DOCSLIB.ORG

Making Their Voices Heard: the Nahua Fight to Secure Agenty

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Making Their Voices Heard: the Nahua Fight to Secure Agenty MAKING THEIR VOICES HEARD: THE NAHUA FIGHT TO SECURE AGENTY THROUGH THE SPANISH COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM 1575-1820 A Master’s Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts, History By Micaela Wiehe July 2021 Copyright 2021 by Micaela Wiehe ii MAKING THEIR VOICES HEARD: THE NAHUA FIGHT TO SECURE AGENCY THROUGH THE SPANISH COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM, 1525-1820 History Missouri State University, July 2021 Master of Arts Micaela Wiehe ABSTRACT This thesis examines the evolution of the Spanish colonial legal system from 1525-1820 and analyzes the way that the indigenous Nahua people influenced, manipulated, and commanded a powerful conversation with their distant King through interactions with and within the law. By analyzing the extant Spanish colonial legal documents including court records, indigenous codices, land titles, and more, this thesis will attempt to support the theory that the indigenous people in New Spain maneuvered within the many facets of the Spanish legal system to establish themselves as powerful legal actors regaining a significant portion of the freedom taken from them during the Spanish conquest. By taking this revisionist view on the development of Spanish colonial law that focuses on the indigenous influence, the thesis presents the reader with a more comprehensive understanding of colonial development in New Spain; and a more accurate representation of how the indigenous peoples of New Spain transitioned from passive objects of conquest into active Spanish vassals and legal actors shaping, transforming, and adapting Spanish colonial law. KEYWORDS: Nahuas, New Spain, legal cultures, General Indian Court, indigenous legal agency iii MAKING THEIR VOICES HEARD: THE NAHUA FIGHT TO SECURE AGENCY THROUGH THE SPANISH COLONIAL LEGAL SYSTEM, 1575-1820 By Micaela Wiehe A Master’s Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College Of Missouri State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts, History July 2021 Approved: John F. Chuchiak IV, Ph.D., Thesis Committee Chair Djene Bajalan, Ph.D., Committee Member Heidi Backus, Ph.D., Committee Member Julie Masterson, Ph.D., Dean of the Graduate College In the interest of academic freedom and the principle of free speech, approval of this thesis indicates the format is acceptable and meets the academic criteria for the discipline as determined by the faculty that constitute the thesis committee. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis advisor Professor John F. Chuchiak IV for his continuous support through my master’s study, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my master’s program. From the bottom of my heart, I thank you for helping me discover my life’s great passion and at every turn, providing me with the steppingstones to be successful in pursuing this dream. Besides my advisor, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Dr. Heidi Backes and Dr. Djene Rhys Bajalan for their encouragement, insightful comments, and probing questions that helped create this thesis project. These two both played integral parts in helping me explore and define my research interests. Finally, I would like to extend my gratitude to the following people, without whom I would not have been able to complete this research, and without whom I would not have made it through my master’s degree: Patrick Parnell, Director of International Services, for the funding opportunity to undertake my studies fully funded at Missouri State University. Additionally, I would like to express gratitude to the Study Away Office of MSU for their invaluable support, direction, and help in getting me to Mexico so many times. I would lastly like to thank my dear study mates, colleagues, and lifelong friends – Emma Farley, Carlos Farfán, Adriana Fritz, and Emma Sullivan for a cherished time spent together at Missouri State. And my biggest thanks to my family for all the support they have shown me through this research, the culmination of three years of course work, graduate assistant work, living abroad, multiple moves, a pandemic, distance learning, and everything in between. Mom, thank you for teaching me to love to learn. Thank you for all the years of reading stories together and for lighting an insatiable curiosity in my heart. For my dear Mike, you more than anyone know the sacrifices made to complete this project. I could never put into words how thankful I am for all your support in the form of making late night dinners, listening to frustrated rants, wiping tired tears, and being genuinely excited for every dream I have. You have been amazing, and I hope you’re ready for round two starting next year! Here’s to being each other’s forever cheerleader. All my love. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Page 1 Main Goals and Overview of this Thesis Page 6 Major Sources Consulted for this Thesis Page 11 Chapter One: Los Misérables y Pobres: The Historiography of the Page 19 Nahua Relationship with Spanish Colonial Law An Analysis of the First Hand Accounts (FHA) and the Page 20 Development of the Historiography of this Legal Relationship Bourbon Era Ideological Shift on Indigenous Legal Page 27 Status/Action Twentieth Century Era and Shift in examination of Egalitarian Page 30 Colonial Representation Recent Studies on the Nahua’s Actual Role in Colonial Legal Page 37 System Chapter Two: Conquest and Vasallaje: Rights and Obligations of Page 42 Nahua Vassals in the Kingdom of New Spain Indigenous Rights and Obligations: The Foundation of Law Page 46 Spanish Conquest and the Origins of the Colonial Order Page 48 Nahua Culture Pre-Conquest: Society, Law, and Economy Page 50 The Spanish Conquest and Aftermath Page 54 Developing a Concept of Indigenous Rights Page 57 Needing Protection: The Creation of the Protector de los Page 59 Indios, 1516 A New Colonial Law: Leyes de Burgos, 1512 Page 61 A Long History of Legal Protection: The Role of the Siete Page 64 Partidas (1265) in Colonial Law Legal Classification of Minority Status: Misérables and Pobres Page 66 Rights and Obligations: Nahua Rights to Land Page 68 Rights and Obligations: Nahua Rights of Labor Page 69 A New Social Order: The Developing Colonial Legal Process Page 71 Theory versus Practice: These Ideologies on the Local Level Page 75 Chapter Three: From Tecuhtli to Gobernador: The Postconquest Page 78 Survival of Nahua Indigenous Nobility and their Role as Cultural Mediators The History of Indigenous Nobility Page 83 A New Political Order: The Changing Nature of Colonial Page 92 Government, 1545-1580 From Tecuhtli to Gobernador: Political Influence of Elite Page 94 Nahua Caciques The Colonial Service of the Indigenous Nobility Page 100 Legacy of the Indigenous Elite Page 102 vi Chapter Four: A Legal Asset for the Indigenous Struggle for Justice: Page 104 The Creation of the General Indian Court Conflicting Jurisdictions and the Need for Change Page 108 Creating the Juzgado General de Indios (General Indian Court) Page 113 What did the General Indian Court Provide? Page 118 Tracking the Case Law: What the Case Files Represent Page 128 Protecting and Expanding Communal Rights: The Land Cases Page 129 Defending against Spanish Abuse Cases Page 131 Fair Wages for a Days Work: Labor Abuse Cases Page 132 Chapter Five: From Ramo de Indios to Las Leyes de Indias: Forging a Page 134 Powerful and Reciprocal Legal Relationship with the Crown The Juridical Nature of the General Indian Court: A System Page 137 Designed to Allow for Change Analyzing this Proposed Trend of Recorded Data (Ramo de Page 138 Indios – AGN) How the data is organized: An Examination of the Data Page 139 General Discussion of the Data Trends Page 145 The Pre-General Indian Court Years, 1575-1592 in the Ramo Page 145 de Indios A Comparative Review of the Royal Cédulas in the Leyes de Page 153 Indias issued during this first period, 1574-1592 The Cases in the Ramo de Indios during the Early General Page 158 Indian Court Period, 1592-1650 A Comparative Review of the Royal Cédulas in the Leyes de Page 167 Indias issued during this second period, 1592-1650 The Mid-Colonial Period of the General Indian Court, 1650- Page 170 1750 in the Ramo de Indios A Comparative Review of the Royal Cédulas in the Leyes de Page 182 Indias issued during this third period, 1650-1750 The Bourbon Reforms and the Late Colonial Period in the Page 186 Ramo de Indios, 1750-1820 A Comparative Review of the Royal Cédulas in the Leyes de Page 194 Indias issued during this final fourth period, 1750-1820 Conclusion: Overall Data Trends Page 197 Conclusion: The Bourbon Era, the End of Indigenous Privilege, and Page 200 Beyond The Bourbon Reforms and the Independence Movements in Page 203 