avenida deAmericas, the time Space does not permit of a complete description of the consumed being twelve minutes. Bypressing a buttonBarcelona Exposition lighting here; a more detailed at the central -control station, theentire cycle is re-account was given at the Annual Convention ofthe peated.At this station, one or more artistssuperviseIlluminating Engineering Society, September 1929. the composition of the almost endlessvariety of color combinations, of which twenty may be set upin ad- TIE MOTOR VEHICLE LIGHT TESTING LABORATORY vance.Considering that the color panorama of the central area takes in four cascades, three largefoun- OF MINNESOTA tains and more than fifty small ones, as well as some two PROF. W. T. RYAN hundred or more glass ornaments, a mostbeautiful The regulations with respect to automobile head- effect in mobile colors is produced.Adding to this thelamps, included in the Uniform Traffic Act of the colored lighting of facades bounding the central areaState of Minnesota, have now been in force for over (which can be carried forward in steps to coordinatetwo years. with the mobile progressions) also the changing aspects The Department of Electrical Engineering of the of the fountains due to great flexibility in hydraulicUniversity of Minnesota established a testing labora- controls, we begin to picture a spectacle of supereminenttory which was designated by the Department of High- beauty. ways, as the official testing laboratory for theState of The floodlighting of facades, domes, and minarets isMinnesota where the manufacturer's samples are accomplished mostly by light directed upward.Thischecked to see that required specifications are met. Pro- creates shadows, and these, as well as small arches,fessor E. W. Johnson, Director of the Motor Vehicle niches, and other architectural indentures, are lightedLight Testing Laboratory, has served also as an adviser from concealed sources in soft contrasting colors toto the Department of Highways on questions relating accentuate the architectural embellishments both byto lamp specifications, testing, and approvals. depth and color contrasts.Yellow, red, and light green Samples from all of the principal manufacturing are used most.for this purpose. companies have been tested and the system is in active Where facades are illuminated in order to give theoperation. A start has been made also in the enforce- impression of interior life, the windows, doors and por-ment of the headlamp adjustment requirements of ticos are illuminated from the back, all in soft tonesthis law, but much remains to be done in that line. harmonizing with the lighting of the facades. Improvement is apparent, however, in night driving Stone incense pots showing colored vapors are alsoconditions, although really only a beginning has as yet employed at certain locations.In general, green andbeen made. One large contributing factor is the decided light blue colors for static effects of considerable dura-improvement in the quality of the headlamps coming tion are preferred to deep reds;orange and gold,in on the new cars.The worst offender among old however, are not lacking.All elements are softlyones, some of which could not be adjusted to give a illuminated with diffused light, avoiding unpleasantgood driving light and others exceedingly sensitive to glare.The qualities of comfort, mystery, elusivenessfocal adjustment, are gradually disappearing. and colossalism are outstanding. *Professor, Electrical Power Engineering University of Minne- In general, reactors are employed for the dimming ofsota Minneapolis, Minn. INSTITUTEAND RELATED ACTIVITIES The 1930 Winter Convention LIVE TECHNICAL SUBJECTS AND ENJOYABLE ENTERTAINMENT ARE ON PROGRAM One of the most interestingtechnical programs ever offeredExtinction of a Long A -c. Arc, J. Slepian, Westinghouse Electric by the A. I. E. E. will be presentedat the 1930 Winter Convention & Mfg. Co. to be held in New York, January 27-31. Use of Oil in Arc Rupturing with Special Reference to System Other attractive features which will make thisa most enjoyable Stability, B. P. Baker and H. M. Wilcox, Westinghouse convention are also being planned.These include inspection Electric & Mfg. Co. trips, a lecture, the Edison Medalpresentation, a smoker, and a dinner dance. JOINT SESSION WITH ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY The technical papers willcover the subjects of protective January 27-8:15 p. m. devices, power -system planning, field investigationof lightning, Production and Control of Ultra Violet Radiation, M. Luckiesh, transoceanic telephony and telegraphy, dielectrics, welding,and National Lamp Works of General Electric Co. electrical machinery. An Ultra Violet Light Meter, H. C. Rentschler, Westinghouse A special program for the ladies-sightseeing tours,shopping Lamp Co. trips, teas, card partie.s, etc.,-is being arranged bythe Ladies Entertainment Committee. SESSION ON POWER SYSTEM PLANNING Reduced railroad rates on the certificate plan will be in force; January 28-10:00 a. m. under this plan the round trip will cost onlyone and a halfSystem Connections and Interconnections in Chicago District, times the single fare.In order that this special rate may be G. M. Armbrust and T. G. Le Clair, Commonwealth Edison Co. obtained, everyone going to the Convention shouldsecure a certificate from his local ticket agent.The return trip must Fundamental Plan of Power Supply in the Detroit District, S. M. have the same routing as used in attending the Convention and Dean, Detroit Edison Co. there are certain other restrictions whichmay be learned fromFundamental Plan of Power Supply in the Philadelphia Area, local ticket agents. Raymond Bailey, Philadelphia Electric Co. As tentatively arranged the schedule of events is given below: Turbine -Governor Tests at Colfax Power Station, T. C. Purcell and A. P. Hayward, Duquesne Light Co. TENTATIVE PROGRAM OF WINTER CONVENTION Controlling Power Flow with Phase -Shifting Equipment, W. J. MONDAY, JANUARY 27 Lyman, Duquesne Light Co. 10:00 a. m.Registration 2:00 p. m.Session on Protective Devices SESSION ON SELECTED SUBJECTS 8:15 p. m.Joint Session with Illuminating Engineering Society January 28-2:00 p. m. on Ultra Violet Radiation The Units of the Magnetic Circuit, A. E. Kennelly, Harvard TUESDAY, JANUARY 28 University 10:00 a. m.Session on Power System Planning The Calculation of Induced Voltages in Metallic Conductors, H. B. 2:00 p. m.Session on Selected Subjects Dwight, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 8:00 p. m.Smoker with Entertainment Induced Voltage of Electrical Machines, L. V. Bewley, General Electric Co. WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 29 Design and Application of a Cathode Ray Oscillograph with. 10:00 a. m.Session on Lightning Investigations Norinder Relay, 0. Ackerman. Westinghouse Electric & 2:00 p. m.Inspection Trips Mfg. Co. 8:30 p. m.Edison Medal Presentation and Lecture SESSION ON LIGHTNING INVESTIGATIONS THURSDAY, JANUARY 30 January 29-10:00 a. m. 10:00 a. m.Session on Transoceanic Communication Résumi of 1929 LightningInvestigations,Subcommittee on 2:00 p. m.Session on Welding Lightning, of Committee on Power Transmission and Session on Dielectric Distribution 7:00 p. m.Dinner Dance Cathode Ray Oscillograph Studies of Lightningon Transmission FRIDAY, JANUARY 31 Lines, J. H. Cox and Edward Beck, WestinghouseElectric 10:00 a. m.Session on Electrical Machinery & Mfg. Co. 2:00 p. m.Session on Electrical Machinery Surge Characteristics of Insulators and Gaps,J. J. Torok, West- The technical papers deal with very live topics.The papers inghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. selected have been chosen from a very large number which wereLightning Voltages on Transmission Lines, R. H.George, Purdue available.The following is a tentative selection of the papers University and J. R. Eaton, ConsumersPower Company to be presented. Study of Traveling Waveson Transmission Lines with Artificial SESSION ON PROTECTIVE DEVICES Lightning Surges, K. B. McEachron andW. J. Rudge, General Electric Co., and J. G. Hemstreet,Consumers January 27-2:00 p. m. Power Co. Metal -Clad Switchgear at Stale Line Station, A. M. Rossman, Lightning Investigation on 220-1Cv. Systemof Pennsylvania Power Sargent & Lundy, Inc. and Light Co., Nicholas N. Smeloff,Penn. Power & Light Development of the New Autovalve Arrester, J. Slepian, R. Tan - Co., and A. L. Price, General ElectricCo. berg and C. E. Krause, Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Lightning Investigationon Ohio Power Co. System, F. W. Peek, Thyrite, A New Material for Lightning Arresters, K. B. McEach- General Electric Co. and PhilipSporn, American Gas & ron, General Electric Co. Elec. Co. 920 ACTIVITIES 921 Dec. 1929 INSTITUTE AND RELATED The chairmen of the subcommittees are,respectively: Enter- SESSION ON COMMUNICATION tainment, J. B. Bassett; Inspection Trips,F. Zogbaum; Dinner - January 30-10:00 a. m. Dance, C. R. Jones; Smoker, G. J.Read, and Ladies Entertain- The Post -War Decade inSubmarine Telegraphy, I. S. Coggeshall, ment, Mrs. G. L. Knight. Western Union Telegraph Co. Transocean TelephoneService-General Aspects, J. J. Pilliod, American Telephone & TelegraphCo. District Meeting in Chicago Short -Wave Radio TransoceanTelephone Circuits the Drake Hotel in Chicago Radio Circuits, The three-day District Meeting at (a)Transmission Features of Short -Wave December 24 has a splendid programfor both members and R. Brown, American Telephone &Telegraph Co. students.Complete detail's of the meeting wereannounced Technical Features of the New Short-Wave Radio Station 843. No extensive (b) Oswald, Bell Telephonein the November issue of the JOURNAL page of the Bell System, A. A. announcement is given in this issue asthe meeting will be in Laboratories, Inc. reaches most of the membership. -Wave Radio Systems,progress before the issue (0) Plan and Construction of Short F. A. Cowan, American Telephone &Telegraph Co. SESSION ON WELDING World Engineering Congress,Tokyo January 30-2:00 p. m. The American delegation to theTokyo Congress arrived in Doan, Lehigh Univ. Japan October 22 and 28 after anexceedingly interesting voyage Cathode Energy of the Iron Alt, G. E. President Jackson, Korea Maru Resistance Welding, B. T. Mottinger,Federal Machine & Welderacross the Pacific on the steamers and Empress of France.Japanese reception committees welt Co. arrival at the various Electrically Welded Structures under DynamicStress, Morris Stonecorned the Americans and expedited their & Mfg. Co. Hotels to which they were destined. and J. G. Ritter, Westinghouse Electric reception at the Imperial Welding with the Carbon Arc, J. C. Lincoln,Lincoln Electric Co. The Congress opened with an official Hotel Tokyo, on Monday evening October28th. SESSION ON DIELECTRICS The official opening of the Congress sessionsoccurred on the January 30-2:00 p. m. morning of October 29, the opening address beinggiven by His by addresses by Conductivity of Insulating Oils, J. B.Whitehead and R. H.Imperial Highness, Prince Chiehibu, followed the Prime Minister of Japan, Baron Furnichi,"President of the Marvin, Johns Hopkins University the various Behavior of Dielectrics, R. R. Benedict,University of WisconsinCongress, and short addresses by representatives of H. Moon, and A. S.National delegations. Three Regions of Dielectric Breakdown, P. separate sec- Norcross, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology The technical papers were presented in twelve tions covering various subjects.The total number of papers Ionization Studies in Paper -Insulated Cables-III,C. L. Dawes authors from School listed in the program comprised several hundred by and P. H. Humphries, Harvard Engineering all parts of the world, making it necessary tohold ten sessions Johns Hopkins High -Voltage Corona in Air, S. K. Waldorf, of the Congress simultaneously.The Tokyo Sectional Meeting University of the World Power Conference was held in conjunctionwith the that two ses- SESSION ON ELECTRICAL MACHINERY Congress, with a technical program so extensive sions were conducted simultaneously eachday. January 31-10:00 a. m. The social events, excursions, etc., were so numerousthat Loading Transformers by Temperature, V. M.Montsinger, here mere mention only is possible.They included dinners, General Electric Co. luncheons, teas, garden parties, and other hospitalitiesfor which Recommendations for Safe Loading of Transformers by Tempera-the Japanese are noted. Many events werearranged particu- ture, W. M. Dann, Westinghouse Electric &Mfg. Co. larly for the ladies in attendance.Some of the functions of Tap Changing Under Load for Voltages and Phase -AngleControl, particular interest were a reception at the PrimeMinisters official H. B. West, Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. residence, a tea party and "No" dance at BaronMitsui's resi- Telephone Interference from A -c. Generators Feeding Directly on dence, a garden party given by Prince and PrincessChiehibu at Line with Neutral Grounded, J. J. Smith, General Electric Co. the Imperial Gardens, a luncheon given by the Mayor ofTokyo, a garden party at the residence of Baron Iwasaki, and many Grounding Impedance, K. K. Palueff, General Electric Co. others scheduled for the remaining days of the Congress. SESSION ON ELECTRICAL MACHINERY The American Committee gave a dinner on October 31, at January 31-2.00 p. m. which the guests included Their Imperial Highnesses the Prince and Princess Chiehibu and the delegates of all other countries Generalized Theory of Electrical Machinery, Gabriel Kron, Lincoln represented at the Congress.The total attendance exceeded Electric Co. 700.Addresses were given by Chairman Sperry of the American Quiet Induction Motors, L. E. Hildebrand, General Electric Co. Committee, Doctor F. B. Jewett and George Otis Smith. Transient Torque-Angle Characteristics of Synchronous Machines, At this writing, the Congress program is about half completed. W. V. Lyon and H. E. Edgerton, Massachusetts Institute ofAfter adjournment on November 7, the delegates and guests will Technology participate in various excursions to places of engineering and Starting Performance of Salient -Pole Synchronous Machines, scenic interest in Japan, Manchuria, China and elsewhere; a T. M. Linville, General Electric Co. considerable number will continue their journey around the Ventilation of Revolving -Field Salient -Pole Alternators, C. J. world. Fechheimer, Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Inquiries regarding the technical program and the availability Synchronous Machines, V, (Three -Phase Short Circuit), R. E. of copies of the papers presented may be addressed to Mr. Doherty and C. A. Nickle, General Electric Co. Maurice Holland, Secretary of the American Committee of the Congress, 29 West 39th St., New York. Committees Information relating to the technical papers presented at the The 1930 Winter Convention Committee is as follows: H. P.World Power Conference may be obtained from Mr. 0. C. Charlesworth, Chairman; J. B. Bassett, S. P. Grace, C. R. Jones,Merrill, Chairman American National Committee, World Power H. A. Kidder, G. L. Knight, E. B. Meyer, and C. E. Stephens.Conference, 917 15th St., N. W., Wishington, D. C. 922 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Journal A. I. E. E.

Numerical integration of differential equations, Dr. T. H. Gron- ENGINEERING FOUNDATION wall, Physics Department, Columbia University.

1 L., ...... Plasticity and related problems of non -rigidbodies,Dr. A. VISIT OF PROFESSORALBERT VAN HECKE OF LOUVAIN Nadai, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company UNIVERSITY (formerly Professor of Applied Mechanics, University of Got- As a fellow of the C R BEducational Foundation, Professor tingen. Albert Van Hecke, head of theCivil Engineering Department of Analytic determination of flux plots, Mr. R. H. Park, En- Louvain University, is visitingEngineering Foundation and hisgineering Department, General Electric Company. other friends in the United States.He proposes to spend several Problems in elasticity, Professor S. Timoshenko, University weeks in study of recent advancesin engineering research and of Michigan (formerly with Westinghouse Electric and Manu- practise in this country, his itineraryincluding Columbia Uni-facturing Company. versity, University of Illinois,Massachusetts Institute of Tech- The meetings will be held in the new Packard Laboratory for nology, Princeton University andmany others. By invitation electrical and mechanical engineering, a building which sets anew he will participate in the celebrationof the 175th anniversarystandard in equipment for teaching and research in engineering. of Columbia University;as the guest of Colone Arthur S. Dwight, Following the Symposium on Mathematics in Engineering,on a former Trustee of the University, he will attend the alumniSaturday evening, December 28, there will be a conferenceon dinner. the general topic of the establishment of a Journal in Applied On Dr. Van Hecke's arrival in New YorkOctober 21st he was Mathematics. taken to the Edison celebration at MenloPark as the guest of 'Doctor Edward Dean Adams, Past-President of the Edison Pio-New York Section Meetings of Illuminating neers and Honorary Member of Engineering Foundation. Doctor Engineers Adams was also Chairman of the Louvain LibraryWar Memorial At the December 12th meeting to be held in one of thenewer to American Engineers. On the evening of October 22ndDoctor Van Hecke was the guest of honor hotels in New York City, The Modern Trend in Home Lighting at a dinner given at the Cen- will be discussed.Special arrangements are being made to make tury Association by Alfred D. Flinn, Director of Engineeringit of particular interest to the ladies, with an exhibit of Foundation and Secretary of the War Memorial some Committee, for most recently developed types of equipment. members of the Committee and delegates to thededication of the Library. The January 9, 1930 meeting will be on Inspection of Novel Color Cove Lighting Installation in Main Ball Room at the Hotel Professor Van Hecke is assisting also in developingAmerican St. George, Brooklyn, N. Y. interest in the Steel Construction Congress to be held F. J. Cadenas will demonstrate in Liege, and explain the installation and M. Messner of Bing and Bing Belgium, the latter part of the summer of 1930. TheAmerican Corporation will speak on decorating with colored lightingver- Society of Civil Engineers and the American Instituteof Steelsus paint and fabric. Construction will participate in the Congress through theatten- dance of delegates and the presentation ofpapers and addresses. iiiiiiiiiiiiiii I iiiiiiiiiiiii 141111461111.111111.1111111.1 iiiiiiiiiiii 111.11 iiiiiiii tRIS This Congress is a part of the celebration of the 100thanniver- STANDARDS

American Committee World Power Symbols for Photometry and Illumination Conference A revision of the Symbols for Photometry and Illumination The American Committee of the World Power Conference will has been drawn up by a subcommittee of the SectionalCom- give a dinner in honor of Doctor 0.von Miller, Honorary mittee on Scientific and Engineering Symbols andAbbreviations President of the Second World Power Conference, Saturday.working under the procedure of the American StandardsAssoci- ation. December 7th, at the Metropolitan Club, New York City. The present Section of the A. I. E. E. StandardsNo. 37, Doctor von Miller is in the United States to discuss plans withentitled "Illuminating Engineering Nomenclatureand Photo- metric Standards" contains the list of symbolsof which this prominent engineers and business men for the participation ofreport is a revision. this country in the World Power Conference to be held in Berlin, No. 37 was prepared under the directionof June 16-25. 1930. the Illuminating Engineering Society and becamean American Mr. Henry J. Pierce; Vice -Chairman of the American Com-Standard in 1925.The proposed revision was approved by the mittee, is in charge of arrangements here for the entertain-Board of Directors of the Institute,one of the sponsors at their ment of Doctor von Miller, who is a Director of the Allgemeine meeting of October 18th.As soon as approval of the revision as an American Standard is obtained a revised edition ofNo. 37 Elektrizitiits Gesellschaft, and the founder and organizer of thewill be issued. German Museum for natural and technical science in Munich. Navigational and Topographical Symbols Special Symposium at American Mathe- A report on Navigational and TopographicalSymbols has been matical Society Meeting submitted for approval bya subcommittee of the Sectional Committee on Scientific and Engineering Among the special features of the Thirty -Sixth Annual Meet- Symbols and Ab- breviations.This report is identical with the symbolscovered ing of the American Mathematical Society to be held at Lehigh by the chart "Standard Symbols University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, December 26-28, 1929, Adopted by the Board of Surveys and Maps, United States ofAmerica," edition of 1925 are two sessions devoted to an Engineering Symposium withexcept as follows: That the symbols some of the most distinguished research engineers participating. for Aerial Navigation be superseded by those adopted bythat Board in 1928; and that The general topic chosen is Differential Equations of Engineeringthe abbreviations for and it is proposed that at each of the sessions on Saturday three use on military maps be omitted.The report of the subcommittee includedsome recommendations of a half-hour papers be given by men eminent in their respective minor nature, particularly with fields. The following is a list of the papers proposed : regard to miscellaneous informa- tion shown on map.The report was approved by theInstitute The problem of diffusion, Professor H. W. March, Universityas one of the joint sponsors by action of the of Wisconsin. Board of Directors on October 18th.For details of report inquiryshould be made Integraphs for differential equations, Professor Vannevar Bush,through the headquarters of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. the American Standards Associa- tion, (Dr. P. G. Agnew, Secretary),33 West. 39th St., New 923 Dec. 1929 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES sideration and criticism.Copies of the report may be purchased York, N. Y.Copies of the chart of Standard Symbols maybe obtained through the U. S. GeologicalSurvey, Washington, at a cost of 25 cents from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. D. C.Price 40 cents. National Electrical Code Approved The 1929 edition of the NationalElectrical Code has been Faraday Electromagnetic Centenary approved as an American Standardby the American Standards Arrangements initiated by the Royal Institution for the cele- Association.The technical provisions of the newedition are not bration of the Centenary of Faraday's discovery of electromag- materially changed although certain newpractises have securednetic induction have already been announced. At a representa- recognition.Copies of the code can be obtainedthrough thetive meeting held at the House of the Institution on February National Fire Protection Association,109 Leonard St., New5th, 1929 the formation of two committees was agreed to, and York, N. Y. these committees are now at work. The first, consisting of rep- Protection of Electrical Circuits andEquipment Againstresentatives of the Royal Society, the British Association, and Lightning other scientific societies, as well as the Royal Institution, is con- For a number of years, through themedium of a Sectionalcerned with the purely scientific aspects of Faraday's work in Committee organized under the procedureof the Americanrelation to the proposed celebrations; the second committee Standards Association, the A. I. E. E. andthe Bureau of Stand-which has been called together by the Institution of Electrical for Protection Engineers consists of representatives of the principal organiza- ards have been engaged in developing "Standards tions of those industries which have risen in the past hundred ofElectricalCircuits and Equipment Against Lightning." The preliminary report of the SectionalCommittee has just beenyears upon the scientific foundation of Faraday's discoveries published by the Department of Commerce asMiscellaneous and is dealing with the industrial aspects of the celebrations. Publication No. 95 of the Bureau of Standards.The protection The two committees are worldng in close cooperation; the pre- of persons, buildings, oil tanks, etc., hasbeen dealt with in theliminary discussions which have taken place indicate that the "Code for Protection Against Lightning" whichis already ansignificance of the Centenary is very widely appreciated and that approved American Standard.Originally,it was intended the celebrations are likely to arouse world-wide interest and sup- that in addition to the material in this Code thereshould beport.The dates have now been fixed and -the proceedings will additional facts dealing with the protection of power andrailwaycommence in London on Monday, September 21st, 1931.Fur- circuits and equipment.Present practise in these fields has not ther, an intimation has been received from the British Associa- however crystallized to the point where it is felt thatdefinite tion that their Centenary Meeting will be held in London during standards could be set up.Nevertheless, the committee col-the week commencing September 23rd, 1931.These two Cen- lected information as to methods of protection now in vogueandtenaries, with important electrical conferences and other events practises which have been found satisfactory.This preliminarywhich are to take place about the same time, will thus conjoin report has therefore been issued not only to make availablethe to make the year 1931 a memorable one in this and every country material therein, but of presenting the present results for con- where the genius of Faraday has borne fruit.

iiiii till iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 1111,111101.001 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ...... t ...... 111 ..... I ..... 1.1111 ...... I ...... 1111111111111111111111 ...... it II iiiii 11111111111111111111,11111111111111111110111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111/11111 iiiii 1111 iiiiii 11.011.01ml iiiii iiiiiii lit iiiii American Engineering Council

ANNUAL MEETING RECOMMENDS ENGINEERS FOR INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION It was decided that the annual meeting of American Engineer- ing Council would be held in Washington, D. C., January 9-11, As a matter of policy, the question of securing engineering representation upon the International Joint Commission came 1930. up for consideration.Council voted to authorize and instruct the Executive Secretary to do what in h s judgment seemed best A. E. C. MAPPING PROGRAM to accomplish the appointment of civilian engineers on this Pursuant to the instructions of the Administrative Board of Commission. American Engineering Council, the Executive Secretary had conference with the Secretaries of Commerce and Interior andTWO -HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF BIRTH OF FIRST the Director of the Bureau of the Budget for the purpose of point- ENGINEER PRESIDENT ing out to them the need of an increased appropriation for the A special committee composed of Lieutenant -Colonel U. S. topographic and water resources work of the U. S. Geological Grant, 3rd; Colonel C. H. Birdseye; Dean A. N. Johnson; Colonel Survey, and also for the Hydrographic Branch of the Coast andD. H. Sawyer; A. G. Bruce, and J. C. Hoyt, have carefully stud- Geodetic Survey Branches.Those conferred with were keenly ied the various projects offered as a possible means of engineering aware of the value of such work and the necessity of expeditingparticipation in the celebration of the two hundredth anniver- it, and expressed a desire to do what they could to bring about ansary of the birth of George Washington, the first engineer enlargement of the work. President of the .United States. This committee brought in four Following an interview with Secretaries Wilbur and Lamont, proposals, two of which received the endorsement of Council. President Hoover issued a statement saying that a program hadThe first was the endorsement of the Cramton bill (H. R. 26) been perfected by the Secretaries of Interior and Commerce which provides for the acquisition, establishment, and develop- under which topographic coast and geodetic surveys of the United ment of the George Washington Memorial Parkway along the States are to be completed within 18 years, instead of 20 years asPotomac from Mt. Vernon and Fort Washington to the Great originally planned. The program will be made effective in thisFalls, and the acquisition of lands in the District of Columbia, year's budget.It is estimated that it will cost $1,000,000 moreand Virginia requisite to the comprehensive park and play- annually to expedite the surveys.This would seem to indicateground system of the National Capital.This bill embodies a that the present administration is cognizant of the need of ex- broad and constructive vision of a park system which will place pediting the topographic survey program and that the provisions Washington in a most favorable position in comparison with of the Temple Act are being taken seriously. great European capitals. 924 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Journal A. I. E. E. The AdministrativeBoard voted that Council the engineering recommend to mittee on Military Affairs and a bill has beenintroduced into profession as an appropriateparticipation in the celebration of the the Senate (S. 1883) carrying the provision requestedby the ad- two hundredth anniversaryof the birth ofministration. Washington, andas a tribute to and memorial of Secretary Good pointed out that in view ofthe the Engineer, that Washington, increasing responsibilities of the Corps in connectionwith flood the profession undertaketo repair sufficiently to preserve the structures control projects and river and harbor works, andbecause of the of the so-called "Pawtowmack Canal," increasing need for unbroken administrative direction which canal is aboutone mile long, embracing five locks in par- con- ticular projects, that it would serve the public interestto permit structed under thepersonal supervision of Washingtonfor the purpose of passing around the the assignment of engineer officers to publicworks for such per- Great Falls of the Potomac River. iods as necessary to complete them.Ordinarily such details The only structuresnow in existence known to have been the work of the first engineer would not extend beyond the four-year periodand very few officers President of the United States. would be affected.Furthermore the proposed legislation would ST. LAWRENCE WATERWAY be without cost to the Government. Theadvantage of securing The question of the St. continuity of ministration in the large civilprojects entrusted Lawrence Waterwayarose throughby Congress to the Corps of Engineers would, consideration of S. J. Res.37 and H. R. 733, the former in the opinion of propos- the Secretary of War bea substantial one.This is exactly the ing to state the positionof the United Statesas endorsing the contention which representatives of AmericanEngineering development of the St. Lawrencefor ocean-going vessels, and the latter providing for Council have continually made to Congressin hearings on the a definite deep waterway for ocean-goingquestion of the establishment of vessels from the Great Lakesto the Atlantic by way of the St. a Department of Public Works. Lawrence River and Welland Canal. Council favored thesetwo PLEA FOR FOREST CONSERVATION bills in principle, andrecommended the appointment of civilian engineers as well as Army A delegation of individualsrepresenting organizations inter- engineers on the commissionrecom-ested in forest conservation called mended by the twomeasures. on President Hoover October 30 and presented a plea for increasedappropriations for forest CONSULTING ENGINEERS FOR conservation workThe delegation was headed byGeorge D. GOVERNMENT SERVICE Pratt, President of the American H. R. 4195 proposes toauthorize the employment of consult- Forestry Association. Ameri- ing engineers for the Air Corps, can Engineering Council was represented byL. W. Wallace, Ex- Chemical Warfare, and Ordnanceecutive Secretary Departments. The maximumsalary payable is $50 per diem. Council endorsed the Public Mr. Pratt, speaking to PresidentHoover on behalf of the dele- Affairs Committee's recommenda-gation said, "These laws cannot tion that the same action betaken in connection with this billas become effective unless theap- with the bill of similar propriations authorized are granted bythe Bureau of the Budget, nature relating to employment ofcon- the laws to which I referare; sulting engineers for reclamationwork,-namely, that the bill 1. The Clarke-McNary Act with be approved in principle but with authorized appropriations of82,700,000;2. The Woodruff- the comment that the rates ofMcNary Act, with authorized compensation provided are not thoseat which competent con- appropriations of $8,000,000; sulting opinion is obtainable-and unappropriated balance $4,000,000.3. The McSweeney-McNary if secured by the Govern-Act, with authorized appropriations ment at the rates provided in the bill,it will be at the personal of $:3,575,000."

STUDY OF AIRPORTS CONSIDERED PERSONAL MENTION

The Committee on Researchrecommended that Council make .....aamermomm.usG a cooperative study with the Bureau of Aeronautics,Department ROBERT J. HAXCHETT has of Commerce, on the subject of airports. recently organized the Southern This recommendationElectric Works, Inc., 1167East 63d Street, Los Angeles,Califor- was given careful consideration by a special committeecomposed nia, of which he is President of 0. H. Koch, H. E. Howe, George T. and Consulting Electrical Engineer. Seabury, R. C. Marshall, E. P. Dittos has justbeen made Vice -President inCharge of Jr., J. L. Harrington, which recommended"that a committee beSales of the E. Y. Sayer appointed to confer with the Bureau Engineering Corporation, New York, of Aeronautics to work outN. V.Previously Mr. Dillonwas Manager of the Research a plan whereby the Bureau and American EngineeringCouncil Corporation. may cooperate in formulating a report for the generalinforma- M. A. .MULVANY has tion and guidance of public bodies resigned the position of RadioEngineer into the diversibility and (civilian) with the Navyat Pearl Harbor, to become Chief importance of engineering problems in the Engi- design of airports."neer and Director of Radio for theAdvertising Publishing Co. This recommendation was adopted by Council. Limited, of Honolulu, T. H. SYLVAN HARRIS, identified ADVISORS FOR ROSENWALD MUSEUM with radio engineering for nearly ten years, has joined theengineering staff of Fada Radio, and Walter Kaempffert, Director of theRosenwald Industrialhas been assigned by F.A. D. Andrea, President of Museum of Chicago, has requested Council's that com- cooperation in thepany, to special research workin the Fada Laboratories in Long establishment of this museum. The AdministrativeBoard ap-Island City. proved the Executive Committee's recommendationthat Council D.MeEviitAs MOORE, Fellow accept the invitation of the officers of the Rosenwald of the Institute and Research Museum, Engineer of the GeneralElectric Companyon November 5th and designate one or two advisors for theMuseum's board ofdelivered an address directors. on Gaseous Conduction toa very much interested audience at theLehigh University Chapterof the Society of the Sigma Xi,of which is is a member. RELIEF OF ENGINEERS PROM DUTY WITHCOMBAT EDWARD B. NEWILL, of FORCES Forest Hills, has resignedas manager of the Control EngineeringDepartment of the Westinghouse Secretary of War James W. Good recently ina letter to Con- Electric and Manufacturing gress requested that the President be empowered to exempt Company to become affiliatedin an executive capacity with theradio manufacturingcompany being officers of the Corps of Engineers, Medical Corps,Ordnance formed jointly by the General Department, and Chemical Warfare Service from theprovisions Motors Corporation and the Radio Corporation of America.Mr. Newill enteredupon his new posi- of the section of our National Defense Act requiringperiodic tion October 16, under the duty with troops of one or more of the combatantarms. title of assistant to thePresident of Mr. Delco Products Company,with temporary headquarters Good's recommendation has been referred to the House Com- Dayton, Ohio. at INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES 925 Dee. 1929 Death of HonorarySecretary Pope The Hughes receiving instrument upon which Mr.Pope learned RALPH WAINWRIGHT POPE, pioneermember of the Institute, twenty-seven years consecu-had now been changed to a Morse, but he easilyaccomplished elected its Secretary in 1885 and for the changeover in operation and was soon known as an"expert tively thereafter, died November1, 1929 at his home in Great sound receiver."Consequently at the outbreak of the Civil Barrington, Massachusetts.Although in his eighty-fifth year, at a pre- health and the end came suddenlyWar when dependable and competent operators were he had apparently been in good mium he was well qualified to offer his servicesand he was of heart failure. of his life, was also hispromptly installed in the New York office of theAmerican Tele- Great Barrington, where he spent most graph Company. The volume of workinvolved in the sending ,birthplace, his rudimentary schoolingbeing acquired in the little In the autumn of 1857 he left theand receiving of war news was almost unlimited;close confine- old red schoolhouse there. ment was again telling upon Mr. Pope'shealth and much of night local school to attend the academy atAmherst, but ill health Academy to enter thework with long hours was being pressed uponhim. He was then overtook him and he left the Amherst twenty-two years of North Amherst dis- age and was on the trictschool.He al- verge of giving up; ways learned quickly but thescarcityof and was a pupil of operators imp ell e'd good application, but him to continue. He because of sickness he was, however, trans- droppedbehindhis ferred shortly to the classes and finally re- New Haven office and turned to Great Bar- then to Providence at rington, where he com- a goodincreasein pleted his school life at salary. the age of thirteen. In 1865 he joined the The nature of his fu- Collins overland tele- ture undertakings was graphic expedition, a strongly evidenced in famous pioneer band his dhildhood amuse- whose ambition it was ments; mechanism fas- to establish a through cinated him and he service to Europe by created quite a mo- way of Alaska and Si- nopoly on the small beria. Mr. Pope went wheels from the carts with them intothe of the children with wilds of British Colum- whom he played, build- bia in true pioneer fash- ing with these spare ion,sailingfor San parts, waterwheels, Francisco in April of miniature railroads that year and proceed- and various other ex- perimental structures ing at once to Victoria, B. C.Final prepara- of mechanical nature. tion for the pioneer From oneofhis mother's plaster bon- lifewascompleted net blocks he made a at New Westminster. Thepartytraveled mold for more cart- up the Frazer River, wheels, pouring into it sleeping in the open melted lead and build- much of the time with ing up quite a local their amonghis nothingbut activity shelter, playmates. blanketsfor Upon his return to traveling sometimes on Great Barrington, he foot,sometimeson mules,pullingtheir found his brother in RALPH WAINWRIGHT POPE charge of the local tele- boats after them on graph office.This offered a marvelous place in which to spend land that they might have them for the necessary fording of all his spare time, picking up a knowledge of telegraphy andthe stream in other sections. There is no truer test of adaptabil- unwittingly laying the foundation upon which his future career ity than that imposed by such an adventure and through the was built.Theodore M. Chapin, local station agent for the entireexperiencethis key -note of all Mr. Pope's life was Housatonic Railroad, was without an assistant and took great characteristically demonstrated.Further effort of this expe- interest in the boy, teaching him many phases of the railroad'sdition was finally abandoned with the successful laying of a activities and acquiring such faith in his ability to do that whentransatlantic cable replacing the necessity which they were the company was in need of a man, Ralph Pope was heartilystriving to meet. recommended to Mr. Hunt, the assistant superintendent; at the For ten years subsequent Mr. Pope was in the service of the age of fifteen he became telegrapher for the Housatonic RailroadGold and Stock Telegraph Company, resigning a position as its Company. From that time he was continuously identified with deputy superintendent in 1883 and until 1888 becoming actively electrical engineering work.The company sent him to theinterested in the editing and publication of technical electrical Bridgeport office, but he was returned to the Great Barringtonjournals.He was associate editor of The Telegrapher and The office to meet an emergency situation arising in the service there. Electrical Engineer, and editor of Electric Power, which he founded. 926 I NSTITPTE. .\ N 11I( El TE I ) WTI V ES Journal A. I. E.10,,

