The Unforgiving Economy

During the Great Depression, the federally-sponsored W.P.A. hired thousands of unemployed artists to beautify public buildings across America, including the High School of Needle Ernest Fiene: “Harmony Trades in New York. Above, backed by the words of the poet Walt Whitman, artists Ernest Fiene celebrated garment industry workers, unions, and business and government leaders. and Achievement,” 1940.

LaGuardia and Wagner Archives 2012 Calendar www.cuny.edu/unforgivingeconomy Dear Friends and Colleagues, including the history of the New York City Council and the origins of public housing. For the past seven of those years, the archives has produced the I am very pleased to introduce the CUNY/New York Times in College 2012 CUNY/New York Times in College calendar projects, consisting of printed calendar, “The Unforgiving Economy.” Published in the aftermath of the calendars, websites and curricula focused on the following topics: voting worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, it is a timely look at the rights and citizenship, women’s leadership, immigrants, city life, freedom, economic history of the United States, helping readers to understand the public higher education, and health. patterns of economic growth and crises in our nation’s history. The commitment of the calendar’s sponsors has been particularly The calendar describes not only past periods—such as the Great important. CUNY offers special thanks to JPMorgan Chase Chairman and Migration, when many African-Americans left the “Jim Crow” South for C.E.O. Jamie Dimon, President Kimberly Davis of the JPMorgan Chase job opportunities in northern cities, only to find new and different forms Foundation, Senior Vice Presidents Leonard Colica, Michael Nevins and of racism—but looks to the future, toward a global economy that will be Timothy G. Noble, and Vice President Kim Jasmin. increasingly driven by innovation, new ways of delivering services, and a We are deeply appreciative of our ongoing partnership with our more highly educated citizenry. esteemed colleagues at The New York Times in College for making the The City University of New York is committed to helping students calendar widely accessible, facilitating the curricular elements and providing Chancellor Matthew Goldstein meet new economic challenges. We are working creatively and diligently access and publication rights to The New York Times archival photos. to encourage programs and practices that support students’ efforts With the help of The New York Times in College, accessible online at to graduate in a timely way and prepare them to compete in the world www.nytimes.com/edu, CUNY is collaborating with faculty, administrators economy. and students in states nationwide. In particular, we want to acknowledge The concept and development of the 2012 “Unforgiving Economy” and thank these Times colleagues: Felice Nudelman, executive director, calendar, Web site and smart phone app have been guided by CUNY education; A. Craig Dunn, partnership director, education; Stephanie Doba, Senior Vice Chancellor for University Relations and Board Secretary Jay Newspaper in Education manager; and Diane McNulty, executive director, Hershenson and LaGuardia Community College President Gail O. Mellow. corporate communications. Their vision has been realized by Richard K. Lieberman, director of the Thanks are also due to New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, New LaGuardia and Wagner Archives and professor of history at LaGuardia York City Council Speaker Christine Quinn and Queens Borough President Community College, and his colleagues at the archives, Associate Project Helen Marshall. Their historic support and funding of the LaGuardia and Directors Steven A. Levine and Stephen Weinstein, and Assistant Project Wagner Archives and its calendars and curricula have helped the archives Director Tara Jean Hickman. The project has received valuable input from to preserve history and make it available and accessible to the public. some of the University’s finest scholars, whose participation underscores “The Unforgiving Economy” is a work of scholarship, enabling us to the integrity of the content. The calendar’s one-of-a-kind images were understand the history of the U.S. economy and the struggles for justice. sourced from both the LaGuardia and Wagner Archives and The New York The University takes great pride in the partnerships that allow the calendar Times photo archives. to bring this history of the economy to life. For more than 30 years, the LaGuardia and Wagner Archives has produced exemplary calendars and lesson plans on a variety of subjects, Matthew Goldstein, Chancellor In 1940 Ernest Fiene completed work on the majestic Police confront protesters in Haymarket Riot, Chicago, 1886. Southern fish vendor, Augusta, GA, c. 1903. Foreclosure in Iowa requires military police to ensure Railroad arrives in Ann “History of the Needlecraft Industry” at the High School of order, c. 1932. Arbor, MI, 1878. Needle Trades in New York. The painting consists of two panels, each measuring 17 ft. high by 65 ft. wide. Above, Fiene is at work on the panel titled “Harmony and Achieve- ment,” a utopian view of the future in which government, industry, and organized labor work together to promote democracy. Milestones for The American Economy

March 22, 1765 Stamp Act taxes all printed material in colonies; repealed 1803 Cotton surpasses tobacco as the leading export of the U.S. March 17, 1766 following violent outbursts in the colonies. 1600s August 17, 1807 Robert Fulton takes the steamboat Clermont up the May 10, 1773 Tea Act grants the near-bankrupt British East India Company Hudson River from New York to Albany; reliable upriver steam travel 1612 John Rolfe plants first tobacco in Virginia with seeds from West Indies. the right to sell tea to colonies, directly hurting local merchants; in protest colo- revolutionizes intercity trade and transportation. nists disguised as Mohawk Indians dump 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor. August 1619 The British raider, the Treasurer, and the Dutch pirate ship, April 6, 1808 John Jacob Astor founds the American Fur Trading the Trier, raid a Portuguese slave ship, the San Juan Batista, off the coast of January 7, 1782 The Bank of North America, the first commercial bank in Company and amasses a multimillion-dollar fortune in fur trading in Oregon, Campeche, Mexico, and sail to Jamestown, VA, where they trade 40-60 the U.S., opens in Philadelphia, with the support of Alexander Hamilton and opium trading, and New York City real estate. captured West Africans to settlers for provisions. Robert Morris. April 17, 1817 The New York State Legislature passes legislation ensuring January 1, 1673 Regular overland mail service is started between February 22, 1784 The Empress of China, a ship financed by Robert sales of all goods put up for auction at the port of New York; as a result, buyers New York and Boston by order of New York governor Lovelace. Morris and partners, carries ginseng root to China and returns with tea, earning find bargains. On this day, the legislature also approves the construction of the Morris a 30% profit. Erie Canal.

June 9, 1784 William Duer and Alexander Hamilton start the Bank of New January 4, 1818 The Black Ball Line begins monthly trips between 1700s York, the first state-chartered bank in the U.S. Liverpool and New York; increased demand soon leads to weekly departures. By 1836, New York receives 62% of the nation’s imports. March 19, 1705 Virginia formulates “slave code,” defining slaves as property. May 17, 1792 New York Stock Exchange opens as 24 stockbrokers meet under a buttonwood tree at 68 Wall Street and sign an agreement to trade March 26, 1819 New York’s first savings bank, the Bank for Savings, is August 17, 1730 Nicolas Bayard builds New York’s first large sugar refinery securities on a commission basis. chartered; deposits made by working people help finance construction of the on Liberty Street. Erie Canal.

1734 First colonial women’s labor organization is formed by New York maids March 2, 1824 The U.S. Supreme Court, in Gibbons vs. Ogden, to protect against abuses from husbands. 1800s establishes the federal government’s power over interstate commerce. November 15, 1755 The British government inaugurates monthly January 21, 1801 The Philadelphia Water Works opens, making Philadel- fast-sailing postal packets from Falmouth to New York. phia the first major city in the U.S. to provide clean drinking water citywide.

Roadside stand near Birmingham, AL, 1936. Boarded-up homes in an abandoned mining town in Mexican-American migrant laborers picking grapes Empire Sewing Machine Company advertisement, Gloria Arcana of local 1199, S.E.I.U., in Mount Sinai West Virginia; the Ford Motor Company closed it in a vineyard in the San Joaquin Valley, CA, 1973. late 19th century. Hospital laundry with co- workers, 1978. rather than have it unionized, 1938. page 1 Aircraft construction class in Volusia County, FL, World War I poster promoting Civil War ruins of Richmond paper mill with African-American men under banner labeled “Waiters Union” in ”Only Negro store of its kind in the U.S., at 2933 State St., during World War II, 1942. cooperation between American water-wheel, 1865. Georgia, c. 1900. Chicago,” c. 1899. industry and the war effort, 1917.

March 4, 1837 Chicago incorporates, spurred by completion of the Illinois April 24, 1857 The “Panic of 1857” starts with the failure of the New York and Michigan Canal that links the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. branch of the Ohio Life Insurance Company. 1800s Chicago becomes the leading transshipment point in the Midwest. April 12, 1861 The Civil War begins and New York’s economy is so closely November 4, 1825 The Erie Canal connects the port of New York to the May 10, 1837 Panic of 1837 begins as New York banks suspend specie tied with that of the slave-holding South that leading Southern publisher James Great Lakes via the Hudson River. By 1840, New York moved more freight than payments, starting seven-year depression. De Bow boasted that “grass would grow in Wall Street.” the ports of Boston, Baltimore, and New Orleans combined. 1839 The National Road reaches Vandalia, Illinois, opening the Ohio Valley August 5, 1861 Congress approves the first federal income tax, 1829 Pharmaceutical merchant Seth Low moves his trading business from to development. a 3 percent levy on incomes over $800. Salem, Massachusetts to New York City; under the leadership of his son Abiel Abbot Low, the firm came to dominate trade between China and the U.S. October 14, 1842 The Croton Aqueduct provides New York with its first February 25, 1862 The Legal Tender Act provides for the issue of clean supply of water needed to combat disease, fight fires, and meet the $150,000,000 in paper money called “greenbacks,” the first national paper May 24, 1830 America’s first railroad, the Baltimore & Ohio, travels 13 miles demands of a rapidly growing city. money, and for issuance of $500,000,000 in bonds at 6 percent. from Baltimore to Ellicott City, Maryland; the line extends to Wheeling, West Virginia, in 1853. May 24, 1844 Samuel F. B. Morse transmits the first telegraph message May 20, 1862 The Homestead Act provides for free distribution of 160 between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, “What hath God wrought?” acres in federal lands to settlers who agree to farm the property for five years. July 1832 Cholera strikes New York and cities along the eastern seaboard; New York suffers 3,513 deaths and begins planning to bring clean water to the 1847 The Irish Potato Famine, caused by potato blight and evictions by Brit- July 2, 1862 During the Civil War, President Lincoln signs the Morrill Act, city from a source upstate. ish landowners, leads more than 1,187,000 Irish to arrive in the U.S. between which establishes public land grant institutions to teach agriculture and the 1847 and 1854. mechanic arts, as well as scientific and classical studies and military tactics. July 10, 1832 President Andrew Jackson vetoes renewing the charter of the Second Bank of the U.S., labeling the bank elitist and anti-republican. May 7, 1847 The New York State Legislature passes a bill making the Free February 25, 1863 The National Banking Act establishes a uniform national Academy (forerunner of The City College of New York) a reality. It becomes currency and helps the Union government finance the Civil War. September 3, 1833 The New York Sun charges one penny when other the first free institution of higher education in the nation. papers cost six cents and dramatically covers crime news; it becomes the July 13 -16, 1863 The New York Draft Riots erupt over federal conscrip- world’s best selling daily newspaper within two years. January 24, 1848 The California gold rush spurs Chinese immigration to tion during the Civil War, racial fury against the city’s blacks, and class hatred the United States. By 1851, more than 25,000 Chinese are living in California. of the rich. Whites set fire to black institutions, attack military and government November 25, 1833 Representatives of nine craft unions in New York led buildings, and loot property belonging to the elite. Rioters burn the Colored by John Commerford form the General Trades Union of the City of New York September 28, 1850 Land grants help pay for construction of the Illinois Orphan Asylum. (GTU). Central Railroad from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, and other rail- roads in the Midwest. Illinois, Alabama, and Mississippi receive the first land. January 1865 General William T. Sherman issues Special Field Orders, December 16, 1835 The Great Fire of New York destroys 674 buildings as No. 15, which sets aside the Sea Islands and land from South Carolina to an inadequate water supply hampers firefighting. City advances project for an February 20, 1852 The first railroad reaches Chicago from Eastern ports. Florida for African Americans; they will be able to settle on 40 acres of land and abundant, clean water supply from Westchester County. receive a mule. President Andrew Johnson nullifies this order later that year.

Picket line at Mid-City Realty Company, South Chicago, IL, Sam’s Clothing Store, Ruby, Mexican emigrating to the U.S. from Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River, Washington State, Time card for 117 hours worked in one 1941. AK,, c. 1910. c. 1912. c. 1941. week in a New York State fruit cannery, page 2 1911. Westchester County, New York thrift shop, 1921. Fire escape at Third and Seneca Garage employees, Seattle, Chinatown sweatshop, New York Seattle Electric Co., Madison Street cable car on Japanese-Americans working on the railroad tracks of the the Triangle Shirt- 1941. City, c. 1980. wooden cribwork during street regrades, Seattle, 1907. Snoqulamie Falls Lumber Company in Washington State. waist Co. after the 1911 fire.

March 10, 1876 Alexander Graham Bell gives the first public demonstration May 1-4, 1886 The May Day and Haymarket Riot mark Chicago as the focal of the telephone. point for the national movement for an eight-hour work day. During a massive 1800s protest at Chicago’s Haymarket, a bomb kills one officer. In retaliation, the May 10, 1876 The Centennial Exposition opens in Philadelphia, displaying police fire on the crowd, killing an unknown number. December 6, 1865 The 13th Amendment abolishes slavery. telephones, typewriters, mimeograph machines, bicycles, and the 2500-horse- power Corliss engine, all symbolizing the power of technology. December 8, 1886 The American Federation of Labor is established in July 9, 1868 The 14th Amendment to the Constitution, in addition to provid- Columbus, Ohio, comprising 25 labor groups representing 150,000 members. ing a broad definition of citizenship, extends certain constitutional protections July 14, 1877 After a third wage cut is announced by the Baltimore & Ohio to corporations. Since the late 19th century, the Supreme Court has defined Railroad, the first nationwide strike is started in six cities by the Brotherhood of September 4, 1888 George Eastman receives a patent and begins corporations as legal persons. Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen. Some two-thirds of rail lines in the nation marketing his first Kodak camera. shut down; Federal troops and National Guard units break the strike. September 6, 1868 Bessemer Steel’s first “blow” is made at the September 18, 1889 Hull House opens in Chicago’s near West Side. Cleveland Rolling Mills, inaugurating an American industrial revolution; the cities 1878 Remington & Sons introduced the No. 2 typewriter with a QWERTY Under the leadership of Jane Addams, Hull House offers social, educational, of Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Detroit, and Chicago would soon anchor the new keyboard and both capital and small letters, increasing office productivity. and artistic programs for the neighborhood poor. industrial heartland of the nation. May 26, 1880 Railroad car manufacturer George Pullman begins construc- July 2, 1890 The Sherman Antitrust Act voids contracts and combinations May 10, 1869 A golden spike is hammered in place, completing the tion of a model town, Pullman, Illinois. When completed in 1884, it houses in restraint of interstate commerce. Transcontinental Railroad and opening the western United States to settlement. more than 8,000 people in over 1,000 residences on 4,000 acres of land. Trains now connect the eastern United States and California. October 1, 1890 The McKinley Tariff Act raises tariffs on manufactured September 4, 1882 Thomas Edison’s Pearl Street Station in New York goods to record levels. December 28, 1869 Philadelphia tailors found the Knights of Labor; the begins the first successful commercial production of electricity in America. union accepts women and, after 1878, blacks, although southern branches are Edison signs up 203 customers in lower Manhattan in four months; The New January 1, 1892 Ellis Island in New York harbor opens as the gateway to segregated. York Times building is lit up on this first night. America for immigrants. Three quarters of all newcomers from 1892 to 1932 are processed here. The immigration center closes in 1954. January 10, 1870 John D. Rockefeller and others create the Standard May 24, 1883 The Brooklyn Bridge opens, connecting the nation’s largest Oil Company of Ohio, which controls 90% of the nation’s refining capacity by and third largest cities, New York and Brooklyn. April 15, 1893 The issue of gold certificates is suspended by Treasury 1880. as gold reserve falls below the $100,000,000 legal minimum. This sets off a November 18, 1883 Time zones are first used by railroads in the U.S. and national depression that lasts for four years. March 3, 1871 President Ulysses Grant signs the bill creating the first Civil Canada to standardize their train schedules. Service Commission. May 1, 1893 The World’s Columbian Exposition, celebrating the 400th 1884-1885 America’s first skyscraper, Chicago’s 10-story Home Life anniversary of Columbus’s discovery of the New World, opens in Chicago. October 8-10, 1871 The “Great Fire of Chicago” kills hundreds and Insurance Building, utilizes a lightweight fireproof steel structure made possible The Fair juxtaposes its Beaux Arts classical design with the commercialized destroys four square miles of the city. Nonetheless, the city rapidly rebuilds, by the Bessemer process of steel manufacturing. amusements of the Midway Plaisance. buoyed by a spirit of unbridled optimism.