Indigenous Communities Bourbon Legal Reforms: The General Indian Court, El Page 209 Protector, and the Native Elite What did this Legal and Political Shift Represent? Page 215 Bibliography Page 219 Primary Source Archival Documents Page 219 vii Published Primary Source Documents Page 223 Secondary Sources Page 226 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Legal Categories of Cases Before the General Indian Court from Page 129 August- September 1784 Table 2. Legal Categories of Cases Brought Before the General Indian Court Page 146 from 1572-1595 Table 3. Legal Categories of Cases Brought Before the General Indian Court from 1592-1650 Page 158 Table 4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Justo Sierra “El Maestro De América”
    13 JUSTO SIERRA “EL MAESTRO DE AMÉRICA”. FUNDADOR DE LA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE MÉXICO Javier Ocampo López1 Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Grupo de Investigación – HISULA [email protected] Recepción: 22/09/2010 Evaluación: 12/10/2010 Aceptación: 18/1/2010 Artículo de Reflexión RESUMEN Uno de los grandes educadores de México en los años de transición entre los siglos XIX y XX fue el humanista Justo Sierra Méndez, fundador de la Universidad Nacional de México, actual UNAM. Se distinguió por sus ideas positivistas de libertad, orden y progreso que proyectó en la educación mexicana del Porfiriato. Gran escritor y pedagogo de los textos escolares para los niños mexicanos, a quienes inculcó el “amor a la patria”. Esta investigación se interesa por el estudio de sus ideas educativas que impulsaron la libertad, el orden y el progreso en la mentalidad de las nuevas generaciones que hicieron la nueva Revolución política y social, que señaló el cambio hacia la modernización de México en el mundo contemporáneo. Palabras clave: Positivismo, Juarismo, Porfiriato, Grupo de los científicos, Escuela Preparatoria, Universidad Nacional, Textos escolares, Romanticismo, Laicismo, Evolución política, Ateneo de la Juventud, Revolución Mexicana. 1 Doctor en Historia, es profesor del Doctorado en Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia – RUDECOLOMBIA, miembro de la Academia Boyacense de Historia y del grupo de investigación HISULA. Rev. hist. edu. latinoam. Vol. 15. Año 2010, pp. 13 - 38 14 Justo Sierra “El Maestro de América” JUSTO SIERRA “THE PROFESSOR FROM AMERICA”. FOUNDER OF THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MÉXICO Javier Ocampo López Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia HISULA Research Group [email protected] ABSTRACT One of the big educators of Mexico in the years of transition between the nineteenth and twentieth century was the humanist Justo Sierra Méndez, founder of the National University of Mexico, current UNAM.
    [Show full text]
  • Biografía De Fray Juan De Torquemada
    BIOGRAFÍA DE FRAY JUAN DE TORQUEMADA MIGUEL LEÓN-PORTILLA OS NO MUY NUMEROSOS INVESTIGADORES QUE se han ocu­ pado con cierto detenimiento de la obra de Torquemada coinciden en reconocer que sigue echándose de menos una adecuada biografía de éste. La explicación que aducen de tal carencia es la relativa pobreza de noticias acerca de la vida de fray Juan en las fuentes al alcance. Así, buscando apoyo en lo que sobre Torquemada escribieron estu­ diosos como Mariano Beristáin de Souza, José Fernando Ramírez, Joaquín García Icazba1ceta, Hubert H. Bancroft y Luis González Obregón,l se han reiterado varias veces los mismos testimonios citados por ellos y aun hipótesis muy parecidas a las que dichos autores se forjaron para esclarecer lo que a punto fijo no se ha podido precisar. Por mi· parte no me ufano de haber reunido testimonios capaces de iluminar cabalmente la persona y la actuación de Torquemada. Pienso, sin embargo que, examinando con más detenimiento las fuen­ tes ya antes conocidas y otras hasta ahora no tomadas en cuenta y que he podido reunir, resulta posible intentar una nueva forma de acercamiento a lo más sobresaliente en la vida de nuestro autor. Con­ sidero, por tanto, necesario -antes de ofrecer este esquema biográfico acerca de Torquemada- enumerar y valorar cuáles son los testimo­ nios primarios que, en este trabajo, habrán de servirnos de base. 1 José Mariano Beristáin de Souza, Biblioteca Hispano-americana septentrional, 5 V., México, Fuente Cultural, 1947, t. 5, p. 37-38. José Fernando Ramfrez, "Fray Juan de Torquemada", Obras, México, Biblioteca de autores mexicanos, Imprenta.