I i1111.1. IIII' 4.1kttriry 'MA ItiPi.ittirt I tratim, the Institute cretarial uthilinis- Iss2 hlarts appointed first electrician IIf Ihi, company. So multi rapid and strides inits thorinieli r,presentitii\ e was \Ir. Lieb'siirk that in IV43 114\ 44144141114.111111141 in ISM7 \\ as persuaded 111\ 1111,praetimilly 11 r. -.4141'14 111111 WI 1110 11111,11 all of his inn,111 its activities and It, Fu In NI111111,11111V, to study- super\ 11.1.1.1iI/i1itilti 1111111tl1ti11 iirttli "1 (1111111 riot'the ing the needs iti Itsprogression and e% er watchful of oppnrt unit y !taint!'ISlilnutli ...intim',it,Diriehir id' the se.eii,l to reeonititendor endorse the ieneritit, leak lit11111.r., HabanaIliEleti.r.ei.ast I and \\ its workofcooperation ill furhe, in intro - and general good lute telvtineenient of the prnit-,mii (1111'111r1111. WA. I,r lit.Withuut,llKnight or humanity,lit.Ittliort.tiuucea,ini lytool lir Ih1I(uytll iir the diligrully. Theoni,,tSeert'tnr\wits .110W II of holy, intt aneltcliV1. 1/114' foul1,01.- he was litterpromoil.(1to it I !flint! I trlivi'l*. IiititSthegreatestIrihute lie wits also illitlil tut peal toIlittNVOI'111111i':,tisolistead- ollieer Of the French Legionof I lunar. fastness of Mr.Pope's by a membership 14114 inhis repeated reelection \iHie invitationof the President of the Edison Eleetrio vote.His clear conception of(1(41111, intilltitak- ing,orderly methods and, Illuminating Company, \I r. Lich in Is 91 returned to NewYork withal, a genial ands\ nipatlietie .1ssistant to the Viee-Pre,ident.He was thus wade spirit, endeared hintto all and earned for him the Vicc- gratitude and I'resident and General Nliiiittver of the ( 'ffitipiitiy. andwhen the affectionate appreciationnot only of tin+ directors and members of the Institute but Newyell( wits organized, he heearne Associate that of the multitude of otherfriends and General Manager with the late Thomas E. Murray, fellow workers withwhom his full and active life eventually in contact. brought himto occupy the office of Viee-President and GeneralManager. He relinquished his activework as Secretary of the Last year, when the Brooklyn Edison Institute in 1911,and was their appointed was brought under the Honorary Secre-control of the ('onsoliclated (las Companyowner of the New tary for life. It was at his suggestion York cmison and associated electric eompaniesin the metro- that the Institute's Sectionswere politan district-with Mr. Nl. S. Sloanus President of the vont- developed.Past -President ProfessorCharles F. Scott describes this epoch-makingperiod of the Institute's history follows: in brief as "In the spring of1902 while the vote for Presidentof the Institute was being canvassed,Secretary Pope said tome, `Mr. Scott, it seems prettycertain that you will be thenext President and I want to suggestthat this will be an opportunetime to develop local meetings ofthe Institute.There are now such meetings in Chicago, andthey were held for a time bythe St. Paul -Minneapolis group.This is an enterprise which Ihave been considering fora long time but have not received active support.It seems to me thatyou might take up the extension of local meetings duringyour administration.'I replied that I would vigorouslysupport his proposal, as itwas a practical means of expanding institute activitiesgeographically; it would extend to distant members thenew interest and impetus which Doctor Steinmetz (then President)was giving to the monthly meetings in New York.The appointment ofa committee on local organizationswas made at the first meeting in the fall and at my suggestion this committeewas authorized to establish Student Branches as wellas Sections among the Institutemem- bers.While President and committeesgave support to the project, it was the enthusiasmand indefatigable interest of JOHN WILLIAM LIEB Secretary Pope that wasone of the strong contributing factors in the development of the Sections and Branches which haveso bined electric properties, Mr.Lieb retired from themore active amply justified the vision andefforts of the faithful Secretary duties of management to becomeSenior Vice -President. who served the Institute duringits first quarter of a century." The Edison Medalwas awarded him in 1923 "for the develop- ment and operation of electriccentral stations for illumination Obituary and power."He was a pioneer in the field oftechnical education, writing and lecturing extensivelyhimselffand owning perhaps John William Lieb, senior Vice..Presidentof the New Yorkthe most comprehensive one of Edison Company andan outstanding worker in the electric public private libraries in existence.He is utility field, died at his home in accredited with having thelargest collection dealing withthe New Rochelle, New York,work of Leonardo da Vinci November 1, 1929, after an illness of severalweeks. ever made and for many years he was engaged in investigating andtranslating text of da Vinci Mr. Lieb was the Institute's President1904-1905.Through- research out his life he played an important part in innatural science and engineering.(Through his organization and exe-membership in the Raccolta), ' eution in electrical and allied fields.He was born in Newark, of which he was a correspondent, many of these translationswere transmitted to Italy and New Jersey in 1860 and in 1880,was graduated from Stevens published. re- Institute of Technology. Almost immediately he tooka position During the war period, Mr. as draftsman with the Brush Electric Company inCleveland, Lieb as Chairman of the National but after a few months of service, he joined Committee on Gas andElectricService rendered valuable the Edison Electricnational service.He was also President Light Company of New York, becoming assistantin the Engi- and Chairman of the Board of the ElectricalTesting Laboratories, Vice neering Department. He showed high executiveability, andthe Electric Light and -President of evidently impressed Mr. Edison atonce, for he was soon doing Power Installation Corporation;former President of the EdisonPioneers, the New York important work in planning the pioneer task that layahead of the Society, and the National Electrical company in supplying the city with incandescent lighting Electric Light Association.Besides and his office as such in theNew York Edison Company, other forms of electric power.Following the erection of the Pearltorship in the Yonkers he held direc- Electric Light and PowerCompany, the Street Station, he worked with Mr. Edison in thesubsequent United Electric Light and tests of its use and the inauguration of its service. OnSeptember Power Company, the NewYork and Queens Electric Lightand Power Company,the International INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES 927 Dec. 1929 his time and ability, and a Company, the Brush Electric Illuminatingto which he gave unsparingly of Power Securities member of numerous foreign societies. Company and the EmpireCity Subway Company. He was a International Eleetro- Society of Mechanical Engineers, He was also one of the founders of the Past -President of the American technical Commission, to which, since itsinception, he had given a Fellow of theAmerican Academy of Sciences, trustee ofthe trustee and Vice -President ofgenerously of his time and advice.From 1923-1927 he served Stevens Institute of Technology; such he presided at the convention in the The Museums of thePeaceful Arts; trustee of the Unitedas its Presiden tand as -America Society; and a mem-New York two years ago. Engineering Society and the Italy and unexcelled, tactful of Civil Engineers, the Illuminating To Mr. Semenza for his persistent work ber of the American Society handling of the many questions arising beforethat organization, Engineering Society, FranklinInstitute of Philadelphia, Ameri- the Advancement of Science, and numerousthe I. E. C. owes a great debt of gratitude. can Association for Mr. Semenza was the type of a greatengineer endowed with other professional and civicorganizations, national and local. the most propitious aptitude for scientificstudies and industrial He was an honorary member ofthe Society of Italian Engineers abundantly on the and Architects, and of the Societyof Italian Railway Engineers;activities, to both of which he contributed Internationale des Producteurs etone hand, by evolving keensynthetic analysis of arduous scien- Vice -President of the Union and promoting Distributeurs d'Energie Electrique;and a member of thetific questions and on the other by directing industries.He aimed constantly at results withoutconsidera- ElektrotechnischerVerein,theAssociazioneElettrotecnica Engineers of Great Britain, tion of material interests. Italiana, the Institution of Electrical and associations, the Royal Society of Arts, and theNewcomen Society of London. Both from Italy and foreign governments him the honorary de-Mr. Semenza received innumerable decorationsand testimonials In 1921 Stevens Institute conferred upon of recognition and esteem, but perhaps the mostcherished to him gree of Doctor of Engineering. vigorous leadership will bemust have been the award last spring of theFaraday Medal by Mr. Lieb's strong personality and The recipients greatly missed in the many activitiesin which he wasthe British Institution of Electrical Engineers. of the medal in the order of award are:Oliver Heaviside, Sir collaborative. J. J. Thomson, internationally knownCharles Parsons, Dr. S. Z. de Ferranti, Sir Guido Semenza, one of the best Colonel R. E. B. Crompton, Dr. Elihu Thomson,Professor electrical engineers and Honorary Secretary forthe Institute in The year previous he was made Italy, died November 7, at Milan, after aprotracted illness.J. A. Fleming, Guido Semenza. friends to whom he hadan officer of the French Legion ofHonor. His passing will be mourned by a host of Elec- endeared himself by his intellectual ability,lovable character Henry A. Coles, District Manager of the Westinghouse tric and Manufacturing Company's branch atAtlanta, Georgia, and charming personality. He was He was born December 19, 1868 in London ofItalian parent-died October 27 at the Roosevelt Hotel, New Orleans. where 63 years old and moved to Atlanta 30 years agofrom Niagara age.As a child he returned to Italy with his parents Westinghouse his early education and classical studies began, andin 1893 he was Falls, where he was Sales Engineer for the graduated an Industrial Engineer (Electrical Section)from theCompany. Subsequently he received another Mr. Coles was born at Tallwood, Va., and attendedRoanoke Royal Polytechnic of Milan. Virginia in degree in electrical engineering at the Institute Montefiorein College. He was graduated from the University of The following year he became associatedwith the 1891.For a year he was associated with the EdisonGeneral Liege. Electric Company in Schenectady, resigning in 1892 tojoin the Milan Edison Company, later becoming its technical director. Institute as an In 1895-1896 he directed the construction of one of the pioneer Westinghouse Company. Mr. Coles joined the hydroelectric developments, the Paderno Plant on the Adda,Associate in 1904 and advanced to Member in 1913. Francis A. J. FitzGerald, Consulting ElectricalEngineer of transmitting power to the City of Milan, and in that connection N. Y. and for- as a result of his keeri analysis of the economics oftransmission,the FitzGerald Laboratories Inc., Niagara Falls, Society, died of pneumonia he developed the "A" type of towers. mer President of the Electrochemical October 26 at his home in Niagara Falls, N. Y. He wasborn in While engaged in central station work he made many contri- in a pri- butions to the development of the art of power transmission and Dublin, Ireland, June 1, 1870, his first education being distribution.His progressive ideas and sound judgment at-vate school;later in attending public school at Uppingham, tracted the attention of engineers and utility executives not onlyEngland.In 1892 he obtained a degree of B. A., moderatorship in Italy but in other countries, and the call for engineering adviceand medal in Experimental Physics and Chemistry atTrinity on many new important projects led Mr.Semenza to leave theCollege, Dublin University, Dublin, Ireland.He then came to employment of the Milan Edison Company and open a con-this country and earned his B. S. in Electrical Engineering atthe sulting engineering office.Since then, Mr. Semenza was re-Massachusetts Institute of Technology.In 1895 he engaged tained in a consulting capacity by innumerable private andwith the Carborundum Company of Niagara Falls in charge of public undertakings in all branches of electrical applications,the Electric Furnace and Chemical Departments and inRe- including power generation, telephony, traction, etc.Some ofsearch Work; in 1903 the FitzGerald and Bennie Laboratories his work was in foreign countries, making business connectionswere organized with Mr. FitzGeraldConsulting Engineer.This with important engineering firms abroad, such as Merz &work included design, construction and operation of the induc- McLellan.During this time he also served as a member of thetion furnace plant of the American Electric Furnace Company Board of Directors of many electrical companies. as well as many other important plants forthe Cartner Electro- In 1923 he succeeded in enlisting the necessary support to re-lytic Alkali Company, the National Carbon Company and others. organize the company known as the C. G. S. (formerly Olivetti). Mr. Fitzgerald assisted in organizing the Acheson Graphite He became its president, and in a very few years it reached a high Company and in perfecting the graphite process;also aiding degree of prosperity, becoming the largest manufacturer ofDoctor Acheson in other discoveries relating to graphite.He electrical meters and instruments in Italy. was a charter member of the Niagara Club.He became a Outside of these professional pursuits, Mr. Semenza was aMember of the Institute in 1914. most devoted worker in all activities affecting the intellectual Walter H. Milan, Superintendent of Substations of the Union and industrial development of electrical associations in ItalyElectric Light and Power Co., died at his home at St. Louis, Mo. and throughout the world.The transactions of engineeringon November 13, 1929, at the age of 40. Mr. Millan wasborn at associations and congresses as well as technical periodicals areSt. Louis, Mo. and was educated in the public and night schools replete with his articles, discussions, and contributions, charac- of that city.In addition, he studied Electrical Engineering terized by profundity of thought and clearness of expression. through the I. C. S. He began his service with the Union Elec- He was President of the Associazione Elettrotecnica Italians, tric Light and Power Co. in 1903 and has been a pioneer in the tr.18 Tf ItKI.NTEO \ATM,. Journal A 1. K: Vt4Olitiltgit nullapl4kIatioa of 'tonneau., itebing equipment I 'no., .4 I HO,' Ile clot ololk,41 01 18111111mor I,nikr for Kittuien systems and a -is. 0111b.tat \ r\titian was eleete41 ing tiiH,iiI Ii...1 ratio's of sisigle.pleaae ire mutest. after he was an Assoeiste of the Institutelu 1914, a Mends,1- in 1921 and a torefesser eisseve at flee 1'111%i -4.10y of Texas, and 111 rash Fellow iii 1927. Ills interest in the Institutehas been some filasstio -04,11rill work. and continuous. Isrofessor Seim was anlotnbet14 De Nerved as Chairman of itsAutomatic) Sta. the Heim tile's I billets Section tiomi Committee in Itr7 and19,./4 and was a member of this oommit toe in 1929.lie served as Chairman of the St. !Alois Seotion in 1927.In einitribution A. 1. E. E. National and 1)i- I 1', 1,.. toteelinictil literature, in Th. ra.,.ifig National boil Dietrict Prittm may be awarded addition to various articlesin the Electrical II" ,.rid, he, haspre- sented severalpapers before the Institute. each year At tie time of his death Mr.Milian wits a member of the National Prises Engineers' Club of St.Louis; he was a Past Master of Pilgrim h'in'tPuitt.n Enyineering Practise Lodge A. F. & A. M. No.652 of St. Louis anda 14th degree Soot - Ugh Rite Mason. Theory anduseriirch Public/mastoid.and Education Robert Meredith Searle.an Associates of the Institute since 1909 and President of this 2-PRIZE FOR I NI'l I AL PActit Rochester Gas & Electric Company, 3- PRILE Yolt BRANCH PAPER Rochester, N. Y., died at his homein that city November 13. Mr. Searle was born 1-The N A 110NAL FIRst PRIZE in each of the three classes"; at Peekskill, New York, March 3, 1869,namely,Engineering Practise, Theoryand &search and he wits educated, however,in the New York ('ity schools. Ever Relations andEilacatOni, ronsisting of S100.00 and a oertilleat. since 1885 he had been in thegas and electric business, serving in almost every capacity may be awarded to this author or authors of the best original pa front stationary engineer to president. per presented at ally National, District, or Section Meeting of th, Practical work in the engineeringprofession, with studying night and day, gave him high capability. Institute. His first work was as an 2 --'The NiiiONAl, PRIZE FOR INITIAL ['Arta consisting of office boy for Thomas A. Edison.Then he went to Philadelphia with the United Gas Improvement certificate. and 4100.00 in cash, may be awarded to the authorus Company where his advance-authors of the most worthy paper presented at ment was so rapid that before leavingto become foreman for the any National Consolidated Gas Company Plant District, or Section meeting of the Institute. provided the authes in New York City, he had hador authors have never previously presented a paper which lin charge of a number of plantsas superintendent and engineer. Later he returned to the United Gas been accepted by the Meetings and Papers ( 'ommittee. Company as Superintendent 3-The NATIONAL PRIZE FOR BRANCH PAPER consisting of its various plants and still laterbecame operating executive of iii the Westchester Lighting Company certificate and $100.00 in rash, may be awardedto the author es at Mount Vernon, Newauthors of the best paper based York.In 1906 he was appointed General Managerof the Roch- upon undergraduate work pre- ester Railway and Light Company, sented at a Branch or other Student meetingof the Institute at that time controlled byprovided the author or authors are members of the Andrews -Vanderbilt interests.The Rochester Gas and Elec- a Student Branch, tric Corporation grew out of thiscompany, and Mr. Searle was District Prizes advanced to the vice-presidency and ultimately to the presidency The following District Prizesmay be awarded each year in each, of the new company; in this office he remainedthe unanimousGeographieal District of the Institute. choice of holding concerns which subsequentlycontrolled it.He 1-FIRST PRIZE also took a leading part in civic affairsand was at one time Presi- dent of the Rochester Chamber 2-Pitizi.: FOR INITIAL PAPER of Commerce.In 1922 he be- 3-PitizE FOR BRANCH PAPER came a member of an advisory committee to assist the Public Service Commission in aiding State publicutilities to obtain Each District Prize shall consist ofa certificate of award issued coal during a strike period, and later became by the officers of the OeographicalDistrict, and $25.00 in cash. Fuel AdministratorIt may be awarded only to for the Western District of New York.For the past eight an author or authors who are located years he has worked on the problem of electrification of the Newwithin the District, and fura paper presented at a meeting held York Central's lines from New York to within or under the auspices of theDistrict. Buffalo, his ability in 1-The DISTRICT FIRST PaizE finance qualifying him to represent the railroad in thisconnection may be awarded for the best as well as from the electric power point of view. At the time ofpaper presented at a National, Districtor Section meeting. 2-The DISTRICT PRIZEFOR INITIAL PAPER may be awarded his death he was President and Director of theRochester Gasfor the best paper presented and Electric Corporation, the Mount Morris IlluminatingCom- at a National, District or Section pany, the Mount Morris Water Power Company, the Geneseomeeting, the author or authors ofwhich have never before pre- sented a paper beforea National, District or Section Meeting of Gas Light Company, the Caneadea Power Corporation,thethe Institute. Hilton Electric Light, Power and Heat Company and theCooper Electric Corporation. He was also a Director of the Rochester 3-The DISTRICT PRIZEFOR BRANCH PAPER may be awarded Security Trust Company. for the best paper basedon undergraduate work presented at a Branch or other Student Meeting Arthur C. Scott, Consulting Engineer of Dallas, Texas, and of the Institute, the authoror a authors of which are membersof a Student Branch. Member of the Institute since 1917, died in that city, at theage The conditions of award of of 56.He was a native of Belmont, N. Y., received his degree the various National and District Institute Prizes have beets printedin pamphlet form, and during of B. S. from R. I. College of A. & M. Arts in 1895, Mechanicalthe month of October, Course;attended the summer courses at Harvard, Cornell. a copy of this pamphlet was mailed to all District and Section officersand to the Counselors of all Stu- Massachusetts of Technology and the University of Wisconsin, dent Branches. in Physics, Geology and Electricity.From the University of Attention is directed to the Wisconsin in 1902 he received his Ph. D. degree in Electrical fact that the conditions require that all papers presentedduring the calendaryear 1929 and to be Engineering, Physics, and Geology.After his graduation from offered in competition for the R. I. College in 1895 he had charge of the Departments of National Prizes, must be received in triplicate at National Headquartersin New York on or before Physics and Electrical Engineering and from 1897, of the college February 15, 1930. lighting plant.His work in the development of the Department These papers may be submittedby the au- thor or authors, byan officer of the Institute,or by the executive of Electrical Engineering at the University of Rhode Islandwas committees of Sections representative and most efficient; he also spent some time at the or Geographical Districts. Papers to he consideredin competition for District Prizes INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES 929 Dec. 1929 Any author or other member who is interested mayobtain full should be submitted in duplicateby the authors or by the officers District concerned, to the District information from the local Section or Branch officers, or byad- of the Branch, Section, or dressing Institute Headquarters, at New York. Committee on Awards, on or beforeJanuary 10, 1930. A. I. E. E. Section Activities ,,,,, ,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,, I ,,,,, 111111111111111111111t1.111111111111111111111 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, OOOOOO ,,,,,,,,,,,, num ,,,nwnn 111111....1 ,,,,,,, POWER GROUP OF NEW YORKSECTION MEETS DECEMBER 9 Boston The second meeting of thePower Group of the New York Sec- December 10, 1929.The Technique of Color and Talking Mo- tion for this year will beheld Monday evening, December 9, tion Pictures, by H. L. Danson of the R. C. A. PhotophoneCorp. 1929 to 7:30 p. m. on the fifthfloor of the Engineering Societiesand Dr. L. T. Troland of the Technicolor Motion Picture Corp. Building, 33 West 39th St., NewYork, N. Y. Buffet supper at 6:30 in North Hall, M. I. T. The subject "System Connections"will include generally the Cleveland various methods used forconnecting systems with particular December 12, 1929.Anti -Aircraft Artillery, by Major G. M. reference to the operation ofthe "synchronized -at -the -load" Barnes, Ordnance Department, United States Army. system in New York City.There will be three speakers; A. E. January 16, 1930.Electricity and theUniverse, by David Powers, Westinghouse Elec. &Mfg. Co. will describe the general Dietz, Scientist and Author. conception of stability both staticand transient; I. H. Somers dealing with the Detroit -Ann Arbor of the General Electric will present a paper December 10, 1929.Power House Design, by Alex Dow, ring bus, the synchronizing bus,double windings, and the newer T.President The Detroit Edison Company. Inspection trip through scheme, "synchronized -at -the -load."The third speaker, Joint meeting Co. will give a résumé of the New Delray Power House in the afternoon. Maxwell, of the United Elec. Lt. & Pr. with the Detroit Engineering Society at the Detroit Edison withthe"synchronized -at -the -load" operatingexperience Auditorium. connections.There will be ample time for opendiscussion. train home, the meeting January 21, 1930.Ladies' Night.Motoring through Europe, To permit commuters to get an early by Professor A. H. Lovell, Electrical Engineering Dept.,Uni- will adjourn at 9:30 oclock. versity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Lynn NEW YORK SECTION TO GET STATISTICSON "HOW MUCH December 4, 1929.Technical Lecture by H. D. Brown (Mer- LIGHT" cury Arc Rectifiers). For a number of weeks an informal committeeorganized at December 18, 1929.Popular Lecture. the instance of the New York Section of theA. I. E. E. has been January 29, 1930.The Mysteries of Science, by Harry C. at work assembling statistics of artificiallighting in the United White. States with the idea of preparing an estimate ofthe country's Pittsburgh "saturation" in artificial light similar to the well-knownesti- December 10, 1929.Latest Developments in Supervisory Con- mates of saturation for household electricappliances, etc.Nottrol, by R. J. Wensley, Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.,Mans- only have the statistics of the industry and of the countrybeenfield, Ohio. collected and studied but a painstaking effort is beingmade to January 10, 1930.Dinner meeting.Professor Harold B. establish, on purely physiologic grounds, the lighting levelswhich Smith, President, A. I. E. E., "The Quest of theUnknown". constitute the minimum for satisfactory eye work and theopti- English Room, Fort Pitt Hotel. mum for average eyes under ordinaryworking conditions. A summary of this data, expected to be of greatinterest in outlining NEW YORK SECTION POWER, TRANSPORTATION AND expansions and other future plans for the lighting industry, will COMMUNICATION GROUPS MEET be presented at the meeting of the New York Sectionof On the evening of Wednesday, October 30, 1929,the Power the A. I. E. E. to be held at the Westinghouse LightingInstitute, Group opened the meeting year of the NewYork Section with a Grand Central Palace, 480 Lexington Avenue, New York City, session held in the Engineering Societies Building,33 West 39th at 8:00 p. m. on Wednesday evening, December 18, 1929. Street, New York.George Sutherland, Chairman of the group The speakers who will present this subject are:Arthur E.and Assistant General Superintendent of the NewYork and Allen, Vice -President of the Westinghouse Lamp CompanyandPower Company, presided.About 250 members and guests E. E. Free, Consulting Engineer. Two other speakers of promi-attended. nence may be added. The general subject of the meeting was:"Generation and the After the meeting, guides will be provided and opportunityDevelopment of Generators."Two speakers covered the topic will be given for members to inspect the exhibits of the Westing-as follows: H. C. Forbes, ofthe New York Edison Company, de- house Lighting Institute. livered a paper dealing with the high lights of generatordevelop- As the auditorium at the Lighting Institute seats but 450, ad-ment in the last few years, including thedouble -winding gen- mission to the meeting will be placed on a ticket basis, each mem-erator, hydrogen cooling, and the probable futuretrend in gen- ber being entitled to one ticket only.Full details will be giveneration and generators as viewed from the standpoint of the in the notice to be mailed to the Section membership during the operating engineer.The other speaker was C. M. Gilt of the first week of December. Brooklyn Edison Company. He described the economic aspects of the situation, particularly the advantages of largeunits and FUTURE SECTION MEETINGS the probable trend in generation and construction,-a discussion Akron. participated in by a number of members followed. December 13, 1929.Railway Electrification, by J. V. B. Duer, On Monday night, November 4, 1929, the Transportation Electrical Engineer, Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Group held its first meeting.There was an attendance of about January 10, 1930.The Problem of Public Transportation in 100.The meeting was opened by C. R. Jones of the Westing- Akron, by L. G. Tighe, Assistant General Manager, Northernhouse Electric & Mfg. Company, who called for the report of the Ohio Power and Light Company. Nominating Committee.This was read, and a group of officers 930 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Journal A. I. E. E. elected which included C. R. Jones, Chairman, and Alfred G. The meeting was attended by over 100 engineers who partici- Oehler, Editor of the Railway Electrical Engineeras Vice -Chair- pated actively in the discussion.This is the first of a series of man. The first speaker, GuyC. Hecker, General Secretary ofgroup meetings especially arranged to appeal to younger engi- the American ElectricRailway Association,gave a general out- line of the developments neers; and the Chicago Section plans to start other similar groups in the electric railway field and theon other subjects, such as communication and transportation,as conditions existing inthose fields.The second speaker wassoon as they can be organized and gotten under way. A. 0. Austin, ControlEngineer, Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Company, who described thetechnical features of modern control PAST SECTION MEETINGS apparatus and the attempt being made to develop street cars Akron with greatly increasedacceleration possibilities andmore power- ful motor equipments Inspection trip to Ohio Box Board Company, precededby din- to meet modern traffic conditions. A ner at United Brethren Church.Mr. Breakwood of that discussion participated in bya number of members followed. company gave a talk on the manufacture of their product. The meeting closed withthe showing of a very interesting two- General discussion followed.October 17.Attendance 80. reel talking motion pictureon traffic conditions in general and in Heavy Duty Mercury Arc Rectifiers by W. 0. Marti, ChiefEngi- various cities.This picture was obtained throughthe courtesy neer of the American Brown Boveri Elec. Corp.Film "Arc of the R. C. A. Photophone and Welding Steel Pipe" from the Lincoln Electric Co.,Cleve- the American Electric Railway land was shown.Supper at the Elks' Club preceded the Association. meeting.November 8.Attendance 45. The Communication Groupheld its first meeting of theyear on Wednesday night, November13,1929 in the Engineering Societies Baltimore Building.R. H. Hughes, Chairman of the A. C. Distribution Network Systems, by C. J.Brosnan, Engineer, Group, Assistant Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.Chairman presented report Vice -President of the NewYork Telephone Company presided. on Conference of Officers and Delegates at Swampscott, The general subject of the meetingwas, "Materials of Communi- June 1929, and Executive Committee meetingDistrict No. 2 cation."Four speakers covered the subject,as follows: W. W. held in Pittsburgh, October 7.October 18.Attendance Brown of the General ElectricCo., gave a talk on "Micalex." 125. The second talk on "Copper Oxide" Inspection trip through the works of theBaltimore Copper by I. R. Smith of the West- Smelting and Rolling Company. inghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co. dealt with A. S. M. E. members the use and performance of joined the A. I. E. E. members for thisinspection.Octo- that typeofrectifier."Developments inCommunication ber 19.Attendance 75. Materials" was the subject of a talk dealing with insulating Boston materials and metals, includingduralumin, permalloy, brasses and bronzes given by W. Fondiller Inspection trip of the port facilities of theBoston Harbor on the of the Bell Telephone Labora- City Steamship Michael J. Perkins.The trip was accom- tories.In a talk entitled "ManufacturingProblems in Com- panied by Messrs. Davis and McSorleyof the Boston munication Materials" the last speakerof the evening, D. Chamber of Commerce whogave information about the Levinger of the Western Electric Harbor which was followed bya general discussion of Co., described the problems possible improvements.October 5. which have been developed throughintroducing some of the Attendance 185. newer materials into the manufacture ofcommunication appar- Cleveland atus. Lantern slides and movies illustratedthe talks.Open dis- Joint meeting with the IlluminatingEngineering Society in honor cussion followed.Over 250 were in attendance. of Edison's Golden Jubilee, precededby dinner furnished by the National Lamp Works.Addresses by John C. Lincoln, Chairman of Board of Directors, NEW YORK SECTION MEETINGON "WONDERS OF SOUND Edison and His Inventions, and Lincoln Electric Co. on TRANSMISSION" PROVES VERY POPULAR R. W. Shenton, Managing Editor "Light Magazine,"Tribute to Edison.Meeting On Friday, November 8, 1929, the New concluded with a cineograph ofEdison's life. York Section of the the dinner Chairman T. D. Previous to Institute held its first general meetingof the year.Before an Owens reported to his Advisory Committee on the October 7 Districtmeeting. audience of about 1400, Sergius P. Grace,Assistant Vice -Presi- Attendance 160. October 10. dent of the Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., delivered a lecture- Connecticut demonstration on the "Wonders ofSound Transmission." Harry A. Haugh, Jr. Vice -President, This meeting was one of the most popular Automatic Signal Corpora- ever held in the Engi- tion, gave an informal talkon traffic conditions, illustrated neering Auditorium as in addition to those whoheard Mr. Grace, with demonstrations of severalpieces of apparatus typifying at least 500 were turned away.Chairman H. P. Charlesworth streetintersections,etc.Dinner preceded meetingat opened the meeting promptly at. 8:00p. m. and after a few brief University Club.November 7.Attendance 45. announcements, turned it over to Vice -President H. A.Kidder of Denver the New Yoik District, who introducedthe speaker.Then inDinner guests of the MountainStates Telephone & Telegraph an exceedingly entertaining manner Mr. 'Grace, Co., followed by as proof of the company. an inspection of the new building of that great practical value of scientific research, outlinedsome of the October 18.Attendance 100. developments made in the Bell Telephone Laboratories.Among Detroit -Ann Arbor H. H. Green, National the modern marvels explained and demonstratedwere the Lamp Works of G. E. Co.,spoke on electric ear; scrambled speech, delayed speech, amplifiedmuscle Light's Golden Jubilee.Joint meeting with the Illumi- noises, the artificial larynx, and translation ofmechanical im- nating Engineering Society.October 8.Attendance 200. pulses into speech.At the close of the meeting whichwas ad- Erie journed at 9:50 p. m., a very large number of the audience Talk by M. V. Wright of theMutual Telephone Co.on telephone crowded to the stage to examine the exhibits anddemonstration systems.Mr. Ramuling of the ErieLighting Co. related apparatus, and to question Mr. Grace. his company's practiseon power generators and transmis- sion.Mr. Moore, Erie CountyElectric Co. gave a talk and demonstrationon electric illumination. FIRST POWER GROUP MEETING -CHICAGO SECTION Attendance 50. October 15. On Thursday October 17, the first Power Group meetingof the Fort Wayne Chicago Section of the A. I. E. E. was held in the club rooms of High Voltage Research inCooperation with Industry,by Prof. the Western Society of Engineers. C. Francis Harding,Purdue University. Mr. R. C. Bergvall, General Engineer, Westinghouse Electric lowed.Change in By-laws Discussion fol- 30. proposed and carried.October & Mfg. Company presented a paper on Present Tendenciesin Attendance 80. Power Transmission, special attention being given to the Houston matterInspection trip to the Freeport of system stability. Texas in the afternoon, Sulphur Company at Hoskin, then to the Bryan MoundMine, INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES 931 Dec. 1929 Lightning Disturbances, by F. W. Peek,Jr.,dass.,onsulting Engi- Tarpoon Inn, Freeport, as guests illustrated by followed by a dinner at the A talk on the production of neer, General ElectricCo., Pittsfield, of the Freeport Sulphur Co.L. Nims, Asst. General Manager slides and motion pictures. sulphur was given by E. Attendance 27. Vice -President W. S. Rodman announcedfuture activities of that company.October 26. and spoke on the relation of the Section tothe Institute. Iowa Informal dinner.October 23.Attendance 95. and Mountain Committee appointmentsannounced.James H. Foote, StevensInspection trip to the Riverbend Steam Station and Wood, Jackson, Michigan,presented his paper, Prob- Island Hydroelectric Station of the Duke PowerCompany. lems of. Interconnection.This paper covered experiences October 24. with power systems inMichigan. October 28.Atten- Philadelphia dance 58. Joint meeting with theIlluminating Engineering Society. Kansas'.City Professor Charles F. Scott, Yale University,presented a and Power.October 21. Man's Progress in Terms ofLight, by Professor 0. D. Hunt, paper on Fifty Years of fright Kansas State AgriculturalCollege, in honor of celebration Attendance 200. of Light's Golden Jubilee.A short talk was given by Pittsburgh J. F. Porter, President ofthe Kansas City Pr. & Lt. Co., anJoint meeting with the Engineers' Societyof Western Pennsyl- Edison Pioneer.Replicas of all types of lightingfrom the vania and the Institute of Radio Engineers.Making Sound early olive -oil lamp to thepresent day Mazda presented. Visible and Light Audible, by Dr. John B. Taylor,Consulting October 14.Attendance 92. Engineer, General Electric Co.Informal discussion fol- Lynn lowed.October 15.Attendance 440. First meeting of the Seasonheld in recognition of Light's50th Portland Anniversary.Charles C. Pierce of the GeneralElectricM. E. Noyes, Sales Engineer, AluminumCo. of America, pre- Co. who was in intimate contactwith Mr. Edison for some ' sented New Developments inMechanical Features of Trans- years spoke on hisaccomplishments.Professor Thomson, mission Lines, illustrated with movingpictures.Aluminum Edison Pioneer, outlined the parallelbut separated courses cables were exhibited.The New 110-Kv. Lewis River Trans- of development followed bythe incandescent lamp and the mission Line, by E. F. Pearson, ElectricalEngineer, North- arc lamp.Refreshmentsserved.October21.Atten- western Electric Co.General discussion and buffet lunch dance 141. followed.October 21.Attendance 108. Today's Research -Tomorrow's Engineering,by L. A. Hawkins, St. Louis Co. Research Labora- Executive Engineer, General Electric C. Carter Lewis, Lighting Engineer of theUnion Electric Light tory.November 6.Attendance 120. & Power Co., gave an interesting talk,tracing the develop- Mexico ment of lighting as applied to the homefrom the earliest prehistoric times up to the present.Models to show the Scott Lynn, Vice -President andGeneral Manager of the Sangamo Electrical Metering various developments in home lighting werepresented. Electric Co. of Canada gave a lecture on Prizes awarded lady guests.October 16.Attendance 75. Apparatus.Elections and committee appointments an- nounced.October 8.Attendance 27. Schenectady Annual Banquet at Hotel Mancera.October 19. Attendance 31.Reading of minutes of Annual meeting.Announcenient of election of officers.The evening was devoted to a smoker Milwaukee celebrating the occasion of Light's GoldenJubilee.Two - Meeting held in celebration of Light's 50thAnniversary.A. N. reel film "The Benefactor" was shown.Smokes, refresh- Elec. & Mfg. Co., ments, and musical numbersprovided.October12. talked on Edison and His Achievements,using slides to Attendance 225. illustrate the steps in the development of theelectric lampThe Fishing Banks and Fishing, byBassett Jones, Consulting and the illuminating effects possible with themodern elec- Engineer.Mr. Jones discussed the details of fishingand tric lamp.History of Edison's life and his achievements the geology of the fishing banks off NovaScotia.Dinner reviewed by Mr. Brown.A. C. Langstadt read paper on preceded meeting.November 1.Attendance 200. the first central power station in operation atAppleton, Seattle Wis.A. R. Schmidt of Milwaukee enumerated experiences with the original Edison Company.Dinner preceded meet-Chairman L. N. Robinson read minutes of fourprevious meetings. Attendance 150. Ray Rader gave report on the SummerConvention at ing.October 16. Swampscott. A short talk was given by ProfessorR. G. Minnesota Tyler, Dean of the Engineering College at theUniversity Wood Poles and Wood Preservation, by J. P. Wentling,Director of Washington.Lieut. L. Dreller, U. S. N., spoke on Research Division, Western Red Cedar Association.Octo- The Propulsion and Other Electrical Equipmentof the New ber 28.Attendance 32. Airplane Carrier, U. S. S. Lexington.Coffee and sand- wiches served.October 15.Attendance 75. New York Springfield Power Group.Talks by H. C. Forbes of the New York Edison No. 1, held Co. and C. M. Gilt of the Brooklyn Edison Co.General Report of meeting of Executive Committee, District of October 9 read.Future Section meetings announced. meeting subject was Generation and the Development H. Schroeder, General Engineer of the Edison LampWorks, Generators.October 30.Attendance 250: Harrison, N. J., spoke on Edison's development ofthe Transportation Group.Guy C. Hecker, General Secretary of the Refreshments served.October 14. American Electric Railway Association, gave a general incandescent lamp. outline of the developments in the electric railway field. Attendance 50. A. 0. Austin, Control Engineer, Westinghouse Elec. & Syracuse Mfg. Co., described the technical features of modern controlExecutive Committee meeting.Resignation of former Chair- apparatus and attempts being made to develop street cars man McCann accepted.F. E. Verdin chosen as Chairman with greatly increased acceleration possibilities and more for the remainder of the term.Charles W. Henderson powerful motor equipment to meet modern traffic conditions. elected Secretary.Section plans discussed.September 30. Two reel film on traffic conditions in various cities shownSound Pictures -Their Recording and Reproduction, byPhilip C. through the courtesy of the R. C. A. Photophone and Jones of the Technical Staff of Bell TelephoneLaboratories. A. E. R. A.November 4.Attendance 100. Sound pictures projection, films, and slides used to illustrate North Carolina the lecture.October 28.Attendance 349. The Quest of the Unknown, by Professor Harold B. Smith, Presi- Adoption of By -Laws.Waterville Development of Carolina Power dent of the Institute.Dinner tendered to Professor Smith & Light Company, by J. H. Paget, Supt. of Power, Carolina November 1.Attendance 117. Power & Light Co., Raleigh, N. C. by the Section. New Era in Ship Propelling Machinery, by F. V. Smith, Toledo Federal and Marine Dept., General Elec. Co., Schenectady,D. J. Finn of the General Electric Co. spoke on Light's Golden illustrated with slides. Jubilee.Ed. Thomas related experiences on experimental Hydroelectric Development in Canada, by W. S.Lee, Vice - work while working for Mr. Edison in 1888.Five minute President and Chief Engineer, Duke Power Co., Charlotte, radio talks given daily by Messrs. Featherstone, Dubs, N. C. Rabbe, and Neuber. 932 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Journal A. I. E. E.

Toronto by L. Bradenburger, illustrated with lantern slides.Five Paper presented by A.R. Wells on the Use of Graphic Meters in reel film entitled "From Mine to Consumer -the Storyof Industry.Mr. Wells described theuse to which graphic Anaconda" presented.October 14.Attendance 26. meters might be put, theirconstruction, and troubles likely Vancouver to arise, and gave datarelative to their correct connections into power circuits.Discussion followed. The Quest of the Unknown, by Professor Harold B. Smith, Presi- Attendance 80. October 11. dent of the A. I. E. E. with lantern slides.Dinner at which President Smith spoke on Institute activities preceded the D. M. Jones of the GeneralElectric Co. spoke on automatic meeting.August 20.Attendance 45. frequency control and thedifficulties experienced in securing satisfactory frequencyregulation on systems of any magni-Inspection trip to Buntzen Hydroelectric Development, Plants tude.Discussion followed.October 25. 1 and 2, B. C. Electric Railway Co., Ltd.Luncheon at Attendance 56. Wigwam Inn preceded' the inspection.September 14. Urbana Attendance 19. Electrical Engineering System Stability, by I. H. Summers, General Electric Co., Applications of X -Rays, by Dr. H. L. Schenectady, N. Y. Clark, Professor of Chemistryat the University of Illinois. September 30.Attendance 30. October 9.Attendance 100. Washington R. E. Doherty, ConsultingEngineer, General Electric Co.,Former Section Chairman, Professor L. D. Bliss gavea report of Schenectady, N. Y. spokeon Constant Linkage Theorem. the Swampscott convention.Film "The Story of Copper, October 25.Attendance 130. From Mine to Consumer." Dinner precededmeeting. October 8.Attendance 153. Utah Worcester C. B. Shipp presenteda report of the Summer Convention at Swampscott. Personal reminiscences of Edison by Dr. A. E. Kennelly, Harvard Electric Motors and Their Proper Application, University.October 21.Attendance 30.

-nowerasamanastmonsuannves.c.$$ 11111110111111. iiiii llllll 1 llllltate.llllllllllll A. I. E. E. StudentActivities

ELECTRICAL SHOW HELD AT MONTANA STATE COLLEGE BRANCH Carnegie Institute of Technology The Montana State College Branch celebrated Film -The Fabrication of Copper, loaned bythe U. S. Bureau of Light's Golden Mines.The Trend in Public Utility Rate Making, byL. B. Jubilee by having an Electrical Showon the evening of October McConaghy, Student.Refreshments were served. No- 21,t.1929.Preparations were made by the juniors and seniorsand vember 6.Attendance 86 the exhibits included a wide variety ofinteresting and instructive equipment and demonstrations. Case School of Applied Science About twenty-five exhibitsCommittee appointments announced. were provided includingartificiallightning andtelevision Talks by Professors equipment. H. B. Dates, (Counselor) P. L. Hoover,R. C. Putnam, and G. A. Mills on past summer experiences.Dinner preceding An address was given by Professor C. F.Bowman of the meeting.October 15.Attendance 34. Electrical Engineering Department on the correct use of light. Clarkson College of Technology This address was illustrated fully with demonstrationsof various types of correct and incorrect lighting. Inspection of Allen's Falls and ParishvilleHydroelectric Stations. At 11:00 a. m. on Tuesday, October 22, Professor A. R. Powers, Counselor, andseveral Students an address on the gave short talks.Dinner.October 31.Attendance 33. "Romance of Light" was given by H. PlumbConsulting Engi-Inspection of Hydroelectric Stationsat Sugar Island, Hanawa neer of the General Electric Company, and in the evening of that Falls, and Brown's Bridge.October 15.Attendance 51. date he gave a second address entitled "Paintingwith Light." Film depicting Edison's life.October 21.Attendance 69. PAST BRANCH MEETINGS Clemson Agricultural College Buying Supplies for a Large ElectricalConcern, by C. E. Jarrard, Alabama Polytechnic Institute Student; Radio Interference from LineInsulators, by E. E. Minutes of previous meeting read and approved.Talk by Paul Hembree, Student: Current Events,by C. 0. Smoak, Student; Brake, Student, on "Summer Work at BroadcastingStation and Values, by W. N. Coleman,Student.October 17. W A P I."October 17.Attendance 18. Attendance 18. Failure of Bearings at Bartlett! Ferry Station, by R. F.Ham, Life of Elihu Thomson, by J. M.Prim, Student; The Engineer, Student; The Electric Potter Industry in Japan,by J. A. Practical Idealist, by E. H. Mazvck,Student; New Ways for Willman, Student; and Sieroscopic Motion Pictures, byW. R. Oil in Industry, by J. J. McFadden,Student; Qualities of an Colman, Student.October 24.Attendance 26. Engineer, by W. D. Craig. Student;Current Events, by J. L. Chapman, Student.Luncheon. Armour Institute of Technology dance 26. November7. Atten- The Electrification of Steam Railroads in Europe, by H. H.Field, Colorado Agricultural College Public Service Co. of No. Illinois, illustrated withslides. Joint meeting with local chapter of WesternSociety ofBusiness Meeting.L. Haubrich elected Secretary.Professor Engineers.Committee appointments announced. Novem- H. G. Jordan, Counselor,gave a talk on the A. I. E. E. ber 1.Attendance 90. September 23.Attendance 17. Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute Robert F. Bonney, Educational Co., gave an illustrated Director of the M. S. T. & T. X -Rays, by R. Muniz, illustrated with slides.Three -reel film, lecture on Life of Edison and "The Single Ridge" describing the manufacture of insu- Light's Golden Jubilee.October 14.Attendance 101. lated wire by the Okonite Co. Prof. L. S. McDonald. Head October 23.Attendance 90. lecture on Astronomy.of the Mathematics Dept.gave a California Institute of Technology October 29.Attendance 17. Professor R. W. Sorensen, Counselor. spoke on the activitiesof University of Colorado the A. I. E. E.E. C. Lee described the Pacific Coast Con-Talks by Dean H. S. Evansand Professor W. C. DuVall, Coun- vention at Santa Monica inSeptember.October15. selor.Film -slide lecture entitledLight's Golden Jubilee. Attendance 34. Manuscript read by Geo. B.Steuart, Student.October 16. University of California Attendance 85. Branch activities discussed.Two -reel film describing studentEngineering Thinking, by N.R. Love, Chief Engineer, Denver testing at the Schenectady plant of the General Electric Tramway Co. and SecretaryDenver Section.Discussion followed.Refreshmentsserved. Co.Refreshments served.October 23.Attendance 98. dance 65. November6.Atten- 933 Dec. 1929 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Cooper Union Marquette University Attendance 9. Relation of the Engineer to Industry, by S. H.Mortensen, Allis- Election of Officers.October 16. Chalmers Mfg. Co.Professor Douglass reported on the number of Student papers received, some of whichwill be Cornell University presented at the Chicago District Meeting.October 3. Get-together meeting.Professor R. F. Chamberlain outlined Attendance 55. activities of the A. I. E. E.Talks by several professors Refreshments served.October 11.Atten- and students. Massachusetts Institute of Technology dance 55. N. J. Darling, Works Manager of the G. E. Co.,Lynn, discussed University of Denver the opportunities and problems of engineeringgraduates in the Mountain States Tel. & industry.Moving pictures showing some of the manufac- Inspection of the new building of shown. Tel. Co.October 30.Attendance 15. turing processes of the General Electric Co. were Dinner preceded meeting.October 31.Attendance 309. Drexel Institute Michigan State College The Unforeseen in Engineering,by Professor E. 0. Lange, Coun- selor.Talk by Dean Disque.Film -Hydroelectric PowerTwo films -"The Potters Wheel" and "TheConductor."Six Production in the New South.Sandwiches and coffee served. Students gave talks on summer experiences.Committee November 4.Attendance 25. appointments announced.Refreshments served.October Attendance 41. University of Florida 8. University of Michigan New members solicited.Talks by faculty and student members on attendance atA. I. E. E. meetings.October 14.At-Election of officers.Prof. B. F. Bailey, Counselor, spoke on the tendance 25. aims and activities of the Institute.October 23.At- Television, by L. R. Bassett, Student.R. T. Meeker, Student, tendance 35. gave a talk on summerexperiences with the Florida Pr. &H. J. Iler, Bell Telephone Co., discussed the newexchange which Lt. Co.Musical numbers. November 4.Attendance 43. has been installed on the campus.Talk by Prof. A. D. Moore on contact between seniors and leadingelectrical Iowa State College companies.November 6.Attendance 40. Students of the Iowa State CollegeBranch joined members of the Iowa Section at their meeting in DesMoines.October Mississippi A. Si M. College 28.Attendance 25. W. F. Barksdale, Branch Chairman, related experiencespertain- Smoker.Talks by Harold Stahl, Branch President, B. S.Willis, ing to his employment with the Chicago Central Station and Prof. F. A. Fish, Counselor, on the activitiesof the Institute.Committee appointments announced.October A. I. E. E.Refreshments served.November 6.Atten- 17.Attendance 22. dance 122. Kansas State College Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy Election of officers.Prof. I. H. Lovett, Counselor, spoke on the (EVENING SECTION) privileges and advantages of membership in the A. I. E. E. Current events discussed by Mr. Butler.Talks on summer Discussion of plans for future meetings.November 6. experiences with the Bell Telephone Co. and Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co. by K. W. Ernst and B. E. Atwood, re- Attendance 16. spectively.October 3. University of Missouri C. J. McMullin discussed current events.Technical talk on low October 17. Election of officers.A. I. E. E. and its Relation to the Student, voltage networks by L. R. Kirkwood. by Professor M. P. Weinbach, Counselor.Aims of the Technical and current events reviewed by Arlo Steel and J. W. Student Branch, by Professor A. C. Lanier.Talks by Wilhite.Talk on sound pictures by I. R. Stenzel.Film - J. M. Manley and L. E. Howard on experiences with the "Building New York's Newest Subway."October 24. G. E. Co., Schenectady.October 3.Attendance 19. Power Transmission Line Construction and Location on the West Kansas State College Coast, by Prof. Harry Rubey.Prof. M. P. Weinbach, (AFTERNOON SECTION) Counselor, discussed plans for the Student Convention of the Current events, by R. Sage.Technical talk on Cuprox rectifiers 7th District.November 6.Attendance 28. by Art Owen.G. L. Quigley gave talk on Reproduction of Sound in Movies.Film -"Building New York's Newest Montana State College Subway."October 31.Attendance 70. The Welding of Metals with The Atomic Hydrogen Flame, by R. A. Current events, by H. L. Winston.Talk by R. B. Heckert on Weinman, given by Lowell Kurtz, Student; methods of blasting.L. C. Paslay discussed Vacuum TubeLightning Arrester Grounds Testing, by Edward Beck, Westing- Research. Film -"Driving the Cascade Tunnel." Novem- house Elec. & Mfg. Co., given by Homer Morton, Student. ber 7.Attendance 54. October 17.Attendance 156. Transformer Neutral Reactors Reduce Breaker Duty, from Electrical University of Kansas World, Sept. 28, 1929, presented by Robert Jones, Student. Talks on summer experiences by Messrs. Leonard, Miller, and October 24.Attendance 156. Reinhold, Students.Musical numbers furnished.Octo-750 -Kw. High -Voltage Rectifier, by I. J. Kaar of the G. E. Co., ber 17.Attendance 65. given by Earle Rudberg, Student; New By-laws adopted.The White Way System of St. Louis, byNeon Light Properties, by Leo Beek, Chief Engineer, Claude Maurice A. Reagan, Student.Films -"Making of Steel," Neon National Laboratory, given by Carl Plumlee; and Attendance 70. and "Wizardry of Wireless."October 30. Suggestion for a Simple Method for Keeping the Transmitter Disks Lafayette College in Step, by Thomas W. Benson, given by W. Hadley Queen. October 31.Attendance 159. Flames from Electric Arcs, by Alfred Gano.October 19.At-Economy of Buried Cables, by F. E. Smith, Chief Engineer, tendance 11. Nebraska Power Co., given by Ronald Crumley, Student; Lehigh University Stubbing Poles Reduces Line Cost, by C. J. Marple, given by Roy Bjork, Student; and Smoker.Professors Barker and Beaver gave informal talks. Two -reel film-"Hydroelectrie Power Production in the D -C. Railway Substations for the Chicago Terminal Electrification New South."Refreshments served.October 24.At- -Illinois Central Road, by A. M. Garrett, given by James tendance 85. Giudici, Student. University of Maine University of Nebraska Slides commemorating Light's Golden Jubilee presented.Pro-Engineering in Business, by C. D. Robinson, Chief Engineer, fessor Barrows talked on the history of the incandescent Metropolitan Utilities District, Omaha.Joint meeting with lamp.Refreshments served.October 23.Attendance 25. A. S. M. E. members.October 23.Attendance 50. 934 ' INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Journal A. I. E. E. Crystal Control, by LouisF. Lench.Harry E. Cook, North-Low -Voltage Networks, by Mr. Diedrich, Indiana & Michigan western Bell Tel. Co.,gave talk discussing the prospects for Electric Co.Refreshments served.October 7.Atten- student engineers.Talks by W. E. Huddleston and James dance 55. Kleinkauf, Students, relatingexperiences during summer employment. November 6. The Life of Dr. Lee de Forest, by Mr. Mohler, Student.John Attendance 37. Mullane of the R. C. A. Photophone Corp. explained the Newark College of Engineering principles of R. C. A. Photophone. Committee appointments announced.October 21.Attendance 87. J. A. Hodges, Sales Manager, NationalLamp Works of General ElectricCo.,related Edison'slife.Inspectionofthe Ohio Northern University airport arrow on the laboratorybuilding.October 21. Attendance 25. Seamless Steel Tubes, by Louis Goodman, Student.October 10. Attendance 32. University of New Hampshire Street Illumination in St. Louis, by E. Pankow, Student.Octo- Informal talks by Students relatingexperiences during summer ber 24.Attendance 23. employment. September 28.Attendance 45. Ohio State University R. Ballard, Student, spokeon summer experiences as radio man in the Naval Reserve.A. Whitcomb, Student, described Smoker.Several talks by faculty members regarding A. I. E. E. interesting features in the Bellows Falls, Vt., PowerPlant. benefits and opportunities.October 10.Attendance 60. October 5.Attendance 45. J. J. Donnelly, Student, readpaper on the Incandescent lamp, Oklahoma A. .Si M. College illustrated by lantern slides.R. Osgood, Student, spokeWalter Hass, Student, spoke on the Tulsa Rolling Mills Co. on his summer work as metal analyzer in a foundry.Octo- M. L. Hendrickson gave résumé of his summer experiences ber 19.Attendance 49. with Shell Petroleum Corp.Charles Fry, Student, dis- J. Arren spoke on The Electrification of theBoston, Revere Beach, cussed methods used by Okla. Gas. & Elec. Co. Drafting and Lynn Railroad.W. Adams, Student, gave history of Dept.October 31.Attendance 22. alternating current development in the U. S.F. Austin, Student, spoke on the use ofspace heaters in the home. - Pennsylvania State College October 23. Attendance 50. Personal Recollections of Dr. Steinmetz, by R. E. Doherty, University of New Mexico G. E. Co.October 8.Attendance 86. Smoker.Talks by Professors Doggett, Stavely, and Messrs. First meeting of the Branch.Electrolytic Rectifiers, by W. I. Crosby, Powel, and Robertson. Abbott, Branch Secretary.Discussion followed.October A. D. Marshall, Asst. 29.Attendance 18. Secy., G. E. Co., visiting speaker, gave an interesting talk. October 15.Attendance 104. Business meeting.Committee officers appointed.November 5. Attendance 10. Talk by Mr. Evans. Asst. Vice -President of Bell Telephone Co. of Pa.Talk by Dean Sackett.Election of E. L. Johnston, College of the City of New York Junior Vice -President, and S. A. Adler, Assistant Secretary. November 6.Attendance 18. Film -"The Single Ridge."October 10.Attendance 12. Business meeting.October 17.Attendance 12. Princeton University R. Fassnacht, Branch Chairman, spokeon the opportunities and Election of officers. benefits of membership in the Institute. Purpose and By-laws ofthe Branch Attendance 21. described.October 11.Attendance 14. Refractory Insulating Materials, by Mr. Fenwick,Chairman Fortifications of the Swiss Railroads, by R. M. Schafer,Student; A. S. M. E. Branch.Joint meeting of- the A. I. E. E.,Pilatron Tubes, by H. W. Dodge, Student; and A. S. M. E., and Chemical Engineers.November 14. Attendance 30. Testing of Underground Cables, by C. F. Nesslage,Student. October 31.Attendance 13. North Carolina State College Purdue University Executive business.Film -"From Mine to Consumer."Octo- ber 15.Attendance 35. C. K. Huxtable presentedpaper on Thomas A. Edison.Illus- trated talk given by a studenton the life and history of H. W. Homey, Branch Chairman reportedon the Section meeting Edison. in Charlotte.Oct. 23-24.Film "Behind the Button." October 22.Attendance 250. November 5.Attendance 60. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute University of North Carolina Dr. Robb spoke on Edison.Demonstrations of old generators, and a replica of Edison's first lampwas exhibited.October Informal talks by Dean Braune, and Professors Bason,Lear, and 21. Winkler on the advantages of A. I. E. E. membership. Attendance 95. October 3.Attendance 33. The Stock Market, by ProfessorSpafford, Dept. of Business Administration.Discussion followed.November 12.At- Problems of Grecian Architecture, by Dr. J. P. Harland,illustrated tendance 110. with slides.October 31.Attendance 26. North Dakota State College Rhode Island State College Film -"Hydroelectric Power Productionin the New South." Light's Golden Jubilee, by Lewis Nelson and WalterNelson, October 16. Students.Refreshments and music.October 24.At- Attendance 117. tendance 97. Rose Polytechnic Institute University of North Dakota Light's Golden Jubilee, by D. F. Williams,illustrated.October 24.Attendance 18. Circuit Breaker Problems, by E. K. Reed, WestinghouseElec. & Mfg. Co., illustrated with lantern slides.October 15. Attendance 19. Rutgers University General discussion. Northeastern University September 24.Attendance 17. Election of officers: G. E. Weglener,President; F. Kent, Vice- Theory and Use of Submarine Signal Devices, by Horatio Lamson, President.October 1.Attendance 18. General Radio o.Discussion followed.October 29. Radio Corporation of America, Bound Attendance 112. A. Suone, Student; and Brook, N. J. Station, by University of Notre Dame 132-Kv. Underground Cable, United York, by F. E. Kent, Student.Electric Lt. et Pr. Co. New Airport Illumination, by Mr. Coomes, Student; October 8.Attendance 20. Life of Maxwell, by Mr. Scanlon; student, and Committee appointments.Prof. Creager, Counselor, spokeon the activities of the Institute.October 15.Attendance 18. INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES 935 Dec. 1929 South Dakota School of Mines University of Washington Messrs. Walkling, Donaldson, The Outlook for the Electrical Engineering Student, by Dr.C. E. Talks on summer experiences by Magnusson.October 11.Attendance 28. Laws, and Sattler, Students.Prof. Kammerman, Counselor, gave a short talk.October 24.Attendance 25. E. D. Engle, Student, presented a report on the 1929Pacific Coast Convention of the A. I. E. E.October 18.Atten- Talk by M. E. Murphy of theWestern Electric Co. on the development of talking picturesand the installation of dance 21. Vitaphone equipment in the theatresin England. Novem-Telelvision, by J. M. Wallace, Student.J. M. Wallace elected ber 7.Attendance 57. Junior Representative to the Engineering Council. October 25.Attendance 19. University of Southern California Mr. Jenner, graduate student, related experiences while associ- Summer experiences related byMessrs. J. McCarter, L. Slezak, ated with the Goodrich Rubber Co.Branch activities G. Robertson, and John Wardell,Students.October 2. discussed.November 1.Attendance 18. Attendance 32. Washington University William Hoag, General Electric Co.,related experiences as a student engineer while at East.Pittsburgh.October 9. Plans for future meetings discussed. October 10. Attendance 18. Attendance 36. Talk by R. W. Brewster, Student, on summer experiences. Past experiences related by IvanSummers, General Electric Co. Joyce Pittsbury elected Vice -Chairman. October 31. October 13.Attendance 39. Attendance 20. Electrical Therapy, by Sidney Rosen,Student; and Telephoto, by Edward McCarter, Student. October30. Attendance 32. West Virginia University My Experiences with the WestinghouseCo., by Gilbert Dunstan,The following papers were presented by Students:Electrical faculty member. November 6.Attendance 30. Status of Power Generation, by C. E. Moyers, Chairman; Small Loads can be Economically Connected to High -Tension Lines, by W. H. Sutton; Burned Out Incandescent Lamps, Stanford University by P. J. Johnson; First Aid in Transformation Continuation Election of Douglas H. Ring as BranchChairman.October 7. of Large Transformers, by E. D. Harris; Ammeter for Mea- Attendance 9. suring Motor Starting Currents, by C. A. Bowers;The attitude toward the DuPont Company, and Their Methods of Handling Heavy Chairman Ring spoke on the Institute's Currents, by V. 0. Whitman.October 14.Attendance 40. Student.Prof. Morgan, Counselor, outlined some ofthe papers given at the Conference onStudent Activities at theThe following papers were presented by Students: Future Street Santa Monica convention.Dr. Ryan gave a short history Car Control, by R. C. Warder; Accurate Load Forecasting, of the Institute.October 24.Attendance 32. by R. H. Pell;Measuring of Pulsating Currents, by E. Welding with Film depicting the work by student engineers ofthe Test Course Milam;Edison's Life, by F. E. Watson; Attendance 28. Atomic -Hydrogen Flame, by J. E. Neucomer; Advantages of at the General Elec. Co.October 30. Electric Shovel Over Steam. Shovel, by A. H. Goddin; Million Volt Light Producer, by C. F. Stewart; Light Weight Railway Syracuse University Cars can be Obtained from Aluminum Alloys, by M. Suppa. Neon Tubes, Their Construction and Their Applications,by October 21.Attendance 41. Alfred E. Davies, Student.November 12. Attendance 9. The following papers were presented by Students:Daniel Guggenheim Graduate School of Aeronautics, by S. B. Wolfe; University of Tennessee Lighting St. Louis, by H. W. Unger; Electric Transmission versus Coal Transportation, by H. 0.Webb; Toll Lines, Film -"The Single Ridge."October 23.Attendance 20. by C. E. Moyers; Theory of Bowing in Telephone Cables, by Talk by J. M. Brooks on electrical devices used on automobiles G. H. Hollis; Methods of Splicing Large Cables, by C. J. and airplanes.A. M. Howery discussed the functions of a O'Leary;Detroit -CanadaVehicularTunnel, by F.E. broadcasting station.November 6.Attendance 18. Houck; The Gas -Electric Bus, by G. S. Garrett. October 28. Attendance 41. Texas A. & M. College The following papers were presented by Students: Welding of Ferrous and Non -Ferrous Metals by the Atomic -Hydrogen Effects of Loading on the Speed of Transmission of Deep Sea Cables, Flame, by P. J. Johnson; Telephone Circuits for Program by D. P. Tunstall, Student.Film -"Speeding up our Deep Transmission, by J. S. Merritt; Electrifying 8000 Farms, by Sea Cables."November 8.Attendance 87. E. D. Harris; Powdered Coal Plant, by A. H. Huggins; The Fundamental Requirements of the Modern Railway Car, by G. University of Texas W. Pride; Experimentations on Seadromes, by M. P. Hooker; Novem- Two films -"Back of the Button" and "The Development. of the Requirements of Electrical Insulation, by A. Dikea. Telephone."The purpose of Student enrolment discussed. ber 4. Attendance 46. October 10.Attendance 33. The following papers were presented by Students:Part of Electricity in the Manufacture of Cement, by A. F. Fervier; University of Utah Regulation of a 30,000-Kv-a., 13,000 -Volt Line, by R. H. Pell;Foltinger Torsion Meter, by E. Milam; Hydrogen a Frank Young, Jr., Student, read manuscript on Edison's life. Successor to Air, by G. A. Stemple; Effects of Corona in Alvin Fagergren, Student, spoke on Edison's life.October Different Gasses on Insulation, by C. A. Bowers; Lighting of 22.Attendance 59. Airways and Airports for Night Flying and Requisites, by Joint meeting with A. S. M. E. Branch.Film showing the V. 0. Whitman; Development of Insulating Oils, by J. E. building ofthe longest tunnelin America presented. Neueomer; Ammeters for Starting Motors, by A. H. Goddin. November 5.Attendance 42. November 11.Attendance 45. University of Vermont University of Wisconsin Professor Jansky, Counselor, spoke on Branch activities.Two Education for Engineers, taken from the April and September films -"Anaconda Copper" and "Building New York's issues of the A. I. E. E. JOURNAL, presented by F. E. Newest Subway."October 10. Attendance 65. Beckley, Student.October 1.Attendance 14. Virginia Military Institute Yale University Meeting held to celebrate Light's Golden Jubliee.Illustrated Film -"Hydroelectric Power Production in the New South." talk on "The Development of the Electric Light," by F. H. November 8.Attendance 95. Eastman, Chairman.Refreshments provided. October 21. Film -"Arteries of Industry."November 12.Attendance 40. Attendance 40. 936 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Journal A. I. E. E.