Pittsburgh mill district, 1940. Hearses taking coffins along the streets of Monongah, WV, following Men looking at job listings at the Crystal Employment Agency Rush on the Second National Bank, Morgantown, Ford workers gather outside of the UAW/Ford mining disaster that killed 362 men and boys, 1907. during the Great Depression, WV, c. 1936. WV,, 1931. organizing headquarters, Detroit, c. 1941. page 3 Women inmates work in the fields at the Louisiana Cudahy Packing Company, Omaha, 1910. Riveter at work at the Hog Native girls packing pineapple into cans, Hawaii, Women’s march to free Bananas being taken off the Pennsylvania Railroad refrigera- State Penitentiary in Angola, LA, 1939. Island Shipyard, Philadelphia, 1928. Mother Jones from jail tion cars for inspection, Baltimore, c. 1910. 1918. and support the AMW Ludlow strike, Colorado, 1914. January 26, 1907 Congress passes a law to forbid corporations from December 23, 1913 Reacting to the banking crisis of 1907, the Fed- contributing to election campaigns for national office. eral Reserve Act is approved, establishing the Federal Reserve System as 1800s the national bank, regulator of the money supply, holder of centralized bank February 1908 The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Sherman Anti-Trust reserves, and the “lender of last resort.” May 18, 1896 In Plessy v. Ferguson, the U.S. Supreme Court defends the Act applies to labor unions. constitutionality of segregation, leading to repressive Jim Crow laws. 1916 The CIT banking group partners with 4,000 Studebaker Automobile November 22, 1909 Clara Lemlich, a young Jewish immigrant, leads dealers to provide financing to car buyers, who pay 1/3 down and the 20,000 women garment workers in New York on strike for better wages and remainder in eight monthly payments. union recognition. When the strike ends in February 1910, women win higher 1900s wages and a 52-hour work week. July 25, 1916 New York introduces a comprehensive zoning code to ensure light and air for the canyons of lower Manhattan. February 25, 1901 United States Steel is incorporated, following the March 25, 1911 The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire in New York City kills 146 combination of 10 companies. It is the first billion-dollar corporation in America young mostly Jewish and Italian immigrant women and reveals unsafe February 23, 1917 The Smith-Hughes Law establishes federal-state and in its first year of production makes 67% of all the steel produced in the conditions in the garment industry. vocational education and creates the Federal Board of Vocational Education. country. May 3, 1911 Governor Francis McGovern of Wisconsin signs into law April 2, 1917 President Wilson calls a special session of Congress for a October 3, 1902 President Theodore Roosevelt intervenes in the anthracite the nation’s first workmen’s compensation law, compelling employers to declaration of war against Germany. The war causes terrible inflation as coal strike in Pennsylvania, marking the first time that the federal government compensate workers injured on the job. participants break from the gold standard and issue currency freely. acted as a neutral party rather than as a strikebreaker. May 15, 1911 The U.S. Supreme Court orders the Standard Oil Company December 26, 1917 The federal government assumes control of the 1905 Sarah B. Walker, an African-American entrepreneur, develops a hair and American Tobacco Company dissolved for “unreasonable” restraint on nation’s railroads; President Wilson appoints Secretary of the Treasury William formula for black women in Denver, and organizes the Madame C.J. Walker trade. McAdoo Director General of Railroads. Company, sending workers to provide treatment to clients in their homes. February 25, 1913 The 16th Amendment imposes a federal income tax. January 26, 1919 The 18th Amendment prohibits the manufacture, sale, June 27, 1905 The Industrial Workers of the World (often called the or transportation of intoxicating beverages within the United States. Wobblies), led by mine union leader “Big Bill” Haywood, holds founding May 19, 1913 The California Alien Land Law prohibits land ownership by aliens ineligible for citizenship; by 1925, 13 additional states had similar September 9, 1919 In Boston 1,117 policemen (72% of the force) strike convention in Chicago, challenging the more conservative craft-oriented legislation. to form a union; Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge orders state militia American Federation of Labor. to patrol the city. Police Commissioner Edwin Curtis fires the strikers and hires December 1, 1913 Ford introduces an assembly line for the mass unemployed servicemen as replacements. 1906 Upton Sinclair publishes his novel “The Jungle,” a shocking exposé of production of autos in Highland Park, Michigan. unsanitary conditions in the American meatpacking industry. The book helps win support for federal oversight of food processing industries, resulting in the Meat Inspection Act of 1906.

Workers in carpentry shop with multiple saw blades, c. 1900. Old saw mill with water wheel, R.E. Olds test-driving early automobile at the 6th International Road Con- Lady Bird Johnson spreads seeds on the Women on the streets of New Orleans, late 19th century. Ulster County, NY, 1913. gress in Michigan, c. 1901. site of the National Wildflower Research page 4 Center in Austin, TX, 1982. Transporting logs in Clare County, MI, c. 1905. “The General Store” café, Long Island City, NY, United Auto Workers’ sit-down strike at General Motors Refugee camp for victims of Mississippi River Girls, all 15 years old, work at mangle in 2011. plant in Flint, MI, 1937. flood, Yazoo County, MS, 1927. Boston laundry, 1917.

1928 Edsel Ford, son of Henry Ford, starts Ford’s Universal Credit May 11, 1934 A dust storm sends millions of tons of topsoil east across Corporation, making it possible to buy Ford automobiles on credit. CIT the Great Plains. 1900s buys Universal Credit in 1935. June 6, 1934 The Securities and Exchange Commission is established, November 2, 1920 Pittsburgh’s KDKA, the first commercial radio station May 3, 1928 The National City Bank of New York (now Citibank) is the first providing penalties for manipulation of stock prices and authority to set margin in the United States, broadcasts election results. By 1922, three million commercial bank to grant unsecured personal loans to its depositors. requirements on stock purchases. Americans own radios. October 24, 1929 On “Black Thursday”, the New York Stock Exchange June 12, 1934 The Airmail Act requires airplane manufacturers to relinquish September 7, 1921 Atlantic City holds the first Miss America beauty suffers a plunge in stock value. control of airlines. Boeing divests itself of American Airlines. pageant to extend the tourist season. June 17, 1930 The Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act raises duties on hundreds of April 8, 1935 Congress appropriates $5 billion to provide “work relief”. May 26, 1924 The National Origins Act of 1924 limits the number of imported goods up to 50%; U.S. exports decline 2/3 by 1932. Included in the program are the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the immigrants, favors northern and western Europeans over southern and eastern Public Works Administration (PWA). Europeans, and bans all immigration from East and South Asia. December 11, 1930 The Bank of U.S. fails, the largest bank in the U.S. to fail to date, spurring banks across the United States to close. August 14, 1935 Title VI of the Social Security Act is passed, authorizing July 1, 1925 Cleveland opens the first municipal airport in the U.S the expenditure of up to $2 million on health grants to the states for in continuous operation; 100,000 visitors celebrate the occasion. March 19, 1931 Gambling is legalized in Las Vegas. “investigation of disease and problems of sanitation.”

August 25, 1925 A. Philip Randolph organizes the first national black labor September 12, 1931 Bank panic closes 800 banks, many of them in December 30, 1936 Flint, Michigan is the scene of a 44-day sit-down union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, in Harlem. Detroit, Cleveland, and Chicago. strike against General Motors. The strike legitimizes the United Auto Workers union, whose membership grows from 30,000 to 500,000 in one year. 1926 Clarence Birdseye introduces packaged frozen vegetables, using his March 23, 1932 The Norris-LaGuardia Act allows workers to organize flash freezing process. unions, restricts the use of injunctions against labor activities, and declares September 1, 1937 The National Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall Act) yellow-dog contracts unenforceable. inaugurates the federal housing program. November 15, 1926 The National Broadcasting Company (NBC), jointly owned by RCA, General Electric, and Westinghouse, broadcasts its first show May 12, 1933 The Federal Emergency Relief Administration is created with October 30, 1938 Panic sweeps nation as “Martians” invade New Jersey over a 25-station network to nearly half of the nation’s five million radio owners. an appropriation of $500,000,000. The measure provides the first direct federal on radio show presented by Orson Welles. grants to States for unemployment relief, medical attention, and medical April 1927 The Great Mississippi River Flood is the worst river flood in supplies to recipients of unemployment relief. October 8, 1940 The federal corporate tax rate is raised to 24 percent America’s history. and excessive business profits are taxed. June 16, 1933 Congress passes legislation establishing the National 1928 Doubleday begins mass production for the distribution of inexpensive Recovery Administration (NRA) and the Public Works Administration (PWA), books to a mass market. and passes the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act.

Employees protest against the Saigon Grill, Angola Landing, State Penitentiary farm, Mississippi Port of Salem, MA, c. 1770. Families of evicted sharecroppers who Hispanic workers prepare food in the kitchen at The New York City, 2008. River, LA, c. 1905. joined the Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union, French Gourmet, San Diego, restaurant affected by page 5 near Parkin, AR, 1936. crackdown on illegal immigrants, 2010. The Great West, lithograph of Walking toward Los Angeles, 1937. Cleaning day at Wheeley’s Church, Gordonton, NC, 1939. Following the great fire at Dreamland Amusement Park, Long Island City, NY, cleanup site being transformed into mixed-use frontier life, c. 1881. Coney Island, 1911. housing, 2011.

1951 Stanford University sponsors Stanford Industrial Park, a research facility September 1958 BankAmericard, the first comprehensive credit card, containing Hewlett-Packard, General Electric and Lockheed; area becomes begins offering credit in California; the card evolves into Visa. 1900s known as Silicon Valley. September 2, 1958 The National Defense Education Act authorizes December 30, 1940 The Arroyo Seco Parkway (today known as the 1953 Carter Products, the maker of Carter’s Little Liver Pills, begins market- a $1 billion four-year program of federal financial assistance to strengthen Pasadena Freeway) is opened, connecting Pasadena and Los Angeles. This ing Miltown tranquilizer. science, mathematics, and foreign-language instruction. first freeway in southern California begins a wave of highway construction that transforms urban transportation in America. 1954 Swanson Frozen Foods introduces the first TV dinners, backed by a 1959 Research Triangle Park is created near Raleigh, North Carolina, by state nationwide advertising campaign. and local government, nearby universities, and business community; it’s home June 17, 1941 The Colorado River Aqueduct is completed and brings its today to over 130 research and development facilities, including the largest first water to Los Angeles along a 242-mile route. 1954 George Johnson, a sharecropper’s grandson, starts pioneering Johnson IBM location in the world, employing 11,000. Products, selling Ultra Sheen for hair care. December 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor and the U.S. enters 1959 A team of mathematicians under the leadership of Dr. Grace Hop- World War II. April 1, 1954 Television station WQED, the world’s first community-spon- per develop the computer language COBOL, computer business-oriented sored, educational, noncommercial station, goes on the air. language. June 22, 1944 President Roosevelt signs the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (the G.I. Bill), which provides funds for American veterans to pursue higher May 17, 1954 In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court unani- January 17, 1961 In his farewell address, President Eisenhower warns education. mously rules that any laws mandating or permitting segregation of children into the nation of the growing power of the “military-industrial complex.” “separate but equal” public schools are unconstitutional. April 15, 1947 Jackie Robinson breaks the color barrier, playing his first March 19, 1962 Michael Harrington’s “The Other America” reveals that game for the Brooklyn Dodgers. April 12, 1955 University of Pittsburgh researcher and City College of New 40-50 million Americans live in poverty. York graduate Dr. Jonas Salk announces the development of a safe and effec- May 7, 1947 William Levitt opens suburban community of Levittown, New tive polio vaccine, following a nationwide test. August 28, 1963 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom brings York, selling 17,447 houses for about $8,000 each, before branching out to 250,000 Americans to the capital, setting in motion the passage of the Civil build over 140,000 homes in various subdivisions across America. By 1960, July 17, 1955 Disneyland amusement park opens in Anaheim, California. Rights Act of 1964. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. gives his “I have a dream” not a single one of Levittown’s 82,000 residents in New York was African- speech. American. June 29, 1956 Congress passes the multibillion dollar Federal Aid Highway Act, creating an interstate highway system linking all state capitals and most January 8, 1964 In his State of the Union message to Congress, President 1949 The Ford Motor Company begins funding the first pension plan for cities with populations larger than 50,000. The act authorizes spending $33.5 Lyndon B. Johnson declares a national “war on poverty.” blue-collar workers. billion over 13 years. July 2, 1964 The U.S. Congress passes the Civil Rights Act, stating that 1950 Pittsburgh is the first major American city to demolish and reshape October 4, 1957 The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1 into orbit around institutions accepting federal funding shall not discriminate on the basis of race. a large part of its downtown, creating the Golden Triangle. the earth, and spurs the U.S. government to increase science research.