    [Show full text]
  • Symbol of Conquest, Alliance, and Hegemony
    SYMBOL OF CONQUEST, ALLIANCE, AND HEGEMONY: THE IMAGE OF THE CROSS IN COLONIAL MEXICO by ZACHARY WINGERD Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON August 2008 Copyright © by Zachary Wingerd 2008 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I offer thanks to Dr. Dennis Reinhartz, Dr. Kenneth Philp, Dr. Richard Francaviglia, and Dr. Joseph Bastien who agreed to sit on my dissertation committee and guide my research and writing. Special thanks are given to Dr. Douglas Richmond who encouraged my topic from the very beginning and as the committee chair actively supported my endeavor. May 1, 2008 iii DEDICATED TO MY LOVING WIFE AND SONS Lindsey, Josh, and Jamie iv ABSTRACT SYMBOL OF CONQUEST, ALLIANCE, AND HEGEMONY: THE IMAGE OF THE CROSS IN COLONIAL MEXICO Zachary Wingerd, PhD. The University of Texas at Arlington, 2008 Supervising Professor: Douglas Richmond The universality of the cross image within the transatlantic confrontation meant not only a hegemony of culture, but of symbolism. The symbol of the cross existed in both European and American societies hundreds of years before Columbus. In both cultures, the cross was integral in religious ceremony, priestly decoration, and cosmic maps. As a symbol of life and death, of human and divine suffering, of religious and political acquiescence, no other image in transatlantic history has held such a perennial, powerful message as the cross. For colonial Mexico, which felt the brunt of Spanish initiative, the symbol of the cross penetrated the autochthonous culture out of which the independent nation and indigenous church were born.
    [Show full text]
  • Permanent War on Peru's Periphery: Frontier Identity
    id2653500 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com ’S PERIPHERY: FRONT PERMANENT WAR ON PERU IER IDENTITY AND THE POLITICS OF CONFLICT IN 17TH CENTURY CHILE. By Eugene Clark Berger Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in History August, 2006 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Date: Jane Landers August, 2006 Marshall Eakin August, 2006 Daniel Usner August, 2006 íos Eddie Wright-R August, 2006 áuregui Carlos J August, 2006 id2725625 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com HISTORY ’ PERMANENT WAR ON PERU S PERIPHERY: FRONTIER IDENTITY AND THE POLITICS OF CONFLICT IN 17TH-CENTURY CHILE EUGENE CLARK BERGER Dissertation under the direction of Professor Jane Landers This dissertation argues that rather than making a concerted effort to stabilize the Spanish-indigenous frontier in the south of the colony, colonists and indigenous residents of 17th century Chile purposefully perpetuated the conflict to benefit personally from the spoils of war and use to their advantage the resources sent by viceregal authorities to fight it. Using original documents I gathered in research trips to Chile and Spain, I am able to reconstruct the debates that went on both sides of the Atlantic over funds, protection from ’ th pirates, and indigenous slavery that so defined Chile s formative 17 century. While my conclusions are unique, frontier residents from Paraguay to northern New Spain were also dealing with volatile indigenous alliances, threats from European enemies, and questions about how their tiny settlements could get and keep the attention of the crown.
    [Show full text]
  • Juárez, Díaz, and the End of the "Unifying Liberal Myth" in 1906 Oaxaca John Radley Milstead East Tennessee State University
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2012 Party of the Century: Juárez, Díaz, and the End of the "Unifying Liberal Myth" in 1906 Oaxaca John Radley Milstead East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Latin American History Commons Recommended Citation Milstead, John Radley, "Party of the Century: Juárez, Díaz, and the End of the "Unifying Liberal Myth" in 1906 Oaxaca" (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1441. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1441 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Party of the Century: Juárez, Díaz, and the End of the "Unifying Liberal Myth" in 1906 Oaxaca _____________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts of History _____________________ by John Radley Milstead May 2012 _____________________ Daniel Newcomer, Chair Brian Maxson Steven Nash Keywords: Liberalism, Juárez, Díaz ABSTRACT Party of the Century: Juárez, Díaz, and the End of the "Unifying Liberal Myth" in 1906 Oaxaca by John Radley Milstead I will analyze the posthumous one-hundredth birthday celebration of former Mexican president and national hero, Benito Juárez, in 1906 Oaxaca City, Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Dynamics of Human Empires
    Quantitative Dynamics of Human Empires Cesare Marchetti and Jesse H. Ausubel FOREWORD Humans are territorial animals, and most wars are squabbles over territory. become global. And, incidentally, once a month they have their top managers A basic territorial instinct is imprinted in the limbic brain—or our “snake meet somewhere to refresh the hierarchy, although the formal motives are brain” as it is sometimes dubbed. This basic instinct is central to our daily life. to coordinate business and exchange experiences. The political machinery is Only external constraints can limit the greedy desire to bring more territory more viscous, and we may have to wait a couple more generations to see a under control. With the encouragement of Andrew Marshall, we thought it global empire. might be instructive to dig into the mechanisms of territoriality and their role The fact that the growth of an empire follows a single logistic equation in human history and the future. for hundreds of years suggests that the whole process is under the control In this report, we analyze twenty extreme examples of territoriality, of automatic mechanisms, much more than the whims of Genghis Khan namely empires. The empires grow logistically with time constants of tens to or Napoleon. The intuitions of Menenius Agrippa in ancient Rome and of hundreds of years, following a single equation. We discovered that the size of Thomas Hobbes in his Leviathan may, after all, be scientifically true. empires corresponds to a couple of weeks of travel from the capital to the rim We are grateful to Prof. Brunetto Chiarelli for encouraging publication using the fastest transportation system available.
