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'Freaky:' an Exploration of the Development of Dominant
From ‘Classical’ To ‘Freaky:’ an Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised, Male Bodybuilding Culture Dimitrios Liokaftos Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London Submitted for the Degree of PhD in Sociology February 2012 1 Declaration: The work presented in this thesis is my own. Dimitrios Liokaftos Signed, 2 Abstract Through a combination of historical and empirical research, the present thesis explores the development of dominant, organized bodybuilding culture across three periods: early (1880s-1930s), middle (1940s-1970s), and late (1980s-present). This periodization reflects the different paradigms in bodybuilding that the research identifies and examines at the level of body aesthetic, model of embodied practice, aesthetic of representation, formal spectacle, and prevalent meanings regarding the 'nature' of bodybuilding. Employing organized bodybuilding displays as the axis for the discussion, the project traces the gradual shift from an early bodybuilding model, represented in the ideal of the 'classical,' 'perfect' body, to a late-modern model celebrating the 'freaky,' 'monstrous' body. This development is shown to have entailed changes in notions of the 'good' body, moving from a 'restorative' model of 'all-around' development, health, and moderation whose horizon was a return to an unsurpassable standard of 'normality,' to a technologically-enhanced, performance- driven one where 'perfection' assumes the form of an open-ended project towards the 'impossible.' Central in this process is a shift in male identities, as the appearance of the body turns not only into a legitimate priority for bodybuilding practitioners but also into an instance of sport performance in bodybuilding competition. Equally central, and related to the above, is a shift from a model of amateur competition and non-instrumental practice to one of professional competition and extreme measures in search of the winning edge. -
Iron Game History Volume 3 Number 4
VOLUME 3 NUMBER 4 August 1994 The first competition behind the Iron Curtain between ath- tition, and that no-one in the history of the sport had ever had the letes from the two superpowers after the Cold War began was held audacity to open with twenty pounds more than the listed world record. in 1955 in Moscow. The athletes were weightlifters. Ever since the But when the five foot nine inch, barrel-chested. three hundred and end of World War Two and the resumption of international meets forty pound Anderson chalked his hands and strode to the platform the American lifters had been dominant, and the soviets resented this the crowd got a good look at him and they became suddenly quiet. dominance and were jealous of it. The political leaders of the soviet And when he pulled the bar to his shoulders and pressed it easily over sports machine were very aware of the his head they were so stunned that for a propoganda value of athletic success, time they made no sound at all. But then and they badly wanted to be able to say they,leapt to their feet shouting, calling to the world that their political system him. “chudo priyody”—wonder of produced the strongest men. They were nature. obsessed by the idea of beating the U.S., This dramatic world record, particularly in the superheavyweight coupled with Paul’s unique appearance, class, the symbol of strength. Even then, caught the imagination of the public, almost 40 years ago, the top superheavy and he was able to parlay the attention was widely recognized—at least in the into a career as the most famous strong- media—as the strongest man in the man of the modern era. -
CURRICULUM VITAE Name Birth Date and Place John D. Fair