St. Ignatius, MT, welcomes new homesteaders, c. 1915. University of North Dakota uses railroad car labeled Scientists holding components of the ENIAC Boys in action department at Steinway & Sons Operator uses special light gun to target special “Camp Depression” as kitchen for students, 1935. computer they helped to design, c. 1948. factory, Queens, c. 1910. intercept coordinates, c. 1959. page 6 Caricature of E.H. Harriman, railroad District 65 union baseball team in civil rights march, New Standard Oil storage tank as an octopus with many tentacles IBM mainframe system 360, model 40 be- Group of Florida migrants on their way to New Jersey to pick administrator and financier of the York City, c. 1945. wrapped around the steel, copper, and shipping industries, ing manufactured, c. 1965. potatoes, near Shawboro, NC, 1940. Union Pacific and Southern Pacific as well as a state house, the U.S. Capitol, and one tentacle Railroads, 1907. reaching the White House, 1904

1900s December 19, 1980 The U.S. prime interest rate reaches an all-time 2000s high of 21.5%. September 11, 2001 Al-Qaeda terrorists attack the World Trade Center October 3, 1965 President Johnson signs the Hart-Celler Immigration Act and the Pentagon, murdering nearly 3,000 people. The attack also permanently at the Statute of Liberty, eliminating the quota system of the National Origins August 12, 1981 IBM introduces the IBM Personal Computer for $1,565, damaged the Borough of Manhattan Community College/CUNY’s Fiterman Act of 1924. which quickly becomes the industry standard. Time magazine chooses the Hall, a 15-story building, reducing the College’s instructional space by 1/3. “personal computer” as its 1982 Man of the Year. November 8, 1965 The Higher Education Act provides financial assis- December 2, 2001 Energy giant Enron files for bankruptcy following tance to college students in the form of Basic Educational Opportunity Grants, August 13, 1981 President Reagan signs the Economic Recovery Tax Act revelations of widespread accounting fraud. renamed Pell Grants in 1980 to honor the legislation’s sponsor Senator of 1981, which reduced individual tax rates 23% over three years and dropped Claiborne Pell. the top tax rate from 70% to 50%. August 29, 2005 Hurricane Katrina devastates New Orleans; it takes an estimated 1,700 lives along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Despite federal pledges January 2, 1971 Congressional ban prohibiting radio and television 1986 A boycott of South Africa grows as GM, Honeywell, IBM, Coca-Cola, to rebuild the city, neighborhoods throughout New Orleans remain in tatters advertising of cigarettes goes into effect. General Electric, Proctor & Gamble leave the country. years later.

June 8, 1972 Congress passes a higher education aid bill (known as October 19, 1987 New York Stock Exchange crashes as Dow Jones loses January 9, 2007 Apple introduces the iPhone, combining a mobile phone, a Title IX) that includes a provision barring Federal aid to any public colleges nearly 23% of its value due to fears of inflation, rising interest rates, steep widescreen music player, and an Internet communications device. that discriminate against women. trade deficits, and computerized trading. September 15, 2008 Lehman Brothers files for bankruptcy and Bank of January 11, 1973 Wage and price controls are instituted to fight inflation April 14, 1989 Federal regulators seize the Lincoln Savings and Loan of America purchases Merrill Lynch for $50 billion in the midst of a financial crisis. and remain in force until April 1974. Irvine, California, the start of a savings and loan bailout costing taxpayers more than $500 billion by 1993. January 21, 2009 Toyota announces that it has surpassed General Motors February 28, 1975 New York City cancels a large note issue because of as the world’s number one car manufacturer, selling 8.972 million cars in 2008, concern over its weak financial condition. February 5, 1993 Congress passes the Family and Medical Leave Act, 616,000 more than the American auto firm. In spite of these figures, Toyota providing many employees the right to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave reported its first operating loss in its history. 1977 Citibank introduces the 24-hour automated teller machine (ATM) and during a 12-month period for family or medical reasons without the threat of the Citicard. losing their job. March 23, 2010 President Barack Obama signs the Affordable Health Care for America Act, enabling millions of Americans to obtain health insurance. June 6, 1978 Proposition 13 in California is passed, capping property tax August 22, 1996 President Clinton signs the Personal Responsibility and rates and reducing public funding of schools, libraries, and other institutions. Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996; it imposes work requirements June 20, 2011 In Wal-Mart Stores vs. Dukes, No. 10-277, the U.S. for welfare recipients and alters the Aid to Families with Dependent Children Supreme Court throws out the employment discrimination class-action suit May 10, 1980 The federal government approves $1.5 billion in loan program which had provided aid to mothers and children since 1935. against Wal-Mart that had sought billions of dollars on behalf of as many as guarantees to save the Chrysler Corporation from bankruptcy, the largest 1.5 million female workers. rescue of an American corporation.

Trucks outside a starch factory, Caribou, ME, waiting for the The Inner Circle lam- Gildo Spadoni painting the Worker pushing a rack of new clothes in the New York Women’s Land Army Train- Native dance by Spanish-Americans during a fiesta at Taos, NM, 1940. potatoes to be graded and weighed, 1940. poons New York City Trylon for the 1939 New York City garment district, c. 1980. ing School at University of politics, 1978. World’s Fair. Virginia, c.1918. page 7 Agriculture

Mexican and Filipino laborers weeding sugar beets for $2.00 a day, near Ft. Collins, CO, 1972.

homas Jefferson believed that the independent, self-sufficient farmer was the foundation of In the early 20th century, agriculture still dominated the U.S. economy, but large grow- democracy. At the time of his presidency, agriculture provided 75% of exports. To support ers and corporations increasingly came to rule farming, often relying on low-wage migrant farming, the federal government advanced white male ownership of farmland through a variety workers for their labor. For decades, migrants have come to California and the American T of measures, including the Northwest Ordinance in 1787, the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and West to harvest crops. During the Great Depression, after the Dust Bowl destroyed their the Homestead Act of 1862. farms in the southern Plains, Okies traveled west to start again. Growers today in Cali- Yet, agricultural practice also included millions of slaves whose labor became the basis of fornia and the Southwest rely heavily on often exploited Mexican and Mexican-American planter prosperity. After the Civil War, most of their freed descendants, along with many whites, laborers to work the fields. became sharecroppers and tenant farmers saddled with heavy debt and abusive landlords, The United States remains one of the most productive agricultural economies in the world. oppressed by a harsh social, economic and political system. Farmers who owned their own Even as the percentage of people employed in agriculture has declined from 41% in 1900 land were also often subject to heavy debt, high interest rates, and inflated shipping costs from to 1.9% in 2000, U.S. farms have been able to produce more food than ever before through railroads, as well as fluctuating prices in the commodity markets, and the vagaries of droughts mechanization and advanced animal and plant breeding. The use of fertilizers and pesticides and floods. Such conditions gave rise to a variety of protest movements and organizations, such and the creation of genetically modified foods have also increased productivity, but are as the Populist Party and the Southern Tenant Farmers Union from the late 19th century through controversial. Health concerns about harmful pesticides have led many farmers and the New Deal. consumers to organic foods. JANUARY S M T W T F S NEW YEAR’S DAY THREE KINGS DAY/ KWANZAA ENDS 1 2 3 4 5 6 FEAST OF THE ORTHODOX CHRISTMAS EPIPHANY 7 1673 Regular overland mail service is started between New York and Boston. 1818 The Black Ball Line begins monthly trips between Liverpool 1892 Ellis Island in New York harbor 1782 The Bank of North America, and New York; increased demand opens as the gateway to America for the first commercial bank in the soon leads to weekly departures. By immigrants. Three quarters of all 1971 Congressional ban prohibiting U.S., opens in Philadelphia, with the 1836, New York receives 62% of the newcomers from 1892 to 1932 are radio and television advertising of support of Alexander Hamilton and nation’s imports. processed here. cigarettes goes into effect. Robert Morris. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1870 John D. Rockefeller and others 1964 In his State of the Union mes- create the Standard Oil Company sage to Congress, President Lyndon of Ohio, which controls 90% of the 1973 Wage and price controls B. Johnson declares a national “war nation’s refining capacity by 1880. are instituted to fight inflation and on poverty.” remain in force until April 1974.

DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. DAY 15 16 (OBSERVED) 17 18 19 20 21

2009 Toyota surpasses General Motors as the world’s number one car manufacturer, selling 8.972 1961 In his farewell address, million cars in 2008, 616,000 more President Eisenhower warns the than the American auto firm. In spite nation of the growing power of the of these figures, Toyota reported its “military-industrial complex.” first operating loss in its history.

INTERNATIONAL DAY VASANT PANCHAMI OF COMMEMORA- CHINESE NEW YEAR (HINDU 22 23 24 25 26 27 TION IN MEMORY OF OBSERVANCE) THE VICTIMS OF THE 28 HOLOCAUST

1848 The California gold rush spurs 1919 The 18th Amendment Chinese immigration to the United prohibits the manufacture, sale, or States. By 1851, more than 25,000 transportation of intoxicating bever- Chinese are living in California. ages within the United States. 29 30 31

RIGHT Dust Bowl farm in NE Texas, where most houses have been abandoned, 1938. Scan for exciting links.

DECEMBER 2011 FEBRUARY

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RIGHT The Migration Series, Panel No. 1, by Jacob Law- rence, shows African-Ameri- cans moving north during World War I, 1940-41.

BELOW “Colored” waiting room at the Union Terminal in Jacksonville, FL, 1921. n the early 1900s, 90% of African-Americans lived in the Jim Crow World War II and after. Jacob Lawrence, whose painting above South, bound by debt to planters in a rigidly racist and segregated depicted the Great Migration, arrived as a child in Harlem in 1930; world where lynching and other forms of intimidation and violence his mother and many other black women worked as domestics in I were used to enforce the social order. The first major opportunity to New York City. leave came when World War I cut off immigration from Europe and What the children of slavery found in the North was not the created demand for labor in the booming wartime economy at the Promised Land. Although opportunities increased and legal segre- same time as the cotton economy was starting to decline. Employ- gation did not exist, racism limited their employment, education and ers needed African-American workers to fill jobs and sent agents to housing possibilities, confining them to ghettos. African-American bring them north. At the same time, African-American newspapers workers were central to the economies of northern industrial cities, like the Chicago Defender, often brought South by black sleeping but they often worked in the lowest paid and most unpleasant jobs, car porters, were encouraging African-Americans to come north. such as janitors, assembly line workers, coal miners, longshore- The Pennsylvania Railroad brought 16,000 African-Americans north men, and stokers in steel foundries. Many white union members in the summer of 1916 alone. opposed black workers being employed in their industries or joining African-Americans took trains north and west to cities like their unions. In the late 1930s, unions in the Congress of Industrial New York, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Los Angeles and Organizations began to recruit African-American members, helping Oakland, which promised more opportunities and greater freedom. to create a black middle class in the prosperous post-World War II Between 1916 and 1970, approximately seven million African- era. Interestingly, many of their descendants are now returning to Americans made the journey out of the South, the tide slowing the South in search of greater economic opportunity and a lower

during the Great Depression and then becoming a flood during cost of living. v FEBRUARY S M T W T F S

MAWLID AL-NABI (MUHAMMAD’S 1 2 GROUNDHOG DAY 3 4 BIRTHDAY)

LEFT Armed guards protect family moving into the Sojourner Truth housing project, Detroit, 1942.

5 6 7 8 TU B’SHVAT 9 10 11

1993 Congress passes the Family and Medical Leave Act, providing many employees the right to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave during a 12-month period for family or medical reasons without the threat of losing their job.

LINCOLN’S BIRTHDAY 12 13 14 VALENTINE’S DAY 15 16 17 18

PRESIDENTS’ DAY ASH WEDNESDAY MARDI GRAS 19 20 MAHASHIVRATI 21 (SHROVE TUESDAY) 22 WASHINGTON’S 23 24 25 (HINDU OBSERVANCE) BIRTHDAY

1784 The Empress of China, a ship financed by Robert Morris and part- 1917 The Smith-Hughes Law ners, carries ginseng root to China establishes federal-state vocational 1852 The first railroad reaches and returns with tea, earning Morris education and creates the Federal 1913 The 16th Amendment imposes Chicago from Eastern ports. a 30% profit. Board of Vocational Education. a federal income tax.

LENT (ORTHODOX)

26 27 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 28 29 INDEPENDENCE DAY

RIGHT Jackie Robinson, who integrated major league baseball 1975 New York City cancels a large in 1947, moved as a child with his note issue because of concern over mother from Georgia to Pasadena, its weak financial condition. CA. Scan for exciting links.

JANUARY MARCH

SM TW TFS SM TW TFS Go to your App Store 12 34 567 123 LaGuardia to download our free 8910 11 12 13 14 This Date in History App. 4567 8910 and Wagner 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Archives 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Entrepreneurs uccessful entrepreneurs use many means to achieve success, but hard work, innovative ideas, social and family connections and start-up capital are often critical. S Future Vice President Aaron Burr led a group of New Yorkers, including his rival Alexander Hamilton, whom he later killed in a duel, in obtaining a state charter for a company to supply water to 2,000 resi- dents of Manhattan. However, Hamilton opposed Burr’s insertion of a provision in its charter enabling the water company to open a bank and withdrew his connection to the firm. Burr used that provision to start the Bank of The Manhattan Co. (which eventually became JP Morgan RIGHT The origins of Chase). It outlived the water works and became one of the nation’s JPMorgan Chase can leading banking institutions – lending money and underwriting bonds, be found in The Manhat- for instance, to help finance the Erie Canal, which opened in 1825. tan Co., which provided Born in 1867 in Louisiana to former slaves, Madam C.J. Walker fresh water to the resi- was working in the cotton fields by the age of five and was orphaned dents of early 19th- at the age of seven. After working in many menial jobs, she had saved century Manhattan. enough money to manufacture and market the hair and scalp products she created when she began to lose her hair. By the time of her death in 1919, she had created a network of thousands of women to sell her products, had opened a factory in Indianapolis and had become one of the richest women in the United States. In the late 1840s, Wilhelm Katz, a young German Jewish immi- grant, arrived in the United States. He changed his name to William Filene and became a successful dry goods merchant in Boston. In 1890, he passed the business on to his sons, Edward and Albert, who transformed it into Filene’s department store. Edward was an innovator who later developed Filene’s Basement, where products would drop in price the longer they stayed on the shelves. He also became a leader in progressive causes, promoting credit unions, col- lective bargaining, and workers’ compensation. With the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965, many Korean immigrants came to the U.S. seeking a higher standard of living and better educational opportunities for their children. In the 1970s and 1980s, an average of 30-35,000 Koreans came to the U.S. every year. Korean immigrants found a niche in retail like dry cleaners and

BELOW Filene’s Department grocery stores as Jews and Italians in New York and Los Angeles left Store, Boson, c. 1955. these businesses in the 1970s. Much like earlier immigrant groups,

BELOW RIGHT Korean-American Koreans owed their success to ethnic solidarity, communal loan soci- grocery, New York City, 2011. eties and business associations. MARCH S M T W T F S

Left Madam C. J. Walker, the 1 2 3 daughter of freed slaves, sold hair care products and cosmetics to become the first African-Americn millionaire. She used her wealth to fund African-American institutions RIGHT Andrew 1824 The U.S. Supreme Court, in Grove, City such as the N.A.A.C.P., Tuskegee Gibbons vs. Ogden, establishes the 1871 President Ulysses Grant College 1960, Institute and the Bethune-Cookman federal government’s power over signs the bill creating the first Civil College. founder of Intel. interstate commerce. Service Commission.