...... Engineering Societies Library

...... The Library is a cooperative activity of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers and the American Society of Mechan- ical Engineers.It is administered for these Founder Societies by the United Engineering Society, as a public reference library of engineering and the allied sciences.It contains 150,000 volumes and pamphlets and receives currently most of the important periodicals in its field.It is housed in the Engineering Societies Building, 29 West Thirty- ninth St., New York. In order to place the resources of the Library at the disposal of those unable to visit it in person, the Library is prepared to furnish lists of references to engineering subjects, copiesor translations of articles, and similar assistance. Charges sufficient to cover the cost of this workare made. The Library maintains a collection of modern technical books which may be rented by members residing in North America.A rental of five cents a day, plus transportation, is charged. The Director of the Library will gladly give information concerning charges for the various kinds of service to those interested.In asking for information, letters should be made as definite as possible, so that the investigator may understand clearly what is desired. The library is open from 9 a. m. to 10 p. m. on all week days except holidays throughout theyear except during July and August when the hours are 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. BOOK NOTICES, OCTOBER 1-31, 1929 A course in the reading of working drawings, intended for Unless otherwise specified, books in this list have been pre-those engaged in manufacturing industries and for students in sented by the publishers.The Societies do not assume responsi-trade schools. bility for any statement made; these are taken from the prefaceDIRECT CURRENTS. or the text of the book. By Carl Edward Magnusson.N. Y., McGraw-Hill Book Co., All books listed may be consulted in the Engineering Societies 1929.495 pp., illus., diagrs., 9 x 6 in., cloth.$4.50. Library. A presentation in logical order of the basic principles of the ADVANCED LABORATORY PRACTICE IN ELECTRICITY AND electric circuit and of the characteristics of d -c. machines, apparatus, and distribution systems.Forms the first of a series MAGNETISM. of texts covering the fundamental laws of electrical phenomena By Earle Melvin Terry.2d edition.N. Y., McGraw-Hillas applied to engineering problems, the other volumes of which Book Co., 1929.318 pp., illus., diagrs., tables, 9 x 6 in., cloth.are "Alternating Currents" and "Electric Transients" by the $3.00. same author. A course of experiments given to third -year students of elec- DIRECTORY; FORGING, STAMPING AND HEAT TREATING PLANTS, trical engineering at the University of Wisconsin, which includes, 1928-29. in addition to the usual work in electrical measurements.the discharge ofelectricity through gases, radioactivityand Pittsburgh, Steel Publications, Inc. 1929.293 pp., 8 x 5 in., thermionics. fabrikoid.$7.50. DIE AKKUMULATOREN. This directory gives the officers, equipment, products and By W. Bermbach. railroad connections of the various companies, as wellas a 4th edition.Berlin, Julius Springer, geographic index to them.Users of forgings and stampings, as 1929.214 pp., illus., 9 x 6 in., paper.8,50 r. m. well as dealers in plant supplies and machinery, will find thisa Professor Bermbach has thoroughly revised his book by in-useful guide. corporating the developments of the past ten years in storage battery practise, especially concerning rectifiers and the uses ELECTRIC STREET LIGHTING. of accumulators.The book gives an excellent survey of theory By Charles J. Stahl.N. Y., John Wiley & Sons, 1929.228 and practise, comprehensive enough for ordinary needs, but pp., illus., diagrs., 9 x 6 in., cloth.$3.50. not too detailed. Readers wishing a broad working knowledge of modernprac- APPLIED INORGANIC ANALYSIS. tise in the design of installations for lighting streets, will find here a statement of the most essential information, basedon the By W. F. Hillebrand and G. E. F. Lundell.N. Y., Johnauthor's experience.Modern requirements and current methods Wiley & Sons, 1929.929 pp., tables, 9 x 6 in., cloth.$8.50. of design, the selection and use of suitable equipmentare dis- This new work will'be welcomed by every analytical chemist. cussed concisely and practically. Starting with an instructive discussion of apparatus, reagents and operations, the book then takes up the determination of the ELECTROMAGNETIC PROBLEMS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. elements, the analysis of silicate and carbonate rocks and of By B. Hague.Lond. & N. Y., Oxford University Press, 1929. soda -lime glass and high -alumina refractories.Emphasis is359 pp., diagrs., 10 x 6 in., cloth.$10.50. placed upon the preparation of the solution for the required Recent interest in the real physical nature of the internal determination. reactions that occur within electrical machinery have prompted The book is based upon the broad experience of its authors atattempts to develop the theory of dynamo -electric machinery the Bureau of Standards, and includes the substance of Dr.as a branch of electromagnetic theory.The present book is a Hillebrand's well-known Bulletin on rock analysis. contribution to this study. BEGINNINGS OF TELEPHONY. Part one lays down the general theory of electromagnetismin a form suited to the requirements of engineers and occupiesa By Frederick Leland Rhodes.N. Y., Harper & Bros., 1929.middle ground between ordinary text -books of electricity and 261 pp., illus., port., 10 x 6 in., cloth.$4.00. magnetism, and those on the design and operations of electrical Bell's invention, the attacks on his patents, and the beginningsmachinery in which the engineering aspect is insistedupon. of the microphone transmitter, the overhead -wire plant, theIn part two, the principles laid down inpart one are applied to telephone cable, loaded lines, the switchboard, the phantom the solution of a number of important electrotechnicalproblems, circuit and long-distance lines are some of the topics that Mr. including the magnetic field and mechanical forcesin non -salient Rhodes discusses.His purpose is to give workers in telephonypole machinery; the field within slots and betweensalient poles; familiarity with the problems of pioneers in the field, to show howthe leakage field in transformers; themagnetic field of thick these were solved and to indicate the contributions of the variousconductors with various forms of section; andthe forces acting workers.His account of the litigation that arose over Bell'supon switchgear. patents is especially good. ELECTRON PHYSICS. BLUEPRINT READING. By J. Barton Hoag.N. Y., D. Van Nostrand Co., 1929.208 By Joseph Brandy. N. Y., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1929.pp., diagrs., tables, 9 x 6 in., cloth.$3.00. 199 pp., illus., diagrs., tables, 9 x 6 in., cloth.$2.00. Intended to initiate students of physicsto such concepts as 937 Dec. 1929 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES "electrons," "alpha, beta and gammarays," "photoelectricdescribed in detail.This editionisrevised, enlarged, and effect," etc., by experiments that requireonly simple apparatus.brought up to date. The book presents these concepts simply,accompanied by the MODERN AVIATION ENGINES. experiments.Follows a course in radioactivity anddischarge By Major Victor W. Page.N. Y., Norman W. Henley Publ. of Chicago. through gases given at the University Co., 1929.2 v., illus., diagrs., tables, 9 x 6 in., cloth.$9.00. 2 v. ENGINEERING MECHANICS. Major Page has brought together a vast amount of practical By William Brooke and Hugh B. Wilcox.Bost., Ginn & Co.,information in these two volumes, which are intendedchiefly 1929.(Engineering Series).320 pp., 9 x 6 in., cloth.$3.20.for those occupied with maintenance and repair of aviation A concise course in fundamentalprinciples, intended for stu- engines.The work includes detailed descriptions of practically dents of engineering with some knowledgeof the calculus.every engine of any importance, with instructionsfor their care Many problems areand repair, and also explains the theoretical principlesinvolved Covers statics, kinematics and dynamics. in internal combustion engines.Good diagrams and illustra- provided. tions are used profusely.A valuable reference book for practical FORTY YEARS WITH GENERAL ELECTRIC. men. By John T. Broderick.Albany, N. Y., Fort Orange Press, OIL ENGINE POWER PLANT HANDBOOK.1929. 1929.218 pp., ports., 8 x 5 in., cloth.$2.50. N. Y., National Trade Journals, Inc., 1929. of the com- 5th edition. Mr. Broderick's little book deals with the growth 288 pp., illus., 11 x 8 in., cloth.$5.00. pany, with some of the menwho made it, and with various Diesel achievements in invention and management.He presents the A collection of practical articles on the operation of that haveengines; on air filtration, oil purification, cooling towers andother Company as a living organism, showing the influences Diesel molded it and directed its growth. plant accessories; and on the uses and economics of engines.Contains also brief descriptions and illustrationsof HEAVISIDE'S OPERATIONAL CALCULUS AS APPLIED TOENGINEER- the engines actively sold in America. ING AND PHYSICS. POPULAR RESEARCH NARRATIVES, V. 3. By Ernst Julius Berg.N. Y., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1929. Collected by the Engineering Foundation.Baltimore, Wil- 214 pp., diagrs., 8 x 5 in., cloth. (Electrical Engineering Texts). liams & Wilkins Co., 1929.174 pp., ports., 8 x 5 in., cloth. $3.00. the $1.00. Professor Berg's book, much of which has appeared in Fifty brief stories of what scientific research hasaccomplished General Electric Review, is based upon an extensive experience or is accomplishing, covering a wide varietyof topics.Each in demonstrating Heaviside's methods to students of electricalstoryteller is intimately associated with the work thathe de- engineering.It provides a clear account of his calculus and a demonstration ofits application to the study of transient scribes, and tells his story simply and interestingly. phenomena. DAS RECHNEN MIT SYMMETRISCHEN KOMPONENTEN. INDUSTRIAL ACCOUNTING; Control of Industry through Costs. By Gunther Oberdorfer.Lpz. u. Ber., B. G. Teubner, 1929. By Thomas Henry Sanders.N. Y., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 74 pp., diagrs., 8 x 5 in., paper.Price not given. 371 pp., forms, 8 x 6 in., cloth.$4.00. A textbook upon the application of this method of calculation 1929. to the problems of electrical engineering.Starting with ele- The innovations in Professor Sanders' discussion of accountingmentary principles, the method is developed and itsapplication are the extensive use of case material and theconcentration of making the attention upon the objectives of cost accounting rather thanto various problems illustrated, with the object of upon the mechanics of cost gathering.The book seeks to con-method more widely known among engineers. form to the modern tendency to curtail the volume of the routine TECHNOLOGISCHES HANDBUCH DER ELEKTROTECHNIK UNDDER gathering of figures and, while maintaining the current flow of ELEKTROCHEMIE. essential control figures, to have the cost department free to By Alfred Schlomann.Berlin, Technische Worterbucher- investigate any matters of special interest at any time. Verlag, and V. D. I. Verlag, 1929.1491 pp., illus., 10 x 7 in., INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OPTICS. cloth.41.-r. m. By John Kellock Robertson.N. Y., D. Van Nostrand Co., A concise encyclopedia of electrical engineering which gives 1929.(University Physics Series).422 pp., plates, diagrs.,a remarkable amount of definite, accurateinformation in a tables, 9 x 6 in., cloth.$4.00. volume of moderate size.By the use of black -face type for Aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to the subject important terms, of numerous sketches, and an unusual typo- which shall be neither elementary or advanced, but will lay agraphical arrangement, rapid use has been greatly facilitated,and thorough foundation for subsequent work.Starting with aan elaborate index has been provided also.The book is uniform thorough discussion of wave motion and its light ramifications,with the author's well-known six -language dictionary and con- the author later introduces the quantum theory and, finally,stitutes a sort of developed commentary to that work. considers briefly the problems now being studied by leading THEORY AND DESIGN OF ELECTRIC MACHINES. workers in optics. By F. Creedy.N. Y., Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1929.349 pp., LOKI; THE LIFE OF CHARLES PROTEUS STEINMETZ. illus., diagrs., tables, 9 x 6 in., cloth.'$9.00. By Jonathan Norton Leonard.291 pp., illus., ports., 8 x 6 New possible types of dynamo -electric machines, says the in., cloth.$2.75. author, are announced almost every month, and it is evident An interesting popular account of Steinmetz's life and his con- that the possibilities are endless.To assist development he has nection with the Central Electric Company, in which his per-undertaken this general survey of theoretical possibilities, in sonality, rather than his scientific achievements, is emphasized.which they are classified scientifically and lines along which development offers promise are indicated. MACHINE DESIGN. Starting with the theory of the general machine, one limitation By P. H. Hyland and J. B. Kommers.N. Y., McGraw-Hillafter another is introduced and explained critically.Machines Book Co., 1929.448 pp., illus., diagrs., tables, 9 x 6 in., cloth.are thus classified into six groups, containing all possible types. $4.00. Attention is then concentrated on cascade sets, multiple polarity Covers the course given by the authors at the University ofmachines and variable polarity apparatus, the three groups of Wisconsin.While no claim is made for originality of subjectwhich, in the author's opinion, we know least at present. matter, the arrangement, treatment and choice of matter are The final section gives general methods of designing which new in certain respects.The fundamental principles are pre- eliminate guesswork and estimating, and make possible a critical sented with an analysis of only a few applications.Kinematics comparison of the possibilities of different types in advance of is incorporated as an integral part of machine design, a plan thatexperiment. obviates, in the -opinion of the authors, any need for a separate WXRMEWIRTSCHAFT IM EISENBAHNWESEN. text on it. By Fr. Landsberg.Dresden u. Lpz., Theodor Steinkpoff, MANUEL PRATIQUE DE SOUDURE AUTOGENE. 1929.(Warmelehre and Warmewirtschaft v 7) 207 pp., By R. Granjon and P. Rosemberg.2d edition.Paris, illus., diagrs., tables, 9 x 6 in., paper.13.-r. m. Dunod, 1929.410 pp., illus., 9 x 6 in., paper.33,70 fr. An application of the general principles of fuel economy to the This handbook of welding practise has been very popular forspecific problems of railroad operations.Covers all the various years in France ankhas also appeared in an English translation. uses of fuel in train operation, in shops, and in stations.The Apparatus for autogenous welding, methods, and their applica-organization of the fuel department is considered, as well as tion to steel,iron, copper, brass, lead, aluminum, etc., aretechnical methods of economy. 938 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Journal A. I. E. E.

,,,,,imill1.111111111111111111/11.11.11/...... 111.11.11111111111, Engineering Societies Employment Service

r moiol.011111illillii.i.,,U1111111111111/1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 llllllotonaf Under joint management of the national societies of Civil, Mining, Mechanical and Electrical Engineers cooperat- ing with the Western Society of Engineers.The service is available only to their membership, and is maintained as a cooperative bureau by contribution from the societies and their individual members who are directly benefited. Offices: -31 West 39th St., New York, N. Y .,-W V. Brown, Manager. 1216 Engineering Bldg., 206 W. Wacker Drive, Chicago, Ill., A. K. Krauser, Manager. 67 Post St., San Francisco, Calif., N. D. Cook, Manager. MEN AV AI LABLE.-Brief announcements will be published without charge but will not be repeated exceptupon requests received after an interval ofone month.Names and records will remain in the active files of the bureau for a period of three months andare renewable upon request.Notices for this Department should be addressed to EMPLOYMENT SERVICE, 31 WEST 39th Street, New York City, and should be received prior to the 15thday of of the month. OPPORTUNITIES.-A Bulletin of engineering positions available is published weekly and is availableto members of the Societies concerned ata subscription of $3 per quarter, or $10 per annum, payable in advance.Posi- tions not filled promptly as a result of publication in the Bulletinmay be announced herein, as formerly. VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS.-Members obtaining positions through the medium of thisservice are invited to cooperate with the Societies in the financing of the work by contributions madewithin thirty days after placement, on the basis ofone and one-half per cent of the first year's salary: temporary positions (of one month or less) three per cent of total salary received.The income contributed by the members, together with the finances appropriated by the four societies named above will it is hoped, be sufficientnot only to maintain, but to increase and extend the service. REPLIES TO ANNOUNCEMENTS.-Replies to announcements published hereinor in the Bulletin, should be addressed to the key number indicated in eachcase, with a two cent stamp attached for reforwarding, and forwarded to the Employment Service as above.Replies received by the bureau after the positions to which they refer have been filled will not be forwarded.

POSITIONS OPEN CABLE ENGINEERS for large public utility.engineer or assistant electrical engineer with large GRADUATE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER forWork isintests,research specifications, andindustrial plant.Good personality and very well publicity work. An attractive and permanentallied problems on underground power cables.recommended.B-9001. position immediately available.Give full out-Few yearsengineeringexperience,but cable ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, having 10 years' line of education, experience, and approximateexperience not required.Apply by letter.Loca-practical experience in transmission distribution expectations.Location, East.W-13. tion, Middle West. X -9959-C. and testing,is desirous of a connection with ENGINEER, for Utilities Commission; must be ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, graduate, young,progressive concern.Speaks French, German. college graduate in electrical or mechanical engi-to enter sales department in connection with saleand Russian.Location, Europe.B-7412. neer with experience in utility operation or evalua-of miscellaneous heavy duty types of storage tion. HYDROELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Salary $3600-$4000 a year.Apply bybatteries;for instance,oilswitch, emergencyGRADUATE of Washington State, (1928,) single, Letter.Location, South.W-14. lighting and motive power installations.Oppor-26, eight months' experience in installation of ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, thoroughlytunity.Apply by letter.Location, Maryland.switch -yard control apparatus and distribution, familiar with the requirements of the paper millX-7776. industry. alsoprevious construction experience.Desires Must be capable of designing, layout, ENGINEER, young, speaking at least onework applying electrical engineering.Principals. installation and supervision of entire electricalforeign language, for installation and maintenanceanywhere.C-6586. system, wiring, apparatus, and equipment, allofelectro-medicalapparatus.Afterapproxi- GRADUATE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER. appertaining to construction and operation ofmately 18 months satisfactory work in the United modern paper mills. EXECUTIVE, now employed, 33, married, 10 Apply by letter giving fullStates, may be sent abroad on sales and engineeryears' experience, design supervision of construc- and complete information such as age, technicaling assignments.Apply by letter giving com- training,previous tion, generating and railway converter substations. experience,presentsalary,pletedetails,references.etc.Headquarters,Invites correspondence from public utilities where references, etc., location, South. X -9625-C S. Chicago. X -7388-C. opportunity for advancement. Member N. E. L. A. ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, college graduate, RECENT GRADUATE, electricalengineerB-6600. 28-38,with practicalexperiencein electricalwilling to locate in eastern territory near Philadel- ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, 38, college generation construction, transmission, and main-phia and to enter traveling sales work, handlinggraduate, 12 years' experience in power -plant and tenance, for industrial concern.Apply by lettera -c.motors and fans.Must have clean cutsubstation design, construction, and maintenance. giving complete details.Location, Pennsylvania.Personality.Applybyletter.Headquarters, X-9789. three years with consulting engineers specializing Middle West. X -3172-C. in public utilities problems;desires to connect ELECTRICAL ENGINEER withseveral ENGINEER, with telegraph and telephonewith public utility company as assistant to mana- years' experience in design of d -c. machines, forexperience.Must be qualified to handle engi-ger or operating engineer. manufacturer of electrical maobinery. Location immaterial. Apply byneering problems in telephone transmission, in-Now employed.Opportunities for advancement letter stating age, education, experience, refer-ductive interference, and telegraph and telephoneof primary importance.C-3425. ences, and salary expected.Location, Middleinstallations.Apply by letter.Salary $250 a West. X -9812-C. ENGINEER EXECUTIVE, experiencedin month.X-9973. industrialrelations and managerial problems. TRANSFORMER ENGINEER, experienced Diversified training includes design, production, in the design of power transformers.Apply by MEN AVAILABLE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, 37, economic studies,statistical analysis and per- letter giving age, married or single, experience, married,sonnel.Post graduate work in business adminis- salary expected and when available.Location,graduated from Germany.Six years' high-volt-tration. New Jersey.X-9758. ahe sub power station, transmission line layout, Permanent connection with industrial concern or consulting engineer desired.Available DESIGNERS, electrical engineers withdesign, material, with hydroelectric power plantson month's notice. thorough technical &ideation, and at least fourin Europe.Six years of public utility, drafting, C-6609. design, construction of sub and power stations ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, 23, single, 1927 years'commercial experiencein .synchronous - graduate, varied experience in test department of motor design and application engineering.Per-in New York City.Available at short notice. manent employment with chance for advancementC-2408 large power and light company and in engineering department of smallelectrical according to ability.Apply by letter.Location, ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, wide experience manufacturing Middle West. X -9911-C. in construction, operation, maintenance, generat-concern, desires position in engineering depart- ing, transmission at 100,000 volts, undergroundment of public utility.Now employed.Loca- GRADUATE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, tion preferred, East.C-6583. with one or two years' experience in engineeringtransmission, 6600 and 22,000 volts, outdoor and SUPERVISING and manufacturing practise with manufacturer ofindoor substations, mill installations.Has had AND ESTIMATING synchronous motors and their control and capaci-sales and managing experience in Latin America,ENGINEER, 25 years' experience in commercial and India.Speaks English, Spanish, German,and industrial powerinstallations.Has had tors.Apply by letter.Location, Middle West. wide experience in all classes of buildings X -9912-C. French and Hindustani.Location, immaterial. con- Now employed.C-4222. struction work, from both a practical and theoreti- GRADUATE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS cal standpoint including underground and sub- for design and test work on accessories for under- ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, age29,fivestationinstallations. ground power cables having wide range of voltages.years' varied experience; Capableexecutiveand test floor, application,engineer.Location,New Yorkifpossible. Oneto five years' experience, not ner.esarily ondesign,constructionandmaintenance.NowC-1140. cable work.Apply by letter. Location, Middlein charge of electrical department for mining West. X -9960-C. company. ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, B. S. and M. S. Desires position as assistant plantin electrical engineering, M. I. TGeneral Elec- 939 Dec. 1929 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES department trainingutility company.Preferably production, manage-NEER, 12 years' experience in testing, design, Tic Test and central station and development of d -c. motors and generators of :ourse with, largeutility, desires position withment, or design.Opportunity for advancement aublic utility, or firm ofconsulting engineers.considered most important.Two years'testthe traction type.Now employed by electrical about January15.Location,im-floor experience.Location, Eastern States ormanufacturer as motpr design engineer.Desires Available Excellent knowledge of Russian.Avail-similar position with company offering oppor- material.C-2753. abroad. GRADUATE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER,able on short notice.C-6526. tunity for advancement in design and manufac- Age, 38, college graduate, married. B-3152. 32, 10 years' experience, expertlight, heat, power, TECHNICAL GRADUATE, 31, nine yearsture. correspondence,electricalcontracting,layout supervisionesti- ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, 29, 1923 gradu- plans specifications, engineering, ate, married 1years Westinghouse test, 1M years or theaters,hotels, skyscraper offices,apart-mating on theaterelectricalsystems,public ments, public buildings, etc.Thorough experi-address system, hotel and office building power andover -head distribution design, 3 years transmis- and consultinglight systems, street lighting.Long experiencesionline and substationextensionplanning, ence with architects, contractors, Knowledge ofcost, estimating, calculating, budget, tax, and engineers.Desiresconnectionanywhereasselling builders and executives. lesigning or estimating engineer.Capable, neat,economics and finance, desires position where pastgeneral public utility engineering office work; conscientious,possessespersonality,experience and executive ability can be utilized.desires position of responsibility in distribution or thorough, in orSouth. initiative, a sense of values.B-4217. C-6613. transmissionengineering East withexceptional ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, 28,married,C-3694. ENGINEER, 31.single, RESEARCH ELECTRICAL ENGINEER. technical training,desires permanent position.desires permanent connection.Four years with Diversified engineering experience and specializedlarge rapid transit company maintenance, power-28, E. E. and M. E. graduate from European Diesel-electric development, testing or sales andhouse, substation operation, high -voltage testing,Technical College, naturalized, married, 7 years' experience in design of automatic -control appara- serviceworkpreferred.Work conducivetocalibration of potential and current transformers. individual development allowing advancement toOne year cable manufacturing design, construc-tus, X-ray equipment, photoelectric measuring executive position of primary importance. 0-6493.tion, estimating compute electrical characteristics,apparatus.Capable of original and independent ELECTRICAL ENGINEER, 28, single, B. S.,development work on cable and joints for 132-kv.work.Desires responsible position in research 1929, graduated with high honors, desires connec-underground cable. Location immaterial. C-4420.departmentofeasternconcern.References. tion with manufacturer of electrical machinery or ELECTRICAL-MECHANICAL ENGI-Available on short notice.B-6782.

iiiiii 1/11ii11,10...... 11...militinisilsini.1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ..... MEMBERSHIP-Applications, Elections, Transfers, Etc.

11111111 lllllllllllll 11111 llllllll 11111 llllllllllll 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 iiiiiiii 11111111111111111111111111111/11111111111111111 lllll 1111 lllllll 111111111111111111111/111111111111111111111111111111111/111111111 lllll 1 llllll 11111 llllllll 1111111111111111111111111111111111 llllllll III llllllllllll 11111111111111 lllll RECOMMENDED FOR TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FOR ELECTION Clark, E. N., Northern States Power Co., Min- The Board of Examiners, at its meeting of Applications have been received by the Sec- neapolis, Minn. retary from the following candidates for electionClements, L. J., Box No. 647, .Redwood City, November 13, 1929, recommended the following Calif.(Applicant for re-election.) members for transfer to the grade of membershipto membership in the Institute.Unless otherwise indicated, the applicant has applied for admis-Coe, R. J., Connecticut Power Development Co., indicated.Anyobjectiontothesetransfers East Barnet, Vt. should be filed at once with the National Secretary.sion as an Associate.If the applicant has applied for direct admission to a grade higher than Asso-Cohn, A. G., Kansas City Power & Light Co., To Grade of Fellow Kansas City, Mo. ciate, the grade follows immediately after theCulver, D. N., Bell Telephone Co. of Canada, ALGER, PHILIP L.,Assistant to the Vice -name.Any member objecting to the election President in Charge of Design Engg., Generalof any of these candidates should so inform the Montreal, Que., Can. Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y. Secretary before December 31, 1929. Dansboe, H. H., Atlantic Oil Producing Co., Dallas, Tex. To Grade of Member Amitay, A., New Jersey Power Co., Asbury Park, N. J de Carvajal, C. A. R., 229 East 26th St., New ACHARD, FRANCIS H., Instructor in Charge,Babcock, C. W., General Electric Co., Schenec- York, N. Y. Educational Bureau, Brooklyn Edison Co., tady, N. Y. Deck, A. R., Metropolitan Edison Co., Easton. Brooklyn, N. Y. Baier, H., Otis Elevator Co., New York, N. Y. Pa. BEILER, ALBERT H.,ElectricalEngineer,Barber, H., New England Power ConstructionDe Leau, L. H., Brooklyn Edison Co., Brooklyn, American Gas & Elec. Co., New York, N. Y. Co., Boston, Mass. N. Y. BROWNE, WILLIAM HAND, JR., Professor ofBarrett, T. L., T. M. E. R. & L. Co., Milwaukee,Doty, P. I., General Electric Co., Schenectady, Electrical Engineering, North Carolina State Wis. N.Y. Barry, L. A., Jr., 262 Elmwood Ave., Maplewood,Dutton, A. G., Pennsylvania Power & Light Co.. College, Raleigh, N. C. Allentown, Pa. CASTRO, CARLO S,TransmissionEngineer, N. J. Eddlestone, J. E., N. Y. & Queens Elec. Lt. & Pr. Columbia Engg. & Mgt. Corp., Cincinnati,Barth, C. A., (Member), So. Bell Tel. & Tel. Co., Atlanta, Ga. Co., Flushing, (L. I.), N. Y. Ohio. Barton, J. P., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.,Ehst, M. R., W. S. Barstow & Co., Inc., Reading, DRESSNER, VICTOR D., Engineer in Trans- Chicopee Falls, Mass. Pa. mission & Distribution Dept., New YorkBeck, D. B., Metropolitan Edison Co., Reading,Elge, E. A., General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass. Edison Co.. New York, N. Y. Pa. Emrick, A. B., Wagner Electric Corp., Dallas, Tex. Du BOI S, WARREN L.,Electrical Designer,Becker, A., Diehl Mfg. Co., Elizabethport, N. J. (Applicant for re-election.) Department of City Transit, Philadelphia,Beerman, M. R., Alabama Power Co., Birming-Exner, D. W., Westginhouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., Pa. ham, Ala. East Pittsburgh, Pa. Bellows, K. F., New York Edison Co., New York,Finney, C. F., Jersey Bell Tel. Co., Newark, N. J. FLACCUS, GEORGE W., Electrical Engineer, Frambes, R. T., W. S. Barstow & Co., Inc., Read- ElectricalResearchProductsInc.,New N. Y. York, N. Y. Berry, P. M., W. N. Matthews Corp., St. Louis, ing, Pa. Mo. Freundt, G. L., American Can Co., Maywood, Ill. HARRISON, WILLIAM H., Plant Engineer, Frey, R. C., Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co., American Tel. & Tel. Co.. New York, N. Y. Black, R. R., General Electric Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. San Francisco, Cal. HOLLISTER, FRANCIS H., Electrical Engi-Brandstoettner, W. H., American Tel. & Tel. Co.,Gear, R. B., Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, neer, Sargent & Lundy, Chicago, Illinois. New York, N. Y. Ill. IRVINE, C. NES, Electrical Engineer, GustavBrumbaugh, K. D., Dingle -Clark Co., Cleveland,Geiser, W. D., Philadelphia Electric Co., Phila- Hirsch Organization, Columbus, Ohio. Ohio delphia, Pa. KEELER, WILLIAM H. E., Assistant Engineer,Brundrett, G. T., Hubbard & Co., Dallas, Tex.George, H. C., Detroit Edison Co., Detroit, Mich. New York Telephone Co., New York, N. Y. Caporale, P., Radio -Victor Corp. of America,Goeller, C. P., General Electric Co., Lynn, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa. Gough, J. H., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., MITCHELL, OSBORNE S., Editor,Electrical Chicopee Falls, Mass. NewsandEngineering,Toronto,Ont.,Capron, R. B., Utica Gas & Electric Co., Utica, N. Y. Grabow, H., Pacific Gas & Electric Co., San Fran- Canada. cisco, Calif. PIATT, WILLIAM M., Professional and Consult-Carver, L. A., Paramount Fire Alarm Engineer-Gritte, J. M., Staten Island Edison Corp., Living- ing Engineer, Durham, N. C. ing Co., Cleveland, Ohio ston, S. I., N. Y. SERVICE, JERRY H., Head of Departments ofCasciato, D., Electrical Research Products, Inc..Hartig, C. F., New York Edison Co., New York, Physics and Mathematics, Henderson -Brown Chicago, Ill. N. Y. College, Arkadelphia, Arkansas. Chubbuck, E. E., (Member), Phoenix Utility Co.,Hartig, 0., (Member), Eagle Electric Mfg. Co. TENNEY, HARRY W.,SectionEngineer, Allentown, Pa. Brooklyn, N. Y. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., EastClaridge, R. E., Northern Electric Co., Toronto,Hartman, E. R., Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Ont., Can. Akron, Ohio 940 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Journal A. I. E. E.

