C Stocks in Forest Floor and Mineral Soil of Two Mediterranean Beech Forests
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(WHO) Report on Microplastics in Drinking Water
Microplastics in drinking-water Microplastics in drinking-water ISBN 978-92-4-151619-8 © World Health Organization 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Microplastics in drinking-water. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. -
Spatial and Temporal Variability of Forest Floor Duff Characteristics in Long-Unburned Pinus Palustris Forests
Canadian Journal of Forest Research Spatial and temporal variability of forest floor duff characteristics in long-unburned Pinus palustris forests Journal: Canadian Journal of Forest Research Manuscript ID: Draft Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the Author: n/a Complete List of Authors: Kreye, Jesse; Mississippi State University, Forestry Varner, Julian; Mississippi State University, Forestry Dugaw, Christopher;Draft Humboldt State University, Mathematics fire exclusion, fuel heterogeneity, longleaf pine, spatial autocorrelation, Keyword: wildland fuels http://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjfr-pubs Page 1 of 42 Canadian Journal of Forest Research 1 Spatial and temporal variability of forest floor duff characteristics in long-unburned Pinus 2 palustris forests 3 Jesse K. Kreye 1, J. Morgan Varner 1, Christopher J. Dugaw 2 4 5 1Address for all correspondence 6 Forest & Wildlife Research Center 7 Department of Forestry 8 Mississippi State University 9 Box 9681 10 Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA 11 Email. [email protected] Draft 12 13 2Department of Mathematics 14 Humboldt State University 15 1 Harpst Street 16 Arcata, CA 95521 USA 17 18 Suggested Running Head: Variability in forest floor duff 19 1 http://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjfr-pubs Canadian Journal of Forest Research Page 2 of 42 20 Abstract 21 Duff fires (smoldering in fermentation and humus forest floor horizons) and their consequences 22 have been documented in fire-excluded ecosystems but with little attention to their underlying 23 drivers. Duff characteristics influence the ignition and spread of smoldering fires and their spatial 24 patterns on the forest floor may be an important link to the heterogeneity of consumption 25 observed following fires. -
Minerals in Your Home Activity Book Minerals in Your Home Activity Book
Minerals In Your Home Activity Book Minerals in Your Home Activity Book Written by Ann-Thérèse Brace, Sheila Stenzel, and Andreea Suceveanu Illustrated by Heather Brown Minerals in Your Home is produced by MineralsEd. © 2017 MineralsEd (Mineral Resources Education Program of BC) 900-808 West Hastings St., Vancouver, BC V6C 2X4 Canada Tel. (604) 682-5477 | Fax (604) 681-5305 | Website: www.MineralsEd.ca Introduction As you look around your home, it is important to think of the many things that you have and what are they made from. It’s simple - everything is made from Earth’s natural resources: rocks, soil, plants, animals, and water. They can be used in their natural state, or processed, refined and manufactured by people into other useable things. The resources that grow and can be replaced when they die or are harvested, like plants and animals, are called renewable resources. Those that cannot be regrown and replaced, like rocks, soil and water, are called non-renewable resources. All natural resources are valuable and we must use them conservatively. Mineral resources are natural Earth materials that must be mined from the ground. We use them every day, and they are non- renewable. Some are changed very little before they are used, like the rock granite for example, that is commonly used to make kitchen countertops or tombstones. Other mineral resources, like those that contain useful metals, must be processed to extract the metal ingredient. The metal is then manufactured into different parts of a product, like a toaster or a smartphone. Whether you are practicing violin in your room, eating a meal in the kitchen, watching TV in the living room or brushing your teeth in the bathroom, your daily activities use things that come from mineral resources. -
40 Common Minerals and Their Uses