PURIM PURIM (BEGINS AT SUNDOWN) 4 5 6 7 8 INTERNATIONAL 9 10 WOMEN’S DAY

HOLI (HINDU 1837 Chicago incorporates, spurred OBSERVANCE) by completion of the Illinois and Michigan Canal that links the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. 1876 Alexander Graham Bell gives Chicago becomes the leading trans- the first public demonstration of the shipment point in the Midwest. telephone.

DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME 11BEGINS 12 13 14 15 16 17 ST. PATRICK’S DAY

2008 The price of gold rises beyond $1,000 an ounce for the first time.

VERNAL EQUINOX 18 19 20 (SPRING BEGINS) 21 22 23 24

2010 President Barack Obama 1765 Stamp Act taxes all printed signs the Affordable Health Care material in colonies; repealed March for America Act, enabling millions 17, 1766 following violent outbursts 1931 Gambling is legalized in of Americans to obtain health in the colonies. Las Vegas. insurance. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

1911 The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire in New York City kills 146 young mostly Jewish and Italian immigrant women and reveals unsafe condi- tions in the garment industry. Scan for exciting links.

FEBRUARY APRIL

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Environmental Impact

LEFT Federal Superfund site, the Gowanus Canal, Brooklyn, 2011.

BELOW P.J. Hahn, the coastal zone director for Plaquemines Parish, LA, lifts an oil-covered pelican that’s been stuck in Barataria Bay, just off the Gulf of Mexico, following the BP oil spill, June 2010.

n capitalist economies, where businesses aim to minimize costs and late 1970s did residents discover they were living atop a poisonous maximize profits, inadequate or non-existent regulation has had devastating sea of chemicals. consequences for the environment. Whether in coal, oil, slaughterhouses or The publication of Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring” in 1962 warned of the I chemicals, American industry experienced few legal limits to the exploitation negative effects of DDT and other insecticides on the food supply and sparked of the environment in the period of industrialization following the Civil War. the emergence of the modern environmental movement. The first Earth Day, Not until the Progressive Era, as concerns about preserving the envi- April 22, 1970, symbolizing the movement’s growing strength, was quickly ronment and protecting public health grew, did the federal government followed by the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency and under President Theodore Roosevelt create national parks, which were the Occupational Safety and Health Administration division of the Department off limits to business exploitation, and regulate food and drug safety. of Labor. The EPA aims to fight global warming, improve air quality, assure the State governments, too, began regulating health and workplace safety safety of chemicals, clean hazardous sites, and protect clean water. conditions, and local governments built and expanded water supply and Yet, the 2010 British Petroleum oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico demon- sewage disposal systems to provide clean water. strates that many threats remain. Large corporations sometimes profit at Throughout most of the 20th century, however, industrialization and the expense of local residents and the environment with mountaintop coal urbanization led to increasing pollution of the air, water and earth. One removal, and shale oil and gas extraction. Furthermore, rising carbon of the most notorious examples is Love Canal, a 1950s housing develop- emissions and slow progress in the adoption of clean energy policies ment in Niagara Falls, New York built on a toxic waste dump. Only in the by the world’s biggest energy consumers imperil the entire planet. APRIL S M T W T F S

PALM SUNDAY GOOD FRIDAY FIRST DAY OF PASSOVER 1 APRIL FOOL’S DAY 2 3 4 5 HOLY THURSDAY 6 PASSOVER (BEGINS 7 WORLD HEALTH DAY AT SUNDOWN)

1917 President Wilson calls a special session of Congress for a 1808 John Jacob Astor founds the declaration of war against Germany. American Fur Trading Company and 1954 Television station WQED, the amasses a multimillion-dollar fortune world’s first community-sponsored, The war causes terrible inflation in fur trading in Oregon, opium trad- educational, noncommercial station, as participants break from the gold standard and issue currency freely. ing, and New York City real estate. goes on the air.

EASTER LAST DAY OF PASSOVER 8 ORTHODOX PALM SUNDAY 9 10 11 12 13 14 SECOND DAY OF PASSOVER

1935 Congress appropriates 1861 The Civil War begins and New $5 billion to provide “work relief.” York’s economy is so closely tied 1989 Federal regulators seize the Included in the program are the with that of the slave-holding South Lincoln Savings and Loan of Irvine, Works Progress Administration that leading Southern publisher California, the start of a savings and (WPA) and the Public Works James De Bow boasted that “grass loan bailout costing taxpayers more Administration (PWA). would grow in Wall Street.” than $500 billion by 1993.

YOM HASHOAH PASCHA (ORTHODOX (HOLOCAUST 15 EASTER) 16 17 18 19 REMEMBRANCE DAY) 20 21

1817 The New York State Legisla- ture passes legislation ensuring sales of all goods put up for auction at the port of New York; as a result, buyers 1947 Jackie Robinson breaks the find bargains. On this day, the legisla- color barrier, playing his first game ture also approves the construction for the Brooklyn Dodgers. of the Erie Canal.

YOM HAATZMAUT ADMINISTRATIVE ISRAEL INDEPENDENCE 22 EARTH DAY 23 24 25 PROFESSIONALS’ DAY 26 DAY 27 ARBOR DAY 28 TAKE OUR DAUGHTERS AND SONS TO WORK DAY

1857 The “Panic of 1857” starts with the failure of the New York branch of the Ohio Life Insurance Company. 29 30

LEFT Love Canal, RIGHT Eagle Street roof- Niagara Falls, NY. top farm in Brooklyn, 2011. Scan for exciting links.

MARCH MAY

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The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Justice, Washington for Jobs and Freedom, where he deliv- ered his historic “I Have a Freedom Dream” speech, 1963.

The outrage that followed led y 1910, the Lower East Side of to legislation protecting workers’ B New York had more people per safety and an alliance between their square mile than Calcutta.These unions and progressive reformers. poorly housed Jewish and Italian Nearly a half century later, on immigrants struggled to survive, May 8, 1959, Local 1199 orga- while supplying the labor force for nized a strike against Mount Sinai the city’s hundreds of garment Hospital, creating a new beginning factories. Young women worked for New York’s hospital and nurs- long hours for low pay in unsafe ing home workers. Gloria Arana, a working conditions. In response, laundry worker, strike leader and throughout the opening years of native of Puerto Rico, called it “a the 20th century, they demon- beautiful day” when she saw Madi- strated to abolish child slavery son Avenue crowded with picket- in sweatshops in alliance with ing workers. After a 46-day strike, middle class reformers. Follow- 1199 achieved a partial victory and ing the 1909 “uprising of the the union quickly grew throughout 20,000,” working women gained New York City’s 81 voluntary hospi- shorter hours, higher wages and tals. Another strike and changes to recognition of the International the state’s labor laws finally brought Ladies Garment Workers Union union recognition in 1962 (ILGWU). African-American sanitation But higher wages and shorter workers struck in Memphis in Feb- hours did not guarantee safety. ruary 1968, protesting the death of On March 25, 1911, a fire broke two workers and the discharge of out on the ninth floor of the Tri- 22 sewer workers. A month later, angle Waist factory in Greenwich the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. Village, which had not signed the came to Memphis to support their 1909 agreement. The escape cause, but it was to be his last cam- routes, some of which were paign, as he was assassinated on locked, were not obvious in the April 4. Eight days later, the Mem- smoke filled rooms. One hundred phis workers won recognition of and forty-six workers (mostly their union and improved wages and young Italian and Jewish women) work conditions, but the nation had died, many of them jumping to lost a leader in the fight for racial avoid being burned alive. and economic justice. MAY S M T W T F S

CINCO DE MAYO WORLD PRESS FREEDOM WESAK (BUDDHA’S 1 MAY DAY 2 3 DAY 4 5 BIRTHDAY)

LEFT March on Washington May 1-4, 1886 The May Day and 1928 The National City Bank of demanding jobs, Haymarket Riot mark Chicago as the New York (now Citibank) is the first justice, freedom, focal point for the national movement commercial bank to grant unsecured 1963. for an eight-hour work day. personal loans to its depositors.

6 7 8 V-E DAY 9 10 11 12

1933 The Federal Emergency Relief Administration is created with an appropriation of $500,000,000. The measure provides the first direct 1947 William Levitt opens suburban federal grants to States for unem- community of Levittown, New York, 1837 Panic of 1837 begins as New 1934 A dust storm sends millions ployment relief, medical attention, selling 17,447 houses for about York banks suspend specie payments, of tons of topsoil east across the and medical supplies to recipients of $8,000 each. starting seven-year depression. Great Plains. unemployment relief.

ASCENSION 13 MOTHER’S DAY 14 15 16 17 THURSDAY 18 19 ARMED FORCES DAY

1911 The U.S. Supreme Court 1954 In Brown v. Board of orders the Standard Oil Company Education, the Supreme Court 1913 The California Alien Land Law and American Tobacco Company dis- unanimously rules that any laws 1896 In Plessy v. Ferguson, the U.S. prohibits land ownership by aliens solved for “unreasonable” restraint mandating or permitting segregation Supreme Court defends the consti- ineligible for citizenship; by 1925, on trade. of children into “separate but equal” tutionality of segregation, leading to 13 additional states had similar public schools are unconstitutional. repressive Jim Crow laws. legislation.

SHAVUOT (BEGINS 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 AT SUNDOWN)

1924 The National Origins Act lim- 1830 America’s first railroad, its the number of immigrants, favors 1862 The Homestead Act provides the Baltimore & Ohio, travels 13 northern and western Europeans for free distribution of 160 acres in miles from Baltimore to Ellicott over southern and eastern Europe- federal lands to settlers who agree City, Maryland; the line extends to ans, and bans all immigration from to farm the property for five years. Wheeling, West Virginia, in 1853. East and South Asia.

FIRST DAY OF SHAVUOT MEMORIAL DAY (OBSERVED) 27 PENTECOST 28 29 30 31 LAST DAY OF SHAVUOT

RIGHT Members of AFSCME Local 1733 in Memphis picket for union recognition, 1968. Scan for exciting links.

APRIL JUNE

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LEFT Night Scene at an Ameri- can railway junction: Lightning Express, Flying Mail, and Owl Trains, “on time”, 1876.

BELOW Erie Canal at Syracuse, NY, c. 1900.

ew forms of transportation are the makers and breakers Mississippi, providing year-round transportation that was of cities. The Erie Canal, which opened in 1825, con- more reliable. Chicago’s rail and commercial connections nected farmers and tradespeople in the mid-west and to New York enabled it to dominate trade between East N along the canal in upstate New York to national and in- and West. Although St. Louis and other “gateway cities” ternational markets via New York City. Towns along the thrived, Chicago towered above them all. canal, like Syracuse and Buffalo, were beneficiaries of Control of the nation’s railroads meant unprecedent- their location and grew rapidly following its completion. ed wealth and power. During the Gilded Age, unregu- Although canals were a major step in connecting lated capitalism flourished, bringing unprecedented the nation, they did not operate during the freezing power to railroad owners like Jay Gould and Cornelius winter. Steam-driven railroads soon followed and often Vanderbilt. supplanted them. Like canals and rivers before them, In the 1880s and 1890s, farmers in the Midwest railroads created prosperity along their routes. Cities and South protested against railroad monopolies that competed to be a stopping point. charged high rates and controlled their lives from afar. A classic example is the competition between This Populist movement challenged the power of the St. Louis and Chicago. From its perch on the Mississippi railroads and laid the groundwork for their restructuring River, St. Louis dominated trade down to New Orleans. and regulation beginning with the establishment of the In contrast, Chicago built rail connections across the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887. JUNE S M T W T F S 1 2

LEFT Abandoned railway station in the oil ghost town of Slick, OK, 1940.

FEAST OF CORPUS CHRISTI 4 5 6 7 ANNIVERSARY DAY 8 9 3 (BROOKLYN-QUEENS DAY)

1972 Congress passes a higher 1978 Proposition 13 in California is education aid bill (known as Title 1784 William Duer and Alexander passed, capping property tax rates and IX) that includes a provision barring Hamilton start the Bank of New reducing public funding of schools, Federal aid to any public colleges York, the first state-chartered bank libraries, and other institutions. that discriminate against women. in the U.S.

PHILIPPINES 10 11 12 INDEPENDENCE DAY 13 14 FLAG DAY 15 16

1933 Congress passes legislation establishing the National Recovery 1934 The Airmail Act requires Administration (NRA) and the Public airplane manufacturers to relinquish Works Administration (PWA), and control of airlines. Boeing divests passes the Glass-Steagall Banking itself of American Airlines. Reform Act.

WORLD REFUGEE DAY 17 FATHER’S DAY 18 19 20 SUMMER SOLSTICE/ 21 22 23 SUMMER BEGINS

2011 In Wal-Mart Stores vs. Dukes, No. 10-277, the U.S. Supreme Court 1944 President Roosevelt signs the throws out the employment dis- Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (the 1930 The Hawley-Smoot Tariff crimination class-action suit against G.I. Bill), which provides funds for Act raises duties on hundreds of Wal-Mart that had sought billions of American veterans to pursue higher imported goods up to 50%; U.S. dollars on behalf of as many as 1.5 education. exports decline 2/3 by 1932. million female workers. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1905 The Industrial Workers of the 1956 Congress passes the multibil- World (often called the Wobblies), lion dollar Federal Aid Highway led by mine union leader “Big Bill” Act, creating an interstate highway Haywood, holds founding convention system linking all state capitals and in Chicago, challenging the more most cities with populations larger conservative craft-oriented Ameri- than 50,000. The act authorizes can Federation of Labor. spending $33.5 billion over 13 years. Scan for exciting links.

