DOCSLIB.ORG

Phonology from the Ground Up: the Basics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Phonology from the ground up: The basics Phonology from the ground up: The basics Stephen A. Marlett Copyright © 2019 by Stephen A. Marlett This is the April 2019 version of the text. Two indexes have been included, but they are incomplete. While the material is copyrighted, the author gives permission for fair use of the material for educational purposes. To communicate with the author (to suggest improvements, report errors, etc.), please use the following address: [email protected]. Likewise, if written permission is needed to make photocopies for classroom use, contact him through that address. This edition has not addressed recent changes in the expectations of the Journal of the International Phonetic Association with respect to the presentation of the facts. The next version will do so. A preliminary Spanish translation of this work has been prepared and used. If you are interested in using it, please contact the author at the address above. Contents List of figures ............................................. xv List of tables ............................................. xvii Preface................................................ xix Acknowledgments........................................... xxi Part I Overview & key ideas 1. Introduction............................................ 2 1.1. Some characteristics of M-phonology . 3 1.2. Some characteristics of P-phonology . 3 1.3. Our goal:understanding of the system . 4 1.4. Why study P-phonology? . 5 1.5. Suggested additional reading. 5 1.6. Key terms........................................... 5 1.7. Reading questions ....................................... 6 1.8. Exercises ........................................... 6 2. Object of study........................................... 7 2.1. What are phonological descriptions about? . 7 2.2. Language variation....................................... 10 2.3. Examples ........................................... 11 2.4. Achecklist for the opening section of a write-up. 11 2.5. Key terms and ideas . 14 2.6. Reading questions ....................................... 14 2.7. Exercises ........................................... 15 3. Key ideas ............................................. 18 3.1. Phoneme ........................................... 19 3.2. Distinctive feature . 22 v vi Contents 3.3. Syllable ............................................ 22 3.4. Some other useful concepts . 23 3.5. Key terms........................................... 24 3.6. Reading questions ....................................... 24 3.7. Exercises ........................................... 25 Part II The syllable 4. The basic notion of the syllable . 28 4.1. Poetry............................................. 28 4.2. Edge phenomena ....................................... 29 4.3. Possible word ......................................... 29 4.4. Word games and hidden languages . 30 4.5. Suggested additional reading. 31 4.6. Key terms........................................... 31 4.7. Reading questions ....................................... 31 4.8. Exercises ........................................... 31 5. Syllable templates ......................................... 32 5.1. What the template [CV]max allows for .............................. 33 5.2. Other maximal syllable templates. 33 5.3. Caveat about word edges. 33 5.4. Obligatory Onset Parameter . 34 5.5. Syllabification ......................................... 34 5.6. Syllables and sounds. 35 5.7. Minor patterns......................................... 35 5.8. Syllabic nasals ......................................... 36 5.9. Syllables for general audiences . 37 5.10. Summary and example . 37 5.11. Key terms .......................................... 38 5.12. Reading questions ...................................... 38 5.13. Exercises........................................... 40 6. Word edges and extrametricality . 41 6.1. When the syllable is not enough . 41 6.2. The special nature of word-initial position. 41 6.3. The special nature of word-final position . 42 6.4. Extrametrical consonants and word edges. 42 6.5. Extrametrical consonants and morphemes . 42 6.6. Two examples ......................................... 44 6.7. Suggested additional reading. 44 6.8. Key term and ideas ...................................... 44 6.9. Reading questions ....................................... 44 6.10. Exercises........................................... 45 7. Internal structure of syllables . 46 7.1. Constituency issues . 46 7.2. Heavy and light syllables . 47 7.3. Syllable weight and moras . 47 Contents vii 7.4. Syllabic consonants ...................................... 48 7.5. Other special syllables . 48 7.6. Practical tips.......................................... 48 7.7. Checklist for syllable structure write-ups . 49 7.8. Suggested additional reading. 49 7.9. Key terms........................................... 49 7.10. Reading questions ...................................... 50 8. Constraints with respect to syllables. 51 8.1. Language-specific constraints. 51 8.2. Universal constraints. 52 8.3. Special nuclei ......................................... 53 8.4. High vowels in onsets . 53 8.5. Nucleus,onset,or coda? . 53 8.6. Suggested additional reading. 55 8.7. Key terms and ideas . 55 8.8. Reading questions ....................................... 55 8.9. Exercises ........................................... 56 9. Linking features to the syllables . 57 9.1. Contour segments and the skeletal tier . 57 9.2. Alternative analyses reviewed. 60 9.3. Multiple possibilities. 62 9.4. Long vowels and consonants . 62 9.5. Unrelatedness to phonemic analysis . 63 9.6. These issues for general audiences . 63 9.7. Contour segments and alphabets . 63 9.8. Suggested additional reading. 64 9.9. Key terms and ideas . 64 9.10. Reading questions ...................................... 64 9.11. Exercises........................................... 65 Part III Phonemes & features: methodology 10. Basic methodology:data . 68 10.1. Keeping control of morphological complexity . 68 10.2. Not all words in the language count the same . 69 10.3. Loanwords ......................................... 70 10.4. Suggested additional reading. 70 10.5. Key terms and ideas . 70 10.6. Reading questions. 71 10.7. Exercises .......................................... 71 11. Basic methodology:transcriptions . 72 11.1. Orthographic representation. 72 11.2. Narrow transcriptions . 72 11.3. Broad and phonemic transcriptions . 73 11.4. Avoiding ambiguity . 74 11.5. Practical notes........................................ 74 viii Contents 11.6. Different traditions . 74 11.7. Key terms.......................................... 75 11.8. Reading questions. 75 12. Basic methodology:presentation of contrasting elements . 76 12.1. Presentation of the inventory of phonemes . 79 12.2. Presentation of supporting data . 82 12.3. Expectations ........................................ 85 12.4. Achecklist for the presentation of data in write-ups . 88 12.5. Anote on sources ...................................... 88 12.6. Phonemes for general audiences . 89 12.7. Suggested additional reading. 89 12.8. Key terms and ideas . 89 12.9. Reading questions. 90 12.10. Exercises.......................................... 91 13. Basic methodology:presentation of phonetic detail. 94 13.1. The effect of adjacent sounds . 95 13.2. The effect of stress . 95 13.3. The effect of position . 95 13.4. Variation .......................................... 95 13.5. Phonetic detail in phonological write-ups . 97 13.6. Descriptions of phonetic detail in the real world . 98 13.7. Key terms and ideas . 99 13.8. Reading questions. 99 Part IV Phonemes & features: typology 14. Voice............................................... 102 14.1. Some tips.......................................... 106 14.2. Alternation evidence (allomorphy) pointing to an analysis . 106 14.3. Voicing across word boundaries . 108 14.4. Expectations ........................................ 108 14.5. Limited distribution . 109 14.6. Change over time ...................................... 109 14.7. Narrowing the focus of study. ..
Recommended publications
  • Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-Typological Perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran

    Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-Typological Perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran

    Languages of the Middle Andes in areal-typological perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran Willem F.H. Adelaar 1. Introduction1 Among the indigenous languages of the Andean region of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and northern Argentina, Quechuan and Aymaran have traditionally occupied a dominant position. Both Quechuan and Aymaran are language families of several million speakers each. Quechuan consists of a conglomerate of geo- graphically defined varieties, traditionally referred to as Quechua “dialects”, not- withstanding the fact that mutual intelligibility is often lacking. Present-day Ayma- ran consists of two distinct languages that are not normally referred to as “dialects”. The absence of a demonstrable genetic relationship between the Quechuan and Aymaran language families, accompanied by a lack of recognizable external gen- etic connections, suggests a long period of independent development, which may hark back to a period of incipient subsistence agriculture roughly dated between 8000 and 5000 BP (Torero 2002: 123–124), long before the Andean civilization at- tained its highest stages of complexity. Quechuan and Aymaran feature a great amount of detailed structural, phono- logical and lexical similarities and thus exemplify one of the most intriguing and intense cases of language contact to be found in the entire world. Often treated as a product of long-term convergence, the similarities between the Quechuan and Ay- maran families can best be understood as the result of an intense period of social and cultural intertwinement, which must have pre-dated the stage of the proto-lan- guages and was in turn followed by a protracted process of incidental and locally confined diffusion.
  • John P. Harrington Papers 1907-1959