Hauck, H. C., Western ElectricCo., Inc.. New-Pierson. W. D.. Erie Malleable Iron Co.. NewTaguchi. 0., Asia Aluminum Co., Tokyo, Japan ark, .N. J. York. N. Y. Venlmtesan, A., T. T. D. Electric Construction, Herbert, L. P., Penn -OhioPower & Light Co.,Powell, W. M.. Rome Wire Co.. New York. N. Y. Tirupatbi, Madras Presidency, India Youngstown, Ohio Ratajczak. F. X., W. S. Barstow & Co.. Reading.Venkateswaran. A. S.. 31. S. 31. Ry.. Triplicane, Hertz, H K. Philadelphia 'ElectricCo., Philadel- Pa. Madras. India phia, Pa. Rehder, E. G.. New York Telephone Co.. NewTotal 10 Hicks. J. M.. Century ElectricCo., Philadelphia. York. N. Y. Pa. Reibner, 0. E.. Electric Bond & Share Co.. New STUDENTS ENROLLED Holland. J. T.. Duke Power Co..Charlotte. N. C. York, N. Y. Abbott. W. Irving, University of New Mexico Holman. W. J.. Yale University.New Haven,Rheims. J. J.. Purdue University, West Lafayette,Adam. Ian 31.. University of British Columbia Conn. Ind. Adams. Norman H.. University of California Hoppe, W. H.. General RailwaySignal Co., Roch-Rhodes. D.. Bell Telephone Co. of Canada. Mon-Adams. William C.. University of Illinois ester, N. Y. treal. Que.. Can. Adcock. Maldan V.. Texas A. & 31. College Houston. C. A.. Humble Pipe LineCo., Houston..Roush. W. L.. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co..Aldrich. Howard J.. Northeastern University Tex. Houston. Tex. Alexander. Samuel N.. University of Oklahoma Howard, A. W., General Electric Co.. FortWayne.Sahkovkh. R. J. K.. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg.Allan. Francis S.. State College of Washington Ind. Co.. East Pittsburgh. Pa. Allen. S. R.. State College of Washington Hunter, J. A., Pennsylvania Power& Light Co..Schattle. R. B.. Syracuse Washing Machine Corp..Allen. Stanley L.. Northeastern University Danville. Pa. Syracusv, N. Y. Altland, Frederick H.. Lehigh University Hurley, E. P., Bright & Co., Reading.Pa. Schmidt. M.L.,GeneralElectric Co .FortAnderson. GrantS..State University of New Innis, H. EL, General Electric Co..Schenectady. Wayne. Ind. Mexico N.Y. Schrock, J. E.. General Electric Co.. Erie. Pa.Anderson. John E.. Calif. Inst. of Tech. Jarvis. H. 0., City of Baltimore, Deptof PublicSchwietering, P. J.. Cudahy Brothers Co.. Cud-Anderson. 31eRoy A.. South Dakota State School Works. Baltimore. Md. ahy, Wis. of Mines Johanson. A. N., The Gamewell Co.. San Fran-Searles. N. F.. General Electric Co . Fort Wayne.Andresen. Warren. University of California cisco, Calif. Ind. Andrews. Leo R.. Virginia Military Institute Johnson. M. L.. Kansas University. Bendena,Secor. C. K .Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute.Appl, Theodore. Kansas State Agri_ College Kans. Brooklyn. N. Y. Archer. Samuel W.. University of Illinois Johnson. R. E. Lake Shore Power Co..Wauseon,Sergeant. R. E .Metropolitan Edison Cu ,Read-Arlio. Dominic C.. Northeastern University Ohio ing. Pa. Armstead, James G.. Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. Jones. C. W., New England Power ConstructionSetterstrom. R. CWestinghouse Elecit :MfgArmstrong. William 31 . Stanford University Co.. Boston, Maas_ Co.. East Pittsburgh. Pa. Jordan. H.. Ontario Paper Co., Ltd.. Outardes Arvidson. Ernest R.. University of Iowa Silverman. J .Brooklyn Edison C'o . Brooklyn,Arvidson. Paul ci. University of Iowa Falls, Que . Can. N.Y. Ashley. Hilas C Kirkland. J. F New York Central Railroad Co.. . University of California Snyder. W RJ White NI anagement C...rp . Ashton. Chester H . Bucknell University New York. N. Y. Reading. Pa Asivann. James W . University of Cincinnati lileindienin. J. G . Delano Coal Co., lire.- NewSolomon. M C Central Illinois Light Ce Peoria.At wood. Albert W . Jr York. N . Calif Inst. of Tech. Ill - ers. Jack W ni% ersity of Illinois Knight. E. B .Saskatchewan Govt. Telephones. J Detroit Edisen . DetroitMichBaer. Os'ar W Retsina. S.ask.. Can . Colorado State Agri College Stiegelmeler. W E C'hicaito Rapid Transit CoBailey. Charles F.. University of Kent tick) Korszniele J . General Electric Co. Pittsfield. Chicago. Ill Bailey. James . University of Minnesota Maas Street. M G .Westinghouse Elec.k 31fg CoBaker. Paul H . Rose Polytechnic Institute Langer. F. C Ak-aear Hotel, San Francisco. Calif. Sharon Pa - Baker. Robert F Cornell UM% ersity Leftwich, M. Duke Power Co , Charlotte.Taylor. T. A., Aniencan Telit Tel New No Car. Ballow Ernest C.. 1.' ni% emit y of Idaho York. N.Y. lisilinger, Mark H. Purdue University Lewis.. R C . 5o New England Tel CoNeuThomas. II E C'.kCommunicatiens Inc halter, Harvey- Haven. Conn . University of 31i..,youn Nlarshall. Calif Hansa. Ni C . University of Illinois Lindstrom H L Weaaingbewse Eke. & Mfg CoTernary, H 1Victor X -Kay l'oct,Chic -ago 111 Bangerter Harry G . state Uni%of New Mexico East Pittsburgh. Pa Undersostl, ItJ , Nes England Per er Lowe. 11 L Mauls W Laugh Uniersity Louisville Gas & Electric Co Louis- tam, PTO t itlencr It I % the K) Banks Da fight H . Kansas state Agril'ollege %.t-frall. V. E General Electric Co Fort Wayus-.Baptist Nod A. Roar Polytechnic Ititute Lutitillip A L , AlliseCtialmera Mfg C.,Pitt. - lnd. burgh. Pa Itarkedide Warren FMississippi Ait NICol. Weber A N 1...) Lt134.4 leCt fIC 1.) tin Barlett . Theo A Mat -Donald. H (.'Western Union Telegraph CO Lila.; Stale I. 10% ersit) Mass Barnes C .\Vest Virginia l ni% ersit y New N'uck N Y 1%. kisr 1. C C'Jr Nletuberl.elscal Elumrs-Barns ell. Miller.W K K. Needles 4 M ("le .kere-ultural Col k Electric CuNee- Cu Y lia.reett. Josiah S dles Calif %thee C' Nlass Inst of Tecimologry ciere-r-al Electric )'.,rt11 Baiter Herbert 31t scles.1 of Tech Mitchell. t. TGeneral Elecirtc . schebec- lad testi . N V [leach Ralph G U to % resit) of Calif....lila W talcJ Westinghouse Eke-itMfgC., Beard W 6 lanigh I. Murphy. N Haruki E Trent t 'oPheadd- Eat Pittsburgh Pa no. era% pine . Pa W hung .1 6 Bell Richard A oluo State I. tut resit) Nlember rt,ar tic Ella:II at reI Ili Bel.brr. l;regor) T Nethia A 31Public seri ice Electric A i use 4... CLartotte N C t 'niveraty of Idaho N Jllockeriaaci. N J V. ills, Benning Har%ei IIJrl'ortiell t tuyersit% 11 Na% alResearch Latseatty .3u-i-Heroin John c'. Um% visit% of Kent tick% Next- JII92.1 Washington slHub. -.Len- N e....I/a1) C' Nichol. A J fiergstrew Roland Ft ro% rest t ) of l'altforma . Ward of Transportation. Neu Yuri.V. uliarto T 31American. Fe lit1,1t peter.Herr) Leaman S N burgh. Pa ni% resit ) ,.1lane- Noble. W. H Penns Pump k Cumpresaue sLehigh Unieriat) Voting(' ANorma este rntiet - Keaton. Pa Black Addisun 1.*JrVier:kiwi \blear% Institute laird tire Applicant f, e re-elect Harr) Ct ni%ersiey N treaclyI). C Westinghouse Eke at Mfg". Total 134 Kentucky East Pit hiburgh. Pa Black lia.% mond t.l tu ereit% of Illinois Dalboui. V .thalami hell Tel Co Pereikss Blackwood Herbert irgituaWear% Inst Itedianaiskis lilac. R.) irt R Rimy 1134) km:Wile Institute lnd Adams A I.\leather. South Porto Ito, sugarBlom Thisslocr l to% resit) of I rllahontia O'Brien. L P . E.nsinerring &Msnste- Co Elm-nada Porto Rico I II U 1.11 Frederick Al.ni%ersit) of l'tncitinati ment ('tip Chicago Ill cireen. JF The Macintosh ('arse- 1.U1 IS I ) the. J kourph V. (Jlowarast. L M %Yummier INA) technic Institut(' lien%) Ens bola state Ct.114-41c Wuremier Nlaat 11.114,cr The. afore t 1,1%r -rot). of Wisconsin Heinlein KHeinlein It CiaBuenos .%Lea_kr-Willman V 1_1 tit% resit ) of N tyraalsa Oyer. W K.. Brtl Telephone Laboratories. Its getl /rib America Nee York. N V lkdtaxit wait- y N . Cornell l tiberiat) lam)It . *seirtr de la 31aillera) cParis Francehong Torn I to % resit) od V. astlingt..11 Partorrt. J heading Cu Philadelphia. PaOklAeld. V P(.ots mimetic Hotel. London W CHolt s) 1tan.W Irk* h t Ili% resit) Narson. B fl . W. -almshouse Kite k Mfg Cu 1 Eng ikeldirj. Ralph JI Ituo Northern t 111%eret) Husaritin. Tr t l'icard. A .l'empanta standard Electric. Buenosleo e% Donald F Iowa state Colit,gr !kiwi cn. 11 L . Peters E B . Penns) ham& Moser k light Co . Aims. Argentinass., America School of Trettnolog) Allentown. Pa 'imam The...doer 1. ni% resit) of Illmob Itudenbers,It Member .siemens- Schtictert-tkos ler. 31arshall E Uwe of Nes Hampshire PLllhprJ H . Jr . MIO Baum Bled .Pittsburgh. %seek', A Li, Vervialtutigisehaude. Berlin- lest. Ronald 31 .l tueereit) of Washington Pa. Sienrniatiadt, tier -man) lhatick John FKW/SAS State Agricultural Col 941 Dee. 1929 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Gillespie, Kenneth T., University of Oklahoma Brainard, William E., Cornell University Dawson, Lee R., University of Washington Dawson, Royce Herbert, University of Missouri Gillham, John N., University of Kentucky Branaman, William H., University of Kentucky Glasco, Charles E.. Kansas State Agricultural Col. Branham, Elmer J., Kansas State Agri. CollegeDeacon, Newell E., Purdue University Dean, Clair 0., Cornell University Glenn, Robert R., University of Missouri Branson, Orland D., Iowa State College Glover, Clinton A., University of Texas Brewster, Todd W., Municipal Univ. of Akron Dickman, Forrest W., Purdue University Dicks, James H., Rose Polytechnic Institute Godard, Posey W., Miss. A. & M. College Britt, Albert S., Virginia Military Institute Godsey, James S., University of Virginia Brodnax, Joe T.. Virginia Military Institute Dimmitt, Herbert A., Kansas State Agri. College Dirks, Benjamin D., So. Dak. State School of MinesGolightly, William B., Engg. School of Milwaukee Brower, Ralph B., University of California Goodman, Louis M., Ohio Northern University Brown, Charles T., Lafayette College Dirks, Harold F., University of Detroit Dodds, Joseph W., State College of Washington Goodwyn, Charles A., Virginia Military Institute Brown, Howard F., University of Kentucky Gordon, Jess F., So. Dak. State School of Mines Brown, Marion W., Purdue University Dodds, S. Harold, So. Dak State School of Mines Dodge, Harold A., University of Illinois Gorton, William G., Northeastern University Brown, Stuart C., University of Illinois Gougler, Robert L., University of Illinois Brown, Tomme M., University of Oklahoma Donovan, Daniel J., Northeastern University Donovan, John F., University of Idaho Gould, Winfield H., Ohio State University Buch, Phil. Purdue University Graham, Joseph H., Purdue University Buchanan, Royal S., University of Illinois Doremire, Clayton, Mich. Col. of Mining & Tech. Doty, Harold G., University of Idaho Graham, Spencer W., Kansas State Agri. College Bull, James T., Cornell University Grant. Raymond A., Northeastern University Burbank, John H., Northeastern University Douglass, George A., Clemson Agricultural Col. Dressor, Donald, Colorado State Agricultural Col.Graves, Winter K., Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. Burge, Donald S., Purdue University Gray, Gordon E., University of Illinois Burgess, Everett H.. Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.Duff us, Robert S., Iowa State College Dunleavey, Thomas P., Mass. Institute of Tech. Green, David V., Lafayette College Burnham, Lyle M.. University of Texas Green, Edgar L., Jr., Cornell University Butler, Roland D., University of Maine Easton, Elmer C., Lehigh University Eaton, Bruce G., Jr., University of Illinois Green, Martin P., Univ. of Calif. Byrnes, Leon M., Clarkson College of Technology Greene, Lawrence G., Rhode Island State College Caldera, Felix C.. University of California Ehrendardt, Carl E., Rose Polytechnic Institute Ehringhaus, Erskine E., Duke University Griffith, William H., Bucknell University Caldwell. Chester W., Purdue University Grimes, Kenneth D., Kansas State Agri. College Caldwell, F. R., Cornell University Eklund, Lennart N., University of Idaho Ekstrom, Iver R., Lewis Institute Grissler, Herman, Cooper Union Caldwell, John H., Jr., Cornell University Groch, Fred R., Calif. Inst. of Tech. Calkins, Delos S., Cornell University Elam, Francis P., University of Tennessee Ellerbeck, Karl H., University of Washington Grout, Edward M., University of Florida Camp, Byron L., Pennsylvania State College Gruber, Albert, State College of Washington Campbell, Doyne L., University of Oklahoma Elliott, John E., Iowa State College Ellingson, Ellis M., University of Iowa Grund, H. Maurice, Iowa State College Campbell, Guy C., University of Utah Gurinian, Paul, Lewis Institute Carbray F. J., McGill University Elliott, James D., Mass. Inst. of Technology Carland, James F., Iowa State College Ellis, Eugene V., Calif. Inst. of Tech. Haaf, George B., Syracuse University Carlen, Jam J., University of New Hampshire Ellis, J. G., University of Southern California Haas, Gaylord Paul, University of Notre Dame Carlson, Edward J., University of California Elmquist, Melvin L., University of Minnesota Hadwin, Thomas F., Univ. of British Columbia Carlson, Reuben J., University of Washington Epting, George H., Clemson Agricultural CollegeHagon, Thomas H., University of Wisconsin Carlstad, Alvin, State College of Washington Erickson, John E., Mich, Col. of Mining & Tech.Hagood, George B., Clemson Agricultural College Carter, Ernest D., University of Missouri Ernst, Karl W., Kansas State Agricultural CollegeHahn, Edward L., University of Nebraska Caughman, Martin W., Clemson Agricultural ColEstel, George A., Jr., Iowa State College Haines, Elliott, Jr., Johns Hopkins Univ. Cawby, Elmer L., University of Kentucky Evans, Carl B., University of New Hampshire Hall, John L., Calif. Inst. of Tech. Chaffee, F. Dudley, Worcester Polytechnic Inst.Evans, John W., Ohio State University Ham, Richard F., Alabama Polytechnic Institute Chamberlain, Glenn J., Calif. Inst. of Tech. Evans, Lewis P., University of Illinois Hamp, John W., Lehigh University Chang, Kung-Huan, Cornell University Evenson, Leonard, South Dakota School of MinesHamrick, Aaron W., North Carolina State College Chanon. Henry J., Ohio State University Everett, Leonard, Jr., Stanford University Handy, John C., Johns Hopkins University Chapman, John L., Clemson Agricultural College.Faerber, Arno A., Washington State College Hane, Oscar G., Mich. Col. of Mining & Tech. Cbarbonneau, Allan P., University of Kentucky Farris, Willard A., University of Maine Hanna, C. Raymond, Northeastern University Cherry, John T., North Carolina State College Fay, Ernest E., Jr., University of Nebraska Harrington, John A., State College of Washington Church, Robert A., University of Oklahoma Fenner, Kermit F., So. Dak. State School of MinesHarshbarger, Lloyd A., Ohio State University Clark, Eldon M., So. Dak. State School of Mines Finch, Glenn 0., North Carolina State College Hartman, Herbert L., Ohio Northern University Clark, George H., Cornell University Fischer, Frederick P., Rutgers College Hartong, Hobart H., University of Illinois Clark, John R., Northeastern University Fiske, John H., University of California Harvey, Gordon C., Ohio State University Clarke, George J., University of Illinois Fitch, Howard M., University of Kentucky Haubrich, Lee, Colorado State Agricultural Col. Cloran, Charles R.. Northeastern University Fleisher, Henry T., Penna. State College Haun, Allison J., Univ. of Calif. Cocanower, G. M., Purdue University Fleming, Max C., Kansas State Agricultural Col.Hay, Herbert -R., Lafayette College Cochran, William L., Alabama Polytechnic Inst.Fletemeyer, Louis H., Jr., Purdue University Hayes, Harrold H., So. Dak. State School of Mines Cohenour, Howard H., University of Illinois Folger, Walter C., Purdue University Hayes, Russell R., Oklahoma University Colot, Robert, Rutgers College Fonville, Ralph W., Duke University Haynes, Charles M., University of Missouri Colvin, Charles E., Jr., University of Kentucky Foos, Caldwell B., Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. Heckert, Robert B., Kansas State Agri. College Comerford, Thomas G., Northeastern University Formhals, William H., University of Illinois Heltzel, William E., Purdue University Comings, Mary B., Stanford University Forster, Arthur G., University of Calif. Hembree, Eugene E., Clemson Agricultural Col. Conrath, Robert E., Cornell University Fort, Robert I., University of Kentucky Hemphill, Hugh F., University of Kentucky Constantine, Jerry Jay, University of Kentucky Franco, John J., Mississippi A. & M. College Henderson, Donald B., University of Maine Conway, Clarence E., University of Idaho Friesell, Charles E., Ohio State University Henderson, Donald E., Rose Polytechnic Institute Cooper, Robert D., So. Dak. State School of MinesFrom, Arthur, University of Nebraska Hendricks, Shelton, University of Kentucky Cooper, Robert E., Jr., University of California Frost, Louis H., Syracuse University Hendrickson, Charles T., University of Minnesota Cooper, Winfield T., University of Illinois Fry, Margaret E., University of Kentucky Herrmann, John A., Purdue University Corbin, Joseph E., Pennsylvania State College Fuhlbrugge, Herman, So. Dak. State School ofHershberger, Carl A., Ohio Northern University Corley, John D., Ohio State University Mines Hess, B. Parker, Ohio State University Corp. James H., Rose Polytechnic Institute Funkhouser, Francis M., University of Illinois Hesselberth, Wilfred M., University of Illinois Corwin, Newell J., Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. Gahagan, Joseph E., Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.Hewitt, George William, Iowa State College Coryell, Walter R., Jr., Washington University Gainer, William P., Engg. School of Milwaukee Higgins, Elmer R., University of Maine Cottingham, Carey, University of Illinois Galbraith, Robert E., Univ. of Calif. Hoaglund, Robert G., Northeastern University Cousins, Byron I., Kansas State Agricultural Col.Galbreath, Robert R., Carnegie Inst. of Tech. Hoffman, Eugene C., State College of Washington Cowles, Marion, Jr., Kansas State Agri. College Garcia, Nicolas, Jr., Virginia Military Institute Hoffman, Gordon C., Clemson Agricultural Col. Craig, William D., Clemson Agricultural College Garrigus, Lewis L., Purdue University Hoffman, Gordon L., Johns Hopkins University Crane, Howard W., Colorado State Agri. Col. Gates, Clinton E., Calif. Inst. of Tech. Hollis, George H., West Virginia University Crawford, Elston R., Rutgers College Gay, Clarence G., Northeastern University Holmes, Burton E., Northeastern University Cronin, Wm. M., University of Illinois Gearhiser, William P., Miss. A. & M. College Holmes, Richard H., Univ. of Calif. Cutting, Charles A., University of Maine Gelman, Herschel R., Kansas State Agri. CollegeHonke, Akira, University of Illinois Danilson, Paul A., University of Idaho Gentilini, Celso, University of Illinois Horn, Virgil M., Purdue University Davault, Louis T., University of Texas George, Ernest E., Princeton University Horning, Edward W., University of Illinois Davidson, Harvey E., Kansas State Agri. CollegeGeorge, Olin C., Ohio Northern University Horstman, Clifford C., Washington University Davies, Alfred E., Syracuse University Gess, John T., University of Kentucky Hoshino, Akira, Cornell University Davis, Arthur L., Newark College of EngineeringGhamat, Shavax B., Engg. School of Milwaukee Howard, Clyde E., Ohio State University Davis, Maurice W., University of Kentucky Gibson, John C., Mass. Inst. of Tech. Howard, Jack M., University of Kentucky Davis, Nelson M., Ohio State University Gibbens, John R., Rose Polytechnic Institute Howard, Richard P., University of Kentucky Davis, Paul, Kansas State Agricultural College Giddings, Sylvester N., Calif. Inst. of Tech. Howery, Allen M., University of Tennessee Davis, Stuart, University of Oklahoma Gill, Harry A., Northeastern University Hsu, Shih-Chuan, Purdue University 942 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Journal A. I. E. E. Huang, Plenchun, Purdue University Lautler, Roger A., Rensselaer Poly. Inst. Miner, H. Read, University of Illinois Huber, Louis P., State Collegeof Washington Hudlow, Lloyd J., State Lawman, Paul M., Carnegie Inst. of Tech. Mitchell, David B., University of New Mexico College of Washington Lawrence, Walter T., Iowa State College Montgomery, Glenn D., Montana State College Huebner, Charles A., Universityof Illinois Huffer, J. Craig, University Laws, Charles W., So. Dak. State School of MinosMontojo, Edward P., Engg. School of Milwaukee of Florida Lawyer, Hugh, University of Oklahoma Moody, Harold S., University of Southern Calif. Hufnagel, Walter P., Universityof Illinois Lazzari, Americo, Univ. of Calif. Hull, Francis M., University Moon, Arthur W., Cornell University of Detroit Leatherman, Henry A.. Ohio Northern University Humphrey, Nathan T., Princeton Moran, Francis I'., University of Detroit University LoCroy, James M., Miss. A. & M. College Moran, Leo L., University of Detroit Humphrey, Thomas S., Jr., New YorkUniversityLee, John H., North Carolina State College Hunt, Donald L., Iowa State Morgan, Charles T., Northeastern University College . Lefler, Julian T., University of Kentucky Hunter, Charles W., Univ of Morgan, James M., West Virginia University Calif. Leibovich, Harry, University of Missouri Morrow, Melvin J., Brooklyn Polytechnic Inst. Hurlbut, Charles C., SyracuseUniversity Leppert, Melvin L., Calif. Inst. of Technology Hurst, Thomas T., Mississippi Morton, Paul L., University of Washington A. & M. College Levine, David L., University of Illinois Muller, Hiram P., Cornell University Ibler, Harry, University ofIllinois Levine, Samuel J., Mass. Inst. of Technology Imle, John F., University of Muntz, J. H., University of Illinois Texas Levy, Francis E., Univ. of Calif. Ireland, John W Murch, Kenneth C., Northeastern University , Jr., Virginia Military InstituteLewis, J. Conrad, State College of Washington Murphy, Frederick J., Northeastern University Irvine, Leland K., University ofUtah Lewis, John J., Rensselaer Poly. Inst. Isherwood, Robert A., Northeastern Murphy, William M., University of Kentucky University Lewis, Robert K., University of Kentucky Myrick, Eberhard P., State College of Washington Jacklin, Norman L., University ofIllinois Ley, John E., Kansas State Agricultural College Jackman, Arthur A., Northeastern Nahas, Jack N., Texas A. & M. College University Lichty, H. F., North Carolina State College Nanartonis. Albert N., Worcester Poly. Inst. Jacobs, John Wm., NortheasternUhiversity Lightner, Paul J., University of Oklahoma Jacroux, George, State College of Nathan, Jack X., Carnegie Inst. of Tech. Washington Lindsey, Walter F., Virginia Military Institute Nave, Clyde K., University of Kentucky Jarrard, C. E., Clemson AgriculturalCollege Lindstrom, Jerome E., North Dakota Agri. Col. Jefferies, V. E., Kansas State Agr. Naylor, Charles W., Kansas State Agr. College College Lockie, Arthur M., Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. Nazario, Arthur, Ohio Northern University Jenkins, Russell C., University ofMissouri Logan, John W., University of Missouri Jester, Harold S., University of Illinois Neidert. John H., University of Texas Lorenz, Harold F., Worcester Polytechnic Inst.Nelsch, Walter R., University of Illinois Jobbins, Daniel Manley, Rutgers College Losoncy, Wm. A., University of Detroit Johnson, Alva A., University of Virginia Nelson, Ruben, So. Dak. State School of Mines Lotze, Charles A., Rose Polytechnic Institute Nelson, Walter E., North Dakota Agr. College Johnson, Clarence B., Jr., Virginia MilitaryInst.Lundberg, Fred C., University of Utah Newman, Clyde, Kansas State AgriculturalCol. Johnson, Elmer T., Northeastern University Lyle, R. Elmore, State College of Washington Johnson, Emmett M., State Col. of Washington Niemi, Arvo N., Mich. St. Col. of Agri. & Ap.Sci. MacDonald, Alden F., University of Florida Noe, Milford W., University of Kentucky Johnson, Ernest A., Rose Polytechnic Institute Macdonald, George E., Engg. School of Mil. Johnson, Paul K., Rensselaer Polytechnic Nolan, Robert A., Ohio State University Inst.Mace, Otis E., Worcester Polytechnic Institute Norris, Rollin H., Harvard University Johnson, Victor T., University of Calif. Mack, Donald W., University of New Hampshire Johnson, William De Laporte, Univ. of Missouri Nottingham, James R., West Virginia University MacNamee, William R., Princeton University Novak, Frank E., University of Wisconsin Johnson, W. M., University of Florida MacNeill, Gordon E., Northeastern University Johnston, Thomas F., Texas A. & M. College Noyes, Herbert E., Northeastern University Macoy, Eugene W., Mass. Inst. of Technology O'Donnell, Cornelius E., University of Illinois Jones, Otis C., So. Dak. State School of Mines Maier, Robert W., Northeastern University Jones, Willie H., University of Nebraska O'Leary, Daniel F., Northeastern University Makita, Victor K, University of Southern Calif. Ordway, Robert D., Northeastern University Jordan, Robert L., University of Illinois Malone, Creed, Jr., West Virginia University Jordan, Stanley R., University of Illinois Orner, Ralph J., University of Illinois Mann, Hamilton H., University of Virginia Orth, Harry, University of Texas Kaminky, Oscar H., University of Illinois Manville, Robert L., University of Illinois Kanne, Donald W., University of Minnesota O'Sullivan, Robert G., Brooklyn PolytechnicInst. Marshall, Harrison G., University of Maine Ott, Marvin G., Kansas State Agricultural Kantayya, Anandarao G., Rensselaer Poly. Inst.Marston, William R., University of Illinois Col. Karnuth, Roy F., University of Illinois Owsley, Carl, University of Kentucky Marvin, Gordon S., University of Illinois Pafford, Robert J., Kansas State Agri. College Katt, William J., University of Illinois Massey, Victor H., Univ. of Calif. Kelliher, James L., Northeastern University Pagella, Charles, Rhode Island State College Mathisen, George, Lehigh University Paine, Harold G., University of Illinois Kelsay, William D., University of Texas Matoian, Christopher G.. Univ. of New Hampshire Kemper, Floyd L., Ohio State University Palmer. Robert N.. Rensselaer PolytechnicInst. Matthews, George D.. University of Illinois Pangborn, Redmond J., University of Idaho Kennedy, Frank H., Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.Mauney, B. S., North Carolina State College Kent, Frederick T., Jr., Rutgers College Paramore, Leslie, Kansas State Agri. College Mauney, James H., North Carolina StateCollegeParce, Earl T., Colorado State Agricultural Kerley, James G., Miss. A. & M. College Mauss, Lyle L., Iowa State College Col. Kester, Edson E., University of Florida Pardonner, George N., Ohio State University Mayer, F. N., So. Dak. State School ofMines Parker, Gordon S., Virginia Military Institute Kettenring, Robert L., University of WashingtonMayott, William E., Rensselaer Poly. Inst. Keyes, William R., Mich. Col. of Mining & Tech. Parks, Lester A., Northeastern University Mazyck, Edward H.. Clemson AgriculturalCol. Pascoe, Robert L., Lafayette College Kiehle, E. G., Northeastern University McClarren, D. W., University of Washington Kime, Roy M., Princeton University Patel, R. M., Cornell University McConaghy, Louis B., Carnegie Inst. ofTech. Patterson, Russell H., Ohio State University Kimura, Henry A., McCowan, Howard L., University of Illinois Kinney, Floyd M., Ohio State University McCrary, Samuel E., Virginia Military Patterson, William R., University of Kentucky Kirk, Richard C., North Carolina State College InstitutePeale, Alexander H.. Mississippi A. & M.College McCulley, E. P., Kansas State Agr. College Peale, A. W., Miss. A. & M. College Kirschner, Alfred E., Northeastern University McCurdy, John D., Cornell University Rliebenstein, W. Willard, State Col. of Wash. Pearson, John S., Stanford University McDonald, Raymond K., State Col. ofWash. Klinke, Henry 0., Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.- Mc Dowell, Earle B., Iowa State College Pelatowski, S. M., State Univ. of New Mexico Mockler, Wallace C.. State Col. of Washington McFaddin, John J., Clemson Agricultural Pennington. Donald J., University of Illinois Knack, Wallace L., Cornell University CollegePentz, Everett W., University of Kentucky McFarlin, Vernon S., NortheasternUniversity Peralta, A., Cornell University Knoll, Arthur F., University of Cincinnati McGinty, Norman W.. University of Idaho Pernell, J. Herbert, University of Oklahoma Ko, C. C., Purdue University McIntosh, F. R., Texas A. & M College Koch, Theodore A., Ohio State University McKay, William M., Montana State Perry, James G., University of Kentucky Koehler, Julius W., McGill University College Pettus, James F., University of Kentucky McKenzie, Daniel B., Virginia MilitaryInstitute Kolb, Louis W., Lewis Institute McPherson, John M., Clemson Agricultural Phillips, Charles H., Rensselaer Poly. Inst. Col. Pickels, George W., Jr., University of Illinois Krehbiel, Menno P., Kansas State Agr. College McPhillamey, Wallace F., Universityof Idaho Kriviskey, George, University of Illinois Meliza, Lyle H., University of Illinois Pickens, Harold L., University of Oklahoma Kugler, John C., University of Idaho Melton, Dewey P., North Carolina Pierce, Arthur F., Jr., Worcester PoltechnicInst. State CollegePierce, Charles J., Syracuse University Kuhlman, Harold E., University of Oklahoma Mendel, Leo E., University of Illinois Kuklinski, Marcel, University of Kentucky Meneely, James F., University of Idaho Pilgrim, Charlie J., University of Texas Pitner, Gordon H., University of Illinois Kwapil, Elmer G., University of Wisconsin Menendez, Ernest, University of Florida Ladang, Alfredo C., Lewis Institute Platts, Ralph N., University of Kentucky Meschicovsky, Theodore, Worcester Poly.Inst. Lair, Otis W., Purdue University Meyer, George F., University of Illinois Plomasen, Charles G., State Col. of Washington Lambert, William H , Carnegie Inst. of Tech. Meyers, George J., Jr., Mass. Inst. of Poland, Harland 0., University of Maine Lamkey, Frank R., Washington University TechnologyPoland, Merle G., State College of Meyers, M. Downing, Johns HopkinsUniversity Washington Lancaster, Charles N., University of Kentucky Meyers, Otto F.. University of Texas Pollacek, Edgar H., Rutgers College Lancaster, Joseph G., University of Idaho Michael. Paul 0., Purdue University Porter, William T., Stanford University Powell, Arnold E., Northeastern Landa, Henry C., University of Wisconsin Miller, Chas. J., University of Missouri University Lantz, Norman G., Purdue University Miller, Leo N., University of Iowa Powell, George L., Univ. of Calif. Laramore, Chester E., Purdue University Prentice, Bruce R., Kansas StateAgr. Col. Miller, Richard A., Newark Collegeof Engineering Larson, Carl G., Worcester Polytechnic InstituteMiller, Wallace B., Virginia Military Pritchett, Jack D., Calif. Inst. of Tech. Institute Procopio, Ralph G., Northeastern University INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES 943 Dec. 1929 Villegas, Lucio P., State College of Washington College Siniscalchi, Guy C., University of Illinois Prucha, Alvin F., Iowa State Smith, Benjamin T., Virginia Military Institute Vipond, Leslie C., North Carolina State College Radcliffe, Joseph H., Montana StateCollege Vogel, Charles P., Lafayette College Ragsdale, John H., Univ. of SouthernCalifornia Smith, Carl E., Iowa State College Smith, George H., University of Delaware Vogel, William H., Jr., Cornell University Ranson, L. Russell, Duke University Waale, Theodore, So. Dak. State School of Mines University Smith, Floyd H., Kansas State Agri. College Rasmus, Peter A., Ohio State Smith, Howard G., Cornell University Walden, George R., Univ. of New Hampshire Rayburn, Lawrence M., State Col.of Washington Walker, John T., Jr., Virginia Military Institute Read. G. Wilber, Calif. Inst. of Tech. Smith, Laurence M., University of Idaho Smith, Paul Q., Mississippi A. & M. College - Walsh, Tracy R., University of Florida Reinhard, James W., Univ. of SouthernCalifornia Walsh, William C., Univ. of Calif College Smith, Wm. S., North Carolina State College Rentz, Cecil V., Clemson Agricultural Smoot, E. P., Kansas State Agr. College Walters, Thomas A., University of Kentucky Rettig, V. G., University of Cincinnati Sodano, Michael C., Worcester Poly. Inst. Walton, Louis A., University of Kentucky Reynard, Charles L., University ofDelaware Wamboldt, Henry, Colorado State Agri. College Reynolds, Embree E.. Univ. of Calif. Soliday, Victor W., Engg. School of Milwaukee Soskin, Samuel B., Lewis Institute Wanner, Louis R., Lehigh University Rhee, Wm. J., Purdue University Southern, W. W., McGill University Warrick, Paul J., University of Illinois Rhodes, Floyd C., Rensselaer Poly. Inst. Sowell, Thomas M., Texas A. & M. College Watson, Frank E., West Virginia University Rice, Charles K., University of Kentucky Watson, Jack H., University of Oklahoma Richards, Alfred W., Mich. Col. of Mining& Tech.Spadetti, Umberto, Rhode Island State College Sparks, Walter D., University of Kentucky Weber, John C., University of Wisconsin Riley, Charles W., Syracuse University Spencer, Julian L., University of Illinois Weckel, M. F., Kansas State Agri. College Riner, John D., Univ. of Calif. Weeks, Gilbert E., University of Maine Riseland, Julius L., State Col. of Washington Spencer, Lincoln 0., University of Maine Sperl, Kenneth K., Rhode Island State College Wegel, Fred C., Rutgers College Roasa, Hubert L., Iowa State College Weiks, John E., Engg. School of Milwaukee Robb, Charles D., University of Detroit Sperotto, Joseph J., Rose' Polytechnic Institute Spilker, Clifford J., So. Dak. State School of MinesWeil, Robert T., Jr., Brooklyn Polytechnic Inst. Robbins, Fred E., Purdue University Weist, Glenn E., Purdue University Robeck, Clausen A., Johns Hopkins University Sprague, V. Gilbert, Ohio State University Spring, William S., Cornell University Wells, Leslie S., University of Illinois Roberts, Frederick F., University of Idaho Wells, Miner F., Worcester Polytechnic Institute Robinson, Leonard E., University of Illinois Stanton, Samuel W., Rutgers College Stearns, Richard H., Duke University Wells, Raymond G., University of Illinois Roblee, John E., University of Missouri Wenzel, Hubert A., University of Illinois Rodriquez, Carlos V., University of Texas Steel, J. Ira, West Virginia University Steers, Williarn F., University of Kentucky Wergin, Clarence, Engg. School of Milwaukee Rogers, Arlington G., Mich. Col. of Mining &Tech. Werner, Calvin J., University of Cincinnati Romberg, Marvin, University of Texas Sterling, Oscar R., Bucknell University Stidfole, Fred S., Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst. West, Clarence V., Virginia Polytechnic Institute Rosencrans, C. A., Lehigh University Westberg, V. L., University of Illinois Ross, George A., Calif. Inst. of Tech. Stieg, Henry R., Northeastern University Stiles, J. Ward, University of Toronto Westerstrom, R. W., Iowa State College Rubin, Albert C., University of Illinois Wey, George, University of Illinois Rudasill, William A., Virginia Military Institute Stilphen, Lee E., Northeastern University St. John, Robert C., University of Illinois Wheeler, John N., Northeastern University Rus, Albert F., University of Illinois Whisler, Clarence R., Iowa State College Russell, Donald R , University of Idaho Stipp, Theodore F., Calif. Inst. of Tech. Stoll, Philip C., Georgia School of Technology White, Irving S., Worcester Polytechnic Institute Russell, Lloyd W., Calif. Inst. of Tech. White, Raymond N., University of Kentucky Rust, George D., Newark College of Engineering Stuttle, Charles S., University of Detroit Sucre, Antonio J., Mass. Inst. of Tech. Whiteside, Elbert B., Virginia Military Institute Ryan, Charles P., Iowa State College Whiteside, Foster C., University of Oklahoma Sackman, George W., Clemson Agricultural Col. Sudack, William, Northeastern University Suydam, George M., Lafayette College Whitney, Carl E., University of Cincinnati Saibara, Robert, Texas A. & M. College Whitney, Walter N., Cornell University Salazar, Alberto. Rensselaer Poly. Inst. Sullivan, Hays, Jr., Mississippi A. & M. College Sussin, David, University of Texas Whittaker, Earl S., Clarkson College Sander, Willis C., State College of Washington Wick, Vernon C., Mich. College of Mining & Tech. Sanders, Jack, Kansas State Agricultural CollegeSutherland, John G., University of Cincinnati Swain, Vernon T., University of New Hampshire Wickey, John R., Purdue University Sanders, J. L., Jr., University of Florida Wickland, Edward H., University of Illinois Sargent, Charles S., University of Washington Swanson, John A., Engg. School of Milwaukee Swift, Frederick T., Jr., Calif. Inst. of Tech. Wilcoxson, Arthur F., Ohio State University Sargent, Willard C., Northeastern University Wildes, Arthur F., Mass. Inst. of Technology Sawyer, Richard M., Univ. of New Hampshire Szewczuk, Walter. University of Missouri Talbott, Arthur L., State College of Washington Willey, Garner D., University of Kentucky Scales, Samuel M., University of Texas Williams, Dudley F., Rose Polytechnic Institute Scheffer, Sebastian L., University of Maine Tallcott, Clifford P., Syracuse University Tankovich, James G., Ohio State University Williams, Ralph P., So. Dak. State School of Mines Schierland, Raymond F., Univ. of Cincinnati Williams, Walter J., Montana State College Schlieder, Harold A., Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst.Taplin, Ernest L., State College of Washington Tarbet, Thomas V., Calif. Inst. of Tech. Williamson, Edwin H., University of Virginia Schmuck, Rudolph, University of Texas Willman Joseph A., Alabama Polytechnic Institute Scholl, Robert A., Purdue University Tarun, Leighton P., So. Dak. State School of Mines Scholz, Clarence W., University of Nebraska Taylor, Theodore F., University of Iowa Winsor, Paul B., Rhode Island State College Taylor, Wm. L., University of Illinois Wirt, J. Raymond, Purdue University Schowe, Harvey F., University of Missouri Wiseman, Donald M., University of Idaho Schroder, Lawrence D., University of Utah Thayer, E. Merlin, Calif. Inst. of Tech. Thielman, Albert, Mich. Col. of Mining & Tech.Wolfe, J C., University of Nebraska Schutz, Emil, Municipal University of Akron Wolfe, Theodore A., Lehigh University Schwarz, Howard C., University of Missouri Thom, E. H., Kansas State Agr. College Scott, Robert M., University of Maine Thomas, Peter G., Pennsylvania State College Wolff, Marvin A., Rutgers College Scott, Stewart D., Univ. of Southern California Thompson, Martin M., University of Kentucky Woll, Lazar, Columbia University Seal, Philip M., Worcester Polytechnic Institute Thompson, R. J., University of Oklahoma Wood, Benjamin T., University of Maine Searing, William H., Cornell University Thompson, William G., Jr., Univ. of Calif. Woodard, Walter M., Ohio Northern University Seegal, Jacob, Brown University Thomson, Howard M., University of WashingtonWoodffil, J. R., University of Illinois Seely, Raymond K., State College of WashingtonThudin, Clyde F., Kansas State Agri. College Woodruff, Marion W., University of Illinois Seiler, George E., University of Oklahoma Tolentino, Damaso M., Engg. School of Mil. Woodruff, Robert T., Carnegie Institute of Tech. Sexton, Charles R., Univ. of Calif. Trekell, Harold E., Kansas State Agri. College Woolhiser, Joy E., So. Dak. State School of Mines Shapiro, Richard, University of Illinois Trompen, J. Milton, Rutgers College Worcester, J A., Cornell University Shearer, Robert L., University of Illinois Trotter, Robert R., Miss. A. & M. College Word, John A., Univ. of Calif. Sheath, Samuel B., Jr., Rutgers College Trueb, Jack, Rose Polytechnic Institute Wright, James H., Harvard University Shepherd, Marshall L., North Carolina State Col.Truesdell, Francis W., Clarkson College Wright, Milton J., Syracuse University Shields, C. B., Purdue University Tsiales, Panayiotis T.. University of Maine Wright, Norman H., Northeastern University Shively, Harmon G., Municipal Univ. of Akron Turner, R. Kenneth, Ohio State University Young, F. E., University of Utah Shively, Russell D., Municipal Univ. of Akron Twelves, Charles M., Mass. Inst. of Tech. Young, Frederick M., Northeastern University Shomber, Harold H., Kansas State Agri. CollegeUnz, Clifford F., Iowa State College Young, Joseph W., So. Dak. State School of Mines Shraberg, Ben, University of Kentucky Valdes, Prodencio, University of Texas Young, Richard, University of Missouri Shumaker, Henry H., Mississippi A. & M. CollegeValentine, Weston W., Lehigh University Younts, Glen L., Iowa State College Shwetz, Patrick D., Northeastern University Van Horn, Otto, Montana State College Zable, Louis, Univ. of Calif. Sickel, Stanley J., South Dakota School of MinesVan Meter, B. F., University of Kentucky Zima, Thomas E., Carnegie Institute of Tech. Siegel, George M., Worcester Polytechnic Inst. Vant, Leslie M., Northeastern University Zimmerman, James W., University of Kentucky Sievers, Arthur G , So. Dak. State School of MinesVencill, George J., University of Missouri Siler, Harold D., Ohio State University Vieth, Edward L., Jr., University of Kentucky Total 835. 944 INSTITI TV, AND111.:I.ATED .14)Iirtial A. I.le, K.

Cuba UV PRINCIPLES OF PloWE-vooNAL CoNIP it: I, F. t OFFICERS A. I. E.E. 1929-1930 U NI Vele..1 1Y Sc114.1.Ale.1111.3, W. I. Silelitvr President AWARD INslItt/ I It A. I:.KlioWlloo HAROLD B. SMITH SAVE! y Cooks,A. W. Berr.,iord R. F. SenucuAttur Junior Past Presidents SPECIAL COMMITTEE BANCROFT GIIICIcARDI Atwisou y CoMMI Ii IO 11111 Mus:cust., totnig l'uncapin. A Vice -Presidents I .4, J. P. Jackson E.B. MERRIAM H. A. KIDDER HURBICRT S. EVANS TECHNICAL COMMITTEES AND CHAIRMEN W. T. RYAN W. S. RODMAN A UI OMAI IC STATIONS, P. Z001411111 13. D. Huta. C. E. ItLEAGica CommuNicAlION, G. A. Kositzky G. E. QUINAN E.C. STONE Ein ,CATIoN, Edward Bennett C. B.SISSON Directors ELECTRICALMACHINERY, P111111, L.Alger I. ELECTRIC WELDING,A. M. Candy E. MOULTROP J. ALLEN JOHNSON H. C. DONCARLOS A. M. ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND ELECTROME TALLURG V, P. II. Briwe P. J.CHESTICRMAN MACCUTCHICON ETECIROPHYSICS,0. H. Buckley P. C.HANKER A. E. Burris GENERAL POWER APPLICATIONS, J.F. Gaskill E. B. MEYER W. S. LEE INSTRUMICN IS AND MEASUREMENTS,Everett S. Lee H. P. J. E.KEARNS APPLICATIONS TO IRON LIVERSIDGE C. E.STEPHENS AND STEEL PRODUCJll!N,cAst.. M. Fowler National Treasurer PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF LIGHT, George Merrill GEORGE A. HAMILTON NationalSecretary APPLICATIONS TO MARINI? WORK, W.E. Than P. L.HUTCHINSON APPLICATIONS TO MINING WORK, Carl Lee POWER GENERATION, F.A. Allner POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION. II.R. I,Voodrow General Counsel: PARKER & AARON PROTECTIVE DEVICES,E. A. Hester 30 Broad Street, New York RESEARCH,S. M. Kintner LOCAL HONORARY SECRETARIES T. J. TRANSPORTATION,Sidney Withington Fleming, Calle B. Mitre 519, Buenos Aires,Argentina, S. A. H. W. Flashman, Aus. WestinghouseElec.Co.Ltd.,Cathcart House, A. I. E. E. REPRESENTATION 11 Castlereagh St., Sydney, N. S. W.,Australia. F. M. Servos, Rio de Janiero Tramways, (The Institute is represented on the following bodies; thenames of the Brazil. Light & Power Co., Rio de Janeiro, sentatives may be found in the September issue of the JOURNAL.) repro- A. P. M. Fleming, Metropolitan VickersElec. Co., Trafford Park, Manchester, ALFRED NOBLE PRIZE COMMITTEE,A. S. C. E. England. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, COUNCIL A. S. Garfield, 45 Bd. Beausejour, Paris lfiE., France. AMERICAN BUREAU OF WELDING F. W. Willis, Tata Power Company, BombayHouse, Bombay, India. AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON ELECTROLYSIS P. H. Powell, Canterbury College, Christchurch,New Zealand. AMERICAN ENGINEERING COUNCIL ASSEMBLY M. Chatelain, Lesnoi Polytechnic Institute,Apt. 27, Leningrad, U. S. S. R. AMERICAN MARINE STANDARDS COMMITTEE Axel F. Enstrom, 24a Ingeniorsvetenskrapsakademien,Stockholm, 5 Sweden. AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION W. Eldson-Dew, P. 0. Box 4563 Johannesburg, AMERICAN YEAR BOOK, ADVISORY BOARD Transvaal, Africa. BOARD OF TRUSTEES, UNITED ENGINEERING SOCIETY A. I. E. E. COMMITTEES CHARLESA.COFFIN FELLOWSHIP AND RESEARCH FUND COMMITTEE COMMITTEE OF APPARATUS MAKERS AND USERS, NATIONAI. (A list of the personnel of Institute committees RESEARCH COUNCIL issue of the may be found in the September COMMITTEE ON ELIMINATION OF FATIGUE, SOCIETY OF INDUSTRIALENGINEERS JOURNAL.) COMMITTEE ONHEATTRANSMISSION, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL ENGINEERING FOUNDATION BOARD GENERAL STANDING COMMITTEESAND CHAIRMEN JOHN FRITZ MEDAL BOARD OF AWARD EXECUTIVE,Harold B. Smith OINT COMMITTEE ON WELDED RAIL JOINTS FINANCE,E. B. Meyer JOINT CONFERENCE COMMITTEE OF FOUR FOUNDER SOCIETIES MEETINGS AND PAPERS,A. E. Knowlton IIIRARY BOARD, UNITED ENGINEERING SOCIETY PUBLICATION, W.S. Gorsuch NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION, ELECTRICAL COMMITTEE COORDINATION OF INSTITUTE ACTIVITIES, H. A, Kidder NATIONAL FIRE WASTE COUNCIL BOARD OF EXAMINERS, E. H.Event NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, ENGINEERING DIVISION SEcnoNs, W. B. Kouwenhoven NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, ELECTRICAL COMMITTEEOFA. S. S. E.-ENGINEER- STUDENT BRANCHES, W. H.Timbie INGSECTION MEMBERSHIP, J.Allen Johnson RADIO ADVISORY COMMITTEE. BUREAU OF STANDARDS HEADQUARTERS, R.H. Tapscott SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION,BOARD OF INVESTI- LAW, L.F. Morehouse GATION AND COORDINATION U.S. PUBLIC POLICY, D. C.Jackson NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONALCOMMISSION ON STANDARDS, ILLUMINATION EDISON MEDAL,Samuel Insull U. S. NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE INTERNATIONALELECTROTECHNICAL- LAMME MEDAL,Charles F. Scott COMMISSION WASHINGTON AWARD, COMMISSION OF LIST OF SECTIONS Name District Chairman Secretary Name District Chairman Secretary Akron (2) W. A. Hillebrand R.R.Krammes, The Ohio Kansas City Power Co., Canton, 0. (7) A. B. Covey J. S. Palmer, Kansas City Pr. & Atlanta (4) H. L. Wills W. F. Bellinger, Electric Bldg., Lt. Co., 1330 Grand Ave., Atlanta, Ga. Lehigh Valley Kansas City, Mo. Baltimore (2) W.B.KouwenhovenG. S. Diehl, Pa. Water & Pwr. (2) A. J. Althouse E. F. Weaver, Pa. Pr. & Lt. Co., Co.,1611 Lexington Bldg., 901 Hamilton St., Allentown, Baltimore. Md. Los Angeles Pa. Birmingham (4) W. E. Bare 0. E. Charlton, Alabama Power (8) N. B. Hinson H. W. Hitchcock, So. Cal. Tel. Co., Birmingham. Ala. Co., 740 So. Olive St., Los Boston (1) W. H. Colbum G. J. Crowdes, Simplex Wire & Louisville Angeles, Cal. Cable Co., Sidney St., Cam- (4) H. W. Wischmeyer PhilipP.Ash,Louisville & bridge, Mass. Nashville Rd. Bldg.. 9th & Chicago (5) T. G. LeClair F.R.Innes,c/oElectrical Lynn B'way Ave., Louisville, Ky. World, 7 So. Dearborn St., (1) I. F. Kinnard H. K. Nock, General Elec. Co., Chicago. Ill. Madison West Lynn, Mass. Cincinnati (2) T. C. Reed L. L. Bosch, Columbia Engg. & (5) R. E. Purucker L. C. Larson, Univ. of Wiscon- Mgmt. Corp., 314 West 4th Mexico sin, Madison, Wis. St., Cincinnati, 0. (3) G. Solis-Payan E. Leonarz, Jr., Apartado, 2601, Cleveland (2) T. D. Owens Wm. H. LaMond, Simplex Wire Milwaukee (5) Mexico City, Mexico & Cable Co.. 2019Union E. W. Seeger R. C. Siegel, Wisconsin Tel. Co.. Trust Bldg., Cleveland. 0. 418 Broadway,Milwaukee. Columbus (2) R. A. Brown W. C. Johnson, Ohio Bell Tel. Minnesota Wis. Co., 42 E. Gay St., Columbus, (5) V. E. Engquist Oscar Gaarden, Northern State Ohio Pr. Co., 15 S. 5th St., Minne- Connecticut (1) Sidney WithingtonR. G. Warner, Yale Univ., New Nebraska apolis, Minn. Haven, Conn. (6) D. H. Braymer W. 0. Jacobi, Omaha & Council Dallas (7) J. B. Thomas A. Chetham-Strode, Dallas Pwr. Bluffs St. Ry. Co., 19 & Far- & Light Co., Interurban Bldg., New York nam Sts., Omaha, Neb. Dallas, Tex. (3) H. P. Charlesworth T. F. Barton,General Elec. Co., Denver (6) W. H. Bullock N. R. Love, 807 Tramway Bldg., Niagara Frontier 120 Broadway, New York Denver, Colo. (1) Raymond T. Henry E. P. Harder,Buffalo General Detroit-Ann'Arbor (5) L. F. Hickernell T. N. Lacy, Michigan Bell Tel. Elec. Co., 205 Electric Bldg., Co., 1365 Cass Ave., Detroit, North Carolina Buffalo, N. Y. Mich. (4) E. P. Coles Marshall E. Lake, Duke Pr. Co. Erie (2) W. H. Pelton Geo. I. Le Baron, General Elec- Oklahoma City Power Bldg., Charlotte, N. C. tric Co., Erie, Pa. (7) C. Walker Mier C. T. Almquist, Univ. of Okla- Fort Wayne (5) F. W. Merrill E. J. Schaefer, General Electric homa, Norman, Okla. Co., Ft. Wayne, Ind. Panama (3) Houston (7) L. K. Del'Homme C.D. Farman, Southwestern Philadelphia (2) R. H. Silbert Bell Tel. Co., Houston, Texas J. L. MacBurney, Elec.Stor- (5) J. B. Bailey age Battery Co.,1955 Hunting Indianapolis-Laf. H. M. Stradling, 353 Mass Ave., Park Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Indianapolis. Ind. Pittsburgh (2) J. A. Cadwallader Iowa (5) C. L. Sampson J. K. McNeely, Iowa State Col- C. T. Sinclair, Byllesby Engg. & lege, Ames, Iowa Mngmt. Corp., 435 Sixth Ave., Ithaca (1) W. C. Ballard, Jr. W. E. Meserve, 614 E. Buffalo Pittsfield Pittsburgh, Pa. St., Ithaca, N. Y. (1) L. F. Blume L. H. Burnham, General Elec- tric Co., Pittsfield, Mass. 945 Dec. 1929 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES LIST OF SECTIONS-Continued Name Chairman Secretary Name Chairman Secretary Spokane (9) Earl Baughn Loren A. Traub, 215 Symons Portland, Ore. (9) H. H. Cake A. H. Kreul, Portland Elec. Pr. Bldg., Spokane, Wash. Co., Hawthorne Bldg., Port- Fred L. Hunt B.V.K.French,American land. Ore. Springfield, Mass. (1) Bosch Magneto Corp., Spring- Providence (1) F. W. Smith 0. W. Briden, Blackstone Valley field, Mass. Gas & Elec. Co., Pawtucket, F. E. Verdin Chas. W. Henderson, 504 Uni- R. I. Syracuse (1) versity Pl., Syracuse, N. Y. Virgil M. Graham CharlesF.Estwick,General Rochester (1) Railway Signal Co., Roches- Toledo (2) E. B. Featherstone Max Neuber, 1257 Femwood ter, N. Y. Ave., Toledo, 0. Toronto (10) F. F. Ambuhl W. F. Sutherland, Toronto Hy- St. Louis (7) G. H. Quermann 0. J. Rotty, Union Elec. Lt. & droelec. Sys., 225 Yonge St., Pr. Co., 315 No. 12th Blvd., Toronto, Ont., Canada St. Louis, Mo. C. E.Skroder, Univ. ofIll., L. F. Fuller G. Ross Henninger, Electrical Urbana (5) M. A. Faucett San Francisco (8) West, 883 Mission St., San Urbana, Ill. (0) A. C. Kelm L. B. Fuller, Utah Pr. & Lt. Co., Francisco, Cal. Utah Salt Lake City, Utah (10) J. R. Cowley A. B. Coward, Light & Power Saskatchewan Dept., Regina, Sask., Canada Vancouver (10)J. Teasdale D. Robertson, Canadian Gen. R. Treat E. E. Johnson, Rm. 435, Bldg. 2, Elec. Co., Ltd., Vancouver, Schenectady (1) General Electric Co., Schenec- B. C., Canada tady, N. Y. Washington (2) W. A. E. Doying G. L. Weller, Chesapeake & (9) L. N. Robinson George S. Smith, Elec. Engg. Potomac Tel. Co. & ASSOC. Seattle Dept., University of Wash- Cos., 725 -13th St., N.W., ington, Seattle, Wash. Washington, D. C. S. S. Cook, Westinghouse E. & Sharon (2) J. B. Gibbs (1) H. H. Newell R. P. Bullen, General Elec. Co., M. Co., Sharon, Pa. Worcester 704 State Mutual Bldg., Wor- H. C. Leonard CeM.cil G ray, Westinghouse E. & Southern Virginia (4) Co.. 912 Electric Bldg., cester, Mass.