MAY JULY

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ith alcohol prohibition gaining strength in the late 19th century, an Atlanta druggist created an alternative: a patent medicine called Coca-Cola, which combined kola leaves W and cocaine (a common legal drug often mixed with wine.) Only when cocaine became illegal in the early 20th century did the company remove cocaine from the soon to be popular soft drink. Throughout its history, the United States has tried to control social behavior and has often failed. For example, the federal government and the states have criminalized prostitution, pornography and gambling, and drugs like alcohol, marijuana, heroin and cocaine. The prohibition of al- cohol from 1920 to 1933 did not stop people from drinking. Instead it gave rise to organized crime and violence and created fortunes for bootleggers like Al Capone. After prohibition ended, marijuana, the “Devil’s Har- vest,” became the new drug to be feared and both Con- gress and the states banned it. Even so, marijuana usage increased enormously in the 1960s with the growth of the counterculture. President Nixon’s “War on Drugs” in 1971 signaled a new turn in drug policy. While the effort to stop the sale of illegal drugs has been a failure, this “war” has led to the mass incarceration of people involved in the drug trade and a prison industry to house them. The economic ABOVE Taking an axe to crisis has made it difficult to imprison so many people, and a barrel of beer during Prohibition in Seattle, c. 1925 California under a U.S. Supreme Court order will have to release tens of thousands of inmates due to overcrowding. RIGHT Billboard promotes the 1942 movie, “The Devil’s Calls for the legalization of marijuana have increased be- Harvest.” cause of the futility of prohibiting it and as a potential new

FAR RIGHT New York City revenue source for government. In 2011, Representatives Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia Barney Frank and Ron Paul sponsored legislation to end destroys slot machines in city’s war against the the federal prohibition on marijuana. States could then le- Gambino crime family, 1937. galize, regulate and tax marijuana as they had tobacco and alcohol. States and localities would also save money on law enforcement and prisons. According to a report by Profes- sor Edgar Feige, of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, unreported income from all categories in the United States is between $2- 2.25 trillion, a significant share of gross domestic product. JULY S M T W T F S

1CANADA DAY 2 3 4 INDEPENDENCE DAY 5 6 7

1925 Cleveland opens the first 1964 The U.S. Congress passes the municipal airport in the U.S in con- Civil Rights Act, stating that institu- tinuous operation; 100,000 visitors tions accepting federal funding shall celebrate the occasion. not discriminate on the basis of race.

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 BASTILLE DAY July 13 -16, 1863 The New York 1877 After a third wage cut is 1868 The 14th Amendment to the Draft Riots erupt over federal con- announced by the Baltimore & Ohio Constitution, in addition to providing scription during the Civil War, racial Railroad, the first nationwide strike a broad definition of citizenship, fury against the city’s blacks, and class is started in six cities by the Broth- extends certain constitutional hatred of the rich. Whites set fire to erhood of Locomotive Firemen and protections to corporations. Since 1832 President Andrew Jackson black institutions, attack military and Enginemen. Some two-thirds of the late 19th century, the Supreme vetoes renewing the charter of the government buildings, and loot prop- rail lines in the nation shut down; Court has defined corporations as Second Bank of the U.S., labeling the erty belonging to the elite. Rioters Federal troops and National Guard legal persons. bank elitist and anti-republican. burn the Colored Orphan Asylum. units break the strike.

15 16 17 18 19 20 RAMADAN BEGINS 21

1916 New York introduces a com- prehensive zoning code to ensure light and air for the canyons of lower Manhattan.

FAST OF TISHA B’AV 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 (BEGINS AT SUNDOWN)

29 TISHA B’AV 30 31

LEFT Prostitute at the Moon- light Bunny Ranch, Carson City, NV, 2011

RIGHT Street performer, Scan for exciting links. Venice, CA, 2004.

JUNE AUGUST

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LEFT Dreamland amusement park, Coney Island, c. 1905.

ABOVE Beale Street, lined with pawn shops, clothing stores and the Hotel Clark, serving African-Americans in segregated Memphis, c. 1940.

he extension of railroads and the growth of a middle class after the Civil banning Jews from his two hotels at Coney Island’s tony Manhattan War helped make tourism, once the exclusive provenance of the wealthy, Beach. Until recently, gay and lesbian tourists often remained closeted available to average Americans. Improved travel and more leisure time or were limited to more tolerant resort cities like Key West, Florida and T led to the creation of middle-class seaside resorts at Atlantic City and Provincetown, Massachusetts. Gay and lesbian tourism is now more Coney Island, health spas at Saratoga Springs and White Sulphur accepted and the industry specifically caters to the LGBT market. Springs, and resorts capitalizing on scenic beauty, such as Niagara Falls. Today, amusement parks such as Disneyland in California and Out west, Yosemite and Yellowstone National Parks became popular as Disney World in Florida, modeled after Coney Island, have become the the conquest of Native Americans opened up these areas. models for family entertainment around the world. Indeed, The economies of resort towns often rested upon low-wage labor and Orlando is the most visited city in America, greeting 50 million tourists in exclusionary policies, including Jim Crow segregation legislation and anti- 2010. Atlantic City, in contrast, sank into decline in the 1960s and turned Semitic policies. Drawn to Atlantic City by available service jobs, African- to gambling in the late 1970s to revive the city’s economic fortunes with Americans came to represent 95% of the hotel workforce by 1905, but mixed results. Although casino hotels glitter along the boardwalk, low- could not stay in most hotels, swim on the beach or go on the rides on the wage casino jobs have not greatly reduced Atlantic City’s high unemploy- ABOVE Remodeled home sits next to two with boarded windows boardwalk. A different kind of exclusion developed at Saratoga Springs, ment and poverty. With the Great Recession, even tourism is feeling the near the construction of a new where the fancy Grand Union Hotel refused to admit wealthy German- pinch, as families trying to put food on the table are less likely to visit casino in Atlantic City. Jewish banker Joseph Seligman in 1877; Austin Corbin followed by national parks, seaside resorts or gambling casinos. AUGUST S M T W T F S

RAKSHA BANDHAN 1 2 (HINDU OBSERVANCE) 3 4 LEFT Atlantic City casinos replace homes, 2011.

RIGHT Domestic partners Erin Flannery and Tara Jean Hickman vacation in Kailua, HI, 2009.

5 6 HIROSHIMA DAY 7 8 9 10 11

1861 Congress approves the first federal income tax, a 3 percent levy on incomes over $800.

FEAST OF THE V-J DAY 12 13 14 15 ASSUMPTION OF MARY 16 17 18

1981 IBM introduces the IBM 1935 Title VI of the Social Security 1807 Robert Fulton takes the Personal Computer (IBM 5150) for 1981 President Reagan signs the Act is passed, authorizing the expen- $1,565; the PC quickly becomes the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, diture of up to $2 million on health steamboat Clermont up the industry standard. Time magazine which reduced individual tax rates grants to the states for “investiga- Hudson River from New York to chooses the “personal computer” 23% over three years and dropped tion of disease and problems of Albany; reliable upriver steam travel revolutionizes intercity trade and as its 1982 Man of the Year. the top tax rate from 70% to 50%. sanitation.” transportation.

INTERNATIONAL DAY EID AL-FITR FOR THE REMEM- 19 (RAMADAN ENDS) 20 21 22 23 BRANCE OF THE 24 25 SLAVE TRADE AND ITS ABOLITION

1996 President Clinton signs the 1925 A. Philip Randolph organizes Personal Responsibility and Work the first national black labor union, Opportunity Reconciliation Act of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car 1996; it imposes work requirements Porters, in Harlem. for welfare recipients.

WOMEN’S 26 EQUALITY DAY 27 28 29 30 31

1963 The March on Washington for 2005 Hurricane Katrina devastates Jobs and Freedom brings 250,000 New Orleans; it takes an estimated Americans to the capital, setting 1,700 lives along the Gulf of Mexico in motion the passage of the Civil coast. Despite federal pledges to Rights Act of 1964. Rev. Martin rebuild the city, neighborhoods Luther King Jr. gives his “I have a throughout New Orleans remain in dream” speech. tatters years later. Scan for exciting links.

JULY SEPTEMBER

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rior to the 19th century, agriculture dominated the economy of the The assembly line popularized in Ford’s auto factories was United States. Workers made up a small part of the laboring popula- dehumanizing. In the 1930s and 1940s, workers at Ford and the other tion, most of them artisans working in a household. With the mecha- automobile corporations successfully organized the United Auto P nization and industrialization of production in the 1830s and 40s, Workers. Wages, benefits and safety improved greatly, but the union workers left their employers’ household and became wage laborers. did not eliminate the numbing effect of the assembly line. Phil Staller, Industrial workers lacked control over the workplace and often a Ford spot-welder, told Studs Terkel in “Working” that he “didn’t worked 12 hours or more a day. A laissez-faire economy meant understand how come more guys don’t flip. Because you’re nothing that the market controlled working conditions and wages, a sys- more than a machine when you hit this type of thing.” As a member tem that contributed to more than 3,000 deaths in the coal mines of the United Auto Workers in the 1970s, he earned “real good in 1907. Outrage at these conditions led Progressive era reforms money,” but his work created great stress and he found little joy in it. ABOVE LEFT Miners leave the Clover to regulate conditions in the workplace, while workers struggled One of the fastest growing sectors of the economy today is retail, Cap Mine in Harlan County, KY, 1946. to organize unions to fight for better wages, safety and working but it mostly offers low wages and few benefits. The social critic Barbara TOP Women build the first post-war conditions. Ehrenreich in her book “Nickel and Dimed” described the stress of her radios for the public at Emerson Radio Still, health and safety problems remain common. Although work in Wal-Mart, folding and hanging clothes tried on by customers in the in New York City, 1945. deaths in coal mining accidents have dropped to double digits in women’s department. Paid only $7 an hour, she found the work frustrating ABOVE Longshoremen “shape-up” the 21st century, the recent disaster and deaths at the Upper Big and demoralizing, quitting when her wages were too low to pay her rent in for a day’s work on the docks, paint- Branch Mine and Massey Energy’s falsification of safety records a run-down motel. While the U.S. economy creates enormous amounts ing by James Grosso, 1955. show the dangers that still exist. of wealth, too often the benefits do not accrue to those who do the work. SEPTEMBER S M T W T F S 1

RIGHT Women welders on the RIGHT Women way to work at march in the the Todd Ship- May Day Pa- yards dry dock 1937 The National Housing Act rade, New York in Brooklyn, (Wagner-Steagall Act) inaugurates City, 1910. c. 1943. the federal housing program.

2 3 LABOR DAY 4 5 6 7 8

1868 Bessemer Steel’s first “blow” 1958 The National Defense Educa- 1833 The New York Sun charges is made at the Cleveland Rolling tion Act authorizes a $1 billion four- one penny when other papers cost Mills, inaugurating an American year program of federal financial six cents and dramatically covers industrial revolution; the cities of 1888 assistance to strengthen science, crime news; it becomes the world’s George Eastman receives a Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Detroit, and 1921 Atlantic City holds the first mathematics, and foreign-language best selling daily newspaper within patent and begins marketing his first Chicago would soon anchor the new Miss America beauty pageant to instruction. two years. Kodak camera. industrial heartland of the nation. extend the tourist season.

WORLD TRADE CENTER 9 GRANDPARENTS’ DAY 10 11 REMEMBRANCE DAY 12 13 14 15 1919 In Boston 1,117 policemen (72% of the force) strike to form a union; Massachusetts governor Cal- vin Coolidge orders state militia to patrol the city. Police Commissioner 2001 Al-Qaeda terrorists attack 2008 Lehman Brothers files for Edwin Curtis fires the strikers and the World Trade Center and the 1931 Bank panic closes 800 banks, bankruptcy and Bank of America hires unemployed servicemen as Pentagon, murdering nearly 3,000 many of them in Detroit, Cleveland, purchases Merrill Lynch for $50 bil- replacements. people. and Chicago. lion in the midst of a financial crisis.

EL GRITO DEL CITIZENSHIP DAY DOLORES (MEXICAN (CONSTITUTION DAY) SECOND DAY OF INTERNATIONAL DAY AUTUMNAL EQUINOX/ 16 INDEPENDENCE DAY) 17 18 ROSH HASHANAH 19 20 21 OF PEACE 22 AUTUMN BEGINS FIRST DAY OF ROSH ROSH HASHANAH HASHANAH (BEGINS AT SUNDOWN) 1889 Hull House opens in Chicago’s near West Side. Under the leader- ship of Jane Addams, Hull House offers social, educational, and artistic programs for the neighborhood poor.

YOM KIPPUR (BEGINS YOM KIPPUR NATIVE AMERICAN DAY 23 24 25 AT SUNDOWN) 26 27 28 29

1850 Land grants help pay for con- SUKKOT (BEGINS AT struction of the Illinois Central Rail- 30 SUNDOWN) road from the Great Lakes to the CHUSEOK (KOREAN Gulf of Mexico, and other railroads HARVEST MOON in the Midwest. Illinois, Alabama, and Mississippi receive the first land. FESTIVAL) Scan for exciting links.

AUGUST OCTOBER

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s the United States struggles to recover from the Crash of 2008 and corporations that came to dominate American business by the end of the subsequent Great Recession, we should remember that while the 19th century. sub-prime mortgages and credit default swaps may be new, the By the time the depression ended in 1897, capitalists like J.P. Mor- A inherent instability of markets and the “irrational exuberance” gan, John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie had taken advantage of of investors are not. the many business failures to consolidate and concentrate their control In the 19th century the U.S. had five market crashes and depres- over banking, oil and steel. Market crashes, like the Great Crash of sions (then called panics).“The War of Wealth,” a play based on 1929 and the Crash of 2008, lay bare underlying weaknesses of the the Panic of 1893, paled in comparison to the real Panic, which led economic system, including gross inequality of wealth, over-leveraged to overproduction, deflation of the currency, a sharp decline in the banks, lack of regulation and irresponsible lending. What made 20th prices of farm goods, a reduction of investment in railroads, a great century depressions more severe was that most Americans lived in cit- expansion of debt, and a European depression that led creditors to ies and could no longer feed themselves when times were bad. demand payment in hard currency. In the U.S., widespread bank- Although capitalism has the resilience to recover from these panics ruptcies, an 18% unemployment rate, labor conflict and a farmers’ and depressions, the costs in deprivation and suffering are high, as can uprising afflicted the nation. These problems led to increasing calls be seen in skyrocketing unemployment and home foreclosure. In 2010 for the government to play a more active role in regulating the giant alone, nearly three million homes (or 1 in 45) went into foreclosure. OCTOBER S M T W T F S

1SUKKOT 2 3 4 5 6

1965 President Johnson signs the Hart-Celler Immigration Act at 1957 The Soviet Union launches LEFT Homeowners facing foreclo- the Statute of Liberty, eliminating Sputnik 1 into orbit around the sure protest at Countrywide Finan- the quota system of the National earth, and spurs the U.S. government cial Corporation, Boston, 2007. Origins Act of 1924. to increase science research.

LAST DAY OF SUKKOT COLUMBUS DAY (HOSHANAH RABBAH) 7 8 SHEMINI ATZERET 9 SIMCHAT TORAH 10 11 12 13 SHEMINI ATZERET SIMCHAT TORAH (BEGINS (BEGINS AT SUNDOWN) AT SUNDOWN)

October 8-10, 1871 The “Great Fire of Chicago” kills hundreds and destroys four square miles of the city. Nonetheless, the city rapidly rebuilds, buoyed by a spirit of unbridled optimism.

