DOCSLIB.ORG

Chukchi Sea Itrs 2013

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chukchi Sea Itrs 2013 Biological Opinion for Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) and Conference Opinion for Pacific Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) on the Chukchi Sea Incidental Take Regulations Prepared by: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fairbanks Fish and Wildlife Field Office 110 12th Ave, Room 110 Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 May 20, 2013 1 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................5 Background on Section 101(a)(5) of MMPA ...........................................................................6 The AOGA Petition .................................................................................................................6 History of Chukchi Sea ITRS ..............................................................................................7 Relationship of ESA to MMPA ...........................................................................................7 MMPA Terms: ........................................................................................................................7 ESA Terms: ............................................................................................................................8 The Proposed Action ...................................................................................................................8 Information Required to Obtain a Letter of Authorization .......................................................9 Specific Measures of LOAs ................................................................................................... 10 Types of Industry Activities that may Receive LOAs ............................................................ 11 Offshore Activities ............................................................................................................ 12 Exploratory Drilling ...................................................................................................... 12 Seismic Operations ........................................................................................................ 12 Shallow Hazard Surveys ................................................................................................ 12 Marine Geophysical Surveys ......................................................................................... 12 Geotechnical Surveys .................................................................................................... 12 Offshore Environmental Studies .................................................................................... 12 Onshore Activities ............................................................................................................. 13 Exploratory Activities .................................................................................................... 13 Onshore Environmental Studies ..................................................................................... 13 The Action Area ........................................................................................................................ 13 Status of the Species.................................................................................................................. 13 Climate Change ..................................................................................................................... 13 Polar Bears ............................................................................................................................ 15 Status and Distribution ...................................................................................................... 15 Life History ....................................................................................................................... 16 Range-wide Threats, Stressors, and Uncertainties .............................................................. 17 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 18 Pacific Walruses .................................................................................................................... 18 Abundance and Distribution .............................................................................................. 18 Foraging Behavior and Diet ............................................................................................... 19 Walrus Communication/Hearing ....................................................................................... 20 2 Range-Wide Threats, Stressors, and Uncertainties ............................................................. 20 Use of Coastal Haulouts in Summer .............................................................................. 21 Reduced Availability of Benthic Prey ............................................................................ 21 Subsistence Harvest ....................................................................................................... 23 Other Influences ................................................................................................................ 25 Walrus Research ............................................................................................................ 25 Disease .......................................................................................................................... 25 Pollution and Contaminants ........................................................................................... 26 Other Activities ............................................................................................................. 26 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 26 Environmental Baseline ............................................................................................................ 26 Polar Bears ............................................................................................................................ 27 Alaska-Chukotka Stock ..................................................................................................... 29 Southern Beaufort Sea Stock ............................................................................................. 29 Threats and Possible Stressors in the Action Area .............................................................. 30 Loss of Sea Ice .............................................................................................................. 30 Subsistence Harvest ....................................................................................................... 