Richmond, Va. Total 57

LIST OF BRANCHES Counselor Secretary (Member of Faculty) Name and Location District Chairman (2) Glenn 0. Hite G. G. Clark J. T. Walther Akron, Municipal Univ. of, Akron, Ohio (4) T. S. Winter 0. T. Allen W. W. Hill Alabama Polytechnic Inst., Auburn, Ala (4) Alabama, Univ. of, University, Ala (8) Barney Shehane F. F. Denney C. Clark Arizona, Univ. of, Tucson, Ariz (7) D. J. Morrison W. B. Stelzner Arkansas, Univ. of, Fayetteville, Ark J. Dollenmaier S. Janiszewski E. H. Freeman Armour Inst. of Tech., 3300 Federal St., Chicago, Ill (5) Clyde C. Whipple Brooklyn Poly. Inst., 99 Livingston St., Brooklyn, N. Y (3) F. J. Mullen R. G. O'Sullivan (2) E. C. Metcalf R. G. Tingle W. K. Rhodes Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pa (8) E. C. Lee J. L. Hall R. W. Sorensen Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, Calif (8) C. W. Mors R. W. Hollis L. E. Reukema Calif., Univ. of, Berkeley, Calif (2) J. R. Britton S. A. Bottonari B. C. Dennison Carnegie Inst. of Tech., Pittsburgh, Pa (2) R. B. McIntosh H. L. Brouse H. B. Dates Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio (2) Thos.j.Mac Kavanaugh Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, D. C. V. G. Rettig R. D. Bourne W. C. Osterbrock Cincinnati Univ. of, Cincinnati, Ohio (2) A. R. Powers ClarksonCollege of Tech., Potsdam. N. Y (1) R. N. Roberts F. W. Truesdell (4) G. W. Sackman Walter C. Snyder Sam. R. Rhodes Clemson Agri. College, Clemson College, S. C G. R. Branch L. Haubrich H. G. Jordan Colorado State Agri. College, Ft. Collins, Colo (6) W. C. DuVall Colorado, University of, Boulder, Colo (6) Wm. J. Dowis E. E. Stoeckly (3 H. Reuter H. Grissler A. J. B. Fairburn Cooper Union, New York, N. Y Alexander B. CredleJ. D. McCurdy Everett M. Strong Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y R. B. Convery R. E. Nyswander Denver, Univ. of, Denver, Colo (31$ L. 5) Win. F. Haldeman W. R. Moyers H. 0. Warner Detroit, Univ. of, Detroit, Mich (2) D. M. Way 0. L. Eichna E. 0. Lange Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, Pa R. H. Stearns H. M. Sherard W. J. Seeley Duke University, Durham, N. C J. W. McKay A. L. Webb J. M. Weil Florida, Univ. of, Gainesville, Fla B. Mann K. W. Mowry T. W. Fitzgerald Georgia School of Tech., Atlanta, Ga Wayne McCoy C. E. Conway J. H. Johnson Idaho, University of, Moscow, Idaho F. A. Fish Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa (5) H. H. Stahl H. Kirk Iowa State University of, Iowa City, Iowa (5) D. Mac Dougal E. B. Kurtz Kansas State College, Manhattan, Kansas (7) L. N. Lydick L. C. Paslay R. M. Kerchner Kansas, Univ. of, Lawrence, Kansas (7) M. W. Hammond H. W. Yenzer G. C. Shaad (4) Wm. F. Steers R. I. Fort W. E. Freeman Kentucky, Univ. of, Lexington, Ky Morland King Lafayette College, Easton, Pa (2) E. C. Albert Wm. F. Titus (2) B. 0. Steinert J. E. Zeaser J. L. Beaver Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa Fr. A. Rogers Lewis Institute, Chicago, Ill G. W. Malstrom E. R. Borden Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La M M. B. Voorhies Louisville, University of, Louisville. Ky (4) H. T. Clark 0. M. Arehart D. C. Jackson, Jr. Maine, University of, Orono, Maine (1) A. E. Crockett H. R. Mayers Wm. E. Barrows, Jr. Marquette University, 1200 Sycamore St., Milwaukee, Wis (5) H. W. Haase G. C. Reichert J. F. H. Douglas Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass (1) R. H. Swingle C. M. Twelves, Jr. W. H. Timbie Michigan College of Mining and Technology, Houghton, Michigan (5) Charles F. Sawyer B. G. Swart G. W. Swenson Michigan State College, East Lansing, Mich (5) R. L. Clark G. A. Whitfield L. S. Foltz Michigan, University of, Ann Arbor, Mich (5) Charles W. Doane Glen R. Severance B. F. Bailey Milwaukee, School of Engineering of, 163 East Wells St., Milwaukee, Wis (5) T. J. Coleman, Jr. K. 0. Werwath Oscar Werwath Minnesota, University of, Minneapolis, Minn (5) R. W. Fenton W. M. Taylor J. H. Kuhlmann Mississippi Agricultural & Mechanical College, A. & M. College, Miss(4) W. F. Barksdale A. H. Peale L. L. Patterson Missouri School of Mines & Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo (7) George W. Douglas J. D. Shelton I. H. Lovett Missouri, University of, Columbia, Mo (7) L. G. Weiser M. P. Weinbach Montana State College, Bozeman, Mont (9) E. B. Wilson 0. Van Horn J. A. Thaler Nebraska, University of, Lincoln, Neb (6) D. E. Schneider H. G. Wiltse F. W. Norris Nevada, University of, Reno, Nevada (8) A. McCullom A. B. Chace S. G. Palmer Newark College of Engineering, 367 High St., Newark, N. J (3) H. Harrison A. L. Davis J. C. Peet New Hampshire, University of, Durham, N. H (1) P. Nudd D. Googins L. W. Hitchcock New Mexico, The University of, Albuquerque, New Mexico (7) F. A. Stortz, Jr. W. I. Abbott F. M. Denton New York, College of the City of, 139th St. & Convent Ave., New York, N. Y.. (3) R. Fassnacht F. J. Wodicka Harry Baum New York University, University Heights, New York, N. Y (3) N. G. Schutt T. S. Humphrey J. Loring Arnold North Carolina State College, Raleigh, N. C (4) H. W. Homey E. R. Price R. S. Fouraker North Carolina., University of, Chapel Hills, N. C (4) J. J. Alexander F. R. Toms J. E. Lear North Dakota Agricultural College, State College Station. Fargo, N. D. (6) L. C. Langaunet R. W. Scott H. R. Rush North Dakota, University of, University Station, Grand Forks, N. D. (6) R. W. Olson G. E. Glass H. F. Rice NortheasternUniversity, 316 Huntington Ave., Boston 17, Mass (1) R. W. Littlefield R. J. Edwards Wm. L. Smith Notre Dame, University of, Notre Dame, Ind (5) E. G. Conroy Ben South J. A. Caparo Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio (2) J. D. McGahan R. I. Hartshorn I. S. Campbell Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (2) W. M. Webster R. C. Moser F. C. Caldwell Ohio University, Athens, Ohio (2) C. Kenney H. W. Giesecke A. A. Atkinson Oklahoma A. & M. College, Stillwater, Okla (7) H. V. Anderson E. F. Neal Albrecht Naeter Oklahoma, University of, Norman, Okla (7) E. E. Brady C. W. Anthony F. G. Tappan Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon B. G. Griffith D. H. Moreland F. 0. McMillag Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pa (2) W. C. Mason Wallace J. Wood L. A. Doggttt Pennsylvania University of, Philadelphia, Pa (2)9) R. R. Creighton N. Smith C. D. Fawcett Pittsburgh, University of, Pittsburgh, Pa W. A. Aeberlie G. L. Bolender H. E. Dyche Princeton University, Princeton, N. J M C. F. Nesslage N. T. Humphrey Malcolm MacLaren Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana 5) P. C. Sandretto R. T. Orth A. N. Topping Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y 1 Wm. Mayott R. N. Palmer F. M. Sebast Rhode Island State College, Kingston, R. I 1 K. K. Sperl C. Pagella Wm. Anderson Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terre Haute, Ind 5) D. E. Henderson j. H. Corp C. C. Knipmeyer Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. 3 3) G. E. Weglener E. R. Crawford Paul S. Creager 946 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Journal A. I. E. E. LIST OF BRANCHES-Continued Name and Location Counselor District Chairman Secretary (Member of Faculty) Santa Clara, University of, Santa Clara, Calif T. L. Selna J. D. Gillis L. J. Neuman South Carolina, Universityof, Columbia, S. C South Dakota State School of 4 G. H. Preacher B. F. Karick T. IP. Ball South Dakota, University of,Mines, Rapid City, S. D 6 H. E. Sattler B. Hagmann J. 0. Kammerman Southern California, UniversityVermillion, S. D 6 E. Johnson E. E. Lovejoy B. B. Brackett Southern Methodist University,of, Los Angeles, Calif 8 Del Mar Wright G. M. Robertson Philip S. Biegler Stanford University, StanfordDallas, Texas 7 W. Cox P. Lindsley, Jr. E. H. Flath Stevens Institute of Technology,University, Calif D. H. Ring H. E. Hill T. H. Morgan Hoboken, N. J 3 F. C. Gilman G. Habach Swarthmore College, Swarthmore,Pa F. C. Stockwell Syracuse University, Syracuse,N. Y 2 D. B. Spangler B. C. Algeo Lewis Fussell Tennessee, University of, Knoxville, 1 D. A. MacGregor M. J. Wright C. W. Henderson Texas, A. & M. College of, CollegeTenn 4 F. P. Elam A. M. Howery Joseph G. Tarboux Station, Texas 7 S. L. Moseley T. M. Sowell H. C. Dillingham Texas, University of, Austin,Texas C. B. Norris R. W. Chase Utah, University of, Salt Lake City,Utah A. Correll &)7 L. A. Moore S. Blomquist Vermont, University of, Burlington,Vt . H. Hamilton Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, (1 F. E. Beckley A. E. Merrill . P. Dickinson Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Va (4 W. T. Saunders A. S. Britt, Jr. S. W. Anderson Blacksburg, Va (4 L. Backer C. V. West Claudius Lee Virginia, University of, University, Va (4 H. R. Holt C. H. Dickinson Washington, State College of, Pullman,Wash W. S. Rodman Washington University, St. Louis, Mo (9 T. Mathison J. Livie R. D. Sloan Washington, University of, Seattle. Wash (7 Wm. L. Knaus C. Hortsmann H. G. Hake Washington & Lee University, Lexington, (49 K. E. Hammer H. C. Hurlburt G. L. Hoard West Virginia University, Morgantown, Va R. W. Dickey W. Va 2 C. E. Moyers G. H. Hollis A. H. Forman Wisconsin, University of, Madison, Wis (5) G. H. Brown A. N. O'Neill Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester,Mass C. M. Jansky Wyoming, University of, Laramie, Wyoming (1 E. C. Milde C. S. Greco E. W. Starr Yale University, New Haven, Conn (6)) E. C. Moudy G. H. Sechrist Total 104 (1) F. H. Eastman A. K. Wing, Jr. R. G. Warner AFFILIATEDSTVDENT SOCIETY Brown Engineering Society, BrownUniversity, Providence, R. I R. E. Tanner GEOGRAPHICALDISTRICTS No. 1-North Eastern District No. 5-Great Lakes District No. 2-Middle Eastern District No. 6-North Central District No. 3-New York City No. 7-South West District Also all foreign countries No. 8-Pacific District (Canada excepted) No. 9-North West District No. 4-Southern District No. 10-Canada

ORDER FORM FOR REPRINTS OF PAPERSABRIDGED IN THE JOURNAL* (December 1929) Number Author Title E=1 29-95 J. F. Gaskill, Chairman Report of Committee on General PowerApplication El 29-98 W. H. Milian, Chairman Report of Committee on AutomaticStations 29-116B. E. Shackelford, Chairman Report of Committee on Production andApplication of Light ID 29-141I. H. Summers and J. B. McClure Progress in the Study of System Stability 29-144D. E. Marshall and P. 0. Langguth Current Transformer Excitation *Members, Enrolled Students, and JOURNAL subscribers are entitled to one complete copy Name of each paper free of charge; additional copies 25 cents each. Address Please order reprints by number. Address Order Department A. I. E.E., 33 West 39th Street, NewYork, N. Y. JOURNAL OF THE AmericanInstitute ofElectrical Engineers INDEX VOLUME XLVIII January 1to December 31, 1929

INDEX OF PAPERS,DISCUSSIONS, REPORTS, ETC. Carrier Telephone System for Short Toll Circuits.(Black, A Almquist, and Ilgenfritz) January, 15 2 A -C. Elevator Motors of theSquirrel -Cage Type. (Dreese) Carrying Peak Loads January, January, 32 Cathode Ray OseillographStudy.(McEachron and May,374 - Low -VoltageNetwork, An.(Gamble and Baughn) Goodwin) October,742 Chain Drives for Factories November,808 (Ku) 4 pill,269 Circuit. Breaker,AutomaticReclosing High -Speed. - Machinery,Transient Analysis of. 297 Navigation,RadioasanAidto.(Dellinger) (Anderson) April, Air February, 105 - -, Field Tests of theDeion.(Jamieson)... . February, 101 (Robertson Development of the Deion.(Dickinson Analytical Determination of Magnetic Fields. - -, Structural 96 and Terry) A ugust,619 and Baker) February, Analyzers for Power Telephone Systems,Electrical NN ave. - -, Theory of the Deion.(Slepian) February, 93 (McCurdy and Blye) June, 461 Commutator Operation. Influence of Temperature on. Anomalous Conduction as a Cause of DielectricAbsorption. (Hague and Penney) June,473 (Whitehead and Marvin) March, 186 Condenser Motor, the.(Bailey) 4 pril,273 ApplicationofInductionRegulators. (Wolfer tand Conductivity, The Theory of electrical. (Houston) Brosnan) September,669 November,795 Applications to Marine Work Commit tee Report.(That') Conductors, Forces on Magnetically Shielded.(Morecroft December,895 and Turner) January, 25 - - Mining WorkCommittee Report. (Lee). . December,905- , Movements ofOverhead Line duringShort Circuits. Arc Welding of Steel Buildings and Bridges.(McKibben) (Peterson and McCracken) February, 138 May,393 Contact Wire Wear on ElectricRailroads. (Landhy) 756 Arcing Horns and Grading Rings, Fused. (Stewart) ..May,390 October, - Line Connectors CausedInterference. April,292 Core Losses, No -Load Induction Motor.(Spooner and Arcs, Flames for Electric.(Slepian) September,661 Kincaid) April,285 Atom Not Like Solar System December883 Corona Ellipses. (Kampetoff) March,203 Audio -FrequencyTransformers.(KievandShirley) Correspondence. (Dwight) September,711 December,907 -.(Jamieson) May,392 Automatic MercuryRectifierSubstationinChicago. Current Transformer Excitation.(Marshall and Lang- (Garrett) 4 pril ,301 guth) December,884 - Reclosing High -SpeedCircuitBreaker.(Anderson) April,297 D - - of High -Voltage Circuits.(Robinson and Spurgeon) 707 D -C. Railway Substation for the Chicago Terminal Elec- September, trification.(Garrett) September,678 - Regulation of SynchronousCondensers.(Thompson Decibel, The Name for the Transmission Unit. (Martin) and Walton) December,868 March,223 - Stations Committee Report.(Millan). A ugust,596, Design Features that Make Large Turbine Generators Deceinber,911 733 440 Possible.(Foster and Savage) October, - Transformer Substations.(Edson) June, Development of Insulating Oils.(Skinner) August,589 Developmentsin Network Systems and Equipment. B (Brosnan and Kelly) July,551 Bare Wire Overhead Distribution Practise.(Miller). June,471 Dial Telephone System.(Wheelock) November,800 Bessel Functions for A -C. Problems. (Dwight) July,559 Dielectric Absorption, Anomalous Conduction as a Cause Bushing -TypeCurrentTransformersforMetering. of.(Whitehead and Marvin) March,186 (Boyajian and Skeats) A pril,308- Loss, Guarding and Shieldingfor.(Salter) June,444 - - Measurements, Some Problemsin.(Dawes, Hoover, C and Reichard) June,450 Cable, Some Problems in High -VoltageDevelopment.. Dielectrics, Power Factor and Dielectric Constant in Vis- (Davis and Eddy) January, 52 cous.(Kitchin) April,281 -, Transatlantic Telephone August,635 DistributionPractise, Bare Wire Overhead.(Miller) Cables, High -Voltage Interborough. February, 121 June,471 - , Ionization Studies in PaperInsulated-II.(Dawes, Diverter Pole Generator, The. (Smith) January, 11 Reichard, and Humphries) January, 3 - , Losses in Armored Single -ConductorLead Covered A -C. E (Schurig, Kuehni, and Buller) March,206 - , Reduction of Sheath LossesinSingle -Conductor. Easy Method of Approximating the Square Root, An. (Halperin and Miller) January, 20 January, 60 Calculations of System Performance.(Griscom). August,603 Economic Study of an Electrical Distributing Station. Calorimeter Test on 68,750-Kv-A. Turbine Generator. (Kelly) December,881 (Calvert) November,842 Education Committee Report.(Bennett) September,677 Carrier -Current and Supervisory Control on Alabama - of Engineers, The, PostCollege.(Bennett) April,310 Power Company System.(Woodcock and Robinson) Effect of Color of Tank on Temperature.(Montsinger and March,215 Wetherill) November,821 947 948 INDEX OF PAPERS, DISCUSSIONS, REPORTS, ETC. Journal A. I. E. E. - - Surges on Transformer Windings.(Hodnette) - Low -Current Fuses and Switches.(Wilkins) September, November,829 - Phenomena in Thunderstorms. 692 - - Transient Voltageson Power Transformer Design. (Lissman) January, 45 (Palueff) Higher Voltages for Generator February,100 Electric Heating Elements. May,357 How Far Does a Kilowatt -Hour Travel'? October,765 - Power in South (Fleischmann) September,665 - Welding Committee Report. August,634 I (Candy) July,526 Electrical Aids toNavigation.(Marriott) - Communication Committee Report. March,195 ILLUMINATION ITEMS - Engineering of Sound Picture (Drake). October,747 Advances in Industrial Lighting Practise April,318 and Shea) Systems, The.(Morgan Aviation Lighting July,560 - Equipment of Bar Plate and Hot October,766 Center Fixture in Residence Lighting, The April,317 Strip Mills.(Ink) Device for Measuring Average Voltage, A May,397 - Features of the Kansas City New May,353 Electrical Engineer and Light Therapy, The.(Kalb) (Maillard) Water Works. December,917 May,386 International Commission on Illumination.. February, - Instruments Used in the Measurementof Flow. Light and Architecture 150 (Pratt) July, February, 142. - - Sound Sign, A - Machinery Committee Report. 8.5 May,398 - Wave Analyzers for Power and(Foster) November, - Therapy June,477 (McCurdy and Blye) Telephone Systems. Light's Golden Jubilee Celebration October,777 June,461 Mobile Color LightingatBarcelona Electricity Applied to Strip CoalMining Exposition. December,871 (Stahl) December,918 Electrification of Oil Pipe Lines.(Levy) June,434 Motor Vehicle Light Testing Laboratory of -- the Mexican Railway, The.(Cox) Minnesota. A ugust,629 (Ryan) December,919 Electrified Railway Substation,An.(Duer) ..131 Electrochemistry and Electrometallurgy June. New Laboratory of Applied Lighting October,776 Committee Report Present Status of Light Sources and WindowMaterial (Vinal) in Light Therapy Electrodeposition and Corrosion December,878 May.397 4 pril,280 Report of Use of Incandescent Lampsin Motion Electromagnetic Induction in ClosedCircuits, Flux Link- Picture Photography ages and.(Bewley) June,478 Eleetrophysics March.216 Traffic Control April,317 Commit teeReport. (Karapetoff) Twenty -Ampere Series Circuits forStreet Lighting. November,833 Engineer,PracticalIdealist,The, President's Address. November.842 (Schuchardt ) Wiring for Adequate Lighting inCommercial and 4 ugust.611 Industrial Building October,775 Engineers Review Progress 4 uguef,628 Impulse Insulation Characteristics of (Melvin) Wood -Pole Lines. November, F Induction Motor Operation with Non 813 Voltage. -Sinusoidal Impressed Fabrication of Large Rotating (Doggett and Queer) October,759 Machinery.(Putman) Influence of Temperatureon Large Commutator Opera May.382 t ion. - Faraday Centenary in 1931 (Hague and Penney) June.473 Field Tests of the Deion Circuit 4 pril.307 Institute Meeting. A Fruitful Breaker.(Jamieson) Instruments and Measurements Committee March.235 February. 101 Report (Lee) Flames from Electric Arcs.(Slepian) September,698 Flow, Electrical Instruments Used September,661 Insulation, Purified Textile forTelephone Central Office (Pratt) in the Measurement of. Wiring.(Glenn and Wood) February. 142 February.146 Flux Linkages and ElectromagneticInduction in Closed - Tests ofElectrical Machinery.(Gilt and Barns) Circuits.(Bewley) March.228 if arch.216 - TheOpportunityfor Flying Field and Airway Lighting.(Ogden) . July.555 Research. (Whitehead) Forces on Magnetically ShieldedConductors.(Moreeroft January, 27 and Turner) Insulator Strings. Sixty -CycleFlashover of Long Suspen- January, 95 sion.(Angus i Foundry Costs Reduced V ore ?Fiber, 837 July.546 Insulators. Radio Interferencefrom Line. Four -Thousand Lb. Telescope Disk,A V ore mber, 841 White) (Van At ta and Fundamental Plan of Power Supply. (Kehoe) A ugust, September,682 - Theoryofthe 600 -. React ions between Capacitor Motor, The.(Sp echt -. The Predominating Influence of Moisture April.260 February, 134 lytic and Electro- Fuses, High -Voltage Low -CurrentFuses and Switches. MaterialuponTextilesas.(Williams and (Wilkins) Murphy I September,692 Integraph. The Interconnected. April,289 Future of Higher Steam Pressures.(Moultrop) December.875 (Glover and Plumb) September,695 G Interconnection in the Southwest.(Mills) June,469 Interference. Arcing Line ConnectorsCaused. April,292 General Power Applications CommitteeReport.(Gaskill) IonizationStudiesin PaperInsulatedCables-II. Dece tuber,896 (Dawes. Reichard. andHumphries) January, Generator. Calorimeter Teston 68,750-Kv-A. Turbine. Iron and Steel CommitteeReport. 3 (Calvert ) - Losses in Turbine Generators.(Fowler) August,635 -, Higher Voltages for...... ore rnber.842 (Laffoon and Calvert) February.100 May.370 -, The Diverter Pole.(Smith) January, 11 Generators, Design Features that MakeLarge Turbine L Generators Possible.(Foster and Savage) -, Iron Losses in Turbine. October,733 (Laffoon and Calvert) . . May.370 Light Up House NumbersAbroad May, Graphic Solution of A -C. Transmission LineProblems. The. Lighting Airways in Hudson 385 posed. and Mohawk Valleys Pro- January, 49 February, GraphicalTheory ofTravelingElectricWaves, - of Airways and Airports. 104 (Karapetoff) A. (Mahan) II ay,379 February, 113 -. Twent v -A 'linen. Series Circuits forStreet Guarding and Shielding forDielectricLoss Lightning.( Peek) V ovember.S42 (Salter) .4 pril,303 June.444 Lightning Experience the A. (;. &. E. Co. 1927.on the 132-Ky. Transmission Lines of (Sporn) February,122 H - Studies of Transformer.(Brand and Palueff) 542 - ,Theoretical and Field Investigations July, Heating Elements, Electric. . of. (Fleischmannl . Se pie nibe r, 665 Atherton. and ('ox) (Fortescue, - High -Accuracy Current Transformer, A New.(Wilson) April,277 - , Traveling Waves Due to.(Bewley) March,179 Light's Golden Jubilee October,729 High -Frequency Currents, The Transmission for.(Boddie Line -Start Induction Motors. October,727 and Curtis) January, 37 Looking Backward (Koch) March,232 - Portable Tools and Equipment.(Coates) July,521 Losses in A-('. Generators, January, 31 High -Voltage Circuits, Automatic Reelosing of.(Robinson (Holmes) Separation of Stray Load. and Spurgeon) {larch,224 September,707 -- ArmoredSingle -Conductor - Interborough Cables February, 121 Cables. Lead -Covered A -C. (Schurig, Kuehni, andBuller)... March,206 949 INDEX OF PAPERS, DISCUSSIONS,REPORTS, ETC. Dec. 1929 Power Factor and Dielectric Constant in ViscousDielec- M trics.(Kitchin) April,281 (Allner) ....September,702 (Sanford) January, 7 - Generation Committee Report. 56 Magnetic Analysis. (Robertson and - Limit Tests.(Jones and Treat) January, Analytical Determination of. .November,817 - Fields, August,619 - Plants, Rehabilitation ofSteam. (Hirshfeld) . Terry) 770 - Supply, Fundamental Plan of.(Kehoe) August,600 - Shielding.(Gokhale) October, Precautions against Stray -Field Errors inMeasurements. Master Reference Systemfor Telephone Transmission. (Silsbee) June,447 July,513 (Stoller (Martin and Gray) against Stray -Field Errors in. Precision Regulator for Alternating Voltage, A. Measurements, Precautions and Power) February,110 June,447 Predominating Influence of Moisture andElectrolytic (Silsbee) Problems.(Fritz and Meeting Long Distance Telephone July,547 Material upon Textiles as Insulators, The (Williams Lawther) and Murphy) April,289 Meter,SpeedIndicatorandFrequency.(Greibach) January,1;February, 91; ... August,633 President's Message July, 511; Bar Plate and Hot Strip. March, 177; April, 259; May, 347; June, 429; Mills, Electrical Equipment of May,353 August, 587; September, 659; October, 725;November, (Ink) 793; December,863 Moisture and Electrolytic Material uponTextiles as Insula- Production and Application of Light CommitteeReport. Influence of.(Williams and 913 tors, The Predominating April,289 (Shackelford) December, Murphy) Progress in Physics, 1928 February, 92 More Efficient Hydro Plants May,385799 - - the Study of SystemStability(Summers and Motion Picture Camera in ElectricalTesting.... November, December,891 (Lewis) September,686 McClure) Motor Control for Wind Tunnel. 273 Protective DevicesCommittee Report. (Hester) - , The Condenser.(Bailey) April, September,673 Theory of the Capacitor.(Specht) 318 -, - Fundamental 134 Purchased Power for Railways April, February, Purified Textile Insulation for TelephoneCentral Office Field Theory of the Capacitor.(Morrill) 146 - , - Revolving March,190 Wiring.(Glenn and Wood) February, Squirrel -Cage Type. Motors, A -C. Elevator Motors of the 32 (Dreese) January, Q -, Line -StartInduction.(Koch) March,232 Quick -Response Generator Voltage Regulator.(Burnham, Movements of Overhead Line Conductorsduring Short North, and Dohr) June,465 Circuits.(Peterson and McCracken) February,138 R N Radio as an Aid to Air Navigation.(Dellinger) ..February,105 Navigation, Electrical Aids to.(Marriott) March,195 - Interferencefrom Line Insulators.(Van Atta and Network, An A -C. Low -Voltage.(Gamble and Baughn) White) September,682 October,742 - Permits Talkingfrom Moving Train June,446 - , Operating Experiencewith Low -Voltage A -C. Railroads, Contact Wire Wear on Electric.(Landhy) (Pinckard) May,349 October,756 - , Standard VoltageA -C. (Oram) June,436 Railway, The Electrificationofthe Mexican.(Cox) - Systems andEquipment, Developments in.(Brosnan August,629 and Kelly) July,551 - Train Signal Practise.(Gault) June,457 Networks, Telephone Transmission.(Shea and Lane) Reactions between Insulators April,260 August,624 Recent Developments in Telephone ConstructionPractises. New Automatic Synchronizer, A.(Gulliksen) October,751 (Wagner and Burroway) May,366 . 865 - Sources of EnergyStill Sought October,728 Recording Torque Indicator, A.(Anderson) .. December, - Type of Hot CathodeOscillograph, A.(George) .. July,534 Reduction of Sheath Losses in Single -ConductorCables. Noises in Electrical Apparatus, Study of.(Spooner and (Halperin and Miller) January, 20 Foltz) March,199 Regulator, Precision for Alternating Voltage (Stoller No -Load Induction Motor Core Losses.(Spooner and and Power) February,110 Kincaid) April,285 -, Quick -ResponseGenerator Voltage. (Burnham, North, NOTES.AND ANNOUNCEMENTS and Dohr) June,465 The Institute Publications January, 2 Regulators,ApplicationofInduction.(Wolfertand Brosnan) .September,669 O RehabilitationofSteamPowerPlants.(Hirshfeld) November,817 Oils, Development of Insulating.(Skinner) August,589 Research as a Business Help February,109 132-Kv. Shielded Potentiometer.(Weller) April,312 - Committee Report.(Peek) October,762 Operating Experience with Low -Voltage A -C. Network. - ,Insulation,The Opportunityfor. (Whitehead) (Pinckard) May,349 January, 27 Oscillograph, A New Type of Hot Cathode..(George) Revolving Field Theory of the Capacitor Motor, The. July,534 (Morrill) March,190 - for Measuring Non-Electrical Quantities, Use of the. Rule for D -C. Machine Relationship, A March,189 (Miner and Batten) February, 126 - Study, CathodeRay.(McEachron and Goodwin) S May,374 Safe Loading of Oil -Immersed Transformers.(Norris) OscillographsforRecordingTransientPhenomena. August,615 (Marrison) April,261 Separation of Stray Load Losses in A -C. Generators. Outdoor Hydrogen -Ventilated Synchronous Condensers. March,224 (Wieseman) July,530 (Holmes) Series Synchronous Condensers.(Morgan) .. . .December,872 Shielding and Guarding Electrical Apparatus.(Curtis) P June,453 ParallelOperationofTransformers. (Mac Ferran) - in High -FrequencyMeasurements.(Ferguson) ... July,517 November,809 Short -Circuit Testing on Alabama Power Company Sys - Patent Court, An Unofficial March, 178 tem.(Scholz and Hawkins) April,264 Peak, Carrying Peak Loads January, 2 - Torque in Synchronous Machines. (Penney) . ...October,738 Photoelectric and Glow Discharge Devices, Some (Breisky Simplified Practise March,214 and Erickson) February,118 Sixty -Cycle,Flashoverof Long SuspensionInsulator - Tube Counts Traffic Passingthrough Holland Tunnel. Strings, The.(Angus) November,837 July,559 92 SOME LEADERS OF THE A. I. E. E. Physics, 1928 Progress in February, February, 92 Pipe Lines, Electrification of Oil.(Levy) June,434 Howel H. Barnes, Jr. Frederick Bedell . July,512 Population as an IndextoElectricalDevelopment. May,348 (Hinson) August,593 Bernard Arthur Behrend ' March,178 Potentiometer, 132-Kv. Shielded.(Weller) April,312 Morgan Brooks IN \ PA PE14)4, 1118(.1!)4sIDNs, la:14)11'1's, le,T('. Journal A.I. H. 11, 11,1 Mar hint mithiniti Ring October,726 PrIP111.11% I1r,%n, ple A 'wind, 588 I lo -care 673 \A'.Ii.Juokson '411111111i 114 1)11 October,762 P.Junkorsivid December,864 'I' rtinsmisnii )1 It nil I )isiribiitit)ti,(.0iniiiiltO0 on November, 79-1 Severn 1). Sprung November,804 J um., 4:91 ( Charles WatermanSlone killon December,888 Norman Willson .1))/.//, 260 To le;I:ire7(1.11it8.l)17. ta(Lindir,Stewart,Rex, andFitzgerald) Storer... September,bill Some Problemsin Dielectric Loss Measurements. March, 183 Iloover, and Reichard) (Dawes, 'Polyphony'ably, Transatlantic A iglus!,035 J one, .150 , Currier Systems for shortToll('intuits. - - High -Voltage CableDevelopment. (Davis and (Black, Eddy) Alnutuisl,anti Ilgonr rii . January, Sound Ja itwiry, 52 15 PictureSystems, Electrical Circuits for ProgramTraii,inis,.ion.(Cowan). July, 53)4 (Morgan and Shea) Engineering ,,I. - 'oust met ionPractises, Iteceiii Developments Southeastern Power & October, 76)1 (Wagner and Burroway) Light System. (Hutchins).... April,293 May,366 Speed Indicatorand Frequency Meter. --, Dial Telephone System.(WheelockI November, $0() (Oreibiu511) Problem,,Meeting Long I )i-1 (Fritz August, (133 Spray and FogTests on 220-Kv. Insulators. w Jail,,nd 547 (Wood) Tran -noion, Master Reference System for.(Martin Square Root, Easy December,900 and ( ;ray ) Method of Approximatingthe. January, 60 -- Networks. July,513 Stability, Systemas a Design Problem. (Shea and Ltlia) August, 1124 Bancker) (Park and Temperat tire, Effect of Color of Tankon. (Montsinger Standard Voltage A -C. January, 41 and Wet lierill) Network.(Oram) June,436 November,821 Star Heat Measuredby Electricity Testing, Motion Picture Camera in Electrical November,799 Stray Loss Measurements, October,746 TheoreticalandFieldInvestigationsof Correspondence July,529 Lightning. Street Lighting FormsAirway Marker (Fortescue, Atherton, and Cox) 277 - Railway Power Economics. (Noertker) July,525 TheoryofElectricalConductivity,The. May,361 (Houston) Structural Developmentof the Deion Circuit Breaker, November,795 The.(Dickinson and Baker) - - the Delon Circuit. Breaker.(Slepian) February, February, 96 Tools and Equipment, High -Frequency 93 Student EngineersShould Study Psychology June, Portable(Coates) Substation, An Electrified 439 July, Railway.(Duer) June,431 Totalizing of Electric System Loads. 521 -, Automatic Mercury Rectifier in (Lincoln).. AgFebruary,uu8g Chicago. (Garrett) Transalt antic Telephone Cable 129 -, - Transformer. April,301 Transformer, A New High -Accuracy 635 (Edson) June,440 Current. (Wilson) - for the Chicago Terminal Electrification,D -C. Railway. March179 (Garrett) - DesignEffectofTransientVoltages on September,678 (Palueff) Power. Switches, High -VoltageLow -Current Fuses and(Wilkins) May,357 - , Lightning Studies of.(Brand and Palueff) July, September,692 - Windings, Effect of Surges on. 542 Synchronized at the Load,Symposium.(Kehoe, Griseom, (Hodnette)... November,829 Searing, and Milne) TransformersforMetering,Bushing -TypeCurrent. Synchronizer, A New Automatic. August,607 (Boyajian and Skeats) (Gulliksen) October,751 - , Parallel Operation of. April,308 Synchronous Condensers, (MacFerran) November,809 (Wieseman) Outdoor Hydrogen -Ventilated. -, Safe Loading of Oil -Immersed. July,530 (Norris) August,615 - Machines, Short -Circuit Torque in. Transient Analysis of A -C. Machinery.(Ku) April, (Penney).. October,738 - Phenomena, Oscillographs for Recording. 269 --, Two -Reaction Theory of.(Park) March,194 (Marrison) System Performance, Calculationsof.(Griscom). August, April,261 - Stability as a Design Problem. 603 Transmission and Distribution,Committee Report (1927- (Park and Bancker) 1928).(Wallau) January, 41 March,210 - Tests and Operating Connections. (1928-1929).(Woodrow) (Searing and Milne) -, Graphic Solution of A -C. Transmission LineNovember,804 August,607 Problems. (Denton) January, 49 - ofHigh -FrequencyCurrents,The. T Curtis) (Boddie and January, 37 Technical Changes in Industry June,430 Transportation Committee Report.(Vandersluis) TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ANNUALREPORTS -1928-1929. Traveling Waves Due to December,888 Lightning.(Bewley).. Applications to Marine Work, Committee Two -Reaction Theory of . October,729 - - Mining Work, Committee on on . December,895 Synchronous Machines.(Park) December,905 March, 194 Automatic Stations, Committeeon. .. . August, 596; December,911 V Education, Committeeon September,677 Electric Welding, Committeeon VectorPresentationofBroad -Band July,526 (Mallina and Knackmuss) WaveFilters. Electrical Communication, Committeeon October,747 April,265 - Machinery, Committee on November, Electrochemistry and Electrometallurgy, 825 on Committee w December,878 Water Works, Electrical Electrophysics, Committee on November,833 (Maillard) Features of the New KansasCity. General Power Applications, Committeeon December, May,386 Instrumentsand 896 WaveFilters,VectorPresentation Measurements,Committeeon (Mallina and Knackmuss) ofBroad -Band. April,265 Iron and Steel, Committee September,698 Waves, A GraphicalTheory of on August,635 (Karapetoff) TravelingElectric. Power Generation, Committeeon September, February,113 702 Wind Tunnel, Motor Controlfor. Production and Application of Light,Committee on Wood -Pole Lines, Impulse (Lewis) September,686 December,913 (Melvin) Insulation Characteristics of. November,813 INDEX OF INSTITUTEAND RELATEDACTIVITIES National Prizes Awarded forPapers ..June, 485; A December,928 - RegionalPrizes February, 155 ElectricRailwayAssociationConvention 728 American September,712 Nominations January, 67; October, 243; Obituary .. .January, 72; February, 157; March, AMERICAN ENGINEERING COUNCIL May,403 April, 327; May, 409; June, 490;July, 570; August, A. S. C. E. Joins Council June,484 782; November, 850; Administrative Board Spring Meeting 649; September, 716; October, 925 Advisors for Rosenwald Museum December,924 December, Anniversary of Birth of FirstEngineer President Officers, A. I. E. E_January, 85; February, 173; December,923 March, 253; April, 343; May, 425;June, 505; July, Annual Meeting at Washington, D.C. February, 155; 583; August, 656; September,724; October, 789; December,923 November, 859; December,944 Appointment to the Assembly October,780 January, 71; February, 157; .August,646 Personal Mention Colorado River Project Progresses 403 March, 243; April, 327; May, 408;June, 489; July, Conference of Engineering Secretaries atChicagoMay, 569; August, 649; September,715; October, 782; EngineersforGovernmentService November, 850; December924 Consulting December,924 Report of Tellers of Election July,566 Council Appoints Committee onDams June,484 Program of Pro- SECTION ACTIVITIES: Annual Student Engineering and Allied Technical Portland Section July,571 - - - -fessions July, 567; September,713 July,567 - - CommunicationGroup of New York Section - -Communication Committee Organized June,491 - OpposesMovement to Transfer GeodeticWork to Held by Seattle Section July,571 January, 71 - - Competition 410 Department of the Interior between Engineers and Public .May, Roster September,713 - - Contacts June,492 - Publishes March,239 - - Discussedin Schenectady Cruiser Bill Passes Senate May,403 - - ElectricalDevelopments of 1928 Reviewed at Engineers in Public Life St. Louis Section March,245 Fall Meeting of Administrative Board October,780 Group Meeting, Chicago Section Government Employees CompensationBill .March,239 - - First Power December,930 Hydraulic Laboratory Bill March,239 Student Branch Convention North Legislative Measures of Interest to Engineers.January, 70 - - Fourth June,495 December,923 Eastern District Mapping Program Activities Proposed in New York Section Meeting of Administrative Board July,567 - - Group April,328 February,156 National Hydraulic Laboratory Bill AffairsDiscussed by Washington, New Edition of Constitution andBy -Laws. September,713 - - Institute June,492 Board Appointed Section 852 Nicaraguan Interoceanic Canal 646 - - IowaSection Organized November, August, Meeting Held in Virginia March,245 Plea for Mapping Appropriation August,646 - - Joint Virginia Sections of National Societies EngineersforInternationalJoint - - - - of 159 Recommends 923 February, Commission December, - - JointSection and Branch Meeting held inAkron Relief of Engineers from Duty withCombat Forces June, 492; Cleveland, May, 411;Columbus, December,924 Milwau- April,326 June, 492; Louisville, February, 159; Report on Street Signs, Signals, and Marking ... kee, May, 411; Nebraska, June, 492;Seattle. Special Committee to Work with Congressand Federal June, 492; Urbana, June, 492; Universityof August,645 491 Administration 924 Idaho June, St. Lawrence Waterway December, - - LouisvilleSection Meeting June,492 State Interested in Water Resources.. May,404 of Executive Committee ofMiddle Street Traffic Report Distribution Progressing. ..May,403 - - Meeting 852 924 Eastern District November. Study of Airports Considered December, DinnerofPittsburghSection Water Resources Division Needs Help August,646 - - Midwinter February,158 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS Developments inElectrothermics and Addresses Wanted March, 244; November,851 - - New March,244 January, 85; September,721 Electrochemistry Committees - - NewYork Section July,571 Convention, Pacific Coast .. .June, 482; July, 563; 491 779 Elects Officers for 1929-30 June, August, 642; September, 712; October, Meeting February,158 -- - Report ofTechnical Discussion .. ..November,846 Devoted to International Communi- - Summer .. ..March, 237; April, 321; May, 399; cation March,245 June 479; July, 56.3; August,637 on Wonders of SoundTransmission - Winter (1929) ..January, 61; February, 152; March, November, 852, December,930 237; (1930) December,920 410 323 - - - - NewExpansion Activities May, - - Report ofTechnical Discussion April, - - - - Power,Transportation, and Communi- Directors Meeting .. .. January, 65; March, 240;May, December,929 407; June, 488; August, 647; September, 713;November,847 cation Groups Meet June,486 - - - -Recent Meetings... May,411 District Award Paper Prizes - - - - StudentBranch Convention June,495 Honorary Members Elected August,647 Get Statistics on "How Much Light" Meeting, Annual May, 399;August,640 - - - - To June, 482: August, 641; December,929 - Chicago District Transportation and Communication October, 778; November, 712, 843; December,921 - - - - 852 February, 152; March, 236; Groups November, - CincinnatiRegional .. - - North CarolinaSection Organized June,491 May,405 - - RecentDevelopments in Electrical Industry - Dallas Regional ....February, 153; March, 237; 159 April, 319; May, 399; June, 485; July,569 February, Organized at Birmingham, Ala ..August,651 Meetings for 1929 January, 64; February, 153 - - Section - - Sections, List of .. ..January, 87; February, 173; Meetings, Future Section ....January, 72; February, 158; March, 244; April, 328; May, 409; June, 491; March, 255; April, 343; May, 425; June, 507; 929 July,583;August,656;September,724; July, 571; October, 783; November, 852; December, October, 790; November, 860; December, 944 - Past Section ...January, 73; February, 159; March, - - SpeakingContest Held at Los Angeles Section 245; April, 328; May, 411; June, 493; August, 651; February,158 October, 784; November, 853; December,930 Anniversary Meeting of Seattle Members Going Abroad April,325 - - Twenty-fifth 245 Membership, Applications, Elections, Transfers, etc. Section March, STUDENTACTIVITIES: Affiliated Student Society January, 82; February, 168; March, 253; April, 339; March, 257; April,345 May, 423; June, 503; July, 580; August, 655; CollegeBranch NightofDenver September, 720; October, 788; November, 858; - - Annual 496 December,939 Section June,

