13. Nutrient Minerals in Drinking Water: Implications for the Nutrition
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(WHO) Report on Microplastics in Drinking Water
Microplastics in drinking-water Microplastics in drinking-water ISBN 978-92-4-151619-8 © World Health Organization 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Microplastics in drinking-water. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. -
Guide to Good Hygienic Practices for Packaged Water in Europe
Guide to Good Hygienic Practices for Packaged Water In Europe Guide to Good Hygienic Practices for Packaged Water In Europe GUIDE TO GOOD HYGIENIC PRACTICES FOR PACKAGED WATER IN EUROPE TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 6 SCOPE OF THE GUIDE 7 STRUCTURE OF THE GUIDE 7 SECTION 1. GENERAL ASPECTS OF QUALITY & FOOD SAFETY MANAGEMENT 8 1.1. Quality and food safety management systems . 9 1.1.1. Basic principles 9 1.1.2. Documentation 9 1.2. Management responsibility . 10 1.2.1. Management commitment and objectives 10 1.2.2. Quality and food safety policy 10 1.2.3. Quality and food safety management systems planning 10 1.2.4. Responsibility, authority and internal and external communication 10 1.2.5. Management review 11 1.3. Resource management . 12 1.3.1. Provision of resources 12 1.3.2. Human resources 12 1.3.3. Infrastructure and work environment 12 1.4. Control of product quality and safety . 13 1.5. Measurements, analysis and improvement . 14 1.5.1. Monitoring and measurement 14 1.5.2. Analysis of data 14 1.5.3. Continual improvement 14 1.6. Product information and consumer awareness . 15 SECTION 2. PREREQUISITE PROGRAMMES - PRPS 16 2.1. Water resources / Water treatments . 17 2.1.1. Resource development 17 2.1.1.1. General requirements 2.1.1.2. Risk assessment 2.1.2. Resource protection 18 2.1.3. Exploitation of the resource 19 2.1.3.1. Technical requirements 2.1.3.2. Point of abstraction 2.1.3.3. Transfer/piping to the filling operation 2.1.3.4. -
Sensitive Determination of Iron in Drinking Water, Mineral Water, Groundwater, and Spring Water Using Rapid Photometric Tests
ENVIRONMENTAL Sensitive Determination of Iron in Drinking Water, Mineral Water, Groundwater, and Spring Water Using Rapid Photometric Tests Katrin Schwind, Application Scientist, Analytical Point-of-Use R&D, [email protected] Gunter Decker, Senior Global Product Manager, Analytical Point-of-Use Analytics | Photometry, [email protected] The quality of drinking water is regulated by a variety The determination of iron using the 1,10-phenanthroline of guidelines, such as the EU Council Directive 98/831,2 method according to APHA 3500-Fe B and DIN 38406-1 and WHO guideline.3 The key principles used to define enables photometric measurement down to a level of these limits consider both health hazards and sensory 0.01 mg/L, which is entirely sufficient for many samples.9 and technical reasons. Iron, for example, does not exhibit a risk for health in concentrations usually found If lower LOQs are required, the triazine method can in drinking water.2,3 However, increased concentrations be chosen. In this method, all iron ions are reduced to of iron result in the formation of iron hydroxide iron (II) ions. These react in a thioglycolate-buffered products, which can form deposits in water pipe medium containing a triazine derivative to form a systems and a brown discoloration of the water.4 red-violet complex, which is subsequently determined photometrically.10 Using a 100 mm cell and the Prove To ensure the supply of clear and colorless water, 600 UV-VIS spectrometer, LOQs for iron as low as country-specific limits have been set for drinking 0.0025 mg/L can be achieved. -
Minerals in Your Home Activity Book Minerals in Your Home Activity Book
Minerals In Your Home Activity Book Minerals in Your Home Activity Book Written by Ann-Thérèse Brace, Sheila Stenzel, and Andreea Suceveanu Illustrated by Heather Brown Minerals in Your Home is produced by MineralsEd. © 2017 MineralsEd (Mineral Resources Education Program of BC) 900-808 West Hastings St., Vancouver, BC V6C 2X4 Canada Tel. (604) 682-5477 | Fax (604) 681-5305 | Website: www.MineralsEd.ca Introduction As you look around your home, it is important to think of the many things that you have and what are they made from. It’s simple - everything is made from Earth’s natural resources: rocks, soil, plants, animals, and water. They can be used in their natural state, or processed, refined and manufactured by people into other useable things. The resources that grow and can be replaced when they die or are harvested, like plants and animals, are called renewable resources. Those that cannot be regrown and