CURRICULUM VITAE Name Birth Date and Place John D. Fair September 6, 1943 Waynesboro, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Married Children Sarah Patterson Fair Jonathan Oliver Fair (b. 1982) Philip Alexander Fair (b. 1985) Address 759 Karlee Court, Auburn, AL 36830 (478) 986-9286 or [email protected] or The H. J. Lutcher Stark Center for Physical Culture & Sports, NEZ 5.700, 1 University Station, D3600, Austin, TX 78712 (512) 471-0995 [email protected]. Education B.A. Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, 1965 M.A. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 1966 Thesis: "Women's Suffrage in Great Britain, 1913-1918" Ph.D. Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 1970 Dissertation: "The Role of the Conference in British Politics, 1884-1918" Areas of Specialization British Political and Constitutional History Modern Irish History British Empire and Commonwealth Twentieth Century American (Physical Culture & Sport) History Southern History Teaching Experience Instructor of History, York College of Pennsylvania, York, Pennsylvania, 1967. Instructor of History, Millersville University of Pennsylvania, Millersville, Pennsylvania, 1968. Assistant Professor of History, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 1969-1971. Assistant Professor of History, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, Alabama, 1971-1975. Associate Professor of History, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, Alabama, 1975-1981. Visiting Professor of History, University of Maine at Orono, Orono, Maine, Summer, 1981. Professor of History, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, Alabama, 1981-1989, Professor and Head, 1989- 1995, Alumni Professor and Head, 1995-1997 Professor of History & Chair, Georgia College & State University, Milledgeville, Georgia, 1997-2002 Professor of History, Georgia College & State University, Milledgeville, Georgia, 2002-2012 Adjunct Professor of Kinesiology, University of Texas, Austin, 2012-. -
A Briefly Annotated Bibliography of English Language Serial Publications in the Field of Physical Culture Jan Todd, Joe Roark and Terry Todd
MARCH 1991 IRON GAME HISTORY A Briefly Annotated bibliography of English Language Serial Publications in the Field of Physical Culture Jan Todd, Joe Roark and Terry Todd One of the major problems encountered when an attempt is made in January of 1869 and that we were unable to verify the actual starting to study the history of physical culture is that libraries have so seldom date of the magazine. saved (or subscribed to) even the major lifting, bodybuilding and “N.D.” means that the issue did not carry any sort of date. “N.M.” physical culture publications, let alone the minor ones. Because of this, means no month was listed. “N.Y.” means no year was listed. “N.V.” researchers have had to rely for the most part on private collections for means that no volume was listed. “N.N.” means that no issue number their source material, and this has limited the academic scholarship in was assigned. A question mark (?) beside a date means that we are the field. This problem was one of the major reasons behind the estimating when the magazine began, based on photos or other establishment of the Physical Culture Collection at the University of evidence. Texas in Austin. The designation “Current” means that, as of press time, the Over the last several months, we have made an attempt to magazine was still being published on a regular basis. You will also assemble a comprehensive listing or bibliography of the English- note the designation “LIC.” This stands for “Last in Collection.” This language magazines (and a few notable foreign language publications) simply means that the last copy of the magazine we have on hand here in the field of physical culture. -
A Writer's Calendar
A WRITER’S CALENDAR Compiled by J. L. Herrera for my mother and with special thanks to Rose Brown, Peter Jones, Eve Masterman, Yvonne Stadler, Marie-France Sagot, Jo Cauffman, Tom Errey and Gianni Ferrara INTRODUCTION I began the original calendar simply as a present for my mother, thinking it would be an easy matter to fill up 365 spaces. Instead it turned into an ongoing habit. Every time I did some tidying up out would flutter more grubby little notes to myself, written on the backs of envelopes, bank withdrawal forms, anything, and containing yet more names and dates. It seemed, then, a small step from filling in blank squares to letting myself run wild with the myriad little interesting snippets picked up in my hunting and