14 15 16 NATIONAL BOSS’S DAY 17 18 19 20

1842 The Croton Aqueduct pro- 1987 New York Stock Exchange vides New York with its first clean crashes as Dow Jones loses nearly supply of water needed to combat 23% of its value due to fears of infla- disease, fight fires, and meet the tion, rising interest rates, steep trade demands of a rapidly growing city. deficits, and computerized trading.

EID AL-ADHA (FESTIVAL OF UNITED NATIONS DAY 21 22 23 24 25 26 SACRIFICE) 27

1929 On “Black Thursday”, the New York Stock Exchange suffers a plunge in stock value.

28 29 30 31 HALLOWEEN

RIGHT Protestors from immigrant 1938 Panic sweeps nation as “Mar- support group, Make the Road tians” invade New Jersey on radio New York, display posters on Wall show presented by Orson Welles. Scan for exciting links. Street, 2011.

SEPTEMBER NOVEMBER

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n 2010, the United States accounted for 43% of the world’s military spending. Prior to 1945, the United States kept a small standing army in I peacetime and spent relatively little on the mili- tary. Spending spiked upward during the Civil War and World War I, but returned to low levels after the wars ended. This changed after World War II, with the onset of the cold war, when military spend- ing rose to more than a third of the gross domestic product. According to the Center for Defense Information, de- fense spending increased in constant 2004 dollars from a low of $100 billion in 1948 to $450 billion in 1953 at the end of the Korean War. There have been similar levels of spending during the Korean and Vietnam Wars, the Reagan era buildup in the 1980s and the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. In President Dwight David Eisenhower’s 1961 farewell speech, he warned that “This conjunc- sympathetic to the military, the South’s share

tion of an immense military establishment and of the military budget came at the expense of ABOVE Todd Shipyards float a large arms industry is new in the American the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic states. in parade celebrating the end of World War II, Seattle, experience. The total influence . . . is felt in The power of the military industrial complex 1945. every city, every State house, every office of the remains strong. In January 2011, when Defense Secretary Robert Gates proposed $78 billion FAR LEFT Samuel Gottlieb’s Federal government.” Confirming Eisenhower’s Navy Seaman photo ID but- fears, military contractors placed their produc- in reductions to the defense budget over five ton, issued by the Brooklyn tion facilities in multiple congressional districts years, Howard McKeon, chairman of the House Navy Yard, 1918. and military bases spread throughout the United Armed Services Committee, opposed them LEFT Samuel Gottlieb in States, maximizing support for military spending because “these investments have the added studio photo, training at the San Francisco Naval Training in Congress. Nowhere was this more evident benefit of spurring the economy and driving Station, 1912. than in the South, where military bases and the innovation that is the hallmark of this great RIGHT Visitors’ day at the defense contracts grew most rapidly. Between nation.” Even when the Pentagon has delayed U.S. Air Force Base in 1951 and 1980, the South increased its share purchase of a weapons project, such as the Yokota, Japan, 2009. of prime military contracts from 7.6 to 24.2 %. F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, politicians have turned Because of its powerful congressional delega- to economic arguments to support the interests tion, low rates of unionization, and a population of their districts. NOVEMBER S M T W T F S

1 ALL SAINTS DAY 2 ALL SOULS DAY 3

1920 Pittsburgh’s KDKA, the first commercial radio station in the LEFT Town of Twentynine Palms, RIGHT Marines on duty at Camp CA, caters to the nearby Marine Pendleton, CA, practice modern United States, broadcasts election Corps military base, c. 2010. warfare, 2011. results. By 1922, three million Ameri- cans own radios.

DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME 4 ENDS 5 6 ELECTION DAY 7 8 9 10

1965 The Higher Education Act provides financial assistance to 1825 The Erie Canal connects the college students in the form of Basic port of New York to the Great Educational Opportunity Grants, Lakes via the Hudson River. By 1840, renamed Pell Grants in 1980 to New York moved more freight than honor the legislation’s sponsor Sena- the ports of Boston, Baltimore, and tor Claiborne Pell. New Orleans combined.

DIWALI (HINDU MUHARRAM 11 VETERANS DAY 12 13FESTIVAL OF LIGHTS) 14 15 (ISLAMIC NEW YEAR) 16 17

1755 The British government inau- gurates monthly fast-sailing postal packets from Falmouth to New York.

18 19 20 21 22 THANKSGIVING DAY 23 24

1909 Clara Lemlich, a young Jewish immigrant, leads 20,000 women 1883 Time zones are first used by garment workers in New York on railroads in the U.S. and Canada to strike for better wages and union standardize their train schedules. recognition. 25 26 27 28 29 30

1833 Representatives of nine craft unions in New York led by John Commerford form the General Trades Union of the City of New York (GTU). Scan for exciting links.

OCTOBER DECEMBER

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y the 1920s, while manufacturers of automobiles, refrigera- ABOVE LEFT Lucky Strike tors, radios and other labor-saving devices used advertis- promotes the health benefits of smoking, c. 1930. ing to increase demand, retailers developed new forms of B credit to encourage people to make purchases. Installment ABOVE Advertising nylon stockings, 1950. plans enabled Americans without great means to buy the wondrous new products widely advertised in newspapers RIGHT Kodak advertises its new pocket camera at the and magazines. As the wealthiest 5% earned one-third of Pan-American Exposition, all income in 1928, the vast majority of Americans needed Buffalo, 1901. credit to make larger purchases. Over the objections of his father Henry, Edsel Ford began selling automobiles in 1928 through Ford’s Universal Credit Corporation. Yet, when the Great Depression arrived in 1929, many people lost, in addi- tion to their jobs and homes, the consumer goods they had bought on installment. During the post-World War II prosperity, more new forms of credit and sophisticated advertising, low unemployment and a wider distribution of wealth fueled consumer demand. Beginning in the 1970s, credit cards provided consum- ers new ways to accrue debt, often at high interest rates. Recently, after local banks and mortgage lenders made easy credit available through sub-prime mortgages, home fore- closures skyrocketed as borrowers saw low introduc- tory rates balloon to unaffordable rates. The credit crises mushroomed into a financial collapse and a major economic recession, the effects of which we still face today. DECEMBER S M T W T F S

WORLD AIDS AWARENESS 1 DAY

LEFT Advertisement for The RIGHT Steinway & Sons advertis- 1913 Ford introduces an assembly Columbia High Wheeler, made by ing stressed its unique quality, line for the mass production of The Pope Mfg. Co. c.1925. autos in Highland Park, Michigan.

CHANUKAH (BEGINS AT PEARL HARBOR DAY SUNSET) 2 FIRST DAY OF ADVENT 3 4 5 6 7 8

1886 The American Federation of 2001 Energy giant Enron files for Labor is established in Columbus, bankruptcy following revelations of 1865 The 13th Amendment 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Ohio, comprising 25 labor groups widespread accounting fraud. abolishes slavery. and the U.S. enters World War II. representing 150,000 members.

LAST DAY OF FEAST OF OUR LADY MUHARRAM (FIRST FIRST DAY OF CHANUKAH 9 10 HUMAN RIGHTS DAY 11 12 OF GUADALUPE 13 MONTH OF ISLAMIC 14 15 CALENDAR)

1930 The Bank of U.S. fails, the larg- est bank in the U.S. to fail to date, spurring banks across the United States to close.

LAST DAY OF WINTER SOLSTICE/ 16 CHANUKAH 17 18 19 20 21WINTER BEGINS 22

1835 The Great Fire of New York destroys 674 buildings as an inadequate water supply hampers firefighting. City advances project for an abundant, clean water supply 1980 The U.S. prime interest rate from Westchester County. reaches an all-time high of 21.5%.

KWANZAA BEGINS 1913 Reacting to the 23 banking crisis of 1907, the 24 CHRISTMAS EVE 25 CHRISTMAS DAY 26 BOXING DAY 27 28 29 Federal Reserve Act is approved,.

1917 The federal government NEW YEAR’S EVE assumes control of the nation’s 1869 Philadelphia tailors found the 30 31 railroads; President Wilson appoints Knights of Labor; the union accepts Secretary of the Treasury William women and, after 1878, blacks, 1936 Flint, Michigan is the scene of a McAdoo Director General of although southern branches are 44-day sit-down strike against GM. Railroads. segregated. Scan for exciting links.

NOVEMBER JANUARY 2013

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ABOVE African- American girls Carlotta Walls and n 1833, the New York Sun emerged as the first of the penny press newspapers, which would rely on cheaper Elizabeth Eckford leave Little Rock printing technologies, sensationalist news, and more advertising to increase profits. Two generations later, a new H.S., AR, 1957. generation of publishers relied on these techniques, most notably at the onset of the Spanish-American War.

ABOVE RIGHT I On February 17, 1898, headlines in William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal screamed, without evidence,

Facebook helped that the “Destruction of the War Ship Maine Was the Work of the Enemy.” The Journal and Joseph Pulitzer’s New Egyptian protest- ers organize rallies York World, the titans of “yellow journalism,” sensationalized the news, using the explosion of the Maine for freedom, Cairo, in Havana’s harbor to build support for a war with Spain and increase circulation. 2011. Thirty years later, radio freed the listener from ink and paper and captured a mass market. The radio was in so RIGHT Orson many households by 1930 that the census asked a non-demographic question for the first time – How many radios Welles, and the radio broadcast that do you have? Orson Welles showed the power of radio in 1938 when his “War of the Worlds” radio play, dramatizing shocked a nation, a fictional alien landing at Grovers Mill, New Jersey, created panic among listeners. Dorothy Thompson of theNew 1938. York Tribune commented, “They have proved that a few effective voices, accompanied by sound effects, can con- BOTTOM Headlines vince masses of people of a totally unreasonable, completely fantastic proposition as to create a nation-wide panic.” in Hearst’s New York Television, at first the plaything of the wealthy, greatly expanded its audience by developing more entertaining Journal incited a nation to war. programming, becoming the dominant entertainment medium not long after in the 1950s. Another technological breakthrough was the more portable still camera. In the 1950s and 60s these two media were able to capture the more horrific moments of the Civil Rights Movement and bring them into the homes of Americans and around the world. Gordon Parks, the great African-American photographer, said that he “picked up a camera because it was my choice of weapons against what I hated most about the universe: racism, intolerance, poverty.” This belief inspired many photographers of the Civil Rights Movement. The Internet has opened new avenues to transmit information. Wikileaks has uncloaked the secrets of gov- ernment policy to hundreds of millions of people, while smart phones have delivered the excitement of the Arab Spring through tweets and Facebook postings. Although repressive governments closed their borders to journal- ists, protestors sent out messages of their struggle for freedom. While some aspects of the Internet have been successfully commercialized, corporations and entrepreneurs are still trying to figure out how to capitalize on this new technology. JANUARY 2013 S M T W T F S

NEW YEAR’S DAY 1 KWANZAA ENDS 2 3 4 5 1673 Regular overland mail service is started between New York and LEFT Steve Jobs, the co- Boston. 1818 The Black Ball Line begins founder of Apple, introduced the monthly trips between Liverpool 1892 Ellis Island in New York harbor Macintosh computer, and the and New York; increased demand opens as the gateway to America for iPod, iPhone and iPad, which soon leads to weekly departures. By immigrants. Three quarters of all 1971 Congressional ban prohibiting revolutionized the way we share 1836, New York receives 62% of the newcomers from 1892 to 1932 are radio and television advertising of information. nation’s imports. processed here. cigarettes goes into effect.

THREE KINGS DAY, FEAST 6 OF THE EPIPHANY 7 ORTHODOX CHRISTMAS 8 9 10 11 12

1782 The Bank of North America, the first commercial bank in the 1964 In his State of the Union mes- 1870 John D. Rockefeller and others U.S., opens in Philadelphia, with the sage to Congress, President Lyndon create the Standard Oil Company 1973 Wage and price controls support of Alexander Hamilton and B. Johnson declares a national “war of Ohio, which controls 90% of the are instituted to fight inflation and Robert Morris. on poverty.” nation’s refining capacity by 1880. remain in force until April 1974. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

1961 In his farewell address, President Eisenhower warns the nation of the growing power of the “military-industrial complex.”

MAWLID AL-NABI DR. MARTIN LUTHER (MUHAMMAD’S 20 21KING JR. DAY (OBSERVED) 22 23 24 BIRTHDAY) 25 26 TU B’SHEVAT

1801 The Philadelphia Water Works opens, making Philadelphia the first major city in the U.S. to provide clean drinking water citywide. 1848 The California gold rush spurs 1919 The 18th Amendment Chinese immigration to the United 2009 Toyota surpasses General prohibits the manufacture, sale, or States. By 1851, more than 25,000 Motors as the world’s number one transportation of intoxicating bever- Chinese are living in California. car manufacturer. ages within the United States.

INTERNATIONAL DAY OF COMMEMORATION 27 IN MEMORY OF THE 28 29 30 31 VICTIMS OF THE HOLOCAUST

RIGHT Newsman Edward R. Murrow in London during World War II. Scan for exciting links.