951 952 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Journal A. 1. E. E. - - - Joint Meeting ofLos Angeles Section with Student Branches.. Visit of Prof. van 'Lecke December,922 - - - Meeting of San April, :331 Engineering Societies Employment Service... January, 81; Francisco Section June,496 February, 167; March, 252; April, 338; May, - - - - Utah Section June, 421,422; - - at Dallas Regional Meeting 496 June, 502; July, 579; August, 654; September,719; - Pacific Coast Convention. June,495 October, 787; November, 857; December, October,784 - - - - Excerpts from Letters of 938 Branch . atSouthernMethodistUniversity Appreciation March, 205; April, 284; August,623 November,854 ENGINEERING SOCIETIES LIBRARY --_-Branch- at University of Mexico November,854 Conference at Pittsburgh Annual Report May,407 ____ February, 161 Book Notices.... January, 79; February, 164; March, - Convention and New York SectionMeeting 250; April, 335; May, 418; June, 500; April,330 July, 576; - Organized at Cornell University August, 652; September, 718; October, 785;November, . . March,247 Michigan CollegeMining and Tech- 856; December936 nology Engineering Societies Secretaries Meeting July, October,785 Eye Sight Conservation Council Officers 568 - - in North Dakota July,574 1929 May,407 _-_-Branches Listof... . January, 88; February, 174; March, 256; April, 344;May, 426; June, 508; F July, 584; August, 656; Faraday Electromagnetic Centenary September, 724; October, - Medal to Dr. Semenza December, 92:3 ____ 792; November, 860; December,945 July,565 Conference on DistrictNo. 2 May,413 Federal Power Commission, Changes in June,486 ------District No. 6 Ferntagung Meeting by Long DistanceTelephone. August, ------Conference May,414 Fritz, John, Medal to Mr. Hoover. 651 ----Conventionon in Great Lakes District February, 161 May,404 at Troy May, - - - - Dr. Modjeski November, Convention Held in Philadelphia 414 848 ----Convention of, April,330 in Ohio.. January, 75; December,932 G ----DiscussedatCincinnati Regional Meeting Government Reorganization June,488 February,161 Grand Rapids Elects Engineer June,487 - - ElectricShowatMontana StateCollege January, 75; December, Electrical Engineering 932 H Exhibition at Yale Uni- Hague, Dr., Visiting Professorat Brooklyn Polytechnic versity Branch February,161 Institute ----Electrical Show at Michigan State College. May,414 Highway Research Board to Meet October,781 ----Joint Meetingof Oklahoma Section andNeigh- in December... August,645 boring Branches Highway Safety Campaign, A October,781 ----Montana State July,573 College Branch has Rhodes I ----PaperScholar April,331 on Student Branch Activities I. E. C. Investigates Resistivityof Aluminum March, April,330 Illuminating Engineers N. Y. Section 241 Past Branch Meetings.... January, 75; February Meetings.. December,922 162; March, 247; April, 332;May, 415; June, - - To Meet in Philadelphia September,712 496; July, 574; August,652; October, 785; Industry to Cooperate withElectrochemists.... September,712 November, 854; December, International Conferenceon Large High -Voltage Electric --_-Program in Cincinnati 932 Systems ____ July,573 January, 64 VancouverSectionHoldsAnnual - Congress on Steel Construction May, Meeting Student - High -Tension Conference, Fifth Session 404 April,331 - Illuminating Congress May,402 Year Book April,325 March,242 American MathematicalSociety Meeting.. November, 845; K - Welding Society, Annual Meeting December,922 Kelvin Medal Awarded April,321 to Andr4 Blondel August,648 B L Berresford, Death of Mrs March,244 Lamme Medal.... February,154; June, 483; August, 641,648 Book Review April, 326; June, 488; November, Boulder Canyon Dam Legislation 849 M - Engineers Named by Wilbur February,156 June,487 MassachusettsInstituteHearsHydraulicEngineer Gen. Lytle Brown AppointedChief of Engineers. November,848 Land Grant Colleges Survey November,845 C Louvain Memorial June,487 Carnegie Institute Special Courses January, 71 'flay,408 Midwest Power EngineeringConference Census Bill to Pass July,568 Mississippi Flood Control February,153 Chemical Industry Exposition....March, 241; April, 322; Montefiore Prize June, 488; July,568 February, 155; July,569 May,402 Muscles Shoals Again beforeCongress Columbia University Scholarship inElectrical Engineering July,569 March, Cuban Engineers Extend Invitation 242 N March,241 National Electric Code, The National Fuel Meeting September,715 D to be Outstanding, The.... October,779 National Research CouncilAdvisory Aid Solicited from Debuehi, Ambassador, Guest of Engineers.... June,482 Engineers and Scientists Diesel and Oil Engine Course atBrooklyn Polytechnic - - - Three -Day Insulation Conference September,713 Institute September,715 at M. I. T. November, Current Industrial News Digest.... January, 90; February, Naval Architects and Marine 844 176; March, 258; April, 346; May, 428;June, 510; July, New York Electrical SocietyEngineers Meeting November,846 586; August, 658; September, 726; October,792; November, Bridge to Hear about Hudson River 862; December,956 October,779 E P Patton New Director U.S. Coast and Geodetic Edison Medal January, 65; March,238 Survey Electrochemists to Discuss Aviation Materials....August,641 Plea for Forest Conservation June,487 Empire State Gas and Electric Association Electric December,924 Sec- Polytechnic Institute Extends"Open House" Invitation tion Meets January, 66 Engineering Experiment Station Record 563 Power Circuit Analysis January, 66 July, Colloquium . Engineering Fellowship at University of Wisconsin.. April,322 . April, 322; June, ENGINEERING FOUNDATION 486; August,648 Alloys of Iron Research March, 243; October,781 Annual Report May,408 Radio Commission Membership Research Narratives, Vol. III October,782 - Engineers Meeting Confirmed June,486 April,321 Dec. 1929 INSTITUTE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES 953

Reactive Power May,402 - Standards Binder Available..October,779 Rehbock,Dr. T., on Lecture Tour June,487 Proposed Model of Standard for Adequacy of Wiring of Research Graduate Assistantship atUniversity of Illinois Commercial and Industrial Buildings. November,845 March,242 - Standards for Constant Current Transformers. June,484 - NarrativesAvailable September,715 Protection ofElectricalCircuits and Equipment Rosenwald Industrial Museum October,781 December,923 Rudenberg, Prof., to Lecture at M. I.T February,153 Revision of Illuminating Engineering Nomenclature and Photometric Standards. March,239 S Specifications for Weatherproof Wires and Cables August,644 S. A. E. Transportation Meeting November,846 Standard Dimensions for Polyphase Induction Motors Safety, Nation -Wide Radio Hook-up on May,406 October,779 Schuchardt, Death of Mrs. January, 72 Switchboard and Switching Equipment for Power and Scientific Conquest of 1928 January, 66 Light July,566 Secretaries' Fourth Conference September,714 Symbols for Hydraulics October,779 Harold B. Smith, President -Elect July,564 - - Mechanics, Structural Engineering, and Test - Elmer A. Sperry now President of A. S.M. E January, 66 ing Materials November,845 STANDARDS - - Photometry and Illumination. . August,645; Abbreviations for Scientific and Engineering Terms December,922 July,566 Test Codes for Electrical Machines. April, 322; June,483 A. I. E. E. Standards Approved as AmericanStandards Three New American Standards September,712 January, 66 - - Reports on A. I. E. E. StandardsAvailable A. I. E. E. Test Codes Suggested February, 153 August,644 American Standards Association August,645 Values of A -C Test Voltage for Household Devices - - for ElectricWelding to be Developed . September,713 Cancelled April,322 - - - Oil CircuitBreakers and Horn -Gap Switches and for Disconnecting September,713 T Bureau of Standards to Publish All Letter Symbols April,322 Thoma, Dr. D., Visits America October.780 Code forProtectionagainstLightning Becomes American Standard June,484 Constant Current Transformers July,565 Dielectric United Engineering Society Annual Report March,240 Definitionof Breakdown Voltage and University of Pennsylvania New Evening Course. November,848 Strength June,484 - - Distortion Factor June,483 Dry Cells August,645 V Electrical Definitions July,565 J. H. Van Wagenen Appointed Boundary Commissioner For Heating Devices April,322 June,487 - Relays September,712 Graphical Symbols for Radio April,322 w Measurement of Core Losses June,483 Measuring Temperature of Secondarily Ventilated Washington Award F'ebruary,155; November,845 Motors.... February, 153 Welding Code for Building Construction June,486 Methods of Test for Determining Distortion Factor Welfare Medal, Engineers to Award First . July,564 June, Congress, Tokio ....January, 64; May, National Electric Code Approved December,923 402; July, 563; September, 712; October, 778; November, 921 Navigational and Topographical Symbols . ..October, 844; December, 779; December,922 World Power Conference ..October, 781; November, 845; New Index Now Available February,153 December,922 INDEX OF AUTHORS

A Glover, R. E. and Plumb, H. H September,695 Allner, F. A Gokhale, S. L October, Almquist, M. L., Ilgenfritz, September,702 Goodwin, V. E. and McEachron, K. B May,'M L. M., and Black, H. S. Gray, C. H. G. and Martin, W. H July,513 Anderson, G. R January, 15 Greibach, E. H August,633 Angus, R. H December,865 Griscom, S. B August,603 November,837 Gulliksen, F. H October,751 H Bailey, Benj. F April,273 Hague, F. T. and Penney, G. W Baker, B. P. and Dickinson, R. C June,473 Bancker, E. H. and Park, R. H February, 96 Halperin, Herman, and Miller, K. W January, 20 Barns, B. L. and Gilt, C. M January, 41 Hawkins, C. B. and Scholz, H. J April,264 . March,228 Hester, E. A September,673 Batten, W. B. and Miner, D. F February,126 Hinson, N. B Baughn, E. and Gamble, L. R August,593 Bennett, Edward October,742 Hirshfeld, C. F November,817 September,677 Hodnette, J. K November,829 Bewley, L. V. March, 216, October, Black, H. S., Almquist, M. L., and 729 Holmes, M. C March,224 Ilgenfritz, L. M. Hoover, F. L., Reichard, H. H., and Dawes, C. L.. .. June,450 January, 15 Houston, W. V November,795 Blye, P. W. and McCurdy, R. G. June,461 Boddie, C. A. and Curtis, R. C Humphries, P. H., Dawes, C. L., and Reichard, H. H. January, 37 January, 3 Brand, F. F. and Palueff, K. K July,542 Breisky, J. V. and Erickson, E. 0 February,118 I Brosnan, T. J. and Kelly, R. July,551 Brosnan, T. J. and Wolfert. E. R. September,669 Ilgenfritz, L. M., Black, H. S., and Almquist, M. L. Buller, F. H., Schurig, 0. R., and Kuehni, H. P...March,206 January, 15 Burnham, E. J., North J. R., and Dohr, I. R June,465 Ink, J. B May,353 Burroway, A. C. and Wagner, B. S May,366 J C Jamieson, B. G February,101; May,392 Calvert, J. F. and Laffoon, C. M May,370 Jones, S. Murray and Treat, Robert January, 56 Calvert, J. M November,842 Candy, A. M July,526 K Coates, C. B July,521 Cowan, F. A Kalb, W. C December,917 July,538 Karapetoff, Vladimir Cox, J. B August,629 ... February, 113, November,833 Curtis, H. L Kehoe. A. H August,600 June,453 Kelly, R. and Brosnan, T. J Curtis, R. C. and Boddie, C. A January, 37 July,551 Kelly, W. G December,881 D Klev, P., Jr. and Shirley, D. W., Jr December,907 Koch, C. J March,232 Davis, E. W. and Eddy, W. N January, 59 Ku, Yu H April,269 Dawes, C. L., Hoover, F. L., and Reichard, H. H ... June,450 Kuehni, H. P., Buller, F. H., and Schurig, 0. R March,206 Dawes, C. L., Reichard, H. H., and Humphries, P. H. January, 3 L Dellinger, J. H February, 105 Denton, F. M January, 49 Laffoon, C. M. and Calvert, J. F May,370 Dickinson, R. C. and Baker, B. P February, 96 Landhy, I. T October,756 Doggett, L. A. and Queer, E. R October,759 Lane, C. E. and Shea, T. E August,624 Dohr, I. R., Burnham, E. J., and North, J. R. June,465 Langguth, P. 0. and Marshall, D. E December,884 Drake, H. W October,747 Lawtner, H. P., Jr., and Fritz, H. R July,547 Dreese, E. E January, 32 Lee, Carl December,905 Duer, J. V. B June,431 Lee, E. S September,698 Dwight, H. B July,559 Levy, D. H June,434 Lewis, W. A September,686 E Lincoln, P. M February, 129 Linder, C. H., Stewart, C. E., Rex, HB., and Fitzgerald, Eddy, W. N. and Davis, E. W January, 52 A. S Edson, W. W 440 March, 183 June, Lissman, Marcel A January, 45 Erickson, E. 0. and Breisky, J. V February,118 F M MaeFerran, M Ferguson, J. G 517 November,809 July, Mahan, H. E May,379 Fitzgerald, A. S., Linder, C. H., Stewart, C. E., and Rex, Maillard, A. L May,386 H. B. March, 18.3 Mallina, R. F. and Knackmuss, 0 Fleischmann, E April,265 September,665 Marriott, R. H March,195 Foltz, J. P. and Spooner, T March,199 Morrison, W. A Fortescue, C. L., Atherton, A. L., and Cox, J. H..... April,277 April,261 Marshall, D. E. and Langguth, P. 0. December,884 Foster, W. J November,825 Martin, W. H Foster, W. J. and Savage, M. A 733 March,223 October, Martin, W. H. and Gray, C. H. G July,513 Fowler, M. M August,635 Marvin, R. H. and Whitehead, J.B Fritz, H. R. and Lawther, H. P., Jr 547 March,186 July, McClure, J. B. and Summers, I. H December,891 McCracken, H. J. Jr., and Peterson,Wm. S February,138 G McCurdy, R. G. and Blye, P. W June,461 McEachron, K. B. and Goodwin, V.E Gamble, L. R. and Baughn, E October,742 McKibben, F. P May,374 Garrett, A. M September,678 Melvin, H. L May,393 Gaskill, J. F December,896 Milian, W. H November,813 Gault, P. M June,457 Miller, K. W. and Halperin, HermanAugust, 596; December,911 George, R. H July,534 Miller, M. C January, 20 Gilt, C. M. and Barns, B. L March,228 Milne, 0. R. and Searing, H. R June,471 Glenn, H. H. and Wood, E. B February,146 August,607 Miner, D. F. and Batten, W. B February,126 954 955 Dec. 1929 INDEX OF AUTHORS August,611 Montsinger, V. M. and Wetherill, L November,821 Sehuchardt, R. F., President's Address January, 25 Sehurig, 0. R., Kuehni, H. B., and Buller, F. H. . .March,206 Morecroft, J. H. and Turner, Alva Searing, H. R. and Milne, G. R August,607 Morgan, K. F. and Shea, T. E October,766 913 December,872Shackelford, B. E December, Morgan, T. H Shea, T. E. and Lane,, C. E August,624 Morrill, W. J March, 190 766 December,875Shea, T. E. and Morgan, K. F October, Moultrop, I. E Shirley, D. W., Jr. andKlev, P., Jr December,907 Silsbee, F. B June,447 N Skinner, C.E August,589 Noertker, J. A May,361 Slepian, J September,661 Norris, E. T August,615 Slepian, J. S February, 93 North, J. R., Dohr, I. R., and Burnham,E. J June,465 Smith, E. D January, 11 Specht, H. C February,134 0 Spooner, T. and Foltz, J. P March,199 Sporn, Philip February,122 Ogden, H. R July,555 Spurgeon, S. J. and Robinson, E. W. September,707 Oram, John June,436 Stahl, C. J. December,918 Stewart, C. E., Rex, H. B., Fitzgerald, A. S., andLinder, P C. H.March,183 Stewart, P May,390 Palueff, K. K May,357 Stoller, H. M. and Power, J. R February,110 Palueff, K. K. and Brand, F. F July,542 Summers, I. H. and McClure, J. B December,891 Park, R. H March,194 Park, R. H. and Banker, E. H January, 41 T Peek, F. W October,762 October,738 Terry, I. A. and Robertson, B. L August,619 Penney, G. W December,895 Penney, G. W. and Hague, F. T .June,473 Thau, W. E Peterson, Wm. S. and McCracken, H. J.Jr February,138 Thompson, L. W. and Walton, P. J December,868 Pinckard, F. E May,349 Treat, Robert and Jones, S. Murray January, 56 Plumb, H. H. and Glover, R. E September,695 Turner, Alva, and Morecroft, J. H January, 25 Power, J. R. and Stoller, H. M February,110 Pratt, W. H February,142 V May,382 Putman, H. V Van Atta, E. and White, E L September,682 Vandersluis, W. M December,888 Q Vinal, G. W. December,878 Queer, E. R. and Doggett, L. A October,759 R w Wagner, B. S. and Burroway, A. C May,366 Reichard, H. H., Dawes, C. L., and Hoover,F. L.... June,450 Wallau, H. L March,210 Reichard, H. H., Humphries, P. H. andDawes, C. L. Walton, P. J. and Thompson, L. W December,868 January, 3 Wetherill, L. and Montsinger, V. M November,821 Rex, H. B., Fitzgerald, A. S., Linder,C. H., and Stewart, Wheelock, F. 0 November,800 C. E.March,183 White, E. L. and Van Atta, E September,682 Robertson, B. L. and Terry, I. A August,619 J B January, 27 Robinson, E. W. and Spurgeon, S. J September,707 Whitehead, J. B. and Marvin, R. H March,186 Robinson, E. W. and Woodcock, W. I March,215 Wieseman, R. W July,530 Ryan, W. T December,919 Wilkins, Roy September,692 Wilson, M. S March,179 S Wolfert, E. R. and Brosnan, T. J September,669 June,444 Wood, E. B. and Glenn, H. H February,146 Salter, E. H December,900 Sanford, R. L January, 7 Wood, R. J. C 733 Woodcock, W. I. and Robinson, E. W March,215 Savage, M. A. and Foster, W. J October, 804 Scholz, H. J. and Hawkins, C. B April,264Woodrow, H. R November, 956 INDUSTRIAL NOTES Journal AYI. E. E. DIGEST OFCURRENT INDUSTRIAL NEWS

NEW CATALOGUES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONSFalls, has recently ordered two 16,000 ampere, 340 volt d-c. Mailed to interested readers byissuing companies synchronous converters from the Westinghouse Electric & Man- Mercury Arc Rectifiers.-BulletinGEA-1151, 20 pp.De-ufacturing Company.These machines will have the largest scribes mercuryarc rectifiers for railway service.General Elec-current rating of any converting equipment in electrolytic tric Company, Schenectady, ser- N. Y. vice, increasing by 60% the current rating ofany previously Chain Grate Stoker.-CatalogGND-2, 28 pp.Describesinstalled converter used for this purpose.Switching equipment the Green Natural Draft ChainGrate Stoker, applicable tofor the converters and two 5800 k-va., 3 -phase transformers with boilers of all types where the loadand operating conditions are tap changers were also included in the order. such that a natural draft chain grate stoker is suitable.It is New Small Motor Starter.-A new counter E. M. F. stated that this is one of the pioneerstokers of its type and is in- type stalled under boilers of automatic starter has been developed by Cutler -Hammer, Inc., more than 1,200,000 rated boiler horse-163 12th St., Milwaukee, Wis.This new, small motor starter power.Combustion Engineering Corporation, 200 Madison Avenue, New York. incorporates a number of new and important features suchas: small size, reduced voltage starting, thermal overload Motor Maintenance Equipment.-CatalogB-829, 58 pp. protec- tion, low voltage protection and renewable silvercontacts.It Describes motor maintenance equipmentand electrical specialties.is rated up to 2 hp., 115 or 230 volts. The equipment includes commutatorresurfacers, grinders, mica The contactors are de- undercutters, slotting files, blowers, signed especially for direct current service and therenewable etc.The catalog containssilver contacts insure long life.Each starter is supplied with instructions for the operation of d-c. generators, a chapter which a treats in detail of some fifty commutator troubles and separate pushbutton master switch providing three -wireremote remedies;control. Two wire control can be furnished, if desired. definitions of electrical terms; and tableson the current -carrying capacity of solid and stranded wires,as well as tables on fusing, Electric Ships for the Pacific.-Two vesselsover 600 feet wiring and full load current data.Ideal Commutator Dresserlong, with turbine -electric propulsion and otherwisecompletely Co., Sycamore, Ill. electrically equipped are to be constructed by the NewportNews Electrical Distribution Systems.-Bulletin 31-0-62,16 Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company for the DollarSteamship pp.Describes Bull Dog "Bus -DUCT" and "Trolley -DUCT." Line.The vessels will be sister ships of twin-screwdesign and The latter is a flexible system of electrical controlfor portablebuilt for a speed of 20 knots.The first one to be constructed electrical tools as used on moving assembly lines inautomobilewill be completely electrified by the General ElectricCompany. and other mass production plants. Bus -DUCT isa bus bar sys-It will have accommodations for 450passengers and a crew of tem of electrical power distribution for industrial plants employ-more than 300. The power plant on the first boat will consistof ing mass production methods, where frequent andrepeated two 11,000 shaft -horsepower turbines running at 2500r. p. m. and changes in location of machines, motors and sometimes wholedriving two alternating -current generatorseach having a con- departments are desired on short notice.It displaces, to some tinuous rating of 10,100 kilowatts, 3 -phase,4800 volts.These extent, the older method of distribution by conduit, wires andmain propulsion generators will supplyelectricity for driving power panels. Bull Dog Electric Products Co., 7610 Jos. Campautwo 13,250 horsepower, synchronous -inductionmotors, each Avenue, Detroit, Mich. connected to one of the two propellor shaftswhich will turn at the rate of 133 r. p. m. Excitation and NOTES OF THE INDUSTRY power for operating auxil- iaries and lighting will be furnished byfour 500 -kilowatt, 240- The Wagner Electric Corporation, St. Louis,has ap-volt, compound -wound, direct-current turbine generators of the pointed D. 0. Reardon as representative for part ofIowa, withgeared type.Electrification of the auxiliaries will be practically headquarters in Des Moines, Iowa. complete, even to the extent of the generaluse of electric heat. The Ohio Brass Company, Mansfield, Ohio,announces Soviet Russia Employs American that its Boston office in charge of Harvey H. Hoxie, Engineers.-Several has beenscore engineers and foremen have recently beenengaged to work removed from its former location in the Little Buildingto Roomin Soviet industrial and agricultural 1001, Statler Building, 20 Providence Street. organizations, according to announcement of the Amtorg Trading Corporation.The Ameri- The Kuhlman Electric Company, Bay City,Mich.,can engineers who have either left or will leave shortly manufacturers of power, distribution and street lighting for work trans-in the Soviet Union, includeexperts in the metal industries, formers, announces the appointment of Frank C. Fassett,15 construction, irrigation, mining, etc. East Jackson Street, Phoenix, Arizona, as its representative While a large number of in technical assistance contracts, providingfor sending about 200 that territory. American engineers to the Soviet The Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company, Milwau- Union, have been concluded within the past year with Americanfirms, no contracts with in- kee, Wis., has appointed T. B. Wood's Sons Company, Cham-dividual engineers were made until bersburg, Pa., as special distributors of Texrope drives. A large recently.In view of the announced policy of the Sovietgovernment to employ foreign stock of Texrope drives and Texrope belts will be carriedso as to technical talent to a greater degree, render prompt and efficient service. it is expected that a number of additional American engineers willbe engaged for work in The Inca Manufacturing Corporation has announced theindustrial and agricultural enterprises construction of a large addition to the new factory at Fort Wayne, of the U. S. S. R. Among the individual American engineerswho have been retained by Ind., trebling the capacity of the present plant.The structureSoviet organizations are will be completed shortly after the first of the year. The plant, seven hydraulic engineers headed by Arthur P. Davis, formerly chiefof the United States Reclama- which was founded by George A. Jacobs and associates,manu-tion Service, who will supervise factures copper wire products for the radio, electrical and auto- the irrigation projects in Central Asia and Transcaucasia. A numberof other Soviet industrial motive industries. organizations have announced the Paul Stauffer has been appointed eastern manager of the intention of inviting foreign com-engineers, foremen and supervisorsfor work in their enterprises. pany with headquarters at Newark, N. J., and R. A. Connor hasThe employment of American joined the sales and engineering staff at Fort Wayne. engineers and other technical personnel is done through theAmtorg Trading Corporation, Westinghouse Builds Large Synchronous Converters.-261 Fifth Avenue, New York, The Roessler and Hasslacher Chemica Company, of Niagara representatives in this country ofa number of the principal Sovietindustrial enterprises. 1 Dec. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION

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Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 2 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E. Builders of Transformersfor every laboratory and industrial application

Speed in Production with the delicate touch of the Craftsman

THE Amerweld ElectricSpot of application, Amerweld fillsa Welding Machine was designed long feltneed. As many welds tri American Transformer Company as required can be made with no engineers for fusing small metal loss of time, giving maximumpro - parts. such as the elements in radio ductirity and minimum waste ofma - tubes and electric light bulbs, in the terials. A battery of fifty Amerwelds manufacture of jewelry, dentalsup- can be accommodated on a bench plies, novelties, and for smallspot one hundred feet long and six welding of all kinds. inches deep, reclaiming valuable It is simple, quick, reliable, safe, floor space for other operations. and economical of current-hence The machine can be supplied for inexpensive. Equipped witha Ward operations on circuits ofany fre- Leonard N'itrohm rheostat and ad- quenc-y. and voltages up to 550 volts. justable within a usefulrange. both Standard units are carried in stock for intensity of heat and theperiod for 220 and 110 volts -60 cycles. For farther informition write forBalletin 1125. Rcprcscntattvcs Atlanna.Ga.FL Donato Se act Marart ta Suet IC 1 &I enters! C arlada-W. 0. T ay tor ea Ltd .415 C an/MIA CCLUCTIII 131 Chu dean, L. C Hermes -a, 44 h Pt -1.100.a Pa-L. D. )(leavened. 112 tuanatat net. Rat, vennecaa Seat Se_t b It thStreet Keaaar e, Tenn. --Art hat L. P:1.4 S C ad. -I nave H. South:di, nal ifi 6.11...= StfrCt Mutranacatu, MeanEt.:xe ; na at St. LOW*. j ours. 431Petulant l'utt &ath tee..ar.5...t aushinaa AMERWELpi ElectricSPOTWELDER

AMERICANTRANSFORMER COMPANY 178 EMMET STREET NEWARK, N.J. Please toettuott the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. .henwrattng to advertisers. 3 Dec. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION

n your resistance problems consult these Resistance Specialists

THE manufacturers of DURHAMMetal- available to all engineers.We cordially in- ized Resistors place at theservice of vite you to consult with us on yourresistance electrical engineers the facilitiesof a problems. broadly experienced staff of resistance spe- cialists together with probably the most com- plete experimental laboratory of itskind in existence. Whatever your resistance problem maybe, the utilization of this service should notonly save time and moneyin bringing about a proper solution, butwill also provide you the (vigito' highest degree of accuracy in designand manufacture, together with minimum costs A standard Durham Metal- for the finished products. lized resistance unit, made in a wide variety of ranges and used by the millions in Probably the best indication of the value of the radio industry. this service lies in the fact that our engineers areconstantlycooperating withelectrical engineers of many of the largest manufac- turers and experimental laboratoriesand are METALLIZED continually developing new ideas, new designs and new uses for DURHAM Resistance Units. RESISTORS & POWEROHMS The facilities of our experimental laboratories INTERNATIONAL RESISTANCE CO. plus the experience of our specialist staff are 2006 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Please mention the JOURNAL of the A.I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 4 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E.

z.V,Y I t fgiNt0;47P ASPN .Ft. a-zOt. 11-gX 10.1,

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"Almost to the end of my ittle show, Coming only three more to go - but remember the new 1.T -E catalog contains 66 pages Attractions ofdescriptions,dimension drawings,photographs and prices of 1 T E equipment. Great help to you in your daily Type LG circuit breaker - work, Brother-better write x2000 amperes at 220 volts A. C. my company for your copy." 2 phase 4 wire -4 poles - 4 direct -acting overload coils Type LL air circuit breaker truck -1600amperes at 550 with 4 direct -acting time limits U volts A.C.-fitted with wheels, racking ingear and separable (Dalites) - non -closable contacts for easy removal from switchboard-mechani- on overload or short circuit cally interlocked so truckcannot be removed while (Autoite). breaker is closed. Truck can be rackedout to 6" inspection position without breaking auxiliary controlcircuits. Type S circuit breaker- 150 I -T -E semi -automatic transfer switch-400 amperes at 480 Yamperes at 250 volts D. C.- volts A. C. - automatically 2 direct -acting overload coils V connects load to emergency with 2 direct -acting time limits source when normal fails-reconnected to normalsource (Dalites) - polesclose inde- by operator. Also made in fullautomatic form where switch returns instantly and automaticallyto normal pendently, but trip together. source when normal is restored. Padlocked U -Re- Lite- to Type J circuit breaker -40amperes at 250 volts D.C.-2 poles prevent unauthorized changes w -2 direct -acting overload coils with2 direct -acting time lim- of overload setting and also its (Dalites)-polesare closed and tripped independently. to protect men working on I -T -E CIRCUIT BREAKER the line. COMPANY 19th and HAMILTON STS., PHILADELPHIA Birmingham, American -Traders Bank Building: Boston, Chicago. 333 N. Michigan Ave.; Cincinnati. 201 Devonshire: Buffalo, Ellicott Sq. Bldg. Dallas, 1810 Allen Bldg.: Denver, Tramway Bldg.:Union Trust Bldg.: Cleveland, 439 Termina 'Tower Bldg.; For complete information on dependable Bldg.: Kansas City, Midland Bldg.: Los Angeles. Detroit. Penobscot Bldg.; Duluth, 611 Providence protection for any circuit up to 750 volts 1.51 Lagauchetiere St. West; New Orleans, Hibernia106 W .3rd :Minneapolis, Plymouth Bldg.: Montreal. D. C. or 550 volts A. C. write or call our Electric Bldg.; Philadelphia, 1505 Race St.: Bank Bldg.: New York, 12 E. 41st St.: Omaha Bldg.; San Francisco. Russ Bldg. ; Seattle,Pittsburgh. Park Bldg.: St. Louis, Bank of Commerce nearest office. couver, 300 Beatty Street. 802 33rd Ave.; Toronto, 149 Adelaide Street East; Van-

V..;k:46>nagitZ0,trVig.TWWAWAtM%V11,tat;c4,2 ' 4 if 'crek a thr.4Ig X 095 g - sv

Please mention the JOURNAL of theA. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION 5 lee. 1929

SHUNT WOUND BATTERY CHARGER ER ATOR

CONSTANT RUNS AS VOLTAGE INHERENT MOTOR SAFELY

For All Kindsof Battery Charging (Floating-Trickle-Constant Potential-Modified ConstantPotential-Cycle) With Safety and Economy

Diverter Pole Generators floating with storage batteries in a telephone A Diverter Pole Generator A Diverter Pole Generator repeater station. charging outfit that assures floating with a bus control every battery of getting the battery in an automatic right charge. substation. Some recent comments "The Diverter Pole Generators in our "The two 500 -watt Generator Sets are giving substations go for months at a time without wonderful results and are ideal for use with touching the field rheostat."(There are ten the Automatic Fire Alarm System." 5 -kw. generator sets in this group.) "The average life of our industrial truck "The Diverter Pole Generator is the only batteries has been doubled since the installa- thing for telephone batteries." tion of your Diverter Pole charging set." While not at liberty to officially give the namesof these endorsers, we will gladly give you names and addresses on requestthat will enable you to either verify or getsimilar state- ments to those above. Send for descriptive bulletin

ROCHESTER ELECTRIC PRODUCTSCORP. 87 Allen Street Rochester, N. Y. BUILDERS OF D. C. MOTORS AND GENERATORSFOR30 YEARS

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing toadvertisers. 6 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E. GatType Ilis139

G -E Type FK-139 Oil CircuitBreakers

A complete line ofheavy-duty breakers In- dooror outdoorservice 7500 to220,000 volts 600to2000amperes Interrupting ratings,350,000to2,500,000 kv-a. Con- servatively ratedProved by rigidtestsand operating experience.

GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, GENERSCHENECTADY, ALN. Y. Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I.E. E. when writingto advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION Dec. 1929 OilCircuitBreakers Strong steel -plateconstructionInternal mechanismRust -resisting pinsBronze bushings inbearingsExplosion cham- Large bersonhigher -dutybreakers break distances ,-High insulation -Sepa- rating chambersand emergency vents on all breakersBushing transformers -Bush- ing potentialdevices for 110kv. and above.

JOIN US IN THE GENERAL ELECTRIC HOUR, BROADCAST EVERY SATURDAY AT 9 P.M., E.S.T. ON A NATION-WIDE N.B.C. NETWORK.

For complete information about G -E Type FK-139 oil circuit breakers, write to the nearest G.E office for a copy of GEA-925.

470-14

SALES 0FFICES P RI N C IP AL CITIES

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing toadvertisers. ti ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E. ALUMINUM BUS BARS foreconomy

FOR years the most important nations The booklet, "AluminumBusbars," con- of Europe have standardized on Alum- tains tables of weights,carrying capacities inum Busbarsas most economical andsat- and physical properties, isfactory for transmission with installation purposes. In this photographs.Please send foryour copy. country the steadily wideninguse of Alum- inum Busbar clearly showsthe way it is ALUMINUM COMPANYOF AMERICA 2448 Oliver Bldg., Pittsburgh, regarded by Americanengineers. Pa. Offices in 19 PrincipalAmerican Cities ALUMINUM

c73ushar

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION 9 1)ec. 1929 le

At left: Sectional view of main bearing of Hi -Voltage Switch showing Monel Metal ball bearings which require no lubrication. Monel Metal bolts are also supplied if specified. Mfd. by THE HI - VOLTAGE 'EQUIPMENT CO., Cleveland, Ohio.

At extreme left: Installation of Hi -Voltage Air Break Switches which are built with Monel Metal ball bearings as standard equipment.

I switches haveball bearingsof... KIVIL If[L, The Monel Metal ball bearings used inall Hi -Voltage switches eliminate the need for any lubrication. Monel Metal is used for these ballbearings and many other important parts of well-known outdoorswitching equipment because it affords a combination of properties notfound in any other material. Monel Metal will not rust. It is free from corrosion-cracking. It retains its high strength through extremesin temperatures. It is not subject to fatigue failures. To insure the dependability of outdoorelectrical equipment, specify Monel Metal bolts, nuts, springs,pins-for parts which must not fail. SEND FOR BOOKLET-"BOLTS THAT WILLNOT FAIL"

Monel Metal is a technically controlled Nickel -Copper alloy of high Nickel content.It Is mined, smelted, rellned, rolled and marketed solely by The International Nickel Company, Inc. The name"Mono' Metal" is a registered trade mark.

THE INTERNATIONAL NICKEL COMPANY, INC., 67 WALLSTREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 10 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E.

This 1 Paper Insulated LEAD SHEATHED POWER CABLE has helped totransport billions of subwaypassengers during 25years

of the leadpower cable in- ...1\AUCHstalled in New York's first subway, back in 1904,was produced by the Na- tional Conduit & Cable Company,of Hast- ings -on -Hudson, N. Y.-now theHastings Dek-sation of prominent New Yorkers on an inSPeCtien roar of Mill of Anaconda Wire & CableCompany. New York's first subway in 1104- That most of this cableis still in service despite the most exacting ofservice condi- tions, is striking evidence of its quality. The Hastings Mill isnow being completely re -equipped for the production of high volt- age cable as well as low and medium voltage cable for which it has longbeen well known. The new equipment willinclude stranding and insulation machineryof the latesttype -drying and impregnatingapparatus in- corporating desirablenew features-lead Aw+e)-4.12.. presses capable of producing the highest quality of lead sheathcovering, and a most complete high voltage Tlughconductivity and testing laboratory. .11. =dorm qualiry of Anaconda Constant scientific investigation Meth. are the result of theco- will also be ordinated supervmon by a single an important phase of the workat the cepneareson of even process from Hastings /8.filL The Company mew Emehed product. Seven nue will be glad mills ogee s coastm coast service to receive inquiries concerning theplant unequalledlaw promptness and and its products. dependability. ANACONDA WIRE &CABLE CO. General Office.:25 BroadwaY. Ne%. York Chicago Office111 Wen Wasiungton Street Exclustue &Nang Agent for Wirtand C.rble Roducts of THE AMERICAN BRASSCOMPANY

ANACON V\iffz.,,EPRODUCTS Please mentionthe JUL fiNAL ui the A. 1. L.L. when writing to advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION 11 Dec. 1929

MINERALLACELECTRIC CO. 25 NORTH PEORIAST. CHICAGO

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. whenwriting to advertisers. 12 ADVERTISINGC SECTION K Journal A. I. E. E.

Locke 1066 insulatoris an outstandingexample of the perfect balancewhich is characteristicof all Locke designs. The record whichthese insulatorshave established is the naturaloutcome of consistentresearch and study, in both laboratoryand field, extendingover a period of more than thirty-five years. Refinements in designhave been paralleled byimprovements in methods and materials, manufacturing stricter standardsandmore ex- act factory control.Today-as thefruit of this- Locke offersyou insulators which willgive unequalled performance underany service conditions. When servicecounts, specify LOCKE. LOCKE INSULATOR BALTIMORE CORPORATION MARYLAND ORCELAINI

INSULAT1Please mention the JOURNAL of the A.I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. Dec. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION

vow...11111M.

Ct Keyed to meetYOU R needs

THIS organization is alert to the changing needs of the elec- trical industry. For over fifty years Standard engineers have been of vital assistance in the development of the industry. Today our whole organization is keyed to thetask of progress as never before. When our representative calls, or is called in, you willfind him quick to grasp your particular needs. He is experienced as a liaison officer between your engineers and ours. His training summarizes Standard's experience and achievements, enabling him readily to interpret your problems to our technical staff. Standard products include all types and sizes of wires and cables-aerial, underground and submarine. For the unusual, our manufacturing facilities and engineering counsel are always "at your service". We will welcome your inquiry for specifications or prices or, just as gladly, an opportunity to apply our experience in assisting you to solve your troublesome problems.

STANDARD UNDERGROUND CABLE COMPANY Division of General Cable Corporation Perth Amboy, N. J. STANDARD UNDERGROUND CABLE COMPANY Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 1.1 ADVI.; RTI SING SEA "II ON Journal A. I. E. K. Lineman's View of DOSSERTS

This view taken from the top cross arm shows one of 1500DOSSERTS installed on lines of Los Angelesand Salt Lake Railroad Company Pacific System). (Union

This Dossertyear book gives data on dozens of VOR 20years engineers have connections on which found DOSSERTSa means for linemen and wiremen economical and dependablecon- can save time and pro- nections and terminals vide dependable joints. for wires, cables, rodsor tubing.

Thereasonforthe choiceof Dosserts is purelyan engineering one i.e. -the Dossert tapered sleeve principle.

But the lineman'sview of the Dossert is always thatitsaves time and labor in theeffort to make good connections.

DOSSERT & COMPANY,H.B. LOGAN, President, 242 West41st St., New York DOSSERTS Please mention the JOURNAL of theA. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. 15 ADVERTISING SECTION Dec. 1929 After 18Yearsof DependableService Records ShowThat Present DaySuspension ClampRequirements areFully Met by Original O -BDesign

Its IN 1911, O -B introducedSuspension Clamp No.11538. basic design has guidedthe design of all O-B Suspension Clamps since that time. It was the first closed seatclamp-the first to overcomethe hazard accompanying theloosening of theconductor in the clamp, caused by vibration.The closed seat clampwill not drop the conductor.Despite the fact thatthe higher voltages and heavier conductorshave required largerand heavier clamps, this basic designis still the outstandingleader. O -B FlectoIron Such a record provesthe correctness of thedesign.It also proves thatthe material used in thisclamp is the best for the The Flecto process of treating purpose, foreighteen years ago O -BSuspension Clamps were malleableironhasdefinitely all 0-B established a higher standard of cast from malleableiron. Today, three -fourths of malleable ironquality. Not stillcast from malleableiron-employing the only by eliminating embrittle- clamps are ment after hot -dipgalvanizing, Flecto process. but by preventing breakagedue to embrittlement ofcastings Eighteen years ago malleableiron served best.Today, malle- during extremely cold weather, the the Flecto process saves users able iron-improved bythe Flecto process-continues as of O -B Hardware thousandsof fact that transmissionengineers dollarsand insures them of leader, as evidenced by the more reliable service. specify O -B SuspensionClamps of a design andmaterial which 3,354,654 tested castings, with has proved best through yearsof service. less than one per cent defective after galvanizing and no fail- uresinserviceduringzero temperatures, prove the effect- Ohio Brass Company, Mansfield,Ohio Canadian Ohio Brass Company, Limited iveness of the Flecto process. Niagara Falls, Canada I149H

PORCELAIN INSULATORS co LINE MATERIALS RAIL BONDS CAR EQUIPMENT MINING MATERIALS CHICAGO CLEVELANDST. LOUIS ATLANTA VALVES -a NEW YORK PITTSBURGH ANGELES DALLAS PHILADELPHIA BOSTON SAN FRANCISCO LOS Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing toadvertisers. 16 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E. 1

BIG AND LITTLE, RICH ..:ND POOR,CAN PROJECT THEIR PERSONALITIES OVER THE WIDE NETWORK OF ITS WIRES

In thesere-ice ofall thepeople ,ln Advertisement of the American Telephone and TelegraphCompany

THE Bell System isowned by 200 cities. It is putting inthou- 450,000 stockholders andoper- sands of miles of cable,thousands ated by more than400,000 of sections ofswitchboard and workers for the service of thepeople of hundreds ofthousands of the nation. new tele- phones. Itsexpenditure for plant It is a democratic instrument and of a improvements inservice in democracy. Big and little, 1929 will rich and be more than,sso millions of dollars- poor, can project their personalities over half againas much as it costto build the the wide network of itswires.For Panama Canal. friendship or business, pleasureor profit, Thisprogram is part of the telephone the telephone is indispensable to ourideal thatanyone, anywhere, shall be modern civilization. able to talk quicklyand at reasonable This year the Bell System iserecting cost with anyone, anywhereelse. There new telephone buildings in more than . is no standing still in theBell System. ADVERTISING SECTION 17 Dee. 1929

doWalraleWamo

2,;v PIta,K astasmaaammuwortmagNAMEMaxamirmoktrimirmattw

Si.13m a American Steel Si WireCompany

itgain the Yuletide,withits inspirations good cheer is with us-theNew Year approaches-and wesincerely extend to you ourverybest wishes for a very anda ELECTRICAL WIRES MERRY CHRISTMAS Manufactured by AMERICAN STEEL & WIRE COMPANY Rubber Covered HAPPY, PROSPEROUS W ealherproof Bare Copper-Magnet Annunciator and Office Wires NINETEEN THIRTY>>>>» Lamp Cords-Trolley Wire Automobile Cables Submarine Cables

t. Park and Suburban Cables Power Either Rubber. Cambric or 1 Paper Insulated Or

x

American Steel 8c Wire Company >SUBSIDIARYUNITED STATES STEELCORPORATION7 208 S. La Salle Street, Chicago 30 Church Street, New York Cleveland Other Sales Offices:Atlanta Baltimore Birmingham Boston Buffalo Cincinnati Denver Detroit Kansas City Memphis Milwaukee Minneapolis -St. Paul Dallas Worcester Oklahoma City Philadelphia Pittsburgh Salt Lake City St. Louis Wilkes-Barre U. S.Steel Products Co.:San Francisco, Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle, Honolulu Export Distributors:United States Steel Products Co., 30 Church St., New York City

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E.when writing to advertisers. 18 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E. FERRANTI LTD. ETNA&. DEPARTMENTAL MEMORANDUM.

From... Mr. E.T. Norris. 7th October, 1929. Date.... File F.11, To.. Mr. Vincent de Ferranti. Mr. R.H. Schofield. Sales Department. FERRANTISURGE ABSORBERS. Damage caused'by Lightning.

An investigation has recently been carried outon a large scale into the damage caused by lightningsurges, together with the effects of lightning arresters in the UnitedStates. The results are extremely in- teresting, and are published in theTechnical Hews Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Standards for July1929.

The investigation covered tro calendaryears and summarises the experience of 240 SupplyCompanies scattered over thirty States in the west and middle west.

The total amount of damage caused in this periodwas valued at $631,000. Considering damage to transformers only, 91; ofthe breakdowns occurred in transformers protected by lightningarresters, whereas only 80% of the transmission lineswere protected by lightning arresters.

