Topics in Antiviral Medicine®
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Volume 19 Issue 2 May/June 2011 Topics in Antiviral Medicine® A publication of the IAS–USA Highlights of the 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Factors Influencing Virus–Host Cell Interplay 31 Mario Stevenson, PhD Viral Replication and Cell Cycle • Virologic Synapse: Sensitivity to Neutralization • HIV/Flavivirus GB Virus C Coinfection • Studies on Viral Uncoating • Viral Integration • Mechanisms of Latency • Cellular Restriction • Pathogenesis • Strategies for Viral Eradication HIV Vaccine Development 36 David I. Watkins, PhD Neutralizing Antibodies Against HIV • HIV-Specific Cellular Responses • Results From Vaccinated Monkeys After Heterologous Challenge HIV Epidemiology and Breakthroughs in Prevention 38 30 Years Into the AIDS Epidemic Susan P. Buchbinder, MD The US HIV Epidemic • Populations at High Risk of HIV-1 Acquisition • Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 • HIV Testing Strategies • HIV Prevention Strategies Central Nervous System Complications of HIV Infection 48 Serena S. Spudich, MD, and Beau M. Ances, MD, PhD Introduction—What’s in a Name? • New Biomarkers of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder • Neuropathogenesis of HIV and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection • Treatment With Antiretroviral or Adjunctive Therapies and Biomarkers of HIV-Associated Neurocognitve Disorder • Early Injury Complications of HIV Disease and Antiretroviral Therapy 58 Anne F. Luetkemeyer, MD, Diane V. Havlir, MD, and Judith S. Currier, MD Viral Hepatitis • Cardiovascular Disease • Bone Loss: Host Factors, Antiretroviral Drugs, or HIV Disease? • Lipodystrophy • Renal Disease • Malignancy • Tuberculosis • Cryptococcal Meningitis • Influenza A (H1N1) Advances in Antiretroviral Therapy 69 Barbara Taylor, MD, MS, Susan Olender, MD, Timothy J. Wilkin, MD, MPH, and Scott M. Hammer, MD Investigational Drugs • Clinical Trials of Antiretroviral Therapy in Treatment-Naive Patients • Clinical Trials of Antiretroviral Therapy in Treatment-Experienced Patients • Antiretroviral Treatment Strategies • Predictors of Antiretroviral Therapy Response From Large Cohort Studies • Antiretroviral Treatment in Resource-Limited Settings • Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Infection • Resistance • Pharmacokinetic Considerations IAS–USA Topics in Antiviral Medicine Topics in Antiviral Medicine® Editorial Board IAS–USA Board of Directors Douglas D. Richman, MD Steven G. Deeks, MD Constance A. Benson, MD Donna M. Jacobsen Editor in Chief Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine President/Executive Director Professor of Pathology and Medicine University of California San Francisco University of California San Diego International Antiviral Society–USA University of California San Diego and Roy M. Gulick, MD, MPH Peter C. Cassat, JD Douglas D. Richman, MD Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System Professor of Medicine Member Professor of Pathology and Medicine Constance A. Benson, MD Weill Medical College of Cornell University Dow Lohnes PLLC University of California San Diego and Special Contributions Editor Martin S. Hirsch, MD Judith S. Currier, MD Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine Michael S. Saag, MD University of California San Diego Harvard Medical School University of California Los Angeles Professor of Medicine Charles C. J. Carpenter, MD Daniel R. Kuritzkes, MD Carlos del Rio, MD The University of Alabama at Birmingham Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine Robert T. Schooley, MD Brown University School of Medicine Harvard Medical School Emory University Professor of Medicine Judith S. Currier, MD Joel E. Gallant, MD, MPH University of California San Diego Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine Paul A. Volberding, MD University of California Los Angeles The Johns Hopkins University Chief of the Medical Service Roy M. Gulick, MD, MPH San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine Staff and Contributors Weill Medical College of Cornell University University of California San Francisco Donna M. Jacobsen - Executive Editor Karen Lee - Editorial Coordinator Ann McGuire - Managing Editor Frank Paredes, Gregory Kaplowitz - Michelle Tayag Valderama - Production and Layout/Graphics Web Manager Eagle Press - Print and Mail Services Topics in Antiviral Medicine® Topics in Antiviral Medicine (formerly Topics in we do require that permission to reproduce or HIV Medicine) is published by the IAS–USA. This use any part of the journal be obtained from the journal is intended to be a resource for physi- IAS–USA. In the case of reprinted or adapted cians and other health care practitioners who materials where the IAS–USA does not