    John P. Harrington Papers 1907-1959

    THE PAPERS OF John Peabody Harringtan IN THE Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957 VOLUME SEVEN A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES: NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY, LANGUAGE, AND CULTURE OF MEXICO/CENTRAL AMERICA/ SOUTH AMERICA I:DITRD Br Elaine L. Mills KRAUS INTER AJ 10 L Pl BLIC 110 Di ision of Kraus-Thom Jl )r 1lI1.allon LUl11tcd THE PAPERS OF John Peabody Harringtan IN THE Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957 VOLUME SEVEN A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES: Native American History, Language, and Culture of Mexico/Central America/South America Prepared in the National Anthropological Archives Department ofAnthropology National Museum ofNatural History Washington, D.C. THE PAPERS OF John Peabody Harringtan IN THE Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957 VOLUME SEVEN A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES: Native American History, Language, and Culture of Mexico/Central America/South America EDITED BY Elaine L. Mills KRAUS INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS A Division of Kraus-Thomson Organization Limited White Plains, N.Y. © Copyright The Smithsonian Institution 1988 All rights reserved. No part ofthis work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or taping, information storage and retrieval systems-without written permission ofthe publisher. First Printing Printed in the United States of America §TM The paper in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Science- Permanence of Papers for Contents Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data INTRODUCTION VII / V1/l Harrington, John Peabody. Scope and Content ofthis Publication VII / vu The papers ofJohn Peabody Harrington in the Smithsonian Institution, 1907 -1957.
  • Proposal for Superscript Diacritics for Prenasalization, Preglottalization, and Preaspiration

    Proposal for Superscript Diacritics for Prenasalization, Preglottalization, and Preaspiration

    1 Proposal for superscript diacritics for prenasalization, preglottalization, and preaspiration Patricia Keating Department of Linguistics, UCLA [email protected] Daniel Wymark Department of Linguistics, UCLA [email protected] Ryan Sharif Department of Linguistics, UCLA [email protected] ABSTRACT The IPA currently does not specify how to represent prenasalization, preglottalization, or preaspiration. We first review some current transcription practices, and phonetic and phonological literature bearing on the unitary status of prenasalized, preglottalized and preaspirated segments. We then propose that the IPA adopt superscript diacritics placed before a base symbol for these three phenomena. We also suggest how the current IPA Diacritics chart can be modified to allow these diacritics to be fit within the chart. 2 1 Introduction The IPA provides a variety of diacritics which can be added to base symbols in various positions: above ([a͂ ]), below ([n̥ ]), through ([ɫ]), superscript after ([tʰ]), or centered after ([a˞]). Currently, IPA diacritics which modify base symbols are never shown preceding them; the only diacritics which precede are the stress marks, i.e. primary ([ˈ]) and secondary ([ˌ]) stress. Yet, in practice, superscript diacritics are often used preceding base symbols; specifically, they are often used to notate prenasalization, preglottalization and preaspiration. These terms are very common in phonetics and phonology, each having thousands of Google hits. However, none of these phonetic phenomena is included on the IPA chart or mentioned in Part I of the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (IPA 1999), and thus there is currently no guidance given to users about transcribing them. In this note we review these phenomena, and propose that the Association’s alphabet include superscript diacritics preceding the base symbol for prenasalization, preglottalization and preaspiration, in accord with one common way of transcribing them.
  • Isthmus (Juchit´An) Zapotec