These figures indicate that on theaverage 2.44 times as many transformer breakdowns occurred on each protectedline as on each unprotected line. Although arrester protection is probablymore prevalent in lightning areas, it would appear from these figures that thelightning arresters do considerably more harm than good.

All lightning arresters underconsideration operate by dis- charging the surge to earth, and thereforethe power arcs and disturbance to the supply thus set up are probablyresponsible for many breakdowns that would not otherwise have occurred.

The report states that 3673 breakdownsoccurred to Station abparatus, and of these cases, 3171or 86%, were inductive apparatus such as transformers, rotating machinery, etc. These figures show quite clearly that the principal damage caused by lightningsurges is to inductive apparatus, such as transformers which are affected bythe steepness of thewave front rather than by the amplitude. The fact that existing lightningarresters have been so useless is evidently because theyoperate on the amplitude of the wave instead of on its steepness ofwave front. The surge absorber essentially operates on the steepness ofwave front.

The prevalence of lightning variedwidely over the areas covered, some areas reporting an average of seven instances ofdamage per 100 miles of transmission line per season, and othersonly .05 instances of damage.

The voltages of the various systemsvaried from 60 to 125,000, and most of the damages recorded occurredon lines of low or medium voltage.

It should be emphasized that the reportreferred to above is published by the United States Bureau of Standards,and is therefore presumably accurate and authoritative.

(sgd.) E. T. Norris.

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A.I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. 19 Dec. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION eiject;)e

THERE is no time lag in the operation of the Ferranti Surge Absorber. THE steeper the wave -front of any transient voltage(with consequent increase in danger to inductive apparatus) the more effective the Absorber.

Suitable for con- necting in cables and transmission lines of voltages from 220 to 220,000

Klydonograph recordsofthe voltage across the end turns of transformer attermi-

NOTE.-The amplitude nal of transmission line. of the surge voltage is approximatelypropor- a. WithoutSurge Absorber in circuit. tional to the diameter of the figure. b. With Surge Absorber incircuit. FERRANTI SURGEABSORBER Ferranti, Inc. Ferranti, Ltd. Ferranti Electric Limited 130 West 42nd Street Hollinwood 26 Noble Street New York, U. S. A. Lancashire, England Toronto, Canada

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 20 LoadADVERTISING Ratio SECTION Journal A. I. E. E.

A three-phase regulating transformer with load ratio control atthe Gadsden Substation of the Alabama Power Company. Rated 10,000120,000 kv-a.(out- put), 46,000 volts

Six single-phase power transformers withload ratio control at the Westmoreland Substation of the Philadelphia Electric Company. Each rated 20,000 kv-a., 72,450 to 13,800 volts

-GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, NERALSCHENECTADY, N. Y. Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E.when writing to advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION 21 ControlDec. 1929

Four single-phase power transformers withload ratio control at the Saugus Station of the Southern CaliforniaEdison Company. Each rated 25,000 kv-a., 220,000 to 72,000 volts

Features of nowused by practically every General Electric Design large operating company The voltage steps are uniformregard- less of load or power -factor,because each ratio is obtained directly from a IN the comparatively short period of seven separate tap. years, G -Eequipment forchanging Complete oil immersion, so important in the successful operation ofhigh - transformer ratio under load has been applied voltage apparatus, affords the necessary almost universally. It has been so generally high degree of reliability. The usual nine ratios are obtained with accepted that the power thus regulated only two current -interrupting contacts per phase, requiring but oneinspection totals millions of kv-a. This attests the com- annually. prehensive experience of General Electric Extreme compactness is an important feature of G -E design; in some cases no in the production of load ratio control and additional floor space is required. demonstrates the unqualified success of the r G -E method and design.

JOIN US IN THE GENERAL ELECTRIC HOUR, BROADCAST EVERY SATURDAY AT 9 P.M., E.S.T. ON A NATION-WIDE N.B.C. NETWORK 410.22

ESALES OFFICEE SCI N PRINTCIPR A L CITIES Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1. E. E. when writing toadvertisers. 22 .11) \' ERTISIN(1 "I' I( 1X Journal A. I. E. E. PU R1 EYING TEAMS FORME iL

THESE Sharples PortableUnits-one in- stalled five yearsago and the other two years ago - centrifuge transformeroil for the Moloney ElectricCompany of St. Louis. Approximately four thousandgallons of trans- former oil are purified daily,the Super Centrifuge removing all dirt,water and sludge and restor- ing the dielectric strength of theoil to well above the specificationrequirements ofnew oil. THE SHARPLESSPECIALTY COMPANY, 2324 WESTMORELANDSTREET, PHILADELPHIA, Boston, New York, Baltimore,Pittsburgh, Chicago,Detroit, New Orleans, San Francisco, Tulsa, Los Angeles, Toronto, London,Paris, Tokio; Henry W. Peabody &Company, Sydney and Melbourne, Australia.

AA GREAT DMFORCEEs

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E.E. when writing to advertisers. SECTION 23 Dee. 1929 - ADVERTISING those responsible forthe routine TOchecking ofcentralstation,sub- station and automatic substation operat- ing efficiency, this Bristol's New Small New SmallSized Sized Electrical Instrument should have an instantappeal. Bristol'sRecording The small sized rectangular form record- ing instrument adapts itselfadmirably to panel board mounting.It requires Voltmeters and only a minimum amount of space and presents a very trimand pleasing appear- ance.In keeping with this idea of econo- Ammeters mizing space the door is so designedthat it can be opened even when the instrument cases aremounted with practically no space be- tween them. Records Simplify Control Operatingrecordsob- tained with Bristol's Re- cording Voltmeters and Ammeters assist in locat- ingoverloadedfeeders, overloaded stations and over capacity stations. The Voltage record gives a continuouscheck on the uniformity of regu- lation, and warns of im- pending faults before they grow to an extentthat customers complain. The individual AMPERE METER records of each phase showclearly whether or not the three phases are balanced. Above are shown severalpanels of Voltage and ampere records taken Bristol's small size recording Voltmet- together, provide an excellent means ers and Ammeters of checking voltage in conjunction installed in unat- tended substation with changes in load. of TheDetroit Edison Company, Charts used are but 6 inches in diam- Detroit, Michigan. eter.Where a great many records must be examined periodically, these small charts can be accurately and speedily checked. Furthermore, they are all uniform in size-can be handled At left is a close up almost as easily as a deck of cards, view of one of the and require very little space for filing. instrument panels. Note how admir- Complete information in Bulletin #3 73, a copy ablythesesmall size instruments of which will be sent to any interested person. lend themselves to boardmounting. Outsidecasedi- The Bristol Company mensionsare8" wide x 10%" high Waterbury x approximately 4%" deep. Conn.

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 24

ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E.

1 Greater Flexibility 2 Higher Efficiency 3 Floor Economy

CHANDEYSSON ELECTRIC CO.,St. Louis, U. S. A.

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION 25 Dec. 1929

Generators 25 to 25,000 Amperes

Direct Connected to Motors

20,000 AMPERES12 VOLTS UNIT WEIGHT 85,600 POUNDS FABRICATED STEEL SUB -BASE

CHANDEYSSON ELECTRIC CO., St. Louis, U. S. A.

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing toadvertisers. 26 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E.

In many applications motors fail due to external conditions

such as corrosive fumes, dust or moisture. Wagner makesa *complete line of enclosed motors cooled bya fast moving *jacket of air produced by an external blower (insmall sizes the blower is on one end, inthe larger sizeson both).In the illustration the casings are removedfrom one of the motors to show the position of the two blowers.

Wagner motor adviceisunbiased because Wagner * makes every commercialtype of alternating -current motor. Literature on Request WAG N ER ELECTRICCORPORATION 6400 Plymouth Ave., St. Louis Sales and Service in 25 PrincipalCities

. . . PRODUCTS FANS . . . . DESK . . WALL CEILING TRANSFORMERS . . POWER . . . DISTRIBUTION . . . INSTRUMENT . . MOTORS . SINGLE-PHASE . . . 61 7632-2 POLYPHASE . . DIRECT CURRENT Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E.when writing to advertisers. 27 Dec. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION

A NEWDESIGN OF AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR STARTERS

ASMALL compact unit, requiring aminimum amount of floorspace andheadroom, is the fea- ture of this new design EC&MAutomatic Starter for controlling a 1100 HP, 2300 volt synchronousmotor - generator set. Although very compact for a reduced voltage com- pensator -type starter of such a largehorsepower rat- ing, accessibility to all parts is in no waysacrificed. The compensator mechanism is arrangedin two sec- tions, so that a minimum headroom is requiredto lift it out of the case. Likewise is the automatic field panelcontaining a graphic watthour meter and numerousprotective features so designed that it may be tiltedforward to permit easy access to the wiring on theback of the panel. Mines and similar places where a few inchesin reduced headroom means a real savingappreciate the economyofthesecompact EC&M Automatic The above illustrations show how Synchronous Motor Starters.Write to our nearest the removal of two top boltsal- how lows the automatic field panel to branch office for a copy of the leaflet showing be easily swung forward to permit many of these starters areinstalled in cramped and access to the wiring in the rear. isolated places.

THE ELECTRICCONTROLLER & MFG. CO. NEW YORK -50 CHURCH ST. PHILADELPHIA-WHERSPOON BLDG. CHICAGO-CONWAY BLDG. CLEVELAND,OHIO PITTSBURGH-OLIVER BLDG. DETROIT -DIME BANK BLDG. SAN FRANCISCO -CALL BUILDING MONTREAL -CASTLE BLDG BIRMINGHAM -BROWN -MARX BLDG. LOS ANGELES- 912 E. THIRD Si CINCINNATHENATIONAL BANK MK HOUSTON -1006WASHINGTON AVE. TULSA-2I7EARCHER SI DENVER-KITTREDGE BLDG TORONTO-REFORD BLDG SEATTLE -ALASKA BLDG. Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 28 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E.

RECISION P ifs meanie and liscommercial Value DORECISION, as commonly used, isa term business has been built, and upon which it defining extreme refinement of dimension must continue to grow. and finish. But as describing an outstanding But what does all this mean to the buyer and quality of NORMA-HOFFMANN Precision user of NORMA-HOFFMANN Precision Bearings, the word has a far more compre- Ball and Roller Bearings? What, in other hensive meaning. words, is the commercial value of Precision? To Norma -Hoffmann engineers and produc- Briefly stated, Precision stands for that tion men, Precision means the ultimate in combination of qualities which manifests it- dimensional refinement. Above and beyond self in higher anti -friction efficiency, longer this, however, it means bearing design worthy life, greater speedability, better performance, of expression in a finished product of this lower costs for replacements, increasedpro- extreme refinement - selected materials well duction. These are the distinct and concrete ad- deserving of special treatments and of vantages which accrue to the user of NORMA- highly refined machining processes- stand- HOFFMANN Precision Bearings. ards of production which permit no devia- Obviously, Precision is costly to produce tion from absolute uniformity, regardless of and to maintain. But it has been the uniform quantity. experience of those who have availed them- Precision, as thus described, is the foun- selves of its advantages, that its price isre- dation quality upon which the Norma- paid a hundred fold in the lower after-costs Hoffmann reputation rests, upon which its which inevitably follow. The long, varied experience of Norma -Hoffmann engineersis offered without obligation to machine users and builders facing bearingproblem& NVRIVICI FIVFFMANN PRECISIVN BEARINGS

"AAl ONION NJRMR HVFFMANN BEARINGS CVRPN.- STAMFVR13CC/NN. U.S.A. 4 Please mention the JOURNAL ul the AI.El L %heti ..ticIng to ddvertt,ers 29 Dee. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION

20 Horse Power Century Type SC Multi -Speed Constant'Torque Squirrel CageInduction 3 and 2 Phase Motor MULTISPEED Constant TorqueMotors Constant HorsePower Motors Variable TorqueMotors Multiple speeds from asquirrel cage motor, with pushbutton or drum control, offer a solutionof many drive problems-among machine tools, woodworkingmachinery, mixers, blowers, stokers, conveyors, etc. They are built regularly for 2,3and 4 speeds, with wide or narrow speed ranges like 1800.1200 or 1800.600down to 900.450 r. p. m. (60 cycle). Special speedcombinations available as described in bulletin 13-1. CENTURY ELECTRIC COMPANY 1806 Pine St. St. Louis, Mo. 40 U. S. and Canadian Stock Pointsand more than 75 outside thereof

"THEY KEEP A -RUNNING" Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing toadvertisers. 30 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E. Speakingofsevere

Allis-ChalmersType "ARZ" Totally -Enclosed Fan - Cooled Motorin- stalled in pit on mixerin service- iron foundry.

An outdoor installationof Allis- Chalmers Type "ARZ"Motors driving cooling tower fans.Note steam surrounding motors.

are the "severe service" jobs formotors in WHEREyour plant? Wherever they are, and whateverthe motor problem presented, there isan Allis-Chalmers Motor to efficiently handle it. The illustrations showsome of the jobs the Allis-Chalmers Type ARZ Totally -Enclosed Fan-Cooled Motors are han- dling. The solid cast iron bearing housingsare designed as com- plete enclosures in thesemotors. These housings carry the rotor andare fitted with apertures for taking airgap measurements. By means of this design theseparately attached coil enclosing devices with theirauxiliary seals are avoided. The grease -packed bearingsare the only shaft seals against the interchange of insideand outside air. The stator windings and rotor and allparts subject to de- struction are thus sealed against theentrance of dirt or dust. These Allis-Chalmers Totally -EnclosedFan -Cooled Mo- tors will remove the "grief" fromyour motor operation where severe conditions exist.Maintenance becomes negligible and the uninterrupted servicerequired in the modern industrial plant is assured.

ALLIS-CHALMERS MFG. COMPANY Milwaukee, Wis. Type "ARZ" Motor drivingan District Offices in alt Principal Cities apron conveyor under a shake- out pit in a large steel mill.

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. whenwriting to advertisers. 31 Dec. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION

Pattern 172 A. C. Pattern 174 Pattern 171 D. C. Pattern 173 Single Phase, Voltmeter or Ammeter VoltAmpWattmeter Voltmeter or Ammeter A. C. or D. C. Wattmete

Pattern 582 Split Core Transformer for use with Pattern 172 A, C. Arru-ne- Walt, .1p/pot ter, illustrated at right.

Pattern 17o Pattern 172 Current Transformer A. C. Ammeter hely Industrial Plantcanaffor JEWELL Master Instruments

IN the maintenance of plantelectrical Masters the best intermediate size instru- equipment; in the inspection of electrical ments that can be made. Yet, through the products; in the design of electrical ap- use of quantity production methods anddie paratus; and in the service of electrically operated made parts that are completely interchangeable, machinery, reliable electrical testing instruments Jewell Master Instruments come to you at a very are the basis of scientific operation. moderate cost. The Jewell Line of Master Instruments in inter- Bakelite cases of uniform size; large scale openings mediate size bakelite cases of uniform dimensions protected by non-shatterable glass; long, hand - meets every requirement of electrical testing. Their drawn scales; and knife-edge pointers of seamless Y2of I% accuracy guarantee is more than adequate aluminum, are features that suggest the quality for the great majority of uses. Their compact, uni- of Jewell Master Portables. form size makes it easy to carry a complete group You should know all about Jewell Master Instru- in a small case. ments. Ask the nearest Jewell Representative to No expense has been spared in making Jewell tell you about them, or mail the coupon, today.

The Jewell Electrical Instrument Company makes a complete line of high grade A. C and D. C instruments for every purpose, including switchboard instruments from 2 inches to 9 ammo sam inches in diameter, and portable instruments from small pocket moNt I sizes to laboratory precision standards. Catalog, sent on request. Instrument Company a IJewell ElectricalChicago, Illinois . 1650Walnut Street, I II to knowabout the most 29 YEARS iiMAKING IOf course I want size instru "III complete lineof intermediate ments. Mailyour bulletin. I I IIIIII I.11rIlii4 I/ llii141MIlElif I n mini° 4 Fil -, .. gliggi11111 1111111II ; Name------!III II1 111111110 _ 1 Company_ ------a Address------amp Master Instruments mow tamp noma mom Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. whenwriting to advertisers. 32 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E.

Laundry moisture and kitchensteam cannot impair Bakelite Insulation When the numerous labor- saving appliances materials possess high insulation value and were first developed, many manufacturers rugged mechanical strength.Exposure to thought that an insulation material which dampness cannot cause Bakelite Insulation to would prevent current leakage met every swell or shrink, and through years of weather reasonable requirement.The high cost of extremes it will not crack, split or crumble. servicing quickly demonstrated the need for a Both Bakelite Moldectand Bakelite Laminated dependable insulation, which would retain its are widely usedfor insulation purposes. dielectric and mechanical strength unimpaired Each of these Bakelite Materialspossesses by steam, moisture and long service. many distinctadvantages for the manu- facturer of electrical appliances and devices. Leading manufacturersofirons,ironers, Our booklets 3M, "Bakelite Molded" and washers and dish washers have found the 3L, "Bakelite Laminated" are descriptive of desired dependability in Bakelite Materials. these materials and their applications, and From long experience, they know that these copies will be sent you upon request. BAKELITE CORPORATION 247 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. Chicago Office, 635 West 22nd Street BAKELITE CORP. OF CANADA, LTD.,163 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ont., Can.

BAKEI-ITEREGISTERED A U. S. PAT. OFF. THE MATERIAL OF A THOUSAND USES ."The registered Trade Mark and Symbol shown above may be used only on products made from materials manufactured by Bakelite CorporationUnder the capital "B" is the numerical 'sign for infinity. or unlimited QuantityIt symbolizes the infinite number of present and future uses of Bakelite Corporation's products." Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. Dee. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION

It is significant that most improvements in the handling, packing, and shipping of fine wire and coils have found their origin in the Dudlo plant. Factory trays fitted with vertical pegs pro- The final buyer of your product wants quality. tect the spools from contact with eachother, With this end in view, it is our purpose to see thus preventing any possibility of damage that your wire arrives in perfect condition. to the insulation. These trays are another No precaution on Dudlo's part is toopains- Dudlo development. taking when your interests as a manufacturer Spools are shipped in double -strength boxes, are involved. and are separated by heavy fibre -board par- titions forming an individual compartment Dudlo handling and packing methods are just for each tier. No possibility of damage in one more reason whyDudlo wire is the choice of transit. the country's leading manufacturers.

DUDLO MANUFACTURING COMPANY,FORT WAYNE, INDIANA i visionofGeneral Cable Corpora t ion Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 34 ) VI.:1' 1'1 t -d I, I I ( .1wirtital A. I I I.

II it ,J. LI II i'.:7.-7,Tir.s"-il Mk MN JF1Ev1111,),..1.5STANDARptiicitkinsiTip ELECTRITE fo r COMMUTATOR INSULATION A high gradefibre board Faulty commutator insulationisthe for electricalinsulation. cause of a large percentage of motor and generator failures with the consequent loss of thousands of dollars annually in inter- A material ofquality pos. rupted production. sessing high tensileand For this reason leading manufacturers dielectric strength. inalllines of industry are vitally con- cerned about the matter of insulation. For 30 years Micabond has been known Tested and approvedby forits uniform dependable quality-its the Underwriters' high dielectric strength-its resistanceto Labora- heat -and its reliability under themost tories. severe conditions. Micabond has become thestandard Pulp Products Department mica insulation and itsuse means the elimination of insulation failure andcon- WEST VIRGINIA sequent shut -downs and losses. Write for further details or send your PULP do PAPER COMPANY specifications for samples and prices. 230 Park Avenue 35 East Wacker Drive CHICAGO MICA COMPANY New York, N. Y. Chicago, Ill. 482 Campbell Street VALPARAISO INDIANA

INSULATORS made of

FIBROC INSULATING PARTS LAVA READY FOR ASSEMBLY Electrical applianceman- The Fibroc Insulation Company maintains a large battery of specially designed and equipped punch ufacturers have found in presses that quickly and economically supply Fibroc lava parts the solution of punched parts to meet practically any specification. Engineering and production departments of large their problems of insula- electrical manufacturing plants quickly recognize the economy and production advantages of Fibroc Ready tion. Punched and Inspected insulating parts. Recent exhaustive tests disclose the following Fibroc Each part made tospe- characteristics: 1. High dielectric strength 600-1,100 cialdesign.Thema- volts per mil. 2. Chemically stable-unaffected by terial strong in dielectric ordinary solvents. andheatresistant 3. Non -hygroscopic, does not swell, warp or shrink. properties. 4. Great mechanical strength, com- pact and light in weight. 5. Resists heat, constant 225° F. in- termittent up to 275° F. AMERICAN Send your specifications or blue prints for LAVA CORPORATION samples and quotations.Our engineering department will be glad to work with you. 27-67 Williamson Street T. - FIBROC INSULATION COMPANY CHATTANOOGA, TENN. Licensed Bakelite Laminators since 1922 510 Lincoln. Ave. VALPARAISO, IND. Manufacturers of Heat Resistant Insulators E. Please mentionthe JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. \I)\ TH)\ RINGS

(r)

for A.B. See Elevator motors HERE in the heart of an elevator Super-Micanite plays an important part in assuringsmooth, uninterrupted service.High dielectric strength and low surface leak- age so essential for this service, arecharacteristics of Super-Micanite that are unequalled in any other built up mica insulation. Super-Micanite has the added advantage of not slipping under temperatures and pressuresencounteredin com- mutator assembly.Firmer and better commutators result -a factthatSuper-Micanite usersareunanimousin acclaiming. Subject Super-Micanite to all the tests you consider essen- tial.We want you to be the judge.We will gladly furnish samples. MICA INSULATOR COMPANY New York: 200 Varick St. Chicago: 542 So. Dearborn St. Works: Schenectady. N. Y. London, England Cleveland Pittsburgh Cincinnati Birmingham Seattle San Francisco Los Angeles Toronto Montreal

Nt PERFECT515 N '11'1 P\ I 55T I CANIT EMPIRE INSULATOR INSULATOR st\ L71/ k.\\/\n Ott. INSULATION KEG. U.S PAT. REG. U.S. PAT. OFF. MICA INSULATION 01 LED CLOTH INSULATION Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 36 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E. gommuneumummummummummuinimmuniumninninuminumuniummiumnionniniiiiiiiiiiinunninimuniumummonok

g E -§: A CMEWIREPRODUCTS Floebling Magnet Wire .-. - All Insulations Electrical Wires and Cables Coils-Magnet WireWound High in Conductivity rg- and Reliability Ei Varnished Insulations John A. Roeblings' Sons Company Parvolt Filter andBy Pass Condensers Trenton, New Jersey

All products madeto Recognized Com- mercial Standards including thoseof: National Electric Mfrs. Assn. Radio Manufacturers Assn. Elevator Control Cable American Society for Testing Materials NDH,,u,LEerRie, COMPANY

For 25 years manufacturers and suppliersg to the largest and most discriminatingusers.

THE ACME WIRE CO. SU ND New Haven, Conn. Automatic Starters Pressure Regulators Circuit Breakers Remote Switches Float Switches Speed Regulators Hand Starters Transfer Switches Branch Offices Magnet Switches Valve Control New York Cleveland 52 Vanderbilt Ave. Guardian Bldg. SUNDH ELECTRIC CO., INC. Chicago Parkhurst St. at Ave. C

842 N. Michigan Ave. NEWARK, N. J., U. S. A. E - Branch Offices or Sales Representatives in Principal Cities

s E M ..T. E E a Science Abstracts E ALLelectrical engineers actively engaged inthe practice of theirpro- fession should subscribe to "ScienceAbstracts." g E - Published monthly by the Institution of Electrical E tion Engineers, London, in associa- with the Physical Society of London, and withthe cooperation of the American g Institute of Electrical Engineers, the American Physical Society and the American g E Electrochemical Society, they constitutean invaluable reference library. Through "Science Abstracts" engineersare enabled to keep in touch with engineer- g -3 ing progress throughout the world,as one hundred and sixty publications, in various languages, are regularly searched and abstracted."Science Abstracts"are published = in two sections, as follows: E - E E "A"-PHYSICS--deals with electricity, magnetism,light, E E heat, sound, astronomy, chemical physics. "B"-ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-deals withelectrical -2 LE plant, power transmission, traction, lighting,tele- T. g graphy, telephony, wireless telegraphy, E - E prime movers. E E engineering materials, electrochemistry. E Through specialarrangement,members of the A.I.E.E. Subscriptions should start with the January 7.4 may subscribe to "Science Abstracts ' at the reduced rate The first volume was issued in 1898. issue.. of $5.00 for each section. and SIO for both.Rates to non- available, and further information regardingBack numbers are members are $7.50 for each section and $12.50 for both. obtained upon application to Institute headquarters.these can be E E- E E. E g American Institute of Electrical = Engineers a E 33 West 39th Street, New York g 2- -2 E- E g g E.' 1J 2 a E g - = a Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. 37 Dec. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION

Thebest cable shop in the country

.but it wasn't good enough

N equipment and methods the factory which occupied sixteen huge Western Electric telephone cable structures. But it was worth it! plant of 1927 set the pace. But that Whether making cable or any of didn't satisfy the company's manu- the 10,000 items of telephone ap- The old way.This machine paratus, Western Electric seeks till it for stranding cable was the best facturing engineers. They put the in the country, but- plant in the test tube of critical finds the better and more efficient judgment-and they came out with and more economical way. As something even better. manufacturer for the Bell System It meant revising processes, re- this is its share in good telephone designing machines, rebuilding a service.

Wertern Electric engineers worked out a Western Eleetrie new way, stranding cable more quickly, MAKERS OF YOUR TELEPHONE *ore safely, more economically. Please mentionthe JOURNAL of the A. I.E.E. when writing to advertisers. 38 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E.

For hard-to -get -at, Trade "ESCO" Mark ELECTRIC SPECIALTY CO. z- 4, -.:., assemblies -.::.,44 Engineers and Manufacturers . DESIGN- Self -tappingScrews DEVELOP PRODUCE are easier to TYPE NA AIRPLANE GENERATOR use Small Motors, Generators, Dynamotors, Motor Generators, Rotary Converters,Etc. 44than rivets FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES-Send Us YourProblems and bolts 222 South Street, STAMFORD, CONN.,U.S.A.

Ea

SHEET metalassemblies and To Engineers fastenings to sheet metalor ManufacturersvInventors slate, aluminum, die castings,ebony asbestos, Bakelite, etc., We possess exceptional facilities for doingyour are easily experimental work ... models, dies, tools, in- made in unhandy and hard-to -get -at struments, light machinery ... general manu- facturing... inventions developed.Customer's places with Hardened Self-tapping supervision in machine shop permitted.Over Sheet Metal Screws.No fumbling thirtyyears'specializedexperience.Clients include Bell Telephone Laboratories, All-America with nuts or washers.No tapping. Cables, Inc., and other well known organizations. No riveting. MANUFACTURERS' & INVENTORS' ELECTRICCO. Just turn a Self -tappingScrew into Incorporated 1897 a drilled or pierced hole with 228 West Broadway, New York a screw (Smith Building at Franklin St) driver-from the outside. Oneman Tel. Walker 8687-8688 Cable Address "MANDIELECO" I can do the job. As the Screw is turned in, ittaps its own thread in the material, drawing the sections firmly together. The Pioneer Manufacturer - of _ Scores of prominent electricalmanu- facturers have tested these Screws Interpole & Ball and adopted them because they Bearing proved to be the easiest, quickest Motors

and cheapest means of makingsecure 1/2 t1000 H.P.D. C. andA. C. fastenings. Self -tapping Screws hold under vibration andsevere service conditions. Write for free samples of Self -tapping Screws.Test them on your own work-see what these unique Screws will save you in time, labor and money.Send us a brief description of your assembly so thatwe can provide proper samples for a test. PARKER-KALON CORPORATION 198 Varick Street New York, N. Y. Distributed in Canada by Type "S" Ball Bearing Motor Aikenhead Hdw., Ltd., t9-21 Temperance St., Toronto ELECTRO DYNAMICCOMPANY Manufacturers of Ball Bearing Motors Since PARKER,-KALONTY 1904 HARDENED 7 SELF -TAPPING BAYONNE, N. J. Sales Offices in Principal Cities Sheet Metal Screws- PATENTED APR 11019 -No 1290232 MAP 20 1022 -N.1411184 "Qualitp for Ralfa Centurp" A09 N,192)-Ne ,zgivs-Erg.1.0.:25 N. 1520102 Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. whenwriting to advertisers. 39 Dee. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION T'S THE TWISTED TEETH THAT LOCK

1FANGLEPROOF Pack them together-bunch them as much as you like-ShakeproofLock Washers can't link or tangle.Manufacturers are finding that the time saved in this one feature alone oftentimes pays their entire washerbill.Speed up your productionline-stopdelays-adopt Shake - proof Lock Washers,designedtoprevent linking.

IUILTIPILE LOCKING Twisted teeth of steel set around the circum- ference of the washer. Tighten down the nut and each tooth bites in with a grip of steel- they can't let go.For sure locking demand Shakeproof. U. S. Patents 1,419,564; 1,604,122; 1,697,954.Other Patents Pending. Foreign Patent. SPREADPROOF No matter how much pressure is applied you just can't spread a Shakeproof Lock Washer. This eliminates breaking of washers, too, and Type 20 Terminal saves you time and money. Withits multiple advantages, it is no wonder that manufacturers, large and small alike, the country over are adopting Shakeproof.

Type 12 Internal PRODUCTION SPEED Type 20 Terminal Slip them onto the bolt as fast as the hand can move.Easy to handle-just as easy to apply. Shakeproof will win new friends in your pro- duction department and speed up their work for you. FREE SHOP TEST SAMPLES The rollcall of American manu- SHAKEPROOF LOCK WASHER CO. facturers is the roll call of Shakeproof 2517 North Keeler Ave., Chicago, Ill. Locking users.Pick any car on the road- ShakeproofTerminals Size the radio in your home-the cash Please send me samples of register in your neighborhood store- 1-1 Shakeproof Lock the vacuum cleaner your wife uses- Firm Name 1-1 Washers to fit bolt size the typewriter on your stenographer's desk-it is a hundred to one they are Address.... Town all locked with. Shakeproof. State By. Lock Washer Company ( Division of Illinois Tool -Works 1 STIAICIPOOF 2517 North Keeler Avenue Chicago, Illinois Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1. E. E. when writing toadvertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E E. swITCH CHAMPIONHIG;;4113N CO KENOVA,Cift"4310N vA SWITCHES "'" BUSSUPPORTS HEAVY DUTYOUTDOORAND INDOOR EQUIPMENT CATALOGUES UPONREQUEST

-2 i .111111111111,11111111111111111111111111111111.1111111111..011/11 a-i-

-...- --1.' :----= ...... of INSULATORS -...-= ,AA 4 :',-- Ebomas -....._ a

-.-a- QualityI .4110k ....--- luir PORCELAIN INSULATORS '>7 -.f. a- alte..- LINE HARDWARE -=-.. WIRING _,, _-: PORCELAINS- M P, ii0 . --,-,_--- - - ..:1000..- and 0- Abr,i'l. Porcelain---- Specialties , Pa!kV% .'° An American Standard since '73 t...... E- ,P.ti..'" is7----- .-----wL---: E .....0&tr .....,- ,..1...---...... _...... -K.ttleikl. -...... -''''4'.l!'-l'7'''-:'''-*-11...-'"'"__.,: ....04-3 CANADIAN PORCELAIN CO.,Ltd. T H E R. THOMAS & SONS CO. Hamilton-Ontario-Canada New York :TB Quebec District Office London Office Lisbon,ChicagoOhio M 612 Transportation Bldg. 343 Abbey House, 4 Victoria Street a BostonLondon B Montreal, Qu. London, S. W. 1. - N AY 14 GLASS? INS ULAT 0R)6' The transparency of Hemingray GlassInsulators makes line inspection very simple.The lineman can tell at a glance whether the insulator is intact or not. Write for literature Hemingray insulators are mechanically and dielectrically dependable, non -porous and uniform in structure. defy moisture and age. They CORNING GLASS WORKS Send for Bulletin No. 1. Dept. 61, Industrial and Laboratory Division HEMINGRAY GLASS COMPANY CORNING, N. Y. Muncie, Indiana

Reconditioned and Tested A. I. E. E. Standard 5,000 Transformers ready for shipmentat low prices Every one a safe buy for the most strenuous service. are our regular customers.We satisfytheusers. Sizes range from 1to 1,000 kva.-voltages from 110 toThe savings are between 30 and 60per cent.Ask 66,000. Modern equipment that has no superior. your electrical engineer to inspect our shop and testing Many nationally prominent public utility companieslaboratory.Send for our free Monthly Bulletin. WE BUY MODERN TYPE TRANSFORMERS-ANY SIZE-ANY QUANTITY

Mie ELECTRIC SERVICE CO.inc. Americas Used Transformer Clearinc?; House 212 Walnut Street "Cmcinnati3Ottio Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 41 Dec. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION

viT$1)11.,,ANT ",5 Lapp Fog Type SuspensionInsulator, No. 5805. Test voltage,116,000. Mini- mum Mechanical andM. & E. strength 12,000 lbs. Flashover wet anddry much higher instrings than standard10' units. How TheyStand Up! UNDER salt spray deposition,eight Lapp Fog Type Suspension Unitshold in while 12 or morestandard 10 -inch unitsflash over. This superiority is due todifference in design. And these designs are madepossible by Lapp Vacuum Inlet for liquid clay Process porcelain(patented). :gulches (ffan, of vacuum As on all LappSuspension Insulators, themetal 11011 parts aredrop forged copper -bearingsteel, ex- cellently hot -dip galvanized.

De -aerated carrying 220,000 liquid claj- Lapp Fog Type Insulators are outlet to` volts for SouthernCalifornia Edison Company. filter Presses At the other extreme,they are now setting new standards in telegraph service.Lapp Fog Types Here's a diagram of the Lapp Vacuum Process (patented). canprobably cite cures underconditions similar Mechanical and dielectric menacing your own operations. faults are usually due to air oc- to those now cluded in the liquid clay- "slip." The Vacuum Process Their short petticoats reducebreakage. Cleaning is actually boils the air right out. exceptional condi- The resulting porcelain has required only under the most unique homogeneity and per- tions. Per year of service, they costless than stand- manence. ard types, while initial cost isonly slightly higher. Lapp Insulators reduce maintenance costs

LAPP INSULATORCO) ERONY.*U1 S.A.

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I.E. E. when writing to advertisers. 42 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E.

If - Principal A.I. E. E. Publications JOURNAL. Publishedmonthly. An engineering periodical containing in full or in abstract engineering andtheoretical papers as presented before meetingsof the Institute and its Sections and Branches; ments -characterized by notable descriptions of new develop- organizations. advances, and items relating to the activitiesof the Institute and other Subscription price $10.00 per year.Agents, publishers and dealers are allowed 20per cent dis- count; a special discount of 50per cent is allowed on single subscriptions received directly or public libraries.Postage to Canada on annual subscription from college tries, $1.00. $0.50 additional, and to foreigncoun- (Postage should not be included whencomputing discounts). E JOURNAL BINDERS. A loose is now available. leaf binder, especially designed for the JOURNALof the A. I. E. E. E The new binder is attractivelyfinished in a long -wearing, processed resembling brown leather.From one to six copies of the JOURNAL material, the publication is embossed can be inserted.The name of in gold on the frontcover and backbone.The binders are sold in sets E. of two at $2.25 or $1.25 forone. TRANSACTIONS. Publishedquarterly. E Contains such of the technical and elsewhere as are selected papers and reports published by the Institute in theJOURNAL the technical papers. and authorized by the PublicationCommittee; also the discussionson E.: The TRANSACTIONS forma permanent record of the progress of electrical -1 engineering. E-. The subscription price to A. I.E. E. members is $2.00 peryear for pamphlet binding and $4.00 for cloth binding.To non-members the cost is $10.00 E cloth binding. per year for pamphlet binding, and $12.00 for Available volumes of the TRANSACTIONSpublished prior to 1921 may be obtainedat reduced prices.The volumes in stock and prices willbe supplied upon request. Discounts allowed on the currentvolume are as follows: 20per cent to publishers and subscrip- tion agents 50 per cent to collegeand public libraries upon direct subscriptionto Institute headquarters. INDEX TO TRANSACTIONS.Published every ten years. Index (Jan. 1, 1911 to Jan 1, Vol. III of the TRANSACTIONS E 1922) is a practical bibliography (168pp.) of all A. I. E. E. papers and discussions printed during the period1911-1922. dealers' discount of 20per cent. Price to members and non-members $2.00,with A. I. E. E. STANDARDS. .7: :.2. The work of revision of the A. I. E. E. Standards which has been inprogress for several years has . now reached a stage where a large number of sections of the Standards have beenapproved by the 1 -General Principles Upon Which Temperature Limits are Based in the Ratingof Electrical Machinery, ($.20); 4 -Measurementof Test Voltages in Dielectric Tests, .1 Generators and Motors and Direct (.30); 5 -Direct -Current nators, Synchronous Motors and Synchronous-Current Commutator Machines inGeneral, (.40); 7 -Alter- Converters, (.40); 9 -Induction Motors Machines inGeneral,(.40), '8 -Synchronous E Current and Alternating -Current Fractionaland Induction Machines in General,(.40); 10 -Direct- Horse Power Motors, (.30); 11 -RailwayMotors, (.30); 13 -Transformers, Induction Regulatorsand Reactors, (.40); 14 -Instrument E 15 -Industrial Control Apparatus, Transformers, (.30); E (.40);16 -Railway Control and Mine Apparatus, (.40); 17f -Mathematical Symbols, Locomotive Control E (.20); 17g6 -Graphical Symbols for (.30): 17g1 -Letter Symbols for ElectricalQuantities, E= Telephone and Telegraph Use, (.20);19 -Oil Circuit Breakers, g ": (.30); 22 -Disconnecting and Horn GapSwitches, (.30); 26 -Automatic Stations, E and Cables, (.40); 33 -Electrical Measuring (.30); 30 -Wires s s.- Instruments, (.30); 34 -Telegraphyand Telephony, E: (.30); 36 -Storage Batteries, (.20); 37-Illumination, (.30); 38 -Electric Arc E E (.40); 39 -Electric Resistance Welding Welding Apparatus, g s Apparatus, (.30); 41 -Insulators,(.30); *42 -Symbols for s. -.2 Electrical Equipment of Buildings, (.20); 45 -Recommended Practise for Electrical E -.4 Shipboard, (1.50); 46 -Hard Drawn Aluminum Installations on g Conductors, (.20); '60 -Specificationsfor Tinned 2- . Soft or Annealed Copper Wire; 61 -Specificationsfor Soft or Annealed Copper Wire, E 61 published as one pamphlet), (.30); 63 (No. 60 and E 4 and Cable for General Purposes, (.30); '69-Specifications for 30 Per Cent RubberInsulation for Wire E E -Specifications for Cotton Covered RoundCopper Magnet Wire; '70 -Specifications for Silk CoveredRound Copper Magnet Wire; '71 g Enameled Round Copper Magnet Wire, (No. 69, -Specifications for E 70 and 71 published asone pamphlet), (.30). E E eApproved as A vnerican Standard. A discount of 50% is allowed to Institute members. E- Numbers of the Standards Sectionsshould g begivenwhen ordering. E NEW STANDARDS BINDERS. Anew and different binder is now available whichwill hold E E all the present Standards pamphlets and reports, and stillhave room for additional sections. g $1 . 7 5 . Price g. . YEAR BOOK OF THE A. I. E. E. g E A directory, published annually in March, of themembership of the A. I. E. E. g Gives in alpha- betical order, the names, occupations and addressesof all members. E. E The membership is also listed in geographical order.The Year Book contains general information E- E.- regarding thescope and s. activities of the Institute, including the Constitution andBy -Laws, lists of Sections and E the various committees, governing body, etc.Single copies will be supplied Branches, g charge upon application. to members without g f g "E: 77: g g American Institute of ElectricalEngineers Er 33 West Thirty-ninth Street, NewYork, N. Y. g F. EE E amimmensimilmormasammuinameautikaugiumanautuainutlimumanuitinanumuittaullinatuatnummtliiiiiitnuiniumminitimminwinmminnuminid Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1. E. E. when writingto advertisers. 43 Deo. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION TheCondit D-Line

Type. D-123 "D" for Dependability Inverted laminated brushes; excep- tionally heavy arcing contactsde- signed to minimize arcing;massive, rigid frames; deeper tank perpole construction; oversize one-piece wet -processporcelain bushings- the Condit Type D Oil CircuitBreak- ers haveeverything for safe, de- pendable, efficient service. 1/ eefia loucA with rancid CONDIT ELECTRICAL MFG.CORPORATION Manufacturers of Electrical Protective Devices BOSTON, MASS. Northern Electric Company T)pe, D-127 Lmm,ED Distributor for the Dominion of Canada

7500 volts; estimated interruptingcapacity at 15,000 SPECIFICATIONS: 1200 amperes or less, 15,000 volts; 1600 amperes, Type volts. Type D-123, 2500 amperes. Type D-118, 3500 amperes.Type D-128, 5000 amperes. Type 0-117, 5000 amperes. D-127, 7000 amperes. /r r / " A A A A

2593 Please mention the JOURNAL of the A.I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 44 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E.

anomminimilinitioniumwoumintionnoimmullonimmonommumnimoommiumninniniolominnuimmlimmetimiummup

four bolts three tons INTENDED to grip and connect 1 %"1 IPS Copper Tube this Burndy Clamp T -Connector has held a suspended weight of 6100 pounds. How was it done? By correct design and proper materials; for Improve the reliability of the pressure of Everdur boltson a similar your transmission lines with connector has produced a contacting pressure of 20 tons!Would you like to examine the test reports? "COPPERWELD" Other interesting test reportsare shown on pages 15 and 16 of "The High Tension Overhead Ground Wire Bus" Catalog of BURNDY Copperweld Steel Company ENGINEERING CO. INC Glassport, Penna. 10 EAST 43 ao STREET NEW YORK BURKEa m E

Positive Grip 3 Insulator Clamps Copper Fittings Splicing Sleeves Connectors Disconnects Memco buildsg Choke Coils this equipment Fuse Mountings in all standard and special Substation Combinations sizes-ask for Air Break Switches bulletins of in- The only connector Bus Supports terest to you. which can be partially assembled Memco Engineering & ManufacturingCompany, Inc on the ground. 381 Hamilton Street, Long Island City, N. Y.

Made from high conductivity copper Tobin Bronze or KEARNEY Monel Metal Bolts. Manufacturers of Screw Anchors; Hi -Tension 4 -in -1 Expansion chors; Solderless Service Connectors; DoubleAn- Fuse Cutouts; 7500, 12,000 and 15,000 volt Duty connect and Fuse -Choke Coil Switching Equipment;Fuse, Dis- Bulletin on Request. Fuse Pullers; Plug Cutouts; Guy WireClips; Sleeve Twisterswith InterchangeableDies; Hot Tap Clamps; Yokes; Economy Cable Clamps; Live Line ance Tools and Accessories, previously Tip'sMainten- Tools. BURKE ELECTRIC CO. A Complete Catalog Will be Senton Request ERIE, PA. JAMES R. KEARNEY CORPORATION Offices in Principal Cities

4220 Clayton Avenue ST. LOUIS, MO. Pacific Coast-JONES-LYMAN, INC., San Francisco, Los Angeles

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 4.i ftr.e. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION CABLE TERMINALDEVICES

POTHEADS UNDERGROUND CABLE BOXES AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCHES OIL and AIR BREAK DISCONNECTS SERIES CUTOUTS GROUND PIPE CAPS CONDUIT BELLS CABLE HEADS By concentrating on cableterminal devices for twenty- CABLE COUPLINGS developed CABLE SUPPORTS five years The G & WElectric Specialty Co. has INSULATING SLEEVES widely accepted. INSULATING COMPOUND many practicaldesigns which have been Why not benefit from thisexperience and concentration?

LET US KNOW WHATYOU WANT CABLE TERMINALSpecialty DEVICES Co. G&W ElectricILLINOIS. REPRESENTATIVES IN PRINCIPALCITIES 7780 DANTE AVENUE,CHICAGO,

CONDUITS ARE UNNECESSARYIF CONDEX PARK CABLE IS USED

CONDEX Park Cable eliminates the neces- originated by us and during thepast few years has met withthe approval of public sity cf outside conduits and other methods of United protection. utilityengineers throughout the The feature of this type of cable is a States. specially constructed steel tape armor which CONDEX Park Cable is ideal onseries offers unusual resistance to crushing and lighting circuits for municipalstreet lighting, protects against outside disturbances. white way installations, and forpark or play- As the steel tape is applied over the lead ground illuminating systems. sheath it overlaps and interlocks, forming a Further information, a sampleand prices flexible conduit. This type of protection was will be sent on request.

SIMPLEX %RE &CABE @ MANUFACTURERS 201 DEVONSHIRE ST., BOSTON DEANCII SALES OFFICES CHICAGO, 564 W.MonroeSt.SAN FRANCISCO, 390 Fourth St. NEW YORK, 1328 B'woy CLEVELAND,2019Union Trust Bldg. JACKSONVILLE. 1010 Barnett Nat'l Bank Bldg.

Please mention theJOURNAL. of the A. I. E. E. when writingtoadvertisers. II;

ADVER'FISINU SECTION Journal A. I.1';.

1111 ' 111

L 0P A// Cambridge Magnet Tester

Sim H"x7"x7" Weight 11 ;; Ibd.

