University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 1991 A Consideration of the Development and Conservation of Metal- Skeleton Buildings: 1884-1932 Lori Wynne Plavin University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Plavin, Lori Wynne, "A Consideration of the Development and Conservation of Metal-Skeleton Buildings: 1884-1932" (1991). Theses (Historic Preservation). 334. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/334 Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Plavin, Lori Wynne (1991). A Consideration of the Development and Conservation of Metal-Skeleton Buildings: 1884-1932. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/334 For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Consideration of the Development and Conservation of Metal-Skeleton Buildings: 1884-1932 Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Plavin, Lori Wynne (1991). A Consideration of the Development and Conservation of Metal-Skeleton Buildings: 1884-1932. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/334 UNIVERSITY^ PENNSYL\^^NL\ UBKARIE5 A CONSroERATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION OF METAL-SKELETON BUILDINGS: 1884-1932 Lori Wynne Plavin A THESIS The Graduate Program in Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE 1991 7 > C3I3t>r-<--^->«— Samuel Y. Harris, Adjunct Associate Professor, Historic Preservation Advisor David Hollenberg/Le\lurer, Historic Preservation Reader FINE ARTS -\^{)x\m\Ul^\ UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA LIBRARES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First I must express my gratitude to Dr. David DeLong, the Chairman of the Historic Preservation program, for the existence and character of the program here at the University of Pennsylvania. For all of their suggestions and encouragement, I thank Samuel Y. Harris, my Advisor, and David Hollenberg, my Reader. I am also indebted to both Dr. Roger Moss and Frank Matero for helping to determine the scope and direction of this thesis. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the conservators and engineers who were so generous with their time and resources: Dr. Alan Pense and William D. Michalerya, The Center for Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems (ATLSS) at Lehigh University; Kimball Beasley, Wiss Janney Elsmer Associates; Dr. Mario Salvadori, Weidlinger Associates; Raymond M. Pepi, Building Conservation Associates; Robert Silman, Robert Silman Associates; and finally Elizabeth English -- for her interest, suggestions, and her invaluable proof-reading. I sincerely thank Victor Pepenelli, PSFS Building Manager, for his unflagging interest and assistance with my study of the PSFS Building. I am also grateful to Craig Thigpen, PSFS Building Architect-in- Residence; V. Chapman-Smith, Archivist; and Bea Jennifer, for their accessibility and aid the numerous times I called on them. Finally, I must express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents, Jerry and Pearl Plavin and my siblings, Jody, Benjamin, and Matthew for being so patient and supportive, and to my future husband, Marcos Salganicoff, for his steadfast support and faith. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii FIGURES V INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: NOTES TOWARD A HISTORY OF METAL-SKELETON BUILDINGS OF 1884-1932 3 1.1 Before the Skeleton 5 1.2 Metal-Skeleton Buildings: 1884-1932 8 1.21 Columns and Connections 9 1.22 Corrosion Protection 16 1.23 Exterior Walls 17 1.24 Fireproofing 19 1.25 Flooring Systems/Trusses 20 1.26 Foundations 24 1.27 Roofing 26 1.28 Wind Bracing 28 CHAPTER 2: NOTES TOWARD THE conservation of METAL-SKELETON BUILDINGS OF 1884-1932 Part 1: Causes of Failures in Buildings 32 2.1 32 34 36 37 37 38 40 41 41 42 43 45 48 49 CHAPTER 4: THE PSFS BUILDING - A CASE STUDY 61 4.1 A Bit of History 62 4.2 Physical Description of the Building 4.21 Dimensions and Massing 63 4.22 Materials 63 4.23 The Structure 64 4.3 Summary of Previous Problems and Maintenance 66 4.4 Survey of Conditions of Exterior Walls and Roofs 67 4.41 Limestone 68 4.42 Granite 68 4.43 Brick 68 4.44 Roofs 4.5 Analysis of Findings and Conclusions 70 4.6 Illustrations 72 North Elevation - Materials 73 - History of Maintenance 74 - Conditions 75 East Elevation - Materials 76 - History of Maintenance 77 - Conditions 78 South Elevation - Materials 79 - History of Maintenance 80 - Conditions 81 West Elevation - Materials 82 - History of Maintenance 83 - Conditions 84 Roofs - Materials and Conditions 85 4.7 Photographs 86 CHAPTERS: CONCLUSIONS 103 APPENDIX 1: SYSTEMS USED FROM 1884 TO 1932, CHRONOLOGICALLY BY BUILDING 105 APPENDIX 2: SUMMARIES OF SELECTED CASE STUDIES 138 Structural Assessments of Metal-Skeleton Buildings During Demolition Foundation Settlements APPENDIX 3: RECORDS PERTAINING TO PSFS MAINTENANCE 142 BIBLIOGRAPHY 148 : HGURES Figure 1: Chocolate Factory of Menier, in France. Salnier. 