adding the occasional opinion or memory. The beginning and the end were obvious enough. The trouble was the middle; the book was like a concertina — infinitely expandable. And I found, so much fun had the exercise become, that I was reluctant to say to myself, no more. Understandably, I’ve been dependent on other people’s memories and record- keeping and have learnt that even the weightiest of tomes do not always agree on such basic ‘facts’ as people’s birthdays. So my apologies for the discrepancies which may have crept in. In the meantime — Many Happy Returns! Jennie Herrera 1995 2 A Writer’s Calendar January 1st: Ouida J. D. Salinger Maria Edgeworth E. M. Forster Camara Laye Iain Crichton Smith Larry King Sembene Ousmane Jean Ure John Fuller January 2nd: Isaac Asimov Henry Kingsley Jean Little Peter Redgrove Gerhard Amanshauser * * * * * Is prolific writing good writing? Carter Brown? Barbara Cartland? Ursula Bloom? Enid Blyton? Not necessarily, but it does tend to be clear, simple, lucid, overlapping, and sometimes repetitive. -
The Bodybuilding Truth
NELSON MONTANA THE BODYBUILDING TRUTH Dear friend and fellow athlete, Think you know about bodybuilding? Think again. If you really knew how to build the ultimate body in less than six months time, would you keep paying for more? More supplements? More personal training? More courses? More magazines? Would you keep spending your money on the deceptions, the product scams, the bogus supplements, and the false muscle building methods that the bodybuilding marketers propagate to line their pockets? The end result. Your bodybuilding progress is held back while the fat cats get rich. What if you knew the truth? What if someone were to blow the whistle on the con artists within the bodybuilding world and at the same time, share with you the secrets for packing on thick, dense muscle - fast! And burning off every last ounce of your bodyfat! Sounds unthinkable right? Well, the unthinkable has just happened. Every week I get at least one proposal from some self-appointed guru wanting us to publish his latest bodybuilding book. I read them, but never publish them, because basically, they're all worthless. However, the latest book by my friend Mr. Nelson Montana, titled The Bodybuilding Truth – Insider Secrets You're Not Supposed to Know, literally blew me away. And it blew away hundreds of ideas that I had accepted as truth for years about the sport of bodybuilding and exposed everything the bodybuilding marketers don't want you to know. Nelson Montana is an in your face kind of guy; he tells it like it is. A bodybuilding industry insider, Montana worked for Testosterone Magazine, but got fired because he refused to write an article touting ZMA, a fancy Zinc supplement, as the latest thing for muscle growth. -
The History of Bodybuilding: International and Hungarian Aspects
Művelődés-, Tudomány- és Orvostörténeti Folyóirat 2020. Vol. 10. No. 21. Journal of History of Culture, Science and Medicine e-ISSN: 2062-2597 DOI: 10.17107/KH.2020.21.165-178 The History of Bodybuilding: International and Hungarian Aspects A testépítés története: nemzetközi és magyar vonatkozások Petra Németh doctoral student dr. Andrea Gál docent Doctoral School of Sport Sciences, University of Physical Education [email protected], [email protected] Initially submitted Sept 2, 2020; accepted for publication Oct..20, 2020 Abstract Bodybuilding is a scarcely investigated cultural phenomenon in social sciences, and, in particular, historiography despite the fact that its popularity both in its competitive and leisure form has been on the rise, especially since the 1950s. Development periods of this sport are mainly identified with those iconic competitors, who were the most dominant in the given era, and held the ‘Mr. Olympia’ title as the best bodybuilders. Nevertheless, sources reflecting on the evolution of organizational background and the system of competitions are more difficult to identify. It is similarly challenging to investigate the history of female bodybuilding, which started in the 19th century, but its real beginning dates back to the 1970s. For analysing the history of international bodybuilding, mainly American sources can be relied on, but investigating the Hungarian aspects is hindered by the lack of background materials. Based on the available sources, the objective of this study is to discover the development -