    Isthmus (Juchit´An) Zapotec

    ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE IPA Isthmus (Juchitan)´ Zapotec VelmaB.Pickett† SIL International Mar´ıa Villalobos Villalobos SIL International Stephen A. Marlett SIL International [email protected] Isthmus Zapotec (autoglossonym: [dıŸ a"zŸ aÚŸ ]) is the common name used for a variety of Zapotec (Otomanguean family) spoken on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico (Suarez⁄ 1983: xvi; Campbell 1997: 158). It is now officially listed by the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indıgenas⁄ (INALI 2008) as ‘zapoteco de la planicie costera’ (‘coastal plain Zapotec’) to distinguish it from other varieties of Zapotec spoken on the Isthmus. It is the mother tongue of many inhabitants of various cities and towns, as well as many smaller communities (INALI 2008), with some lexical, syntactic and phonetic variation between towns only a few kilometers apart. The ISO 639-3 code for this variety is zai. Since the most recent census figures do not separate out the varieties of Zapotec, and have not done so reliably when attempted, official statistics as to the number of speakers of Isthmus Zapotec are not available. (The Ethnologue (Lewis 2009) cites the 1990 census as listing 85,000 speakers; that figure must have been an interpretation of other statistics in the census.) INALI (personal communication, September 2008) estimates the current number to be about 104,000. In the city of Tehuantepec, the language is no longer widely used. In certain other locations, including Juchitan⁄ de Zaragoza, Spanish is becoming the dominant or the only language spoken by many people born after about 1990, although Zapotec is dominant in many outlying towns, including San Blas Atempa.
  • Ethnogenesis, Regional Integration, and Ecology in Prehistoric Amazonia

    Ethnogenesis, Regional Integration, and Ecology in Prehistoric Amazonia

    Current Anthropology Volume 46, Number 4, August–October 2005 ᭧ 2005 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. All rights reserved 0011-3204/2005/4604-0005$10.00 If archeologists and ethnologists will develop an awareness of the kind of assistance they can render Ethnogenesis, to each other, then the only result can be profit to both specialties and the advancement of the general field of anthropology. Regional Integration, —betty meggers and and Ecology in clifford evans, 1957 To Europeans, the vast, seemingly impenetrable rain for- ests and swamps of Amazonia have long represented the Prehistoric Amazonia epitome of virgin, chaotic nature. In recent decades, how- ever, anthropological and archaeological research has presented a completely different picture. For thousands 1 of years, the tropical lowlands of South America have Toward a System Perspective been populated by many different cultures and societies that have left their marks on the landscape. I would like to review some of the evidence that has contributed to by Alf Hornborg this shift of perspective and to offer an interpretation of the processes that, over the millennia, have generated the cultural diversity of indigenous Amazonia. This in- terpretation is based on a synthesis of ecological, eco- nomic, and cultural perspectives on the emergence and This paper critically reviews reconstructions of cultural develop- interrelations of the different ethnic groups involved. A ment in prehistoric Amazonia and argues for the primacy of re- gional and interregional exchange in generating the complex dis- fundamental point of departure is the recognition that tributions of ethno-linguistic identities traced by linguists and Amazonia in the first millennium BC was part of a con- archaeologists in the area.
  • Space in Languages in Mexico and Central America Carolyn O'meara