    [Show full text]
  • Porfirian Influence on Mexican Journalism: an Enduring Legacy of Economic Control
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1987 Porfirian influence on Mexican journalism: An enduring legacy of economic control Steve Devitt The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Devitt, Steve, "Porfirian influence on Mexican journalism: An enduring legacy of economic control" (1987). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5085. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5085 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th is is an unpublished m a nu scr ipt in w hich c o pyr ig ht s u b s is t s . Any further r e p r in t in g of it s contents must be APPROVED BY THE AUTHOR. Ma n s f ie l d L ibrary Un iv e r s it y of Montana D a t e :____ 1_ THE PORFIRIAN INFLUENCE ON MEXICAN JOURNALISM: AN ENDURING LEGACY OF ECONOMIC CONTROL by Steve Devitt B.A., Eastern Montana College, 1971 Presented in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Journalism University of Montana 1987 Approved by Graduate School UMI Number: EP40549 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing 'Race': the Catholic Church and the Evolution of Racial Categories and Gender in Colonial Mexico, 1521-1700
    CONSTRUCTING ‘RACE’: THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE EVOLUTION OF RACIAL CATEGORIES AND GENDER IN COLONIAL MEXICO, 1521-1700 _______________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History University of Houston _______________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________ By Alexandria E. Castillo August, 2017 i CONSTRUCTING ‘RACE’: THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE EVOLUTION OF RACIAL CATEGORIES AND GENDER IN COLONIAL MEXICO, 1521-1700 _______________ An Abstract of a Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History University of Houston _______________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________ By Alexandria E. Castillo August, 2017 ii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the role of the Catholic Church in defining racial categories and construction of the social order during and after the Spanish conquest of Mexico, then New Spain. The Catholic Church, at both the institutional and local levels, was vital to Spanish colonization and exercised power equal to the colonial state within the Americas. Therefore, its interests, specifically in connection to internal and external “threats,” effected New Spain society considerably. The growth of Protestantism, the Crown’s attempts to suppress Church influence in the colonies, and the power struggle between the secular and regular orders put the Spanish Catholic Church on the defensive. Its traditional roles and influence in Spanish society not only needed protecting, but reinforcing. As per tradition, the Church acted as cultural center once established in New Spain. However, the complex demographic challenged traditional parameters of social inclusion and exclusion which caused clergymen to revisit and refine conceptions of race and gender.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico and Spain on the Eve of Encounter
    4 Mexico and Spain on the Eve of Encounter In comparative history, the challenge is to identify significant factors and the ways in which they are related to observed outcomes. A willingness to draw on historical data from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean will be essen- tial in meeting this challenge. — Walter Scheidel (2016)1 uring the decade before Spain’s 1492 dynastic merger and launching of Dtrans- Atlantic expeditions, both the Aztec Triple Alliance and the joint kingdoms of Castile and Aragón were expanding their domains through con- quest. During the 1480s, the Aztec Empire gained its farthest flung province in the Soconusco region, located over 500 miles (800 km) from the Basin of Mexico near the current border between Mexico and Guatemala. It was brought into the imperial domain of the Triple Alliance by the Great Speaker Ahuitzotl, who ruled from Tenochtitlan, and his younger ally and son- in- law Nezahualpilli, of Texcoco. At the same time in Spain, the allied Catholic Monarchs Isabela of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragón were busy with military campaigns against the southern emirate of Granada, situated nearly the same distance from the Castilian heartland as was the Soconusco from the Aztec heartland. The unification of the kingdoms ruled by Isabela and Ferdinand was in some sense akin to the reunifi- cation of Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior of the early Roman period.2 The conquest states of Aztec period Mexico and early modern Spain were the product of myriad, layered cultural and historical processes and exchanges. Both were, of course, ignorant of one another, but the preceding millennia of societal developments in Mesoamerica and Iberia set the stage for their momentous en- counter of the sixteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuauhtémoc's Heirs the Ordenanza Del Señor Cuauhtémoc Re-Visited In
