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The Chukchi Sea Continental Shelf: Benthos-Environmental Interactions

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The Chukchi Sea Continental Shelf: Benthos-Environmental Interactions THE CHUKCHI SEA CONTINENTAL SHELF: BENTHOS-ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS by H. M. Feder and A. S. Naidu Institute of Marine Science School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-1080 M. J. Hameedi Ocean Assessments Division Alaska Office National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Commerce 222 West Eighth Avenue, #56 Anchorage Alaska 99513-7543 S. C. Jewett and W. R. Johnson Institute of Marine Science University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-1080 Final Report Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Research Unit 687 February 1989 25 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was funded by the Minerals Management Service, Department of the Interior, through an interagency agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, as part of the Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Assessment Program, to the University of Alaska Fairbanks through a cooperative agreement (NA-ABH-OO031). We would like to thank the officers and crew of the NOAA ship Oceanographer involved in sampling. We would also like to thank the following Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks, personnel: M. Baskaran and Wieslawa Wajda for sediment analysis, Dave Foster and Gail Gardiner for shipboard sampling assistance and sediment analysis, Tama Rucker for shipboard sampling and laboratory analysis of all biological samples, Kris McCumby for assistance with laboratory analysis of biological samples, John Smithhisler for current meter preparation, Chirk Chu for data processing and programming, and the Publications staff for aid in preparation of this report. Laboratory facilities were provided by the Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks. 27 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . .. **.. do . ...* 27 LIST OF FIGURES . .* *... .. **.. ● . ...* .* .*. 31 LIST OF TABLES . ...*. 70 I. INTRODUCTION........’. 37 A. General Nature and Scope of Study . 37 B. Goals of the Study . ● ✎☛✎✎✎ .0.0.. ...* . 42 c* Specific Objectives . .**... ..*.. 42 II. CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE . ..0.0 . ● . 43 A. Physical Oceanography . .**.. 43 B. Geological/Geochemical Oceanography . 45 c. Biological Oceanography . 50 1. Primary Production. 50 2. Zooplankton . 51 3. Benthos . 53 4. Marine Mammals. 56 III. STUDY AREA: LOCATION AND SETTING . 57 Iv. SOURCES, RATIONALE, AND METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION . 66 A. Sources and Rationale . 66 B. Methodology . :. 68 1. Field Sampling and Measurements . , . 68 2. Laboratory Analysis . .“.. 76 3. Data Analysis . 78 v. RESULTS . ., . 82 A. Physical Oceanography . 82 1. Time Series . 82 2. Acoustic Doppler Currents . 91 3. WaterMassAnalyses . 94 B. Geological Oceanography . 106 c* Benthic Biological Studies . 137 1. General. 137 29 TABLE OF ,CONTENTS (continued) Page 2. Abundance, Diversity, Biomass, Carbon Production of Individual Stations . ● ● 137 3* Trophic Structure and Motility for Individual ● Stations . ● . 144 4. Numerical Analysis . ● .**.. 162 5. Abundance, Biomass, Production, and Diversity of Taxa Within Cluster Groups . ● 180 6. Dominant Taxa, Trophic Structure, and Motility of Taxa Within Cluster Groups . 180 7* Stepwise Multiple Discriminant Analysis . 189 8. Production and Carbon Requirements of the Benthos . 196 9. Demersal Fishes and Epibenthic Invertebrates . 199 10. Gray Whale and Pacific Walrus Feeding Areas . 205 VI ● DISCUSSION. ● . ● ● . ● . ● c ● ● O ● * ● ● 210 A. Physical Oceanography . 210 B. The Relationship of Sediment Parameters to Taxon Assemblages . ● 212 c. Additional Factors Determining Taxonomic Composition ofBenthicGroups . ● . 215 D. Factors Affecting Benthic Abundance, Diversity, and Biomass . ..*. 219 E. Biomass, Production, and Carbon Requirements of the Bentbos . 226 F. The Relationship of Stable Carbon Isotopic Ratios, OC/N Values, and Macrobenthic Biomass . 229 G. The Importance of Epibenthic Invertebrates and DemersalFishes . 230 H. Important Feeding Areas of Gray Whales and Pa;ificWalruqes-. 232 1. ,Whales. 232 2. Walrus. :. .. 236 VII . CONCLUSIONS . ~. ● 243 VIII . REFERENCES. ● . ● . 249 APPENDICES . ● . ● . 263 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Schematic of upper layer flow in the Chukchi Sea . .* 39 2. Schematic of lower layer flow in the Chukchi Sea . 39 3. Distributional pattern of sediment classes in northern ChukchiSea. 47 4. Projected annual primary production in the Chukchi and Beaufortseas. 52 5. The study area in the northeastern Chukchi Sea as shown by the shadingonthemap . 58 6. Map showing the bathymetry of northeast Chukchi Sea . 59 7. The northernmost, southernmost, and median positions of pack ice in northeastern Chukchi Sea in September . 