    Space in Languages in Mexico and Central America Carolyn O'meara

    Space in languages in Mexico and Central America Carolyn O’Meara, Gabriela Pérez Báez, Alyson Eggleston, Jürgen Bohnemeyer 1. Introduction This chapter presents an overview of the properties of spatial representations in languages of the region. The analyses presented here are based on data from 47 languages belonging to ten Deleted: on literature covering language families in addition to literature on language isolates. Overall, these languages are located primarily in Mexico, covering the Mesoamerican Sprachbundi, but also extending north to include languages such as the isolate Seri and several Uto-Aztecan languages, and south to include Sumu-Mayangna, a Misumalpan language of Nicaragua. Table 1 provides a list of the Deleted: The literature consulted includes a mix of languages analyzed for this chapter. descriptive grammars as well as studies dedicated to spatial language and cognition and, when possible and relevant, primary data collected by the authors. Table 1 provides a Table 1. Languages examined in this chapter1 Family / Stock Relevant sub-branches Language Mayan Yucatecan Yucatecan- Yucatec Lacandon Mopan-Itzá Mopan Greater Cholan Yokot’an (Chontal de Tabasco) Tseltalan Tseltalan Tseltal Zinacantán Tsotsil Q’anjob’alan- Q’anjob’alan Q’anjob’al Chujean Jacaltec Otomanguean Otopame- Otomí Eastern Highland Otomí Chinantecan Ixtenco Otomí San Ildefonso Tultepec Otomí Tilapa Otomí Chinantec Palantla Chinantec 1 In most cases, we have reproduced the language name as used in the studies that we cite. However, we diverge from this practice in a few cases. One such case would be one in which we know firsthand what the preferred language name is among members of the language community.
  • Language EI Country Genetic Unit Speakers RI Acatepec Tlapanec 5

    Language EI Country Genetic Unit Speakers RI Acatepec Tlapanec 5

    Language EI Country Genetic Unit Speakers RI Acatepec Tlapanec 5 Mexico Subtiapa-Tlapanec 33000 1 Alacatlatzala Mixtec 4.5 Mexico Mixtecan 23000 2 Alcozauca Mixtec 5 Mexico Mixtecan 10000 3 Aloápam Zapotec 4 Mexico Zapotecan 2100 4 Amatlán Zapotec 5 Mexico Zapotecan 6000 5 Amoltepec Mixtec 3 Mexico Mixtecan 6000 6 Ascunción Mixtepec Zapotec 1 Mexico Zapotecan 100 7 Atatláhuca Mixtec 5 Mexico Mixtecan 8300 8 Ayautla Mazatec 5 Mexico Popolocan 3500 9 Ayoquesco Zapotec 3 Mexico Zapotecan < 900 10 Ayutla Mixtec 5 Mexico Mixtecan 8500 11 Azoyú Tlapanec 1 Mexico Subtiapa-Tlapanec < 680 12 Aztingo Matlatzinca 1 Mexico Otopamean > < 100 13 Matlatzincan Cacaloxtepec Mixtec 2.5 Mexico Mixtecan < 850 14 Cajonos Zapotec 4 Mexico Zapotecan 5000 15 Central Hausteca Nahuatl 5 Mexico Uto-Aztecan 200000 16 Central Nahuatl 3 Mexico Uto-Aztecan 40000 17 Central Pame 4 Mexico Pamean 4350 18 Central Puebla Nahuatl 4.5 Mexico Uto-Aztecan 16000 19 Chaopan Zapotec 5 Mexico Zapotecan 24000 20 Chayuco Mixtec 5 Mexico Mixtecan 30000 21 Chazumba Mixtec 2 Mexico Mixtecan < 2,500 22 Chiapanec 1 Mexico Chiapanec-Mangue < 20 23 Chicahuaxtla Triqui 5 Mexico Mixtecan 6000 24 Chichicapan Zapotec 4 Mexico Zapotecan 4000 25 Chichimeca-Jonaz 3 Mexico Otopamean > < 200 26 Chichimec Chigmecatitlan Mixtec 3 Mexico Mixtecan 1600 27 Chiltepec Chinantec 3 Mexico Chinantecan < 1,000 28 Chimalapa Zoque 3.5 Mexico Zoque 4500 29 Chiquihuitlán Mazatec 3.5 Mexico Popolocan 2500 30 Chochotec 3 Mexico Popolocan 770 31 Coatecas Altas Zapotec 4 Mexico Zapotecan 5000 32 Coatepec Nahuatl 2.5
  • Copyright by Justin Daniel Mcintosh 2011