    CUAUHTÉMOC’s HEIRS AMOS MEGGED The Ordenanza del Señor Cuauhtémoc Re-Visited In a recent study of the famous Ordenanza del señor Cuauhtémoc Perla Valle and Rafael Tena provide us with a scrupulous analysis and an excellent translation of the full text, the glyphs, the various depictions and Náhuatl annotations, the historic personalities, hydraulic works, and local ecology, seen on the cadastral map of attached to this manuscript. Nonetheless, throughout her study, Valle voices doubts as to the authen- ticity of the given date of execution of this map, which was supposedly composed in 1523, still during Cuauhtémoc’s lifetime and by his order; she is absolutely right to lean towards a far more probable date of com- position, around 1560, and bases her doubts on the Náhuatl paleogra- phy, which is visibly that of the 1560s and not of the 1520s, as well as on the dating of the hydraulic works that appear there. The date of 1523 can possibly be associated with the entire process of upheaval that took place around Lake Texcoco concerning the division of the waters and lands around it during Cuauhtémoc’s captivity. Ending her study, Valle makes an important emphasis when she adheres towards viewing this manuscript as perhaps an inseparable part of the Primordial Titles’/Techialoyans’ genre.1 She may well refer there to what I would like to further address here, namely, the powerful sense of the longue durée that this particular manuscript as well as the rest of the sources studied below manifest in conjunction with what the ‘’supra- texts’’ of Lake Texcoco’s social memory expresses.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking the Conquest : an Exploration of the Similarities Between Pre-Contact Spanish and Mexica Society, Culture, and Royalty
    University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 2015 Rethinking the Conquest : an exploration of the similarities between pre-contact Spanish and Mexica society, culture, and royalty Samantha Billing University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©2015 Samantha Billing Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Latin American History Commons Recommended Citation Billing, Samantha, "Rethinking the Conquest : an exploration of the similarities between pre-contact Spanish and Mexica society, culture, and royalty" (2015). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 155. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/155 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by SAMANTHA BILLING 2015 All Rights Reserved RETHINKING THE CONQUEST: AN EXPLORATION OF THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PRE‐CONTACT SPANISH AND MEXICA SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND ROYALTY An Abstract of a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Samantha Billing University of Northern Iowa May 2015 ABSTRACT The Spanish Conquest has been historically marked by the year 1521 and is popularly thought of as an absolute and complete process of indigenous subjugation in the New World. Alongside this idea comes the widespread narrative that describes a barbaric, uncivilized group of indigenous people being conquered and subjugated by a more sophisticated and superior group of Europeans.
    [Show full text]
  • GLOBAL REGENTS REVIEW PACKET 10 - PAGE 1 of 23
    GLOBAL REGENTS REVIEW PACKET 10 - PAGE 1 of 23 THIS IS GLOBAL REGENTS REVIEW PACKET NUMBER TEN THE TOPICS OF STUDY IN THIS PACKET ARE: • MESOAMERICA – THE MAYAS, AZTECS, AND INCAS - This topic is divided into two parts. This packet covers both: 1) Geography’s Impact on Mesoamerica (The Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas) and South America (This topic is also covered in Regents Review Packet Number Two. See GEOGRAPHY IMPACTS HOW PEOPLE DEVELOP, Part 11.) 2) The Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas were highly developed, complex civilizations that used advanced technology. • THE AGE OF EXPLORATION - This topic is divided into seven parts. This packet covers the first two: 1) The Encounter 2) Portugal and Spain: The Search for a Water Route to the Spice Islands of East Asia Global Regents Review Packet #11 covers the last five parts. GLOBAL REGENTS REVIEW PACKET 10 - PAGE 2 of 23 MESOAMERICA - THE MAYAS, AZTECS, AND INCAS (divided into 2 parts) PART 1: Geography’s Impact on Mesoamerica (The Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas) and South America (This topic is also covered in Regents Review Packet Number Two. See GEOGRAPHY IMPACTS HOW PEOPLE DEVELOP, Part 11.) • The Andes Mountains and the Amazon River have influenced South Americaʼs economic and political development. How? These diverse landforms prevented Latin American unity, particularly during the era of the Latin American independence movements in the early 19th century. (The Latin American independence movements will be a topic featured in a future Regents Review Packet.) • A study of Aztec, Maya, and Inca agricultural systems would show that these civilizations adapted to their environments with creative farming techniques Mayas = slash and burn agriculture Aztecs = chinampas (floating gardens) Incas = terrace farming • The Andes Mountains had a great influence on the development of the Inca Empire.
    [Show full text]