1873 6 Figure 2: The Formation of a Rivet 10 Figure 3: Column Splices. Direct and Filler Plates 11 Figure 4: Examples of Z-Bar Columns 12 Figure 5: Examples of Connections to Z-bar Columns 12 Figure 6: Phoenix Column 13 Figure 7: Example of Connection to Phoenix Column 13 Figure 8: Plate and Angle Columns 13 Figure 9: Example of Connection to Plate and Angle Column 13 Figure 10: Larimer Columns with Collarplate and Angle Connections 14 Figure 1 1 Larimer Column Used in Newberry Library 14 Figure 12: Gray Column 14 Figure 13: Keystone Octagonal Column 15 Figure 14: Cross-section of Grey Beam 15 Figure 15: Methods of Fireproofing Columns 20 Figure 16: Brick-arch Floor Construction 21 Figure 17: Floor Arch from the Home Insurance Building 21 Figure 18: Lee Arch 22 Figure 19: Johnson's Patent Hat Arch 23 Figure 20: Corrugated Metal Arch Flooring 23 Figure 21: Built-up Roofing on a Concrete Deck 27 Figure 22: Types of Wind Bracing 30 Figure 23: Examples of Early (Crystal Palace) and Later Portal-firame Wind Bracing 31 Figure 24: The PSFS Building 61 INTRODUCTION The metal-skeleton building is a recent development in the world of architecture relative to more traditional materials such as stone and wood and their systems. The year 1884 marks the erection of the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, considered by many to be the first skyscraper. Although the attribution of the title "First Skyscraper^" has been a source of disagreement then as now, the building, designed by William LeBaron Jenney, was truly a landmark building in the history of metal-skeleton buildings -- completely fireproofed and the first to contain steel as a primary structural element. The Home Insurance BuUding heralded in an era of experimentation with new designs and materials and adaptation of the systems of other structural types (bridges, ships, railroads). During the following decades many metal-skeleton buildings^ were designed and erected, their propagation slowing in the 'teens and late 1920s/early 1930s due to economic factors and world events. Many of the buildings built in the 1930s had been planned much earlier; new building was uncommon. Construction slowed almost to a stop in the 1930s and did not pick up again until after World War 11.^ The PSFS Building of Philadelphia, designed by Howe and Lescaze, was completed in 1932, one of the last buildings to be built in this era. Included, before the building was finished, in The International Style, the book^ and Museum of Modem Art exhibit by Henry Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson, the PSFS was seen to be a prototype of, if not a participant in, this previously European movement in America. The building had elements which anticipated the future movement of metal-skeleton buildings such as the articulation of columns (on two facades). Built with masonry cladding on shelf angles, without cavity walls or expansion joints, and with riveted connections, however, the systems of the building belonged to the earlier era of metal-skeleton buildings which is the subject of study in this thesis. ^ "Skyscrapers" are often defined as those buildings which contain a loadbearing fireproofed steel frame, are tall, and contain elevators. Since the definition of tall, and therefore use of the term "skyscraper," is relative to temporal and geographic factors, the more consistent term "steel-skeleton" is used in this study. The skyscraper may be considered a type of steel-skeleton building. 2 In using the term "metal skeleton," this author is referring to those buildings of metal (cast iron, wrought iron, and/or steel) -frame construction in which internal and external loads are transmitted through the frame to foundations in the ground. The metal-skeleton buildings discussed in this study are ten stories high or higher. ^ In the 1934 edition of the Chicago Daily News Almanac, it was revealed that building space vacant as of January 1933 was 21.3% in New York, 25.5% in Chicago, 31.5% in Philadelphia, and 38.1% in Detroit The conclusion that was drawn from these figures by Robins Fleming, an engineer and author of many articles about steel- skeleton buildings in engineering magazines, was that: "It is hardly probable that more high buildings will be constructed until a marked percentage of these vacancies is filled." Robins Fleming, "A Half Century of the Skyscraper," Civil Engineering vol.4, no. 12 (December 1934),638. ^ Henry Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson, The International Style: Architecture Since 1922 (New York:W. W. Norton & Company Inc,1932) The cladding of metal-skeleton buildings from 1884 to 1932, however, was with the dimension stone, cast stone, brick, and terra cotta of masonry load-bearing buildings, albeit used in a somewhat different manner.