    Copyright by Justin Daniel Mcintosh 2011

    Copyright by Justin Daniel McIntosh 2011 The report committee for Justin Daniel McIntosh certifies that this is the approved version of the following report: Grammatical Sketch of Teotepec Chatino APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: Anthony C. Woodbury Nora C. England Grammatical Sketch of Teotepec Chatino by Justin Daniel McIntosh, B.A. Report Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin May 2011 Acknowledgments I would like to thank the community of jyche˛r 7ya34(+0) j7o31 - Santa Luc´ıaTeotepec for their support and collaboration in the process of documenting their language. Since 2007 I have had the opportunity to know, work with and live among the people of this community. Particularly, I thank the family Quintas Salinas as they have made me feel at home during my long stays in their town. I want to thank Reginaldo Quintas Figueroa for his active and enthusiastic collaboration during many hours of elicitation. I appreciate our trekking through the mountains to conduct interviews with elders. We have both learned much from one another as we discovered many things about his language. I would like to thank my advisors Anthony Woodbury and Nora England for their support and feedback on my work. I am grateful for the support of my colleagues of the Chatino Language Documentation Project (CLDP) of the University of Texas at Austin - Emiliana Cruz, Hilaria Cruz, St´ephanieVillard, Eric Campbell and Ryan Sullivant. Indeed, the previous work on tone conducted by Tony Woodbury, Emiliana Cruz and Hilaria Cruz has facilitated the tone analysis in this paper.
  • Zapotec Pronoun Classification Stephen A

    Zapotec Pronoun Classification Stephen A

    Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session Volume 34 Article 3 1990 Zapotec pronoun classification Stephen A. Marlett SIL-UND Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/sil-work-papers Recommended Citation Marlett, Stephen A. (1990) "Zapotec pronoun classification," Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session: Vol. 34 , Article 3. DOI: 10.31356/silwp.vol34.03 Available at: https://commons.und.edu/sil-work-papers/vol34/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session by an authorized editor of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ZAPOTKC PIIOIOUR CLASSU'ICATION Stephen A. Marlett 1 Introduction 2 Prosodically independent pronouns 2.1 Isolation 2.2 Preverbal position 2.3 Object of Spanish preposition 3 Syntactically independent pronouns 4 Syntactically dependent pronouns 4.1 Markedness 4.2 Adjacency to projection of head Appendix: Pronoun inventories Notes References 1 Introduction Zapotec languages have soaetiaes been described as having two sets of ( nonreflexi ve) personal pronouns: bound and free ( Butler 1976) , clitic and free (Jones and Church 1985, Marlett 1987), dependent uid independent (Pickett 1960, Bartholomew 1983), inseparable and separable (Butler 1980), suffixes and pronouns (Briggs 1961), particles and pronouns (Pickett et al. 1965). The variety of terainology used indicates that the syntax of Zapotec pronouns requires further study. The goal of this article is to clarify the behavior of these pronouns across the Zapotec language family (using a subset of languages to illustrate), noting where these languages are alike or different.
  • Climate and Security in Latin America and the Caribbean

    Climate and Security in Latin America and the Caribbean

    CLIMATE AND SECURITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Adriana Erthal Abdenur, Giovanna Kuele and Alice Amorim, eds. 2019 IGARAPÉ INSTITUTE | DECEMBER 2019 INDEX INTRODUCTION Adriana Erthal Abdenur, Giovanna Kuele and Alice Amorim ................. 2 HOW CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS MAGNIFY ECONOMIC AND SECURITY VULNERABILITIES CASE STUDY: VENEZUELA AND ITS NEIGHBORS Oliver Leighton Barrett ......................................................................................... 13 CLIMATE CHANGE, INEQUALITY AND SECURITY IN COLOMBIA: SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE SUBJECT Saul Rodriguez ............................................ 27 CLIMATE CHANGE, SOCIAL CONFLICT AND THE COMPLEXIFICATION OF CRIME IN BOLIVIA: AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF FLOODS AND STORMS IN CHAPARE AS A COCA GROWING REGION Marilia Closs ............ 40 TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED GOVERNANCE OF TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFERS IN SOUTH AMERICA: BALANCING SECURITY, HUMAN RIGHTS AND TERRITORIALITY Beatriz Mendes Garcia Ferreira ......................................... 52 CLIMATE AND SECURITY IN BRAZIL: THE ROLE OF THE PRESS IN THE DISCUSSION AND PROMOTION OF PUBLIC POLICIES Eloisa Beling Loose ..... 64 CLIMATE CHANGE AND SECURITY IN THE AMAZON: VULNERABILITY AND RISKS FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ON THE ACRE - UCAYALI BORDER Marco Cepik and Hannah Machado Cepik ................................................................ 76 CLIMATE EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING: THE INFLUENCE OF RAINFALL ON THE CRIMINAL DYNAMICS OF THE CITY OF MANAUS Moisés Israel Silva dos Santos, Antônio Gelson de Oliveira Nascimento, Márcio
  • 154 Personal Pronouns in Zapotec and Zapotecan1