40 Common Minerals and Their Uses Aluminum Beryllium The most abundant metal element in Earth’s Used in the nuclear industry and to crust. Aluminum originates as an oxide called make light, very strong alloys used in the alumina. Bauxite ore is the main source aircraft industry. Beryllium salts are used of aluminum and must be imported from in fluorescent lamps, in X-ray tubes and as Jamaica, Guinea, Brazil, Guyana, etc. Used a deoxidizer in bronze metallurgy. Beryl is in transportation (automobiles), packaging, the gem stones emerald and aquamarine. It building/construction, electrical, machinery is used in computers, telecommunication and other uses. The U.S. was 100 percent products, aerospace and defense import reliant for its aluminum in 2012. applications, appliances and automotive and consumer electronics. Also used in medical Antimony equipment. The U.S. was 10 percent import A native element; antimony metal is reliant in 2012. extracted from stibnite ore and other minerals. Used as a hardening alloy for Chromite lead, especially storage batteries and cable The U.S. consumes about 6 percent of world sheaths; also used in bearing metal, type chromite ore production in various forms metal, solder, collapsible tubes and foil, sheet of imported materials, such as chromite ore, and pipes and semiconductor technology. chromite chemicals, chromium ferroalloys, Antimony is used as a flame retardant, in chromium metal and stainless steel. Used fireworks, and in antimony salts are used in as an alloy and in stainless and heat resisting the rubber, chemical and textile industries, steel products. Used in chemical and as well as medicine and glassmaking. -
Nutrient Cycling in Forests of the Pacific Northwest
7 Nutrient Cycling in Forests of the Pacific Northwest D. W Johnson, D. W Cole, C. S. Bledsoe, K Cromack, R. L. Edmonds, S. P. Gessel, C. C. Grier, B. N. Richards,and K. A. Vogt INTRODUCTION Ecosystem analysis has established nutrient cycling as an important area of ecology involving biological, chemical, and geological interactions. Studying the flow of elements through ecosystems provides us with a tool for understand- ing the functioning of ecosystems. For example, if an ecosystem component has a rapid flux of elements through it, or if it stores large amounts of an element, that component is clearly important in ecosystem function. Nutrient cycling strongly influences ecosystem productivity since nutrient flows are closely linked with transfers of carbon and water. In addition nutrient cycling may also affect succession and evolution in forest ecosystems. Various distinct processes are involved in nutrient cycling, such as de- composition, weathering, uptake, leaching, and so on. Each is a precursor to another and the flow of nutrients follows a set of interconnected steps. Al- though the basic nutrient cycling processes are common to all ecosystems, the rates of the processes vary from one forest ecosystem to another. This varia- tion plays an important role in forest succession and evolution. For example, long-term foliage retention by conifers may allow a species to exist where only a marginal nutrient supply is available from the soil. Nitrogen-fixing species, on the other hand, can occupy sites where nitrogen availability is low because they can provide their own nitrogen. An understanding of nutrient cycling is thus essential for the rational management of forest ecosystems. -
Chapter 2 the Solid Materials of the Earth's Surface
CHAPTER 2 THE SOLID MATERIALS OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 To a great extent in this course, we will be dealing with processes that act on the solid materials at and near the Earth’s surface. This chapter might better be called “the ground beneath your feet”. This is the place to deal with the nature of the Earth’s surface materials, which in later sections of the chapter I will be calling regolith, sediment, and soil. 1.2 I purposely did not specify any previous knowledge of geology as a prerequisite for this course, so it is important, here in the first part of this chapter, for me to provide you with some background on Earth materials. 1.3 We will be dealing almost exclusively with the Earth’s continental surfaces. There are profound geological differences between the continents and the ocean basins, in terms of origin, age, history, and composition. Here I’ll present, very briefly, some basic things about geology. (For more depth on such matters you would need to take a course like “The Earth: What It Is, How It Works”, given in the Harvard Extension program in the fall semester of 2005– 2006 and likely to be offered again in the not-too-distant future.) 1.4 In a gross sense, the Earth is a layered body (Figure 2-1). To a first approximation, it consists of concentric shells: the core, the mantle, and the crust. Figure 2-1: Schematic cross section through the Earth. 73 The core: The core consists mostly of iron, alloyed with a small percentage of certain other chemical elements. -
Minerals for Livestock