DECEMBER 2012 FEBRUARY 2013

SMTW TFS SM TW TF S Go to your App Store 1 12 LaGuardia to download our free 34 56 789 This Date in History App. 2345678 and Wagner 9101112131415 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Archives 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 30 31 31 EXAMPLES OF DISTINGUISHED CUNY ALUMNI WHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO OUR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

JOSEPH ABAJIAN LaGuardia Community College PHILIP ALFONSO BERRY Borough of Manhattan Com- RITA DIMARTINO College of Staten Island 1976, DEBRA FRASER-HOWZE Hunter College,President/ 1992, Founder and President of Fatbeats, a munity College 1971, Queens College 1973, leader Director, Government Affairs, AT&T; member, CEO, National Black Leadership Commission on hip-hop/rap music company. in creating workplace diversity, President Philip CUNY Board of Trustees. AIDS. Berry Associates management consulting; Former ALFRED W. ALBERTS Brooklyn College 1953, Bio Vice President at Colgate-Palmolive; Vice Chairper- DOROTHY DORAN College of Staten Island 1981, PATRICIA A. GENTILE LaGuardia Community College materials scientist wth Merck Pharmaceuticals who son CUNY Board of Trustees. legally blind activist; Founder, The Staten Island 1980. Administrator, Jamaica Hospital Home Health discovered the process to create Lovastatin, the Center for Independent Living. Agency and Brookdale Hospital Certified Home first cholesterol-lowering statin drug. YVETTE C. BURTON John Jay College M.A. 1994, Health Agency. CEO of the Arcus Foundation, Former global busi- EDITH BRENNER EVERETT Brooklyn College 1949, STEVEN ALI Brooklyn College 1976. Early proponent ness development executive at IBM. Vice President, Gruntal & Co; Co-founder, Everett KIMBERLY GLASSMAN Hunter College 1984. Senior of LASIK Eye Surgery and co-founder of Manhat- Public Service Internship Program. Vice President for patient care services, NYU tan Vision Associates and Executive Director of the ROBERT CATELL City College 1958, Chairman of Langone Medical Center. Institute for Vision Research LP. National Grid US. SUSAN FARKAS Journalist. Veteran of CBC, NBC News, the United Nations. Now President of Farkas BARBARA KYDD GRAVES Brooklyn College 1957, ROCKY AOKI New York City College of Technology WELLINGTON Z. CHEN City College, Executive Media. Educator; Vice President and General Manager, Earl 1963, Founder of Benihana restaurants. Director of the Chinatown Partnership Development G. Graves, Ltd. Corporation. SANDRA ABRAMOWITZ FELDMAN Brooklyn College KENNETH ARROW City College 1940, Nobel prize in 1960, civil rights activist; President United Fed- ANDREW GROVE City College 1960, Founder of Intel. Economics 1972. TRACY CLOHERTY Kingsborough Community College, eration of Teachers and American Federation of Vice President of Talent, Black Entertainment Televi- Teachers. LOWELL HAWTHORNE Bronx Community College, RUSSELL M. ARTZT Queens College 1968, Cofound- sion – BET. President, Golden Krust Bakery. er and Vice Chair, Computer Associates Interna- NADJA FIDELIA Baruch College 2002, Former Man- tional. HELEN KINNEY COPLEY Hunter College circa 1945, aging Director & Partner, Lehman Brothers, Inc. JOAN HELPERN Hunter College 1947, Entrepreneur; chair/CEO, Copley Press. President/CEO, Joan and David Helpern, Inc. JILL BARAD Queens College 1973, Former Presi- LAWRENCE N. FIELD Baruch College 1952, real dent and chief operating officer, Mattel. JULIE DASH City College 1974, writer, producer, and estate entrepreneur. CAROL HOCHMAN Queens College 1971, President director, Daughters of the Dust, the first feature at RHH Capital & Consulting, Former President/ WALTER H. BARANDIARAN Baruch College 1979, length film by a black woman to be a national com- MOE FONER Brooklyn College 1936, CEO, Danskin. Founder and Managing Partner, The Argentum Group. mercial release. Union leader, Activist, and Founder of Bread and Roses, the cultural organization of Local 1199, FLORENCE HOWE Hunter College, Founder of Wom- SOL J. BARER Brooklyn College 1968, CEO of Cel- MARIA DEL TORO York College 1972, Vice President, Service Employees International Union. en’s Studies and Founder/Publisher of the Feminist gene, one of the world’s largest biotech companies, Public Affairs, Y.M.C.A. of Greater New York. Press/CUNY. who developed path-breaking techniques in chiral KAYE I. FOSTER-CHEEK Baruch College 1989, Corpo- chemistry, including a better tolerated version of JERRY DELLA FEMINA Brooklyn College 1957, Chair- rate Vice President, Human Resources, Johnson & MARSHA E. JONES Lehman College 1972, First Ritalin and the use of thalidomide to treat leprosy man and C.E.O., Della Femina, Jeary and Partners Johnson. African-American woman to become Managing and multiple myeloma and other forms of cancer. advertising agency. Director of Merrill Lynch’s private client office. DR. ELI A. FRIEDMAN Brooklyn College 1953, Pio- CHRISTINE DEVITA Queens College 1977, President, neering nephrologist with SUNY Downstate Medical The Wallace Foundation. Center and inventor of the “suitcase kidney,” the first portable dialysis machine.

Joseph Abajian Walter H. Barandiaran Philip Alfonso Berry Yvette C. Burton Robert Catell Wellington Z. Chen Susan Farkas Nadja Fidelia Lawrence N. Field Kaye I. Foster-Cheek Andrew Grove Lowell Hawthorne Florence Howe Vullnet Kolari Max Kupferberg Evelyn Lauder William E. Macaulay

BISI IDERABDULLAH Brooklyn College 1974, Founder EVELYN LAUDER Hunter College 1958, Execu- CHARLENE PROUNIS Queensborough Community LINDA KAPLAN THALER City College 1972, of Imani House, Inc., an organization dedicated to tive Vice President, Estée Lauder; Philanthropist; College 1976. Co-President and Managing Partner Co-founder, CEO, and Chief Creative Officer, The assisting individuals to make positive changes in Founder, Breast Cancer Research Fund. at Flashpoint Medica, a full-service marketing and Kaplan Thaler Group. their lives and communities while actively working to advertising agency that specializes in health care. destroy institutional injustice, bias, and poverty. ROBERT LEE New York City College of Technology ROCHELLE RATCHICK UDELL Brooklyn College 1966, 1981, CEO Raulerson Hospital. MYRNA RIVERA Lehman College 1974, Founder of President, Internet Division, Fairchild Publications; STANLEY H. KAPLAN City College 1939, Founder of National Hispanic Employment Program, one of the Former Senior Vice President, The Limited, Inc. Kaplan Educational Services. DR. ROBERT A. LEVINE Brooklyn College 1963, first Hispanic investment consulting firms in the U.S. Clinical Professor of Laboratory Medicine at Yale IYANLA VANZANT Medgar Evers College 1983, RHODA HENDRICK KARPATKIN Brooklyn College School of Medicine and inventor of many important JACK RUDIN City College 1941, Chairman, Rudin CUNY School of Law, lawyer, writer, talk show host, 1951, President, Consumers Union of the United point-of-care diagnostic tests for both human and Management Company, Inc. public speaker. States, Inc. veterinary medicine. DOV C. SCHLEIN Baruch College 1970, MBA 1975, CHARLES B. WANG Queens College 1967, Co-found- LEONARD KLEINROCK City College 1957, developed WILLIAM E. MACAULAY City College 1966, Chair- Managing Partner, NuVerse Advisors LLC. er of Computer Associates International with Rus- theories and technology that led to the creation of man and Chief Executive Officer of First Reserve sell M. Artzt (Queens College 1968); Now Chair- the Internet. Corporation. FRANK J. SCIAME City College 1974, Architect and man Emeritus; Majority Owner, New York Islanders Founder of F. J. Sciame Construction Co., Inc. hockey team. VULLNET KOLARI College of Staten Island 1998, JOAN MARREN Hunter College. Chief Operating Claims Counsel, Zurich American Insurance Officer, Visiting Nurse Service of New York. STEPHEN B. SHEPARD City College 1961, Former GEORGE WEISSMAN City College, Chairman and CEO Company. Editor of Business Week and the Dean of the Phillip Morris; Chair, Lincoln Center for the Perform- DELIA MCQUADE-EMMONS Brooklyn College 1973, CUNY Graduate School of Journalism. ing Arts. PAUL KOVI New York City College of Technology Vice President, American Stock Exchange. 1953, Co-owner, The Four Seasons Restaurant. LEON V. SHIVAMBER Baruch College 1984, SHERRY YARD NYC College of Technology 1989, DINA PERRY Queens College 1967, PortfolioCoun- Corporate Vice President, The Harris Corporation. Executive Pastry Chef at Wolfgang Puck’s Spago, BEATRICE KRAUSS CUNY Graduate Center, 1979, selor and Director, Capital Research and Manage- Beverly Hills. Executive Director of the Hunter College Schools ment Company; President, Fundamental Investors. JANET MARIE SMITH City College 1984, Supervised of the Health Professions (SHP) Office of Research planning, design and construction of Camden Yards, LAURIE YOUNGER Queens College 1973, President, and Grant Support and director of SHP’s Center for KATHLEEN PESILE College of Staten Island A.A.S., the home of the Baltimore Orioles. Buena Vista Worldwide Television. Community and Urban Health. Baruch College B.B.A. and M.P.A, Founder, Pesile Financial Group and member of the CUNY Board SEYMOUR STERNBERG City College 1965, Chair and CEO, New York Life Insurance Company. MAX KUPFERBERG Queens College 1942, Manhattan of Trustees. Project physicist; Chairman of electrical company Kepco.