    154 Personal Pronouns in Zapotec and Zapotecan1

    PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN ZAPOTEC AND ZAPOTECAN1 Natalie Operstein University of California, Los Angeles This paper is a comparative and historical study of personal pronouns in Zapotec and Zapotecan. It is based on data from more than 20 Zapotec languages and several dialects of Chatino. On the basis of this study, a number of dialectal isoglosses involv- ing personal pronouns are identified and full reconstructions of the Proto-Zapotec and Proto-Zapotecan systems of personal pronouns are attempted. [Keywords: Zapotec, Chatino, Zapotecan, Otomanguean, personal pronouns] 1. Introduction. 1.1. Zapotec and Zapotecan. The Zapotec family of languages is spo- ken mainly in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. Together with Chatino it con- stitutes the Zapotecan branch of the Otomanguean stock. The exact number of different languages within Zapotec has not been determined with cer- tainty. Based on structural criteria, Kaufman (n.d.:1, 13) recognizes 5 to 10 different languages within Zapotec, while the Ethnologue (Grimes et al. 2002), based on mutual intelligibility testing, identifies 57. Zapotec is di- vided into the following dialectal zones: Solteco and Papabuco (spoken in Sola de Vega), Central (comprising the Zapotec languages of the Oaxaca Valley and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec), Northern and Southern (spoken to the north and south of the Oaxaca Valley, respectively) (on the classification of Zapotec, see Angulo 1926, Angulo and Freeland 1935, Kaufman, n.d., and Suárez 1990 and the bibliography cited therein).2 1 I would like to thank Terrence Kaufman and John Justeson for the opportunity to work on the Zapotec of Santa María Zaniza during the summers of 1999 and 2000 as part of their Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica.
  • 0118 Isolationdoc100fulltext.Pdf

    0118 Isolationdoc100fulltext.Pdf

    INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN ISOLATION IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON Their struggle for survival and freedom Beatriz Huertas Castillo IWGIA Document No. 100 - Copenhagen 2004 3 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN ISOLATION IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON Their struggle for survival and freedom Beatriz Huertas Castillo Copyright: Beatriz Huertas Castillo and IWGIA 2004 – All Rights Reserved Cover design, typesetting and maps: Jorge Monrás English translation: Elaine Bolton Editorial production: Alejandro Parellada Prepress and Print: Centraltrykkeriet Skive A/S Skive, Denmark ISBN: 87-90730-77-1 Distribution in North America: Transaction Publishers 390 Campus Drive Somerset, New Jersey 08873 www.transactionpub.com INTERNATIONAL WORK GROUP FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS Classensgade 11 E, DK 2100 - Copenhagen, Denmark Tel: (45) 35 27 05 00 - Fax: (45) 35 27 05 07 E-mail: [email protected] - Web: www.iwgia.org 4 This book has been produced with financial support from the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5 CONTENT Preface ................................................................................................ 10 Introduction ........................................................................................ 14 Chapter 1 Indigenous Peoples in isolation .................................................. 20 Who are they? ..................................................................................... 20 Chapter 2 Madre de Dios, a general overview ............................................ 24 Geo-environmental context .............................................................