own the are actively involved in the care of patients with copyright, permission to reproduce these materials HIV or other viral infections. must be obtained directly from the original source. For more information about reprints, please send Editorial Policy an e-mail to topics2011“at”iasusa.org. The views and opinions expressed in this journal are those of the contributors and do not neces- Subscription Information sarily reflect the views or recommendations of Topics in Antiviral Medicine is published 4 to 6 the IAS–USA. Topics in Antiviral Medicine is sup- times a year. To obtain a complimentary sub- Grant Support ported through educational grants from several scription or notify the IAS–USA of a change in commercial companies that are committed to address, please contact the IAS–USA at the ad- Support for the 2011 Improving supporting CME about HIV and other viral infec- dress listed below or use the Subscription Request/ the Management of HIV Disease tions. In the interest of an objective, balanced, Address Change form at the back of this issue. and scientifically rigorous publication, the IAS– continuing medical education (CME) USA seeks funding from companies with com- Correspondence program, including preparation of peting products; these companies have no input Topics in Antiviral Medicine welcomes editorial this issue, is from the following: or control over the journal content or the selec- correspondence. Address letters to: tion of contributors. Major Supporters All authors and contributors provide disclo- Editor, Topics in Antiviral Medicine sures of financial interests, and this information IAS–USA Gilead Sciences, Inc is available at the end of each article. 425 California Street, Suite 1450 Merck & Co, Inc This journal may contain information about San Francisco, CA 94104-2120 the investigational uses of drugs or products that are not approved by the US Food and Drug Ad- Phone: (415) 544-9400 Substantial Supporters ministration. Please consult full prescribing in- Fax: (415) 544-9401 Bristol-Myers Squibb formation before using any medication or prod- Web site: http://www.iasusa.org Tibotec Therapeutics uct mentioned in Topics in Antiviral Medicine. E-mail: topics2011“at”iasusa.org Financial Disclosures On the Web Generous Supporters Financial disclosures for members of the IAS– Current and previous issues of Topics in Antiviral Abbott Laboratories USA Board of Directors and the Editorial Board Medicine (as well as Topics in HIV Medicine) are ViiV Healthcare of Topics in Antiviral Medicine are available online available online at www.iasusa.org. at www.iasusa.org. ISSN 2161-5861 (Print) Copyrights and Reprints ISSN 2161-5853 (Online) The contents of Topics in Antiviral Medicine are protected by copyright. We welcome reference Printed in USA on acid-free paper to and use of portions of this journal; however, ©2011 IAS–USA IAS–USA Volume 19 Issue 2 May/June 2011 Topics in ® Antiviral Medicine A publication of the IAS–USA Highlights of the 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections Factors Influencing Virus–Host Cell Interplay 31 Mario Stevenson, PhD HIV Vaccine Development 36 David I. Watkins, PhD HIV Epidemiology and Breakthroughs in Prevention 38 30 Years into the AIDS Epidemic Susan P. Buchbinder, MD Central Nervous System Complications of HIV Infection 48 Serena S. Spudich, MD, and Beau M. Ances, MD, PhD Complications of HIV Disease and Antiretroviral Therapy 58 Anne F. Luetkemeyer, MD, Diane V. Havlir, MD, and Judith S. Currier, MD Advances in Antiretroviral Therapy 69 Barbara Taylor, MD, MS, Susan Olender, MD, Timothy J. Wilkin, MD, MPH, and Scott M. Hammer, MD Abstracts Cited 99 Announcements Continuing Medical Education Information 30 Continuing Medical Education Activity Posttest and Evaluation Form 107 Educational Programs of the IAS–USA 98 Cases on the Web – Online CME Activities 47 Subscription Request/Address Change Form 111 Guidelines for Authors and Contributors 112 IAS–USA Topics in Antiviral Medicine Topics in Antiviral Medicine® Continuing Medical Education The articles in this issue, which highlight presentations from the 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, are available for CME credit. Instructions Conflicts of Interest and Financial Disclosures This journal-based continuing medical education (CME) activity provides IAS–USA policy requires that the IAS–USA resolve any real or appar- a review of new data presented at the 18th Conference on Retro- ent conflict of interest that may influence the development, content, viruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI). It offers a maximum of or delivery of its educational activity prior to the activity’s being deliv- 8 CME credits. To complete the activity, the learner is instructed to: ered to learners. The IAS–USA has several