60 8. Zonation of pack, fast, and new ice in northeastern Chukchi Sea . 62 9. Distribution of polynyas in northeastern Chukchi Sea and adjacent areas . .* 63 10. Map of northeastern Chukchi Sea showing the regional variation in the intensity of ice gouging . 64 11. Locations of the current meter-sediment trap moorings, August-September 1986, in northeastern Chukchi Sea . 70 12. The vertical array of instruments and floats on a typical mooring deployed in the study area . 71 13. Map of northeastern Chukchi Sea showing station locations where physical oceanographic, geological, and biological samples were collected in August-September 1986 aboard the Surveyor . 73 14. Vector plot of the wind measured at Barrow and the currents measured at the mooring locations . 84 0 15. Time series of the wind and current along the 60 T axis, approx- imately alongshore at Barrow and the current meter moorings . 85 16. Lag autocorrelation and cross correlation functions for Barrow and CH17, calculated for the time series along the 60”T axis . 86 17. Lag autocorrelation and cross correlation functions for Barrow and CH16, calculated for the time series along the 60”T axis . 87 18. Lag autocorrelation and cross correlation functions for Barrow and CH14, calculated for the time series along the 60”T axis . 88 19. Lag autocorrelation and cross correlation functions for Barrow and CH13, calculated for the time series along the 60”T axis . 89 20. Time series of temperature measured at the moorings . 90 21. Cross section of temperature . 92 22. Cross sectionofsalinity . 92 23. ADCP current estimates plotted on a chart . 93 31 LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure Page 24. ADCP current estimates plotted from the ship as a time series . 95 25. T-S diagram for all of the CTD stations . 96 26. T-S diagram of the Coastal Water, Mass I . 98 27. T-S diagram of the Bering Sea Water, Mass II . 98 28. T-S diagram of the Chukchi Water, Mass 111 . 99 29. T-S diagram of the Chukchi Water, Mass IVa . 99 30. T-S diagram of the Chukchi Water, Mass IVb . 100 31. T-S diagram of the Beaufort Water, Mass V . 100 32. Chart of the water mass groupings based on the T-S diagram . 101 33. Chart of the water mass groupings based on the surface temperature and salinity cluster analysis . 102 34. Chart of the water mass groupings based on the bottom temperature and salinity cluster analysis . 103 35 ● Chart of the surface temperature from the Oceanographer, 1986 . 104 36. Chart of the bottom temperature from the Oceanographer, 1986 . 105 37. Chart of the bottom salinity from the Oceanographer, 1986 . 106 38. Chart of the surface salinity from the Oceanographer, 1986 . 107 39. Gravel percentages in surficial sediments of the northeastern ChukchiSea. 108 40. Sand percentages in surficial sediments of the northeastern ChukchiSea. 109 41. Silt percentages in surficial sediments of the northeastern ChukchiSea. 110 42. Clay percentages in surficial sediments of the northeastern ChukchiSea. 111 43. Mud percentages in surficial sediments of the northeastern ChukchiSea. 112 44. Mean size of surficial sediments of the northeastern ChukchiSea. 113 45. Grain-size values of surficial sediments of the northeastern ChukchiSea. 114 46. Surface water suspended sediment concentration . ~ . 119 47. Suspended sediment concentration 5 m above the sea floor . 120 48. Chukchi Sea vertical profile of suspended sediment concentration . 121 49. Organic carbon in bottom surficial sediments in the northeastern Chukchi Sea . 122 32 LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure Page 50. Nitrogen in bottom surficial sediments in the northeastern ChukchiSea. 123 51. OC/N values of bottom surficial sediments in the northeastern ChukchiSea. 124 52. Stable organic carbon isotopic ratios of bottom surficial sediments. 125 53. Organic carbon in suspended particles of surface waters in the northeastern Chukchi Sea . 129 54. Nitrogen in suspended particles of surface waters in the northeastern Chukchi Sea . 130 55. Organic carbon in suspended particles of near bottom waters in the northeastern Chukchi Sea . 131 56. Nitrogen in suspended particles of near bottom waters in the northeastern Chukchi Sea . 132 57. OC/N values of suspended particles of surface waters in the northeastern Chukchi Sea . 138 58. OC/N values of suspended particles of near bottom waters in the northeastern Chukchi Sea . 139 59 ● The relationship of the stations to station groups based on sorting and mean size of dry sediments for cluster groups . 140 60. The relationship of the stations to station groups based on %waterand %mud in sediment . 141 61. Ternary diagram relating stations to station groups based on % water, gravel, sand, silt, and clay . 145 62. Stations where benthic biological samples were collected in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, August-September 1986 . 146 63. The abundance of benthic fauna at stations occupied
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