replaced, like rocks, soil and water, are called non-renewable resources. All natural resources are valuable and we must use them conservatively. Mineral resources are natural Earth materials that must be mined from the ground. We use them every day, and they are non- renewable. Some are changed very little before they are used, like the rock granite for example, that is commonly used to make kitchen countertops or tombstones. Other mineral resources, like those that contain useful metals, must be processed to extract the metal ingredient. The metal is then manufactured into different parts of a product, like a toaster or a smartphone. Whether you are practicing violin in your room, eating a meal in the kitchen, watching TV in the living room or brushing your teeth in the bathroom, your daily activities use things that come from mineral resources. -
40 Common Minerals and Their Uses
40 Common Minerals and Their Uses Aluminum Beryllium The most abundant metal element in Earth’s Used in the nuclear industry and to crust. Aluminum originates as an oxide called make light, very strong alloys used in the alumina. Bauxite ore is the main source aircraft industry. Beryllium salts are used of aluminum and must be imported from in fluorescent lamps, in X-ray tubes and as Jamaica, Guinea, Brazil, Guyana, etc. Used a deoxidizer in bronze metallurgy. Beryl is in transportation (automobiles), packaging, the gem stones emerald and aquamarine. It building/construction, electrical, machinery is used in computers, telecommunication and other uses. The U.S. was 100 percent products, aerospace and defense import reliant for its aluminum in 2012. applications, appliances and automotive and consumer electronics. Also used in medical Antimony equipment. The U.S. was 10 percent import A native element; antimony metal is reliant in 2012. extracted from stibnite ore and other minerals. Used as a hardening alloy for Chromite lead, especially storage batteries and cable The U.S. consumes about 6 percent of world sheaths; also used in bearing metal, type chromite ore production in various forms metal, solder, collapsible tubes and foil, sheet of imported materials, such as chromite ore, and pipes and semiconductor technology. chromite chemicals, chromium ferroalloys, Antimony is used as a flame retardant, in chromium metal and stainless steel. Used fireworks, and in antimony salts are used in as an alloy and in stainless and heat resisting the rubber, chemical and textile industries, steel products. Used in chemical and as well as medicine and glassmaking. -
Difference Between Mineral Water and Spring Water Strictly Speaking, Water Is Water
Difference between Mineral Water and Spring Water Strictly speaking, water is water. That is to say, all water on Earth is a compound of two hydrogen and one oxygen molecule. The difference between various types of bottled waters lies mainly in where the source is located and what processes the water goes through before it is sold to consumers. Not all bottled waters are recommended for drink- ing, so it is important to know the difference if your health plan includes increasing water intake or avoiding certain types of beverages. Some types of bottled water, such as well or spring, get their designation from their origi- nal source. Mineral water must contain a specified amount of trace minerals naturally before it can be sold. Distilled or purified water must be put through a filtration or me- chanical process in order to remove contaminants and minerals. Some water types may actually fit into several different categories- distilled water, for example, is also purified by definition. Spring and well waters make excellent refreshments during and afterexercise, but distilled water lacks trace minerals and may not have a satisfying taste. Mineral water may have a natural sparkle and refreshing taste, but a little may go a long way. Here's a closer look at each type of water and how each one fits in an everyday world. 1. Well water. Well water could be the source of other types of consumable bottle waters such as 'drinking' or regular tap water. The main definition of 'well water' is water that has been stored in permeable rocks and soil. -
Chapter 2 the Solid Materials of the Earth's Surface