Station BulIetn 503 October 1951 Minerals for Livestock J. R. Haag Agrkultural Experiment Station Oregon State College Corvallis Foreword Oregon livestock producers are aware of the need for additional information on the use of mineral sup- plements.These materials frequently are purchased when not needed with the particular rations that are being used.The intelligent use of minerals pays divi- dends.Over-use may be harmful. This bulletin has been revised to give livestock pro- ducers and feed dealers the latest available information that will assist them in selecting and feeding only such materials as may be needed to supplement the natural supply already available in their feedstuffs. Although noteworthy progress is being made we believe that research must be intensified in Oregon to provide more complete information on the adequacy of minerals in feed produced in the various areas of the State.Evidence being accumulated by our research staff indicates that deficiencies peculiar to certain areas are causing serious losses among livestock. Dean and Director Minerals for Livestock By J. R. HAAG, Chemist (Animal Nutrition) Oregon State College animals require an abundance of palatable feedstuffs as a FARMsource of energy, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins.These feedstuffs must be suitable for the kind of livestock maintained and, in addition, must be available at a cost that will permit profitable livestock production. The mineral salts constitute only one of the groups of nutrients that play important parts in animal nutrition.Some mineral ele- ments, like calcium and phosphorus, are needed in large amounts, while others, like iodine, are required only invery minute traces. -
13. Nutrient Minerals in Drinking Water: Implications for the Nutrition
13. NUTRIENT MINERALS IN DRINKING WATER: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NUTRITION OF INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN Erika Sievers Institute of Public Health North Rhine Westphalia Munster, Germany ______________________________________________________________________________ I. INTRODUCTION The WHO Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding emphasizes the importance of infant feeding and promotes exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life. In infants who cannot be breast-fed or should not receive breast milk, substitutes are required. These should be a formula that complies with the appropriate Codex Alimentarius Standards or, alternatively, a home-prepared formula with micronutrient supplements (1). Drinking water is indispensable for the reconstitution of powdered infant formulae and needed for the preparation of other breast-milk substitutes. As a result of the long-term intake of a considerable volume in relation to body weight, the concentrations of nutrient minerals in drinking water may contribute significantly to the total trace element and mineral intake of infants and young children. This is especially applicable to formula-fed infants during the first months of life, who may be the most vulnerable group affected by excessive concentrations of nutrients or contaminants in drinking water. Defining essential requirements of the composition of infant formulae, the importance of the quality of the water used for their reconstitution has been acknowledged by the Scientific Committee on Food, SCF, of the European Commission (2). Although it was noted that the mineral content of water may vary widely depending upon its source, the optimal composition remained undefined. Recommendations for the composition of infant formulae refer to total nutrient content as prepared ready for consumption according to manufacturer’s instructions. -
The Ecological Role of Coarse Woody Debris an Overview of The
WORKING PAPER 30 The Ecological Role of Coarse Woody Debris An Overview of the Ecological Importance of CWD in BC Forests 1997 Ministry of Forests Research Program The Ecological Role of Coarse Woody Debris An Overview of the Ecological Importance of CWD in BC Forests Victoria Stevens Ministry of Forests Research Program The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the Government of British Columbia of any product or service to the exlusion of any others that may also be suitable. Contents of this report are presented for discussion purposes only. Citation Stevens, Victoria. 1997. The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests. Res. Br., B.C. Min. For., Victoria, B.C. Work. Pap. 30/1997. Compiled by Victoria Stevens for B.C. Ministry of Forests Research Branch 31 Bastion Square Victoria, B.C. V8W 3E7 Copies of this report may be obtained, depending upon supply, from: B.C. Ministry of Forests Forestry Division Services Branch Production Resources 595 Pandora Avenue, 1st Floor Victoria, B.C. V8W 3E7 © 1997 Province of British Columbia The contents of this report may not be cited in whole or in part without the approval of the Director of Research, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Plunging into a subject as complex as ecological roles of coarse woody debris is not an activity lending itself to solitude. This paper has been at least partially digested by a large number of readers and greatly improved by the suggestions of many. -
Mineral Materials from BLM-Administered Federal Lands