Jim Witt:Alifewithtwo Loves
VOLUME 2 NUMBER 6 May 1993 JIM WITT: A LIFE WITH TWO LOVES It is, I suppose, in the nature of things that a journal devot- I’m still a little touched. I was a boxer when I was young. Seven- ed to the history of the iron game would report the deaths of those ty-five amateur fights. I was in the paratroopers in the war and I who had distinguished themselves in the field of physical culture. got my knee all shot up over in Italy in 1944. Once I got on the Our field is a large and growing one, and the focus of IGH is con- weights, my knee got better. I entered my first lifting meet in 1962 centrated on people who made their primary contributions prior to in Tyler, Texas. I was 47. Lots of folks told me I was too old for such 1960, so we often have many deaths to report. Even so, it foolishness, but I didn’t pay a bit of attention. An old man is a hard thing, especially when one of the men who can love a woman just as much as a young man can, died was one of our oldest friends. specially if he’s never been in love before. Jim Witt was a man already in his That was how it was with me and these middle years when I first met him over damned old weights. I even do the 30 years ago, but although he was well Olympic lifts. Not too damn well, into his fifth decade of life, he was a though. -
Intensityfor
DECEMBER 2010 / IRON MAN MAGAZINE— DECEMBER 2010 / IRON MAN MAGAZINE— HARDBODY HOTNESS—MANDY BLANK IS BACK TERRY, ™ Vertical Web ad- dress is obscured by logo. HARDBODY Mandy Blank IronManMagazine.com Page 182 INTENSITY for IMMENSITY! Big Dan Hill’s WE KNOW TRAINING Dorian-esque HIT Workout Back-Attack ™ 6Training DAN HILL: INTENSITY FOR IMMENSITY Tips Rev Up Your Rear View Hormone Hijack Is the Environment Stealing Your Testosterone? All-Over-the-Map Leg Zap Antoine Vaillant’s Lower-Body Size Surger DECEMBER 2010 $5.99 PLUS: • Mr. Olympia: Action-Packed Full-Page Pics! • Bill Starr’s Seat-of-Power Glute Getter • Charles Poliquin’s Intrarep-Pause Mass Maker Please display until 12/1/10 FC_DEC_2010_F.indd 1 10/5/10 12:14:35 PM CONTEWE KNOW TRAINING™ NTS DECEMBER 2010 80 FEATURES DAN HILL 56 TRAIN, EAT, GROW 134 Hit the growth threshold with 4X training, and you’ll build new mass—guaranteed. 80 INTENSITY FOR IMMENSITY New pro Dan Hill, 24, works at getting huge—in and out of the gym. 98 HORMONE HIJACK Is the environment stealing your muscle gains? It’s very possible, and Jerry Brainum has some solutions. 116 A BODYBUILDER IS BORN: GENERATIONS Ron Harris hammers home some old-school iron wisdom: Treat all your children the same. 120 CANADIAN WHEELS Cory Crow gets the lowdown on Antoine Vaillant’s all-over-the-map leg zap. 120 CANADIAN WHEELS Contents_F.indd 18 10/4/10 5:49:56 PM DECEMBER 2010 / IRON MAN MAGAZINE— HARDBODY HOTNESS—MANDY BLANK IS BACK Dan Hill appears ™ Vertical Web ad- on this month’sdress is obscured HARDBODY Mandy Blank IronManMagazine.com cover. -
Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira Belur Math, Howrah, 711202 Central Library List of Books : Reference & Others Acc
RAMAKRISHNA MISSION VIDYAMANDIRA BELUR MATH, HOWRAH, 711202 CENTRAL LIBRARY LIST OF BOOKS : REFERENCE & OTHERS ACC. NO. CALL. NO. TITLE OF THE BOOK AUTHOR PUBLISHER YEAR PRICE SUBJECT HEADING 44638 R032/ENC 1978 ENYCOLPAEDIA BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, ING 1978 150 ENCYCLOPEDIA-ENGLISH 44639 R032/ENC 1979 ENYCOLPAEDIA BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, ING 1979 100 ENCYCLOPEDIA-ENGLISH 44641 R-032/BRI 1981 ENYCOLPAEDIA BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPEADIA BRITANNICA, INC 1981 100 ENCYCLOPEDIA-ENGLISH 15648 R-032/BRI 1982 ENYCOLPAEDIA BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, ING 1982 100 ENCYCLOPEDIA-ENGLISH 15649 R-032/ENC 1983 ENYCOLPAEDIA BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, ING 1983 100 ENCYCLOPEDIA-ENGLISH 17913 R032/ENC 1984 ENYCOLPAEDIA BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, ING 