CHAPTER 2 THE SOLID MATERIALS OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 To a great extent in this course, we will be dealing with processes that act on the solid materials at and near the Earth’s surface. This chapter might better be called “the ground beneath your feet”. This is the place to deal with the nature of the Earth’s surface materials, which in later sections of the chapter I will be calling regolith, sediment, and soil. 1.2 I purposely did not specify any previous knowledge of geology as a prerequisite for this course, so it is important, here in the first part of this chapter, for me to provide you with some background on Earth materials. 1.3 We will be dealing almost exclusively with the Earth’s continental surfaces. There are profound geological differences between the continents and the ocean basins, in terms of origin, age, history, and composition. Here I’ll present, very briefly, some basic things about geology. (For more depth on such matters you would need to take a course like “The Earth: What It Is, How It Works”, given in the Harvard Extension program in the fall semester of 2005– 2006 and likely to be offered again in the not-too-distant future.) 1.4 In a gross sense, the Earth is a layered body (Figure 2-1). To a first approximation, it consists of concentric shells: the core, the mantle, and the crust. Figure 2-1: Schematic cross section through the Earth. 73 The core: The core consists mostly of iron, alloyed with a small percentage of certain other chemical elements. -
Minerals for Livestock
Station BulIetn 503 October 1951 Minerals for Livestock J. R. Haag Agrkultural Experiment Station Oregon State College Corvallis Foreword Oregon livestock producers are aware of the need for additional information on the use of mineral sup- plements.These materials frequently are purchased when not needed with the particular rations that are being used.The intelligent use of minerals pays divi- dends.Over-use may be harmful. This bulletin has been revised to give livestock pro- ducers and feed dealers the latest available information that will assist them in selecting and feeding only such materials as may be needed to supplement the natural supply already available in their feedstuffs. Although noteworthy progress is being made we believe that research must be intensified in Oregon to provide more complete information on the adequacy of minerals in feed produced in the various areas of the State.Evidence being accumulated by our research staff indicates that deficiencies peculiar to certain areas are causing serious losses among livestock. Dean and Director Minerals for Livestock By J. R. HAAG, Chemist (Animal Nutrition) Oregon State College animals require an abundance of palatable feedstuffs as a FARMsource of energy, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins.These feedstuffs must be suitable for the kind of livestock maintained and, in addition, must be available at a cost that will permit profitable livestock production. The mineral salts constitute only one of the groups of nutrients that play important parts in animal nutrition.Some mineral ele- ments, like calcium and phosphorus, are needed in large amounts, while others, like iodine, are required only invery minute traces. -
Bottled Water Vs. Tap Water
FEDERATION OF AMERICAN CONSUMERS AND TRAVELERS - NEWS RELEASE - FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Which is Safer -- Bottled Water or Water from the Tap? EDWARDSVILLE, IL, January 11, 2010 - Vicki Rolens, Managing Director of the Federation of American Consumers (FACT), has sought information concerning the relative safety and purity of bottled water. “Bottled water has become extremely popular in recent years,” says Rolens, “which has inevitably led to may questions about its advantages and disadvantages, and we were hoping to find some definitive answers for our members.” According to the Food and Drug Administration, there are seven ways bottled water can be labeled: 1. Artesian Water / Artesian Well Water: Bottled water from a well that taps a confined aquifer (a water-bearing underground layer of rock or sand) in which the water level stands at some height above the top of the aquifer. 2. Drinking Water: Drinking water is another name for bottled water. Accordingly, drinking water is water that is sold for human consumption in sanitary containers and contains no added sweeteners or chemical additives (other than flavors, extracts or essences). It must be calorie-free and sugar-free. Flavors, extracts or essences may be added to drinking water, but they must comprise less than one- percent-by-weight of the final product or the product will be considered a soft drink. Drinking water may be sodium-free or contain very low amounts of sodium. 3. Mineral Water: Bottled water containing not less than 250 parts per million total dissolved solids may be labeled as mineral water. Mineral water is distinguished from other types of bottled water by its constant level and relative proportions of mineral and trace elements at the point of emergence from the source. -
Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality FIRST ADDENDUM to THIRD EDITION Volume 1 Recommendations WHO Library Cataloguing-In-Publication Data World Health Organization
Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality FIRST ADDENDUM TO THIRD EDITION Volume 1 Recommendations WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality [electronic resource] : incorporating first addendum. Vol. 1, Recommendations. – 3rd ed. Electronic version for the Web. 1.Potable water – standards. 2.Water – standards. 3.Water quality – standards. 4.Guidelines. I. Title. ISBN 92 4 154696 4 (NLM classification: WA 675) © World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expres- sion of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. -
The Cleanliness of Reusable Water Bottles: How Contamination Levels Are Affected by Bottle Usage and Cleaning Behaviors of Bottle Owners
PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE Xiaodi Sun,1 Jooho Kim,2* Carl Behnke,1 Barbara Food Protection Trends, Vol 37, No. 6, p. 392–402 1 3 3 Copyright© 2017, International Association for Food Protection Almanza, Christine Greene, Jesse Miller and 6200 Aurora Ave., Suite 200W, Des Moines, IA 50322-2864 Bryan Schindler3 1The School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Purdue University, 900 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 2Hart School of Hospitality, Sport and Recreation Management, James Madison University, MSC 2305, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA 3NSF International, 789 North Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA The Cleanliness of Reusable Water Bottles: How Contamination Levels are Affected by Bottle Usage and Cleaning Behaviors of Bottle Owners ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Reusable water bottles are growing in popularity, but Demand for bottled water has consistently increased consumers regularly refill bottles without a corresponding in recent years, making bottled water the fastest growing effort at cleaning them. If the difficulties associated with segment of the non-alcoholic beverage market worldwide various bottle designs and materials are added in, it is (11). However, massive consumption of water in disposable clear that improperly cleaned water bottles may present bottles has been connected to increased pollution and a potential contamination risk and thus be a risk for landfill waste. The EPA(35) reported that each year foodborne illness. The purpose of this study was to measure Americans throw away about 28 billion bottles and jars; contamination levels of water bottles that are in use and to notably, only 26% of plastic bottles were recycled. The investigate bottle usage and cleaning behaviors by collecting environmental cost associated with bottled water has led to survey data from the bottle owners. -
Mineral Materials from BLM-Administered Federal Lands
How to Obtain Mineral Materials From BLM-Administered Federal Lands Including Stone, Sand and Gravel, Clay, and Other Materials Introduction The Department of the Interior‘s Bureau of Land Man- agement (BLM) is a multiple-use land management agency responsible for administering 262 million acres of public land located primarily in the western United States, including Alaska. The BLM manages many resource programs, such as minerals, forestry, wilderness, recreation, fisheries and wildlife, wild horses and burros, archaeology, and range- land. This brochure con- tains information about the mineral materials program. Mineral materi- als include common vari- eties of sand, stone, gravel, pumice, pumicite, clay, rock, and petrified Concrete and asphalt aggregate (crushed stone) used for airport wood. The major Federal runways, highways, bridges, and high-rise buildings. law governing mineral materials is the Materials Act of 1947 (July 31, 1947), as amended (30 U.S. Code 601 et seq.). This law authorizes the BLM to sell mineral materials at fair market value and to grant free-use permits for mineral materials to Government agencies. It also allows the BLM to issue free-use permits for a limited amount of material to nonprofit organizations. How Are Mineral Materials Important to Our Society? Mineral materials are among our most basic natural resources. These materials are in everyday construction, agriculture, and decorative applications (Table 1). The United States uses about 2 billion tons of crushed stone, dimension stone, and sand and gravel every year. Our highways, bridges, power plants, dams, high-rise buildings, railroad beds, and airport runways, along with their foundations and sidewalks, all use mineral materials of one type or another.