Kathleen Pesile Myrna Rivera Jack Rudin Dov C. Schlein Stephen B. Shepard Seymour Sternberg Iyanla Vanzant Sherry Yard PHOTO CREDITS railroad tracks, courtesy of the University of Washington Libraries, photographer, LC-USF34-040841-D; Caribou, ME, courtesy of the Special Collections, UW6956; Pittsburgh Mill District, courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Col- the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI lection, Jack Delano, photographer, LC-DIG-fsac-1a33845; Inner FRONT COVER Collection, Jack Delano, photographer, LC-USF34-043202-D; Circle, courtesy of the La Guardia and Wagner Archives, CUNY; Ernest Fiene, “Harmony and Achievement,” 1940, photo by Stan Monongah Mining disaster, courtesy of the West Virginia and Gildo Spadoni, courtesy of the La Guardia and Wagner Archives, Ries. Figures painted from left to right, standing: Walter K. Marks, Regional History Collection. West Virginia University Libraries, CUNY, Queens Local History Collection, 03.001.1271; Clothes Samuel Klein, Samuel Deitsch (manufacturers and spokesmen for 002464; Crystal Employment Agency, courtesy of the West rack, courtesy of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union the industry), Stephen Voorhees (architect and chairman of the Vo- Virginia and Regional History Collection, West Virginia University Archives, Kheel Center, Cornell University; Women’s Land Army, cational Advisory Commission), Morris Hillquit (founder and leader Libraries, 034094; Run on the bank, courtesy of the West Virginia courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Divi- of the Socialist Party of America), Max Meyer (chairman of the and Regional History Collection, West Virginia Libraries, 011920; sion, LC-USZC4-5855; Fiesta at Taos, NM, courtesy of the Library Needlecraft Educational Commission), Senator Robert F. Wagner Organizing at Ford, courtesy of the Walter P. Reuther Library, of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection, (New York), Raymond V. Ingersoll (Brooklyn Borough President), Wayne State University, United Auto Workers Collection #370. Russell Lee, photographer, LC-USF33-012870-MS. Mrs. Roger C. Bacon, Nathan Ohrbach (department store owner), Gustave Straubenmuller (pioneer in vocational education), and PAGE 4 MONTHS Luigi Antonin (first vice-president of the ILGWU). Louisiana inmates, courtesy of www.fonvillewinans.com; Cudahy JANUARY: AGRICULTURE packers, courtesy of the National Archives, Records of the Bureau Weeding sugar beets, courtesy of the National Archives and ACKNOWLEDGMENT PAGE of Animal Industry (17-PE-10); Riveter, courtesy of the National Records Administration, EPA 412-DA-11420; Dust Bowl farm, Photograph of Number 7 train, Queens, by Joe Margolis. Archives, Records of the War Department, General and Special courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Divi- Staffs (165-WW-509B-4); Pineapple packers, courtesy of the sion, LC-USZ62-130634. CHANCELLOR’S LETTER National Archives, Records of the Women’s Bureau (86-G-5F-8); Photograph courtesy of CUNY. Women’s march, courtesy of the Denver Public Library; Banana FEBRUARY: THE GREAT MIGRATION Inspection, courtesy of the National Archives, Records of the Food Jacob Lawrence, The Migration Series, Panel no. 1, 1940-41, MILESTONES CREDITS: and Drug Administration (88-GS-92-C1608); Carpentry shop with courtesy of The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. and Artists PAGE 1 blades, courtesy of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Rights Society; Union Terminal, Jacksonville, courtesy of the State Fiene painting “Harmony and Achievement,” courtesy of the Peter Joiners Collection, Special Collections, University of Maryland Li- Library and Archives of Florida; Sojourner Truth housing project A. Juley & Son Collection, Smithsonian American Art Museum; braries; Water mill, courtesy of the New York State Archives, NYS courtesy of the University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library, Haymarket riot, courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Education Dept., Division of Visual Instruction, Instructional lantern BL004020; Jackie Robinson, courtesy of the Library of Congress, Walking toward Los Angeles, 1937. Photograph by Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-796; Southern fish vendor, cour- slides, A3045, no. 10528; Olds car testing, courtesy of the Uni- Prints & Photographs Division, Look Magazine Photograph Collec- Dorothea Lange. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, tesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, versity of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library, BL000206SID; Lady tion, Photograph by Bob Sandberg, 1954. Prints & Photographs Division LC-DIG-det-4a10919; Iowa foreclosure, courtesy of the Library Bird Johnson, courtesy of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection, Library; New Orleans women, courtesy of the Joseph Bauer Col- MARCH: ENTREPRENEURS LC-DIG-fsa-8b08252; Railroad arrives, courtesy of the University lection, Earl K. Long Library, University of New Orleans. The Manhattan Co. water pump, mural by Ezra Winter, courtesy of of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library, BL000420; Abandoned the JP Morgan Chase Archives; Korean Grocers, courtesy of The town, courtesy of the Librhary of Congress, Prints & Photographs PAGE 5 New York Times; Filene’s Department Store, courtesy of the Rotch OCTOBER: THE WAR OF WEALTH Division, FSA/OWI Collection, Marion Post Walcott photographer, Transporting logs, courtesy of Michigan State University, Archives Visual Collections, Image 113383, Rotch Library of Architecture War of Wealth, courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Pho- LC-USF34-050274-E; ; Roadside stand, courtesy of the Library of & Special Collections; Delicatessen, courtesy of Maureen Dren- and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Madam tographs Division, LC-USZC4-591; Wall Street protest, courtesy Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Walker Evans, photogra- nan; Sit-down strike, courtesy of the National Archives, Franklin C.J. Walker, courtesy of the Madam Walker/A’Lelia Walker Family of Steven A. Levine; Countrywide Savings protest, courtesy of The pher, LC-USF342-008253; Picking grapes, courtesy of the Library D. Roosevelt Library; Flood refugees, courtesy of the Missis- Archives; Andrew Grove, courtesy of CUNY. New York Times. of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ds-00759; sippi Department of Archives and History; Women working the Empire Sewing Machine, courtesy of the Library of Congress, mangle, courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs APRIL: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT NOVEMBER: MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX Prints & Photographs Division, LC-pga-02736; Hospital Workers, Division, LC-DIG-nclc-05196, Photograph by Lewis Hine; Saigon Gowanus Canal and Gulf of Mexico, courtesy of AP; Eagle Street Todd Shipyards, courtesy of the Post-Intelligencer Collection, courtesy of the National Union of Hospital and Healthcare Employ- Grill protesters courtesy of The New York Times; Prisoners on Mis- rooftop, courtesy of the Eagle Street Rooftop Farm Press; Love Museum of History and Industry, Seattle; U.S. Air Force Base, ees Local 1199 Archives, Kheel Archives, Cornell University. sissippi River landing, courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints Canal, courtesy of aegweb.com (Association of Environmental and courtesy of Tara Jean Hickman; Computer warfare, courtesy of the & Photographs Division, LC-D4-34337; Salem Port, courtesy Engineering Geologists). U.S. Navy; Military town, courtesy of Kent Kanouse; Navy Yard PAGE 2 of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC- button and Sailor, courtesy of Richard K. Lieberman. Aircraft construction class, courtesy of the Library of Congress, USZ62-41172; Evicted sharecroppers, courtesy of the Library of MAY: JOBS, JUSTICE, FREEDOM Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection, LC-DIG- Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection, Martin Luther King Jr., AP Photo.; March on Washington, courtesy DECEMBER: ADVERTISING AND CREDIT fsa-8e11089; Ft. Factory, courtesy of the Library of Congress, John Vachon, photographer, LC-USF34-014008-E; Restaurant of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, 03128u; Nylon DuPont, courtesy of the Hagley Museum and Library; Kodak Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZC4-7860; Richmond workers, courtesy of The New York Times. Memphis picketers, courtesy of the Walter P. Reuther Library, camera, courtesy of the Wayne P. Ellis Collection of Kodakiana paper mill ruins, courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Wayne State University, AFSCME Collection #7483. – Database #K0014, Emergence of Advertising On-Line Project, Photographs Division, LC-DIG-cwpb-00422; African American PAGE 6 John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising & Marketing waiters, courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Great West, courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & JUNE: TRANSPORTATION History, Duke University Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Division, African American Photographs Assembled for the 1900 Photographs Division, LC-DIG-pga-03002; Toward Los Angeles, American Railway, Slick, OK railroad station, and Erie Canal, all Collections Library, http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/eaa; Paris Exposition, LC-DIG-ppmsca-08759; Negro store, courtesy courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Divi- courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Divi- Lucky Strike, accessed at http://lane.stanford.edu/tobacco/index. of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, African sion, LC-USZC4-8174, Dorothea Lange, photographer; Cleaning sion – American Railway LC-USZC2-3451, Slick OK LC-USF34- html “Not a Cough in a Carload: Images from the Tobacco Industry American Photographs Assembled for the 1900 Paris Exposition, women, courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs 035220-D, Erie Canal LC-D4-12186. Campaign to Hide the Hazards of Smoking,” curated by Robert K. LC-USZ62-68358; Mid-City Realty, courtesy of the Library of Con- Division, Dorothea Lange, photographer, LC-USF34-020020; Jackler, MD, Lane Medical Library, Stanford University School of JULY: UNDERGROUND ECONOMY gress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection, John Dreamland fire, courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Medicine; Steinway & Sons, courtesy of the La Guardia and Wag- Man with axe, courtesy of the University of Washington Libraries, Vachon, photographer, LC-USF33-016151-M5; Sam’s clothing Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-101974; Brownfield cleanup pro- ner Archives, CUNY; Columbia Bicycle, courtesy of The New-York Special Collections, UW22113; Devil’s Harvest, courtesy of Leaf store, courtesy of the University of Washington Libraries, Special gram, courtesy of Maureen Drennan; Homesteaders welcomed to Historical Society. World; Mayor La Guardia, courtesy of the La Guardia and Wagner Collections, Jewish Archives Collection, JEW0651; Mexican emi- St. Ignatius, MO, (678-1-16_7904549fca) courtesy of the Archives Archives, CUNY; Venice street performers, courtesy of Tara Jean grating, courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs and Special Collections, Mansfield Library, University of Montana – JANUARY 2013: INFORMATION Hickman; Nevada prostitute, courtesy of The New York Times Division, LC-USZ62-97491; Grand Coulee Dam, courtesy of the Missoula; “Camp Depression,” courtesy of the Elwyn B. Robinson Arab Spring, courtesy of Essam Sharaf; War of the Worlds, Photo Archives. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Department of Special Collections, Chester Fritz Library, University courtesy of Warner Music Group ; Elizabeth Eckford, courtesy of Collection, LC-USW33-035035; Time Card, courtesy of the New The New York Times; New York Journal headline, public domain; of North Dakota; Women holding motherboards, courtesy of the AUGUST: LEISURE AND TOURISM York State Archives, Factory Investigating Commission, A3029-78, Steve Jobs, courtesy of AP; Murrow, courtesy of the Library of U.S. Army Photo number 163-12-62; Steinway & Sons action Atlantic City construction cranes, courtesy of AP; Beale Street, Box 1, Folder 5. Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-126481. department, courtesy of the La Guardia and Wagner Archives, Memphis and Dreamland amusement park, Coney Island, courtesy Steinway & Sons Collection, # 04.002.0037; Computer warfare, of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Beale PAGE 3 picture used with the permission of The MITRE Corporation. Westchester Thrift Shop, courtesy of the Division of Rare and Street LC-USZ62-126575; Dreamland amusement park LC-D401- 18315; Hawaii vacation, courtesy of Tara Jean Hickman; Atlantic Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library, Collection# 23- PAGE 7 City, courtesy of The New York Times.. 2-749, item # AC-ER-16; Triangle Company fire escape, courtesy Harriman’s Design for a Union Station, courtesy of the Library of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union Archives, of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-84052; SEPTEMBER: WORKERS Kheel Center, Cornell University; Female taxi drivers, courtesy Union baseball team, courtesy of the District 65 Collection, NYU, No. 1 Mine and Emerson Radio, courtesy of the National Archives of the University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives; Standard Oil octopus, courtesy and Records Administration, Mine 245-MS-2524-L, Emerson UW11475; Chinatown sweatshop, courtesy of the UNITE Ar- of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, LC- 208-LU-38Z-2; San Francisco Shape Up, courtesy of the Inter- chives, Kheel Center, Cornell University; Seattle cable car tracks, USZ62-26205; Manufacturing plant, courtesy of IBM Archives; national Longshore and Warehouse Union; May Day marchers, courtesy of the University of Washington Libraries, Special Collec- New Jersey-bound migrants, courtesy of the Library of Congress, courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs tions, Asahel Curtis Collection, A. Curtis 01885; Logging crew on Prints & Photographs Division, FSA/OWI Collection, Jack Delano, Division, Bain Collection, 3a51058. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Paul Arcario, Dean, Academic Affairs, LaGuardia Community College, CUNY This calendar is dedicated to the memory of Michael Arena, University Director of Communications and SENIOR PROJECT DIRECTOR Marketing, Office of University Relations, CUNY Jay Hershenson, Senior Vice Chancellor for University Relations Russ Bargmann, International Longshore and Warehouse Union Joe Margolis and Secretary of the Board of Trustees, CUNY Michael Barnes, Smithsonian Institution André Beckles, Photographer/Production Coordinator, University who worked at the La Guardia and Wagner PROJECT ADVISOR Relations, CUNY Archives. Joe played an integral behind the scenes Gail O. Mellow, President, LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Rachel Bernstein, Laborarts.org role in the creation of the CUNY/New York Times in Felisa Bienstock, Business Office/Purchasing, LaGuardia College calendars. His talents will be sorely missed, PROJECT DIRECTOR Community College, CUNY along with his intelligence, charm and humor. Richard K. Lieberman, Director of the LaGuardia and Wagner Charlene Bonnette, State Library of Louisiana Archives and Professor of History, Nicolette Bromberg, University of Washington LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Eleanor Brown, Cornell University Ted Brown, Executive Director, CUNY Institute for Software Bruce Hoffacker, Executive Associate to the Vice-President for Rita Rodin, Senior Editor, Office of Communications and ASSOCIATE PROJECT DIRECTORS Design and Development, professor, Computer Science, Academic Affairs, LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Marketing, CUNY Queens College and Executive Officer of the Doctoral Program Clare Imamura, University of Washington Neill Rosenfeld, Staff Writer, Office of Communications and Steven A. Levine, Coordinator for Educational Programs, in Computer Science, CUNY Robert Isaacson, Executive Director, CUNY-TV Marketing, CUNY LaGuardia and Wagner Archives, Cindy Busch, Media Analyst, Office of Marketing and Karen Jania, University of Michigan Frederick Schaffer, Senior Vice Chancellor for Legal Affairs and LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Communications, LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Luz Jimenez, Special Assistant to the Vice Chancellor for General Counsel, CUNY Edward Busch, Michigan State University Research, CUNY Essam M. Sharaf, Giza, Egypt Stephen Weinstein, Assistant to the Director, LaGuardia and Kim Buxton, Office of University Relations, CUNY Kiron Shirlyn Johnson, New York University Richard Sheinaus, Director of Graphic Design, Office of Wagner Archives, Celia M. Chazelle, The College of New Jersey Florence Jumonville, University of New Orleans Communications and Marketing, CUNY LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Elizabeth Murray Clemens, Wayne State University Peter Katopes, Vice President for Academic Affairs, Sigmund Shen, LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Brian Cohen Associate Vice Chancellor for Technology and LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Daniel Shure, Managing Editor of CUNY.edu, Office of ASSISTANT PROJECT DIRECTOR University, Chief Information Officer, CUNY Kathleen Kennedy Knies, Museum of History & Industry, Communications and Marketing, CUNY Tara Jean Hickman, Educational Associate, LaGuardia and Kathleen Cohen, San Jose State University Seattle Vanda Stevenson, Business Office/Accounting, LaGuardia Wagner Archives, Phyllis Cohen, Municipal Arts Society John Kotowski, Director of City Relations, Office of University Community College, CUNY LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Phyllis Collazzo, Permissions, The New York Times Relations, CUNY Michael Swanson, University of North Dakota Theresa Desmond, Special Assistant to the Chancellor and Senior Paul Lasewicz, IBM Shanequa Terry, Executive Assistant to the Senior Vice Chancellor ADMINISTRATION Writer, CUNY Susanna Leberman, Huntsville Madison County Public Library, for University Relations, CUNY Eduvina Estrella, Assistant to the Director, LaGuardia and Stephanie Doba, Newspaper in Education Manager, The New York Huntsville, AL Robert Thomas, New York University Wagner Archives, Times Knowledge Network Janet Lieberman, Professor Emerita, LaGuardia Community Kaylen Thorpe, Systems Administrator, CUNY Institute for LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Allan Dobrin, Executive Vice Chancellor and Chief Operating College, CUNY Software Design and Development Officer, CUNY Samuel Lieberman, Student, SUNY Purchase Ashley Till, South Carolina State University WEB DESIGN Christopher Donnelly, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laura Linke, Cornell University Anne Turkos, University of Maryland Livia Nieves, Web Designer, CUNY Michelle Drobik, Ohio State University Stanley Litow, Vice President, Corporate Citizenship and United States Army Coi E. Drummond-Gehrig, Denver Public Library Corporate Affairs & President, IBM International Foundation Robin Walker, International Longshore & Warehouse Union CALENDAR DESIGN A.Craig Dunn, Partnership Director, Education, The New York Susan Lyddon, Director of Marketing and Communications, Adam Watson, State Library and Archives of Florida Abigail Sturges, Sturges Design Times LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Lisa Gandolfi Werling, University of New Orleans Lynn Eaton, Duke University Carlie Magill, University of Montana Jon Williams, Hagley Museum and Library LAGUARDIA AND WAGNER ARCHIVES STAFF Robert Edelstein, Marketing, The New York Times Mail Center Staff, LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Bob Winans Jean Elliott, JPMorgan Chase Carolyn Marr, Museum of History and Industry, Seattle Stan Wolfson, Office of University Relations, CUNY Soraya Ciego-Lemur Richard Elliott, Vice President for Administration, LaGuardia Gretchen Martin, Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C. Tusha Yakovleva, Eagle Street Rooftop Farms Press Douglas Di Carlo Community College, CUNY Diane McNulty, Executive Director, Corporate Communications, Maureen Drennan Jackie Esposito, Penn State University The New York Times THIS PUBLICATION IS MADE POSSIBLE IN PART Oleg Kleban Randy Fader-Smith, Marketing and Communications Office, Hourig Messerlian, Deputy to the Secretary, CUNY Board of BY GRANTS FROM Miki Masuda LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Trustees Brian Portararo THE MAYOR’S OFFICE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK Susan Farkas, President, Farkas Media Emily Moazami, Smithsonian American Art Museum Juan Rodriguez Michael Bloomberg, Mayor Sharon Forde, Office of University Relations, CUNY John Mogulescu, Senior University Dean for Academic Affairs Michael Rothbard Patricia Harris, First Deputy Mayor Mark Fritsch, University of Montana and Dean of the School for Professional Studies, CUNY Jean Carlos Sanchez Cynthia Gehring, Michigan State University Barbara Morley, Cornell University THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK Matthew Glover, Mississippi Department of Archives and History Premilla Nadasen, Queens College, CUNY EDITORIAL SCHOLARS Erika Gottfried, New York University National Archives and Records Administration Christine Quinn, Speaker Carol Groneman, Professor Emerita, John Jay College and Monica Gray, New York State Archives Livia Nieves, Web Designer, CUNY Leroy Comrie, Deputy Majority Leader The Graduate Center, CUNY Patricia Gray, Director of Corporate Relations and Special Events, Elizabeth Novara, University of Maryland Domenic M. Recchia, Jr., Chair, Finance Committee Gerald Markowitz, Distinguished Professor, John Jay College and Office of University Relations, CUNY Felice Nudelman, Executive Director, Education, The New York Ydanis Rodriguez, Chair, Higher Education Committee The Graduate Center, CUNY Joan Greenbaum, Professor Emerita, LaGuardia Community Times James Van Bramer, Council Member College, CUNY Rene Ontal, Faculty Experts Service, Office of University CONSULTING SCHOLARS Stafford Gregoire, LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Relations, CUNY JPMORGAN CHASE Joshua Brown, Executive Director, American Social History Cynthia Ham, Clark Atlanta University Art Gallery José Orengo, Executive Director for College Advancement, Jamie Dimon, Chairman and C.E.O. Project, CUNY Graduate Center Teresa Hamann, University of Montana LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Leonard Colica, Senior Vice President Blanche Wiesen Cook, Distinguished Professor, John Jay College, Curt Hanson, University of North Dakota Catherine Rakowski, West Virginia University Kimberly Davis, Senior Vice President CUNY Kara Heffernan, Managing Director, CUNY Institute for Software Mark Renovitch, FDR Presidential Library Michael Nevins, Senior Vice President Joshua Freeman, CUNY Graduate Center and Queens College, Design and Development Chelsea Rhadigan, Artists Rights Society Timothy G. Noble, Senior Vice President CUNY Ana María Hernández, Education & Language Acquisition Ed Rhodes, Campaign Officer, Marketing, Invest in CUNY Kim Jasmin, Vice President Department, LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Campaign Office Copyright © 2011 The City University of New York SPECIAL THANKS Nancy Hines, University of Washington Eneida Rivas, College and Community Relations Office, The “Unforgiving Economy” Web site and calendar did not involve Christopher Alexander, LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Thomas Hladek, Executive Director of Finance and Business, LaGuardia Community College, CUNY the reporting or editing staff of The New York Times. Tom Angotti, Hunter College, CUNY LaGuardia Community College, CUNY Eric Robinson, Reference Librarian, New-York Historical Society Delta County, Colorado, 1940 LaGuardia and Wagner Archives