1984 350 ENCYCLOPEDIA-ENGLISH 18648 R-032/ENC 1985 ENYCOLPAEDIA BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, ING 1985 100 ENCYCLOPEDIA-ENGLISH 18786 R-032/ENC 1986 ENYCOLPAEDIA BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, ING 1986 100 ENCYCLOPEDIA-ENGLISH 19693 R-032/ENC 1987 ENYCOLPAEDIA BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPEADIA BRITANNICA, INC 1987 100 ENCYCLOPEDIA-ENGLISH 21140 R-032/ENC 1988 ENYCOLPAEDIA BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPEADIA BRITANNICA, INC 1988 100 ENCYCLOPEDIA-ENGLISH 21141 R-032/ENC 1989 ENYCOLPAEDIA BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPEADIA BRITANNICA, INC 1989 100 ENCYCLOPEDIA-ENGLISH 1 ACC. NO. CALL. NO. TITLE OF THE BOOK AUTHOR PUBLISHER YEAR PRICE SUBJECT HEADING 21426 R-032/ENC 1990 ENYCOLPAEDIA BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, ING 1990 150 ENCYCLOPEDIA-ENGLISH 21797 R-032/ENC 1991 ENYCOLPAEDIA -
The Lastinterview
THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CULTURE December 2000 Volume 6 Number 4 The LastInterview As many IGH readers know, we’ve been working on a book about the cultural significance of Muscle Beach for the past several years. As part of our research for that book, we’ve interviewed many of the “regulars” of Muscle Beach. On 10 June 1999 we visited with Steve Reeves, and as far as we know, this was the last formal interview he ever gave. We met Steve at his horse ranch in southern California and taped him in the living room of his spacious Spanish-style ranchhouse. Present for the interview with us was Steve’s longtime companion, Deborah Englehorn Reeves. Steve was dressed in his work clothes— blue jeans, a short-sleeved work shirt, and a pair of well-worn boots. He was a wonderful host, proudly showing us his beautiful Morgan horses and the stable he had personally designed to house them. The day was warm and he was the picture of vigorous health—lean yet thick, with a youthful stride, that legendary face, a pair of hands and forearms that bespoke a lifetime of hard work, and the relaxed attitude of a man at peace with himself. —Jan and Terry Todd TT: Yesterday, when I spoke to Armand Tanny, he told me that he remembers very fondly the days you guys spent down there at Muscle Beach and he said he has a pretty clear memory of the first time he ever saw you. He knew who you were. Maybe he’d seen a photograph of you when you were still a teenager and so when he saw you come to the Beach that first time, he recognized who you were. -
Steroids: an Historical Perspective Some Years Ago, During My Annual Visit to the Home of David Building Magazines Such As Iron Man
VOLUME 1 NUMBER 2 APRIL 1990 Steroids: An Historical Perspective Some years ago, during my annual visit to the home of David building magazines such as Iron Man. For those who might be P. Willoughby, he and I were comparing the lifting and the unaware of the drug testing procedures, a bit of history might physiques of the pre-steroid and post-steroid eras. In that dis- be in order. cussion, one of several we had on the subject over the years, Testing for anabolic steroids was first used in 1976, at Dave told me that he found it increasingly hard to take real the Montreal Olympics, and the weightlifting community has interest in the accomplishments of strength athletes since 1960. the unfortunate distinction of having produced more positive (Many people close to the game know that 1960 was the year results than any other sport from those first drug tests. (Two of in which Dr. John Ziegler convinced Tony Garcy and Bill the most famous lifters who tested positive for steroids in 1976 March of the York Barbell Club and Lou Riecke of the New were the Bulgarian, Blago Blagoev, and the American, Phil Orleans Athletic Club to begin using a form of training called Grippaldi.) In the ensuing years, athletes from many other isometric contraction and to begin taking a pill called Di- sports have tested positive and no longer does the average anabol, and that the dramatic success of these three athletes sports fan believe that the only athletes who use steroids are ushered in the steroid era.) weightlifters and bodybuilders.