30 Oil and Gas Activities .................................................................................................... 31 Polar Bear Research....................................................................................................... 31 Other Activities ............................................................................................................. 32 Environmental Contaminants ......................................................................................... 32 Pacific Walruses .................................................................................................................... 32 Loss of Sea Ice .................................................................................................................. 34 Subsistence Harvest ........................................................................................................... 35 Oil and Gas Activities ....................................................................................................... 35 Noise ................................................................................................................................. 37 Effects of the Proposed Action .................................................................................................. 38 Direct and Indirect Effects on Polar Bears and Pacific Walruses ............................................ 38 Interdependent and Interrelated Actions on Polar Bears and Pacific Walruses ....................... 38 Effects of Interdependent and Interrelated Actions on Polar Bears ......................................... 39 Expected Frequency of Encounters .................................................................................... 39 Disturbance Effects on Polar Bears .................................................................................... 40 Disturbance from Land/Water Operations ...................................................................... 40 Disturbance from Aircraft .............................................................................................. 40 3 Noise from Seismic Surveys .......................................................................................... 41 Mitigation Measures .......................................................................................................... 41 Oil Spills ........................................................................................................................... 42 Deterrence Activities and Intentional Take Authorizations ................................................ 42 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 44 Effects of Interdependent and Interrelated Actions on Pacific Walruses ................................. 44 Expected Frequency
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Transit Passage in the Russian Arctic Straits
    International Boundaries Research Unit MARITIME BRIEFING Volume 1 Number 7 Transit Passage in the Russian Arctic Straits William V. Dunlap Maritime Briefing Volume 1 Number 7 ISBN 1-897643-21-7 1996 Transit Passage in the Russian Arctic Straits by William V. Dunlap Edited by Peter Hocknell International Boundaries Research Unit Department of Geography University of Durham South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK Tel: UK + 44 (0) 191 334 1961 Fax: UK +44 (0) 191 334 1962 e-mail: [email protected] www: http://www-ibru.dur.ac.uk Preface The Russian Federation, continuing an initiative begun by the Soviet Union, is attempting to open the Northern Sea Route, the shipping route along the Arctic coast of Siberia from the Norwegian frontier through the Bering Strait, to international commerce. The goal of the effort is eventually to operate the route on a year-round basis, offering it to commercial shippers as an alternative, substantially shorter route from northern Europe to the Pacific Ocean in the hope of raising hard currency in exchange for pilotage, icebreaking, refuelling, and other services. Meanwhile, the international law of the sea has been developing at a rapid pace, creating, among other things, a right of transit passage that allows, subject to specified conditions, the relatively unrestricted passage of all foreign vessels - commercial and military - through straits used for international navigation. In addition, transit passage permits submerged transit by submarines and overflight by aircraft, practices with implications for the national security of states bordering straits. This study summarises the law of the sea as it relates to straits used for international navigation, and then describes 43 significant straits of the Northeast Arctic Passage, identifying the characteristics of each that are relevant to a determination of whether the strait will be subject to the transit-passage regime.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleozoic Rocks of Northern Chukotka Peninsula, Russian Far East: Implications for the Tectonicsof the Arctic Region
    TECTONICS, VOL. 18, NO. 6, PAGES 977-1003 DECEMBER 1999 Paleozoic rocks of northern Chukotka Peninsula, Russian Far East: Implications for the tectonicsof the Arctic region BorisA. Natal'in,1 Jeffrey M. Amato,2 Jaime Toro, 3,4 and James E. Wright5 Abstract. Paleozoicrocks exposedacross the northernflank of Alaskablock the essentialelement involved in the openingof the the mid-Cretaceousto Late CretaceousKoolen metamorphic Canada basin. domemake up two structurallysuperimposed tectonic units: (1) weaklydeformed Ordovician to Lower Devonianshallow marine 1. Introduction carbonatesof the Chegitununit which formed on a stableshelf and (2) strongly deformed and metamorphosedDevonian to Interestin stratigraphicand tectoniccorrelations between the Lower Carboniferousphyllites, limestones, and an&site tuffs of RussianFar East and Alaska recentlyhas beenrevived as the re- the Tanatapunit. Trace elementgeochemistry, Nd isotopicdata, sult of collaborationbetween North Americanand Russiangeol- and texturalevidence suggest that the Tanataptuffs are differen- ogists.This paperpresents the resultsof one suchstudy from the tiatedcalc-alkaline volcanic rocks possibly derived from a mag- ChegitunRiver valley, Russia,where field work was carriedout matic arc. We interpretthe associatedsedimentary facies as in- to establishthe stratigraphic,structural, and metamorphicrela- dicativeof depositionin a basinal setting,probably a back arc tionshipsin the northernpart of the ChukotkaPeninsula (Figure basin. Orthogneissesin the core of the Koolen dome yielded a
    [Show full text]
  • Flow of Pacific Water in the Western Chukchi