How to Obtain Mineral Materials From BLM-Administered Federal Lands Including Stone, Sand and Gravel, Clay, and Other Materials Introduction The Department of the Interior‘s Bureau of Land Man- agement (BLM) is a multiple-use land management agency responsible for administering 262 million acres of public land located primarily in the western United States, including Alaska. The BLM manages many resource programs, such as minerals, forestry, wilderness, recreation, fisheries and wildlife, wild horses and burros, archaeology, and range- land. This brochure con- tains information about the mineral materials program. Mineral materi- als include common vari- eties of sand, stone, gravel, pumice, pumicite, clay, rock, and petrified Concrete and asphalt aggregate (crushed stone) used for airport wood. The major Federal runways, highways, bridges, and high-rise buildings. law governing mineral materials is the Materials Act of 1947 (July 31, 1947), as amended (30 U.S. Code 601 et seq.). This law authorizes the BLM to sell mineral materials at fair market value and to grant free-use permits for mineral materials to Government agencies. It also allows the BLM to issue free-use permits for a limited amount of material to nonprofit organizations. How Are Mineral Materials Important to Our Society? Mineral materials are among our most basic natural resources. These materials are in everyday construction, agriculture, and decorative applications (Table 1). The United States uses about 2 billion tons of crushed stone, dimension stone, and sand and gravel every year. Our highways, bridges, power plants, dams, high-rise buildings, railroad beds, and airport runways, along with their foundations and sidewalks, all use mineral materials of one type or another. -
Laboratory Mineral Soil Analysis and Soil
Institute of Organic Training & Advice: Research Review: Laboratory mineral soil analysis and soil mineral management in organic farming (This Review was undertaken by IOTA under the PACA Res project OFO347, funded by Defra) RESEARCH TOPIC REVIEW: Laboratory mineral soil analysis and soil mineral management in organic farming Authors: Christine Watson, Scottish Agricultural College Elizabeth Stockdale, School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University Lois Philipps, Abacus Organic Associates 1. Scope and Objectives of the Research Topic Review The objective of the Research Review “ Laboratory mineral soil analysis and soil mineral management in organic farming ” is to draw together all the available relevant research findings in order to develop the knowledge and expertise of organic advisers and thereby to improve soil management practice on organic farms. The Review will concentrate on N, P and K and: 1. Identify all the relevant research undertaken 2. Collate the results of research and summarise the findings of each project 3. Draw on practical experience 4. Analyse the research and summarise the conclusions in a form that is easily accessible by advisers and can be used to help them select appropriate soil analytical techniques and to interpret the results and provide practical advice to farmers on soil management and amendments. 2. Introduction to measuring soil fertility in organic farming. The capacity to improve the fertility of a given soil through management is inextricably linked to the inherent properties of that site – soil texture, mineralogy, slope and climate. Ideally soil fertility should be assessed for the soil in situ , in the field/farm context, rather than as a list of properties of an isolated sample. -
Inorganic Compounds Organic Compounds
BOTTLED WATER INFORMATION Aquafina is purified drinking water that meets and exceeds the requirements set forth by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as well as local regulatory requirements. Our Aquafina plants each conduct on average 320 tests daily, 1950 tests weekly, and − when we include off-site monitoring, 102,000 tests annually to assure the consistent quality of our Aquafina bottled water. A 2019 sample water quality analysis for Aquafina is listed below. Inorganic Compounds Analysis Performed MCL* Results for Purified (mg/L) Finished Product Aluminum 0.2 ND Antimony 0.006 ND Arsenic 0.010 ND Barium 2.0 ND Beryllium 0.004 ND Cadmium 0.005 ND Chloride 250.0 ND Chromium 0.1 ND Copper 1 ND Cyanide (As free cyanide) 0.2 ND Fluoride 4.0 ND Iron 0.3 ND Lead 0.005 ND Manganese 0.05 ND Mercury (Inorganic) 0.002 ND Nickel 0.1 ND Nitrogen (as Nitrate) 10 ND-0.26 Nitrogen (as Nitrite) 1 ND Selenium 0.05 ND Silver 0.1 ND Sulfate 250.0 ND-0.96 Thallium 0.002 ND Zinc 5.0 ND Organic Compounds Analysis Performed MCL* Results for Purified (mg/L) Finished Product Alachlor 0.002 ND Atrazine 0.003 ND Benzene 0.005 ND Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs) 0.0002 ND Carbofuran 0.04 ND Carbon Tetrachloride 0.005 ND Chlordane 0.002 ND PepsiCo, Inc. Date Updated to Website: June 2019 Page 1 Organic Compounds Cont. Analysis Performed MCL* Results for Purified (mg/L) Finished Product 2,4-D 0.07 ND Dalapon 0.2 ND 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) 0.0002 ND o-Dichlorobenzene 0.6 ND p-Dichlorobenzene 0.075 ND 1,2-Dichloroethane