ABALLISTIC, suspended coil galvanometer,used id° in cvnjunction with an exploringcoil, for the Model One testing of magnets of any kind.Its indications are de- D. C. Precision termined solely by the total discharge throughthe coil, Instrument. regardless of the speed of discharge. With this, robust but sensitive instrument,measure- Canwe throw some light ments may be made of 1. Strength of Magnetic Field 2.Polestrengthanddistributionof on your problems? magnetism in a bar magnet 3.Determination of B.H.curve in NO single swallow makes samples of iron a summer-nor does a single 4.Coefficient of mutual induction ina instrument go farther thana candle's feeble glow pair of coils 5.Discharge through anon -inductive to lighten the problems of ElectricalDevelopment. shunt Fully described in List No. 167 Take any Weston Instrument-anymodel or range. The most complete description possible wouldfail to conveya full conception of its probableuses. The needs of electri- CAMBRIDGE cal measurement aretoo numerous and varied for INSTRUMENT CO ITV even an Pioneer Manufacturers of Precision Instruments attempt at classification withrespect to. the application of 3510 Grand Central Term., New a single instrument or, for that York I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 11111 111111 11111 11111 I II III matter, Weston's complete III II I II III 11111 I II 11111 III 11111 III III 1111111111 11111 III 11111111 III 1111111 III 11111 II II 11111 11111 line of instruments. 1111111 11111 II 11111 I II I I I I I I I 1111 11111 11111 II I I I I I II 11111 E

It is a case where the mountainshould come to Moham- med !For more than fortyyears the Electrical Industry has come to Weston for the solutionof its measurement problems. With the tremendousincrease in scientific de- velopments, invoking theuse of new instruments and special requirementsas to design, electrical characteristics and ranges, it is becominga problem in itself to sense the exact needs in all branches of industry. But Weston research, manufacturingand consultation facilities are available to all.Engineering and salesrep- resentation in all the principal cities of theworld affords convenient points of contact with instrumentheadquar- Standard -Signal Generator ters, so that your problems can be brought to us for study The Type 403-B Standard -Signal and solution.If the abridged listing in Generator our catalog does is a calibrated oscillator fordelivering known not cover the instruments you require,we shall be glad radio -frequency voltages whichare localized to receive your communication and will give itprompt between two terminals.Its principal use is in attention. measuring radio field intensity(field strength) and in taking sensitivity, selectivity,and fidelity characteristics on radio receivers. Itmay be used either with or without modulation;a 400 -cycle to modulating oscillator is containedin the in- strument and there is provision forsupplying modulating voltages froman external oscillator. PIONEERS Its range is from 500 to 1500kilocycles, but SINCE 1888 others can be built tocover other bands on special order. INS1 ME-TS GENERAL RADIO COMPANY WESTON ELECTRICAL Manufacturers of Electrical and Radio LaboratoryApparatus INSTRUMENT CORP. 30 State StreetCAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 584 Frelinghuysen Avenue Newark, N. J. Please mention the JOURNAL °I.:the:A. I. E. E.when writing to advertisers. 47 Dee. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION A NewOil CircuitBreaker

SPEED WE INVITE YOU

These new breakers Foryearsleading have the elements you publicutilitieshave know, by experience, used DELTA -STAR are essential-speedof outdoor substations and operation, good me- airbreakswitching chanicaldesign,high equipment with inter- electrical and mechan- changeable parts. Now ical strength. Why we invite you to send an not investigate and if engineer to inspect this favorably impressed- latestUNIT TYPE buy a few. product.

1,ANKERS Op For Canada: For Canada: UNIT TYPE MONARCH ELECTRIC, MONARCH ELECTRIC, LTD. LTD. 4-9 U 1 PM St. Johns, Que. St. Johns, Que. DELTA -STAR ELECTRIC COMPANY,2400 BLOCK,FULTON ST, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. Instruments and Circuit Breakers S ELECTROSTATIC y CONDENSERS OLLER-SMITH COMP for All Purposes IFleEctrical Measuring and Protective Apparatus -NA MAIN OFFICE: fillstri; WORKS: 12 Park Place, NEW YORK Bethlehem, Penna. Offices in Principal Cities in U. S. and Canada Representatives in Australia, Cuba, Japan and Philippine Islands

COMPLETE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS STEEL STRUCTURES 5 AIR BREAK SWITCHES FUSE CUTOUTS . s . FUSES CHOKE COILS g E .._"1:-1441- The Accepted Standard - k for Exacting Service as well as 7,,71.----`r,",,,.,-. -; -4.-4,..- - ',710/F , ,, General Application on

T. ' , '.:: ,! !, _P,M.,- 4 ,,..1, = 4 -.. 4 - 4,4- .1 , q ./,. . ,./ 4,. !-- '' '-rid.: Land and Sea and 4:' mi -I^.. ;.,' --' i t Lt in the Air 01401,11" WIRELESS SPECIALTY APPARATUS COMPANY Pacific ElectricNal.._urfacturiog Corp. Est. 1907 581E THIRD STREET, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. Jamaica Plain Boston Representative, in Principal Cities

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E.when writing to advertisers. 48 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E. PROFESSIONALENGINEERING DIRECTORY For Consultants in the Fieldsof Engineering, and Related Arts and Sciences AMBURSEN DAMS Hydroelectric Developments DAVID V. FENNESSY N. J. NEALL Water Supply andIrrigation Dams Consulting Engineer DAMS ON DIFFICULT FOUNDATIONS Consulting Power Engineer for AMBURSEN CONSTRUCTIONCO. Electrical and Industrial Properties Incorporated Grand Central Terminal, New York 12 Pearl Street 100 Broadway Kansas City, Mo. MILLS BUILDING EL PASO, TEXAS Atlanta, Ga. BOSTON, MASS NEW YORK CITY

W. S. BARSTOW & COMPANY Incorporated FORD, BACON & DAVIS NEILER, RICH & CO. Engineering Design Incorporated Electrical and Mechanical Construction ENGINEERS Engineers Consulting, Designing anti 50 Pine Street, New York 115 Broadway, New York Supervising 412 Washington St., Reading, Pa. Philadelphia Chicago San Francisco 431 So. Dearborn St.- - - Chicago BATTEY & KIPP Incorporated FRANK F. FOWLE & CO. To appear in the following ENGINEERS Electrical and Mechanical issue, cards must bere- Complete Industrial Plants Power Plants & Electrical Installations Engineers ceived not later than the Engineering Reports, Analyses & Appraisals 20th day of the month. 231 South LaSalle Street CHICAGO MONADNOCK BUILDING CHICAGO

BLACK & VEATCH FREYN ENGINEERING COMPANY OPHTJLS & HILL, INC. Consulting Engineers Industrial Electric Power ENGINEERS AND CONSTRUCTORS Water, Steam and Electric Power Investiga- Generation-Application-Purchase tions, Design, Supervision of Construction, Steam Generating and Electric Power Plants Combustion Engineering Ice Making and Refrigerating Plants Valuation and Tests. ElectricFurnaceInstallations Mutual Building KANSAS CITY, MO. 112 WEST 42nd ST. 310 South Michigan Ave. CHICAGO NEW YORK CITY

ROBERT C. BURT, E. E., Ph. D. HOOSIER ENGINEERING CO. FARLEY OSGOOD DONALD H. LOUGHRIDGE, Ph.D. Erectors of Consultant Consulting Physicists Transmission Lines and Substations Design, Construction, Operation Inter -Connection Designers and Makers of 100 W. Monroe Street of Scientific Instruments CHICAGO PUBLIC UTILITIES PASADENA NEW YORK INDIANAPOLIS National Bank of Commerce Building 327 So. Michigan Ave. California 31 Nassau Street 5 E. Market Street 31 Nassau Street, New York, N. Y. Tel.: Rector 7878Cable Address: Fargood

BYLLESBY Dugald C. Jackson Edward L. Moreland G. R. SACKMAN, M. E ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Assoc. A. I. E. E. JACKSON & MORELAND CORPORATION Counsellor at Law 231 S. La Salle Street CONSULTING ENGINEERS PATENT ATTORNEY CHICAGO New York San Francisco 31 St. James Ave. Boston, Mass. 1860 BROADWAY NEW YORK CITY Suite 1715-16 Phone: Columbus 8945 EDWARD E. CLEMENT Fellow A. I. E. E. ROBERT S. KRUSE SANDERSON & PORTER ENGINEERS Attorney and Expert Consultant for Radio in Patent Causes Stations and Manufacturers PUBLIC UTILITIES & INDUSTRIALS Soliciting, Consultation, Reports, Design Construction Management Opinions Examinations Reports Valuations McLachlen Bldg. Washington, D. C. 103 Meadowbrook Road Telephone 700 10th St., N. W. West Hartford, Conn. Hartford 4-5327 Chicago New York San Francisco

When you require technical advice Or a solution to an engineering problem CONSULT THIS DIRECTORY ..i g E Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. 49 Dee. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION PROFESSIONALENGINEERINGDIRECTORY and Related Arts and Sciences F.-. For Consultants inthe Fields of Engineering, PERCY H. THOMAS SARGENT & LUNDY STEVENS & WOOD Incorporated INCORPORATED Consulting Engineer Mechanical and Electrical Engineers and Constructors ELECTRIC POWER Engineers 60 JOHN STREET, NEW YORK Generation-Transmission Applications 1412 Edison Bldg., 72 West AdamsStreet Youngstown, 0. Jackson, Mich. 120 BROADWAY NEW YORK CHICAGO ILLINOIS Chicago, Ill. THE J. G. WHITE SCOFIELD ENGINEERING CO. STOCKBRIDGE & BORST ENGINEERING CORPORATION CONSULTING ENGINEERS Engineers-Constructors Utility and Industrial Plants Oil Refineries and Pipe Lines, Patent Law Steam and Water Power Plants Design, Construction, Operation Transmission Systems, Hotels, Apartments, Valuations and Appraisals NEW YORK CITY Offices and Industrial Buildings, ktailroads PHILADELPHIA 41 PARK ROW 42 EXCHANGE PLACE NEW YORK

STONE & WEBSTER J. G. WRAY & CO. JOHN A. STEVENS, INC. Incorporated Engineers Established 1909 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION J. G. Wray, Fellow A. I. E. E.Cyrus G. Hill CONSULTING ENGINEERS EXAMINATIONS REPORTS Utilities and Industrial Properties APPRAISALS Power Plants Paper Mills Appraisals Construction Rate Surveys Surveys INDUSTRIAL AND PUBLIC SERVICE Plans OrganizationsEstimates Dye Houses PROPERTIES Financial Iavestigations Management LOWELL, MASSACHUSETTS New York Boston Chicago 2130 Bankers Bldg., Chicago

CARD in each issue of this publication-12 times a YOURyear, will keep your nameand specialized service con- stantly before the electrical industry. QualifiedadvertisersintheProfessionalEngineering Directory are invited to send for rates.

= a= E Inspections - Tests - Research ELECTRICAL following purposes: E_;:.- .--f-. Tests may be used by the purchaser for the ,,- samples.This enables the purchase a TESTING (1)To determine the quality of competing ael . of the best quality for the money. = = To make sure that shipments comply withspecifications.This makes possible LABORATORIES (2) the assurance to the customer that shipmentsmatch buying samples. a g disputes between purchaser and F.: 80th Street and East End Ave. (3)To furnish an impartial decision in case of gs g; manufacturer. s g NEW YORK Testing places the whole buying problem on asound basis. a

SERVICE g- ENGINEERING SOCIETIES EMPLOYMENT g.- WALTER V. BROWN, Manager 31 West 39th Street, New York City Chicago Office: 205 W. Wacker Drive San Francisco Office: 57 Post Street UNDER THE AUSPICES OF American Society of Civil Engineers American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers American Society of Mechanical Engineers American Institute of Electrical Engineers You are invited to use this service, representing over fifty thousandmembers, to supply your needs for all classes of engineers, executives and assistants. Kindly be specific regarding requirements, salary, location, natureof work, etc. Employers wishing to withhold their identity will be sentrecords of candidates meeting require- ments specified, otherwise,qualified applicants will be sent in person.

Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing toadvertisers. 50 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal. A. I. E. E. ClassifiedAdvertiser's Indexfor Buyers Manufacturers andagents for machinery and supplies used in theelectrical and allied industries. Note: For referenceto the advertisements see the Alphabetical Listof Advertisers on page 56. AIR COMPRESSORS CIRCUIT IBREAKERS Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee COPPER CLAD WIRE General Electric Co., Schenectady ir-Enclosed Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Condit Elec. Mfg. Corp., Boston Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh AMMETER COMPENSATINGCOILS I -T -E Circuit Breaker Co., The, Philadelphia Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago Roller -Smith Co., New York COPPERWELD WIRE Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. Copperweld Steel Co., Glassport, Pa. AMMETER, VOLTMETERS Oil CUT-OUTS (See INSTRUMENTS, ELECTRICAL) Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., S. Boston General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady ANCHORS, GUY Pacific Electric Mfg. Corp., San Francisco G & W Electric Specialty Co., Chicago Copperweld Steel Co., Glassport, Pa. Roller -Smith Co., New York Kearney Corp., Jas. R., St. Louis Kearney Corp., Jas. R., St. Louis Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis burgh Wagner Electric Corp., St. Louis Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts4 BATTERY CHARGING APPARATUS CLAMPS, INSULATOR burgh Electric Specialty Co., Stamford, Conn. Champion Switch Co., Kenova, West Va. General Electric Co., Schenectady Memco Engg. & Mfg. Co., L. I. City, N. Y. DIVERTER POLE GENERATORS Rochester Electric Products Corp., Roches- Rochester Electric Products Corp., Roches- ter, N. Y. CLAMPS, GUY & CABLE ter, N. Y. Wagner Electric Corp., St. Louis Burndy Engineering Co.' Inc., New York DYNAMOS Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Kearney Corp., Jas. R., St. Louis burgh Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis (See GENERATORS AND MOTORS) BEARINGS, BALL COILS, CHOKE DYNAMOTORS Norma -Hoffmann Bearings Corp., Stamford, Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. Conn. General Electric Co., Schenectady Electric Specialty Co., Stamford, Conn. Kearney Corp., Jas. R.,St. Louis Rochester Electric Products Corp., Roches- BOXES, FUSE Memco Engg. & Mfg. Co. L. I. City, N. Y. ter, N. Y. General Electric Co., Schenectady Westinghouse Elec. & Pkg. Co., E. Pitts- ELECTRIFICATION SUPPLIES, STEAM Kearney Corp., Jas. R., St. Louis burgh ROAD Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- COILS, MAGNET General Electric Co., Schenectady burgh Acme Wire Co., New Haven, Conn. Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, Ohio Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- BOXES, JUNCTION Dudlo Mfg. Corp., Ft Wayne, Ind. burgh G & W Elec. Specialty Co., Chicago General Electric Co., Schenectady ENGINEERS, CONSULTING ANDCON- Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- TRACTING Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh burgh (SeePROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING BRUSHES, COMMUTATOR COMMUTATOR SEGMENTS AND RINGS DIRECTORY) Mica Insulator Co., New York Carbon ENGINES Morganite Brush Co., Inc., L. I. City, N. Y. CONDENSATION PRODUCTS Gas & Gasoline National Carbon Co., Inc., Cleveland Bakelite Corporation, New York Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh CONDENSERS, COUPLING Oil Copper Graphite For Carrier Current Telephone Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Morganite Brush Co., Inc., L. I. City, N. Y. Wireless Specialty Apparatus Co., Boston National Carbon Co., Inc., Cleveland Steam Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- CONDENSERS, RADIO Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee burgh General Radio Co., Cambridge, Mass. EXPERIMENTAL WORK BUS BARS, ALUMINUM Sangamo Electric Co., Springfield, Ill. Manufacturers' and Inventors' Electric Co. Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh Wireless Specialty Apparatus Co., Boston 228 West Broadway, New York BUS BAR FITTINGS CONDENSERS, STEAM FANS, MOTOR Burndy Engineering Co., Inc., New York Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Century Electric Co., St. Louis Champion Switch Co., Kenova, West Va. General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Wagner Electric Corp., St. Louis burgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- General Electric Co., Schenectady burgh Memco Engg. & Mfg. Co., L. I. City, N. Y. CONNECTORS, SOLDERLESS Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. FIRE EXTINGUISHING APPARATUS Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Champion Switch Co., Kenova, West Va. Walter Kidde & Co., Inc., New York burgh Dossert & Co., New York Kearney Corp., Jas. R., St. Louis FLOW METERS BUSHINGS, PORCELAIN Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- General Electric Co., Schenectady burgh Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. FURNACES, ELECTRIC CABLE ACCESSORIES CONNECTORS AND TERMINALS General Electric Co., Schenectady Champion Switch Co., Kenova, West Va. Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Delta Star Electric Co., Chicago Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. burgh Dossert & Co., New York Burndy Engineering Co., Inc., New York FUSES G & W Electric Specialty Co., Chicago Dossert & Co., New York Enclosed Refillable General Electric Co., Schenectady G & W Electric Specialty Co., Chicago Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago General Electric Co., Schenectady Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Westinghouse Elec- & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh burgh burgh CABLE RACKS CONTACTS, TUNGSTEN Enclosed Non -Refillable Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady CABLES CONTROLLERS Open Link SEE WIRES AND CABLES Electric Controller & Mfg. Co., Cleveland General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. CABLEWAYS Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- High -Tension Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. burgh Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago CARRIER CURRENT TELEPHONE EQUIP- Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. MENT CONVERTERS-SYNCHRONOUS FUSE MOUNTINGS Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Champion Switch Co., Kenova, West Va. Wireless Specialty Apparatus Co., Boston Electric Specialty Co., Stamford, Conn. Memco Engg. & Mfg. Co., L. I. City, N. Y. Wagner Electric. Corp., St. Louis CASTINGS, ALUMINUM Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- FUSE PULLERS Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh burgh Kearney Corp., Jas. R., St. Louis

Is your name on our Morganite mailing list tiorganfte Brush Co., Inc. 'for bulletins 3302.3320 Anable Ave., -' and catalog? Long Island City, Brushes N. Y. Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. 51 Dec. 1929 ADVERTISING SECTION

ALERT

Throughout nature, alertness is one of thebasic requirements for existence-in the businessworld it is also the sine qua non of progress. It has long been the policy of the KuhlmanElec- tric Company to anticipate improvementsin transformer design and construction, andalso in service to the electrical industry ...Kuhlman Transformers are being used in rapidly increas- ing numbers by light and powercompanies throughout the country. KUHLMAN ELECTRIC COMPANY, BayCity, Mich. KUHLMAN TRAmsrowszres Pittsburgh, Pa. Chicago, III. Indianapolis, Indiana New Orleans. La. Continental Sales 8s Eng. Co. Offices: John R. Smith Scott Jacqua Co.. Inc. Lyman C. Reed 202 Indiana Terminal Whse. 1230 Hibernia Bank Bldg. 839 Oliver Bldg. Akron, Ohio 644 Rush St. Cincinnati. Ohio Lincoln, Neb. New York, N. Y. Electric Motor 8s Repair Co. Enterprise Electric Co. D. F. Potter, Jr. San Francisco, Cal. High and Barges Sts. S. L. Currier Graybar Bldg. C. F. Henderson 833 Union Trust Bldg. 1425-35 M. St. Call Building Atlanta, Georgia Los Angeles, Cal. New York (Export) E. K. Higginbottom Cleveland, Ohio Parr Electric Export Corp. Public Service Supply Co. Thomas Machinery Co. Seattle, Wash. 1431 Healy Bldg. 627 Union Trust Bldg. 912 E. 3rd St. 77 Warren St. Equipment Sales Co. Baltimore, Md. Dallas, Texas Milwaukee, Wis. Omaha, Neb. 514 Lloyd Bldg. Industrial Power Equip. Co. F. T. MorrisseyesCo. Wm. H. Fernholz J. H. Nicholson 421 W. Camden St. 1408 Allen Bldg. 1031 Clybourn St. 6315 N. 33rd St. Toledo, Ohio Boston, Mass. Denver, Colo. Minneapolis, Minn. Philadelphia, Pa. Howard J. Wittmaa Geo. H. Wahn Co. Joy 86 Cox, Inc. Joseph L. Barnard J. Edward Bolich 319 Spitzer Bldg. 69-71 High Street 314 Tramway Bldg. 2101 Blaisdell Ave. 1015 Chestnut St. Montreal, Quebec Phoenix, Arizona York, Pa. Buffalo, N. Y. Detroit, Michigan Frank C. Fassett Harry W. Motter John E. Hoffman Richard P. Johnson W. 0. Taylor es Co. 25 N. Duke St. 280 Carolina St. 10-230 General Motors Bldg. 415 Canada Cement Bldg. 15 East Jackson St.

' -iv. No. 327 Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing toadvertisers. 52 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E.E. Classified Advertiser'sIndex for Buyers-Continued GEARS, FIBRE Fibroc Insulation Co., INSULATING MATERIALS-Continued METER SEALS General Electric Co.,Valparaiso, Ind. Schenectady Composition Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn,N. Y. GENERATORS AND MOTORS American Lava Corp., Chattanooga MICA PRODUCTS Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.,Milwaukee Bakelite Corporation, New York Burke Electric Co.,Erie, Pa. Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Mica Insulator Co., New York Century Electric Co.,St. Louis Fibroc Insulation Co., Valparaiso, Ind. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E.Pitts. Chandeysson Electric Co.,St. Louis General Electric Co., Bridgeport, Conn. burgh Electric Specialty Co.,Stamford, Conn. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Electro-Dynamic Co., Bayonne,N. J. burgh MOLDED INSULATION General Electric Co.,Schenectady Compounds Bakelite Corporation, New York Rochester Electric ProductsCorp., Roches- General Electric Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago ter, N. Y. Mica Insulator Co., New York Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. Wagner Electric Corp., St.Louis Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E.Pitts- Westinghouse Elec. &Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh burgh burgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh MOTORS GENERATING STATIONEQUIPMENT Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Fibre (See GENERATORS AND MOTORS) Burke Electric Co., Erie,Pa. Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago General Electric Co., Schenectady Fibroc Insulation Co., Valparaiso, Ind. OHMMETERS Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg.Co., E. Pitts- General Electric Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Jewell Elec. Instrument Co., Chicago burgh West Va. Pulp & Paper Co., New York Roller -Smith Co., New York GROUND RODS Lara Weston Elec. Instr. Corp., Newark, N. J. Copperweld Steel Co., Glassport,Pa. American Lava Corp., Chattanooga, Tenn. OIL SEPARATORS & PURIFIERS HARDWARE, POLE LINE AND Mica Sharpies Specialty Co., The, Philadelphia INSULATOR Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. Mica Insulator Co., New York burgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.,E. Pitts- Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh burgh PANEL BOARDS HEADLIGHTS Paper Acme Wire Company, New Haven, Conn. (See SWITCHBOARDS) Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. General Electric Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.,E. Pitts- Mica Insulator Co., New York PATENT ATTORNEYS burgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- (SeePROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING HEATERS, INDUSTRIAL burgh DIRECTORY) Silk General Electric Co., Schenectady PLATING GENERATORS Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Acme Wire Company, New Haven, Conn. burgh Pitts- General Electric Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. Chandeysson Elec. Co., St. Louis INDICATORS, REMOTE, WATER Tape Electric Specialty Co., Stamford, Conn. LEVEL Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Rochester Electric Products Corp., Roches- Bristol Co., The, Waterbury, Conn. General Electric Co., Bridgeport, Conn. ter, N. Y. Mica Insulator Co., New York INDICATORS, SPEED PLUGS Bristol Co., The, Waterbury, Conn. Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago Roller -Smith Co.. New York Okonite Co., The, Passaic, N. J. Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- General Electric Co., Schenectady burgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- INSTRUMENTS, ELECTRICAL burgh Graphic Varnishes Bristol Co., The, Waterbury, Conn. Acme Wire Company, New Haven, Conn. POLE LINE HARDWARE Cambridge Instrument Co., New York General Electric Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Ferranti, Ltd., Hollinwood, England Mica Insulator Co., New York Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. Ferranti, Inc., New York Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago Ferranti Electric, Ltd., Toronto, Ont. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- POTHEADS General Electric Co., Schenectady burgh G & W Electric Specialty Co., Chicago Roller -Smith Co., New York Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- INSULATORS, HIGH TENSION Standard Underground Cable Co., Pittsburgh burgh Composition Indicating PULLERS, SLACK Bristol Co., The, Waterbury, Conn. General Electric Co., Schenectady Cambridge Instrument Co., New York Glass Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis Ferranti, Ltd., Hollinwood, England PUMPS Ferranti, Inc., New York Hemingray Glass Co., Muncie, Ind. Ferranti Electric, Ltd., Toronto, Ont. Porcelain Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee General Electric Co., Schenectady Canadian Porcelain Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont. RADIO LABORATORY APPARATUS Jewell Elec. Instrument Co., Chicago Champion Switch Co., Kenova, West Va. Roller -Smith Co., New York General Electric Co., Schenectady General Radio Co., Cambridge, Mass. Sangamo Electric Co., Springfield, Ill. Lapp Insulator Co., Inc., LeRoy, N. Y. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Locke Insulator Corp., Baltimore burgh burgh Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. Weston Elec. Inst. Corp., Newark, N. J. Thomas & Sons Co., R., Lisbon, 0. RAILWAY SUPPLIES, ELECTRIC Integrati rt g Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- General Electric Co., Schenectady Ferranti, Ltd., Hollinwood, England burgh Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. Ferranti, Inc., New York P051 T)pe Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Ferranti Electric, Ltd., Toronto, Ont. burgh General Electric Co., Schenectady Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago Sangamo Electric Co., Springfield, Ill. Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. REACTORS Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- General Electric Co., Schenectady burgh INSULATORS, TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Radio Hemingray Glass Co., Muncie, Ind. Cambridge Instrument Co., New York Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. RECTIFIERS General Radio Co., Cambridge, Mass. General Electric Co., Schenectady Jewell Elec. Instrument Co., Chicago INSULATOR PINS Wagner Electric Corp., St. Louis Roller -Smith Co., New York Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh Repairing and Testing Thomas & Sons Co., R., Lisbon, 0. Cambridge Instrument Co., New York REELS, PAYOUT AND TAKEUP Electrical Testing Laboratories, New York LAMP GUARDS Jewell Elec. Instrument Co., Chicago Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis Roller -Smith Co., New York REGULATORS, VOLTAGE LAVA Scientific Laboratory, Testing Burke Electric Co., Erie, Pa. Cambridge Instrument Co., New York American Lava Corp., Chattanooga General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Jewell Elec. Instrument Co., Chicago LIGHTNING ARRESTERS burgh Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago RELAYS Roller -Smith Co., New York General Electric Co., Schenectady Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Condit Elec. Mfg. Corp., Boston burgh burgh Electric Controller & Mfg. Co., Cleveland Weston Elec. Inst. Corp., Newark, N. J. General Electric Co., Schenectady LOCOMOTIVES, ELECTRIC Roller -Smith Co., New York Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- INSULATING MATERIALS General Electric Co, Schenectady burgh Board Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Acme Wire Co., New Haven, Conn. burgh RESISTOR UNITS General Electric Co., Bridgeport, Conn. LUBRICANTS General Electric Co., Schenectady West Va. Pulp & Paper Co., New York International Resistance Co., Philadelphia Texas Co., The, New York Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Cloth burgh Acme Wire Company, New Haven, Conn. MAGNETIC SEPARATORS General Electric Co., Bridge -port, Conn. RHEOSTATS Mica Insulator Co., New York Electric Controller & Mfg. Co., Cleveland Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago General Electric Co., Schenectady Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- METERS, ELECTRICAL Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- burgh (See INSTRUMENTS ELECTRICAL) burgh Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writingto advertisers. ADVERTISINGSECTION l)ce. 1(.129 4-Thin Blades SEEHOW the new Matthews ScrulixAnchors gettheir Smaller Shank Diameter tremendous holding power 50`,0 greaterholdingpowerguaranteed!

Anchors Size for size the newMatthews Scrulix deeper than any other can be putdown two feet length of time. The new screw anchorin the same stand in ,04, Matthews Wrenchpermits the men to in- upright comfortablepositions during entire stallation-even whenend of rod is down to and ground level-as thehandle can be moved up down the extra longwrench. With any other screwanchor the wrenchhandle still catches on the groundwhile the anchor rod is two feet outof the ground - yetthe anchor is Note difference unless the in size of cones down as far as thewrench can put it ratchet handle; Any Other of earth men digthe ground away or use a impossible, to Screw Anchor it has alwaysbeen difficult, if not the size of the cones get them todo this. Compare The of earth on the twoillustrations at the left. what gives it the extra depthof the new Scrulix is tremendous holding power.Tests show 100% greater-we guarantee50 %. rock drill a pilot In extra hardclay or disintegrated will make hole with the 381Matthews Auger.This installation easy andenable you to getanchorages less cost than with any up tostrength of the rod at that tells all.W. N. other anchor.Ask for circular Manufac- Matthews Corporation,Engineers and turers 3706Forest Park Blvd.,St. Louis, Mo. CERTIFIED MALLEABLE THE NEWPREHEATED MATTHEWS SCRULIXANCHORS Patents Applied for

when writing toadvertisers. Please mention the JOURNALof the A. I. E. E. 54 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E. ClassifiedAdvertiser's Index forBuyers-Continued ROPE, WIRE American Steel & Wire Co.,Chicago TELEPHONE CONNECTORS WIRES AND CABLES-Continued Roebling's Sons Co., JohnA., Trenton, N. J. Kearney Corp., Jas. R., St. Louis Automotive SCREWS TESTING LABORATORIES American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Drive Hardened Metallic Electrical Testing Labs., New York Parker-Kalon Corp., New York General Electric Co., Schenectady Self -Tapping Hardened TRANSFORMERS Kerite Ins. Wire & Cable Co., New York Parker-Kalon Corp., New York Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N.J. Sheet Metal, Hardened Self -Tapping Rome Wire Company, Rome, N. Y. Parker-Kalon Corp., New York American Transformer Co., Newark, N. J. Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston Duncan Elec. Mfg. Co., Lafayette, Ind. Standard Underground Cable Co., SEARCHLIGHTS Electric Service Co., Cincinnati Amboy, N. J. Perth General Electric Co., Schenectady Ferranti, Ltd., Hollinwood, England Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., Ferranti, Inc., New York Bare Copper urgh E. Pitts- Ferranti Electric, Ltd., Toronto, Ont. American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago General Electric Co., Schenectady Anaconda Wire & Cable Co., New York SLEEVE TWISTERS Kuhlman Electric Co., Bay City, Mich. Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Kearney Corp., Jas. R., St. Louis Moloney Electric Co., St. Louis Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton,N. J. SLEEVES, SPLICING Sangamo Electric Co., Springfield, Ill. Rome Wire Company, Rome, N. Y Wagner Electric Corp., St. Louis Standard Underground CableCo.,Perth Memco Engg. & Mfg. Co., L. I. City,N. Y. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Amboy, N. J. SOCKETS AND RECEPTACLES burgh Factory Copper Clad General Electric Co., Schenectady Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. American Transformer Co., Newark, N. J. burgh Pitts- Kuhlman Electric Co., Bay City, Mich. Standard Underground Cable Co.,Perth Moloney Electric Co., St. Louis Amboy, N. J. SOLENOIDS Wagner Electric Corp., St. Louis Copperweld Acme Wire Company, New Haven, Conn. Furnace Copperweld Steel Co., Glassport, Pa. Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Dudlo Mfg. Co., Ft. Wayne, Ind. American Transformer Co., Newark, N. J. Flexible Cord Electric Controller & Mfg. Co., Cleveland Moloney Electric Co., St. Louis American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago General Electric Co., Schenectady Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. burgh General Electric Co., Schenectady Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. Metering Okonite Company, The, Passaic, N. J. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- American Transformer Co., Newark, N. J. Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N.J. burgh Ferranti, Ltd., Hollinwood, England Rome Wire Company, Rome, N. Y. Ferranti, Inc., New York Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston SPRINGS Ferranti Electric, Ltd., Toronto, Ont. Standard Underground CableCo.,Perth American Steei & Wire Co., Chicago Roller -Smith Co., New York Amboy, N. J. Sangamo Electric Co., Springfield, Ill. STARTERS, MOTORS Heavy Duty Cord Radio American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston American Transformer Co., Newark, N. J. Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Electric Controller & Mfg. Co., Cleveland Ferranti, Ltd., Hollinwood, England Okonite Company, The, Passaic, N. J. General Electric Co., Schenectady Ferranti Inc., New York Rome Wire Company, Rome, N. Y. Roller -Smith Co., New York Ferranti Electric, Ltd., Toronto, Ont. Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Street Lighting Fuse burgh Kuhlman Electric Co., Bay City, Mich. Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh TRANSFORMERS, USED American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago STOKERS, MECHANICAL Electric Service Co., Cincinnati General Electric Co., Schenectady Westinghouse Elec. & MEg. Co., E. Pitts- Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. burgh TROLLEY LINE MATERIALS General Electric Co., Schenectady Lead Covered (Paper and Varnished Cambric SUB -STATIONS Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. Insulated) Champion Switch Co., Kenova, West Va. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago burgh Anaconda Wire & Cable Co., New York General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady Memco Engg. & Mfg. Co., L. I. City, N. Y. TURBINES, HYDRAULIC Kerite Ins. Wire & Cable Co., New York Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Okonite Company, The, Passaic, N. J. Okonite-CallenderCableCo.,The, burgh TURBINES, STEAM Passaic, N. J. Inc., SWITCHBOARDS Allis-Chalmers Mfg.Co., Milwaukee Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. General Electric Co.,Schenectady Rome Wire Company, Rome, N. Y. Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee Westinghouse Elec.& Mfg. Co., E. Pitts - Bull Dog Electric Products Co., Detroit burgh Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston Standard Underground CableCo.,Perth General Electric Co., Schenectady TURBO -GENERATORS Amboy, N. J. Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Allis-Chalmers Mfg.Co., Milwaukee Magnet Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Westinghouse Elec.& Mfg. Co., E. Pitts - Acme Wire Company, New Haven, Conn. burgh burgh Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh

SWITCHES VALVE CONTROL, ELECTRIC American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Automatic Time Bristol Company, The, Waterbury, Conn. Anaconda Wire & Cable Co., New York General Electric Co., Schenectady Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago VALVES, BRASS Dudlo Mfg. Corp., Fort Wayne, Ind. Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. Gas, Miler, Steam General Electric Co., Schenectady Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. burgh Rome Wire Company, Rome, N. Y. VARNISHES, INSULATING Standard Underground CableCo.,Perth Disconnecting General Electric Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Amboy, N. J. Burke Electric Co.. Erie, Pa. Mica Insulator Co., New York Champion Switch Co., Kenova, West Va. Minerallac Electric Co., Chicago Rubber Insulated Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Delta -Star Electric Co., Chicago burgh Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago General Electric Co., Schenectady General Electric Co., Schenectady Kearney Corp., Jas. R., St. Louis WASHERS, LOCK Kerite Ins. Wire & Cable Co., New York Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis Shakeproof Lock Washer Co., Chicago Okonite Company, The, Passaic, N. J. Memco Engg. & Mfg. Co., L. I. City, N. Y. Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. Pacific Elec. Mfg. Corp., San Francisco WELDING MACHINES, ELECTRIC Rome Wire Company, Rome, N. Y. Roller -Smith Co., New York General Electric Co., Schenectady Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. Standard Underground CableCo.,Perth burgh Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Amboy, N. J. Fuse burgh Bull Dog Electric Products Co., Detroit Tree Wire General Electric Co., Schenectady WELDING WIRES & RODS Okonite Company, The, Passaic, N. J. Kearney Corp., Jas. R., St. Louis Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston Metropolitan Device Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y. Ohio Brass Co., Mansfield, 0. Trolley Knife WIRES AND CABLES and A. C. S. R. Electric Controller & Mfg. Co., Cleveland American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago General Electric Co., Schenectady .Aluminum Anaconda Wire & Cable Co., New York Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh Copperweld Steel Co., Glassport, Pa. Matthews Corp., W. N., St. Louis Armored Cable Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Roebling's Sans Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. burgh . Rome Wire Company, Rome, N. Y. Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Standard Underground CableCo.,Perth Oil General Electric Co., Schenectady Amboy, N. J. Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston Kerite Ins. Wire & Cable Co., New York General Electric Co., Schenectady Okonite Company, The, Passaic, N. J. !feather proof Pacific Elec. Mfg. Corp., San Francisco Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N.J. American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Roller -Smith Co., New York Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston Anaconda Wire & Cable Co., New York Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Standard Underground CableCo.,Perth Copperweld Steel Co., Glassport, Pa. burgh Amboy, N. J. General Electric Co., Schenectady Remote Control Asbestos Covered Condit Electrical Mfg. Corp., Boston American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago Kerite Ins. Wire & Cable Co., New York General Electric Co., Schenectady Belden Mfg. Co., Chicago Okonite Company, The, Passaic, N. J. Roller -Smith Co., New York General Electric Co., Schenectady Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. Sundh Electric Co., Newark, N. J. Rockbestos Products Corp., New Haven, Rome Wire Company, Rome, N. Y. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts- Simplex Wire & Cable Co., Boston Conn. Standard Underground CableCo.,Perth burgh Rome Wire Company, Rome, N. Y. Amboy, N. J. Please mentionthe JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. 55 ADVERTISINGSECTION Dec. 1929 TUNEIN JANUARY1st THEROMANCE OFELECTRICALDEVELOPMENT

7:30 p. m., Westinghouse invites youto tune in .. series of radio Eastern StandardTime, for one of a programs of a newtype ... a"Westinghouse Salute" 1st. Complete to ElectricalDevelopment, January stage ... cast of actor -starsfrom the legitimate complete magnificent mixedchorus of 40 voices ... . .through symphony orchestra,50 instruments . of 34 stations,includ- a coast -to-coast NBC network ing KDKA, WBZ,WBZA and KYW.

Tho Studio Cast of a"Westinghouse Salute" Westinghouse writing to advertisers. Please mention the JOURNAL.of the A. I. E. G. when .1 I )\' ERTISING SECTION .I()tit.'in I.1. 1

L

Satisfactory Service Under all conditions and inany service -that's the guaranteeyou get with Moloney Quality- it'sthereason Moloney Transformersare being used more and more by both large and smallpowerandlightcompanies throughout the country. MOLONEY ELECTRIC COMPANY Main Office and Factories: ST. LOUIS, MO. Sales Offices in Principal Cities T S FO RAMIRS ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ADVERTISERS PAGE PAGE Acme Wire Company 36 Fennessy, David V PAGE Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company. 47 Ohio Brass Company 15 30 Ferranti, Incorporated 18, 19 Okonite Company, The Third Cover Aluminum Company of America 8 Fibroc Insulation Company 34 Okonite-Callender Cable Co., Inc.. Third Cover Ambursen Construction Company, Inc 48 Ford, Bacon & Davis, Inc 47 Ophuls & Hill, Inc American Lava Corporation 34 48 Fowle & Company, Frank F 47 Osgood, Farley 48 American Steel & Wire Company 17 Freyn Engineering Company 47 American Telephone & Telegraph Co 16 American Transformer Company 2 Anaconda Wire & Cable Company 10 G & W Electric Specialty Company Pacific Electric Mfg. Corporation 47 45 Parker-Kalon Corporation 38 General Electric Company 6,7, 20, 21 Publications, A. I. E. E General Radio Company 46 42 Bakelite Corporation 32 Barstow & Company, Inc., W. S 48 Battey & Kipp, Inc 48 Hemingray Glass Company 40 Rochester Electric Products Corp 5 Belden Manufacturing Company Fourth Cover Hoosier Engineering Company 48 Roebling's Sons Company, John A ..36 Black & Veatch 48 Roller -Smith Company 47 Bristol Company, The 23

Burke Electric Company 44 International Nickel Company, Inc., The . 9 Burndy Engineering Company, Inc 44 International Resistance Company 3 Burt, Dr. Robert C 48 I -T -E Circuit Breaker Company 4 Sackman, G. R 48 Byllesby Engineering & Management Corp.48 Sanderson & Porter 48 Sargent & Lundy, Inc 49 Jackson & Moreland 48 Science Abstracts 36 Jewell Electrical Instrument Company 31 Scofield Engineering Company 49 Cambridge Instrument Company 46 Shakeproof Lock Washer Company 39 Canadian Porcelain Company, Ltd 40 Sharpies Specialty Company, The 22 Century Electric Company 29 Kearney Corporation, James R 44 Simplex Wire & Cable Company 45 Champion Switch Company 40 Kerite Insulated Wire & Cable Co., Inc 1 Standard Underground Cable Company 13 Chandeysson Electric Company 24, 25 Kruse, Robert S 48 Stevens, Inc., John A 49 Chicago Mica Company 34 Kuhlman Electric Company 51 Stevens & Wood, Inc 49 Clement, Edward E 48 Stockbridge & Borst 49 Condit Electrical Manufacturing Corp 43 Stone & Webster, Inc 49 Copperweld Steel Company 44 Sundh Electric Company, Inc 36 Corning Glass Works 40 Lapp Insulator Company, Inc 41 Locke Insulator Corporation 12

Texas Company, The 57 Delta -Star Electric Company 47 Manufacturers' & Inventors' Elec. Co 38 Thomas, Percy H 49 Dossert & Company 14 Matthews Corporation, W. N 53 Thomas & Sons Company, The R 40 Dudlo Manufacturing Company 33 Memco Engineering & Mfg. Co., Inc 44 Metropolitan Device Corporation 58 Mica Insulator Company 35 Minerallac Electric Company 11 Wagner Electric Corporation Electric Controller & Mfg. Co., The 27 Moloney Electric Company 26 Electric Service Company, Inc., The 40 56 West Va. Pulp & Paper Company 34 Electric Specialty Company 38 Morganite Brush Company, Inc., The 50 Western Electric Company 37 Electrical Testing Laboratories 49 Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Company 55 Weston Electrical Instrument Corp 46 Electro Dynamic Company 38 Neall, N. J 48 White Engineering Corp., The J. G Engineering Directory 49, 50 Neiler, Rich & Company 48 49 Engineering Societies Employment Service .. 49 Norma -Hoffmann Bearings Corporation Wireless Specialty Apparatus Company 47 28 Wray & Company, J. G. 49 (For classified list of Advertisers see pages 50, 52 and 54) Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. ADVERTISING SECTION Si Dec. 1929

...with TexacoAlgol Oil ® Lower bearing temperature ® Lower oil consumption 0 Perfect lubrication ® No carbontrouble 0 No sticking piston rings

THESE are the five points which that it is the one lubricant now used lead to the endorsement of Texaco exclusively at this installation. Algol Oil for the Fairbanks -Morse Diesel Texaco Algol Oilisthe effective Engines in the power plant of one well lubricant for all Fairbanks -Morse and known southeastern utility company. other engines of the Diesel and semi - The chief engineer of the plant highly Diesel type.Its high lubricating qual- recommends Texaco Algol Oil for Diesel itiesand uniformity are recognized lubrication.Two other oils had been everywhere-and Texaco Lubrication triedout.Both were excellentoils Service is always available to cooperate made especiallyforthe work, but in securing the most effective lubri- Texaco Algol Oil proved so superior cating practices. TEXACO LUBRICANTS

THE TEXAS COMPANY 17 Battery Place, New York City Texaco Petroleum Products Offices in Principal Cities

There isa Texaco Lubricant for every purpose

Niii...4111141111 Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. 1. EL. E. when writingto advertisers. 58 ADVERTISING SECTION Journal A. I. E. E. WHERE can you get a light weight inexpensive ladder rig that will go on a Ford Chassis and do the work cheaper and

better

Low first cost and low A pamphlet on this in- maintenance are out- expensive ladder rig for standing investment street lighting will be features of the Murray mailed upon request. P S Light Ladder.

Metropolitan Device Corporation 27971 1250 Atlantic Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. Please mention the JOURNAL of the A. I. E. E. when writing to advertisers. Back of itall is OKONITE EVERY feature of the recently completed signaling installa- tion on the Erie between Mead- ville, Pa., and Salamanca, N. Y., bears testimony to the extreme care used to get perfect results. Even the wiring of the cases has been done with rare skill and an eye to finished appearance.

Back of the elaborate system of interlocking controls for the 106 mile section was the demand for the best possible equipment. OKONITE was used exclusively for all circuits.

Okonile Prod:gas OKONITE INSULATEI) WIRES AND CABLES VARNISHED CAMBRIC CABLES OKONITE INSULATING TAPE MANSON & DUNDEE FRICTION TAPE OKONITE CEMEN I' OKOCORD OKOLOOM Okoniie-Callender Produris IMPREGNATED PAPER CABLES THE OKONITE COMPANY SUPER -TENSION Founded1878 CABLES SPLICING THE OKONITE-CALLENDER CABLE COMPANY, INC. MATERIALS r Factories: Passaic, N. J Paterson, N. J. SALES (WI ICES: NEWYORK CHICAGO PITTSBURGHST. LOUIS BOSTON ATLANTA BIRMINGHAM SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES SEATTLE DALLAS Novelty Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. F. D. Lawrence Electric Co., Cincinnati, 0. Canadian Representatives:EngineeringMaterials, Limited,Montreal Cuban Representatives: Victor C. Mendoza Co., Ilavana ok(0,1"11.;()I11.1TY CANNOT RiWIi1"1"I'EN INTO A SPECIFICATION YOU CAN HAMMER THE BELDEN SOFT RUBBER PLUG - IT WONT BREAK

. no. on.

Belden Soft Rubber Connectoron Breuer Portable Blower. Use of connector as illustrated eliminatessevere wear at point where cord leaves appliance. Also provides forconvenient stor- age of blower apart from cord-a very popular feature withusers.

A Soft RubberConnector As unbreakableas the IS eiden Soft 111ubber Plug NOW manufacturerscan forgetCompany, Chicago, 'thereby saving connector problems, too! time, money, and inconvenience Just as the Belden Soft Rubberfor us and our customers,as well Plug has solved the plug breakageas doing away with troublesome problem, the Belden Soft Rubberreplacements." Connector has madeunnecessary the complaints, ill will, and costlyThese unbreakable Soft Rubber servicing that are caused by broken Connectors and Soft Rubber Plugs connectors. can be furnished as a part of the "By adopting the Belden All -Rub-Belden Cut Cord Serviceon cords ber Extension Link with Softin a va-iety of sizes and insulations Rubber Connector and Soft Rub- (including textile as wellas all -rub- BELDEN PRODUCTS ber Plug, we have eliminatedber) lengths to your specifications. Beldenamel and Textile breakage," writes A. A. Breuer, ofSend cord specifications andsam- Magnet Wire the Breuer Electric Manufacturingple will be furnished. Coil Windings Beldenmold Iselder Manufacturfing (Molded Bakelite Products) Company 2316-B South Western Ave. Chicago, Ill. Automotive Wires and Cables Airplane Assemblies Radio Wires, Cords and Cables Rubber Covered Wires Armored Cables Flexible Armature Wires Motor Lead Wires Braided and Stranded Copper Cables Cotton Sleeving

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