    Deep-Sea Research I 105 (2015) 53–73 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Deep-Sea Research I journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dsri Flow of pacific water in the western Chukchi Sea: Results from the 2009 RUSALCA expedition Maria N. Pisareva a,n, Robert S. Pickart b, M.A. Spall b, C. Nobre b, D.J. Torres b, G.W.K. Moore c, Terry E. Whitledge d a P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, 36, Nakhimovski Prospect, Moscow 117997, Russia b Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA c Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada d University of Alaska Fairbanks, 505 South Chandalar Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA article info abstract Article history: The distribution of water masses and their circulation on the western Chukchi Sea shelf are investigated Received 10 March 2015 using shipboard data from the 2009 Russian-American Long Term Census of the Arctic (RUSALCA) pro- Received in revised form gram. Eleven hydrographic/velocity transects were occupied during September of that year, including a 25 August 2015 number of sections in the vicinity of Wrangel Island and Herald canyon, an area with historically few Accepted 25 August 2015 measurements. We focus on four water masses: Alaskan coastal water (ACW), summer Bering Sea water Available online 31 August 2015 (BSW), Siberian coastal water (SCW), and remnant Pacific winter water (RWW). In some respects the Keywords: spatial distributions of these water masses were similar to the patterns found in the historical World Arctic Ocean Ocean Database, but there were significant differences.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Nature of Wind-Forced Upwelling in Barrow Canyon ⁎ Maria N
    Deep-Sea Research Part II xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Deep-Sea Research Part II journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2 On the nature of wind-forced upwelling in Barrow Canyon ⁎ Maria N. Pisarevaa, , Robert S. Pickartb, Peigen Linb, Paula S. Fratantonic, Thomas J. Weingartnerd a P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, 36, Nakhimovski prospect, Moscow 117997, Russia b Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd., Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA c Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA d University of Alaska Fairbanks, 505 South Chandalar Drive, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Using time series from a mooring deployed from 2002 to 2004 near the head of Barrow Canyon, together with Arctic Ocean atmospheric and sea-ice data, we investigate the seasonal signals in the canyon as well as aspects of upwelling Barrow Canyon and the wind-forcing that drives it. On average, the flow was down-canyon during each month of the year except Upwelling February, when the up-canyon winds were strongest. Most of the deep flow through the head of the canyon Polynya consisted of cold and dense Pacific-origin winter water, although Pacific-origin summer waters were present in Pacific-origin water masses early autumn. Over the two-year study period there were 54 upwelling events: 33 advected denser water to the Atlantic Water head of the canyon, while 21 upwelled lighter water due to the homogeneous temperature/salinity conditions during the cold season. The upwelling occurs when the Beaufort High is strong and the Aleutian Low is deep, consistent with findings from previous studies.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 POLAR BEAR (Ursus Maritimus): Chukchi/Bering Seas Stock STOCK
    Revised: 01/01/2010 POLAR BEAR (Ursus maritimus): Chukchi/Bering Seas Stock STOCK DEFINITION AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE Polar bears are circumpolar in their distribution in the northern hemisphere. They occur in several largely discrete stocks or populations (Harington 1968). Polar bear movements are extensive and individual activity areas are enormous (Garner et al. 1990, Amstrup et al. 2000). The parameters used by Dizon et al. (1992) to classify stocks based on the phylogeographic approach were considered in the determination of stock separation in Alaska. Several polar bear stocks are known to be shared between countries (Amstrup et al. 1986, Amstrup and DeMaster 1988). Lentfer hypothesized that in Alaska two stocks exist, the Southern Beaufort Sea (SBS) and the Chukchi/Bering seas (CBS), based upon: (a) variations in levels of heavy metal contaminants of organ tissues (Lentfer 1976, Figure 1. Map of the Southern Beaufort Sea and the Chukchi/ Lentfer and Galster 1987); (b) morphological Bering seas polar bear stocks. characteristics (Manning 1971, Lentfer 1974, Wilson 1976); (c) physical oceanographic features which segregate the Chukchi Sea and Bering Sea stock from the Beaufort Sea stock (Lentfer 1974); and (d) movement information collected from mark and recapture studies of adult female bears (Lentfer 1974, 1983) (Figure 1). Information on contaminants (Woshner et al. 2001, Evans 2004a, Evans 2004b, Kannan et al. 2005, Smithwick et al. 2005, Verreault et al. 2005, Muir et al. 2006, Smithwick et al. 2006, Kannan et al. 2007, Rush et al. 2008) and movement data using satellite collars (Amstrup et al. 2004, Amstrup et al. 2005) continue to support the presence of these two stocks.
    [Show full text]
  • 12 Northern Bering-Chukchi Sea
    12/18:&LME&FACTSHEET&SERIES& NORTHERN BERING- CHUKCHI SEA LME tic LMEs Arc NORTHERN'BERING+CHUKCHI'SEA'LME'MAP 18 of Map Russia Bering Strait Alaska Russia LME Canada Iceland Central Arctic Ocean 12 "1 ARCTIC LMEs Large&! Marine& Ecosystems& (LMEs)& are& defined& as& regions& of& work&of&the&ArcMc&Council&in&developing&and&promoMng&the& ocean& space& of& 200,000& km²& or& greater,& that& encompass& Ecosystem& ApproacH& to& management& of& the& ArcMc& marine& coastal& areas& from& river& basins& and& estuaries& to& the& outer& environment.& margins& of& a& conMnental& sHelf& or& the& seaward& extent& of& a& predominant&coastal&current.&LMEs&are&defined&by&ecological& Joint'EA'Expert'group' criteria,&including&bathymetry,&HydrograpHy,&producMvity,&and& PAME& establisHed& an& Ecosystem& ApproacH& to& Management& tropically& linked& populaMons.& PAME& developed& a& map& expert& group& in& 2011& with& the& parMcipaMon& of& other& ArcMc& delineaMng&17&ArcMc&Large&Marine&Ecosystems&(ArcMc&LME's)& Council&working&groups&(AMAP,&CAFF&and&SDWG).&THis&joint& in&the&marine&waters&of&the&ArcMc&and&adjacent&seas&in&2006.& Ecosystem&ApproacH&Expert&Group&(EAYEG)&Has&developed&a& In&a&consultaMve&process&including&agencies&of&ArcMc&Council& framework& for& EA& implementaMon& wHere& the& first& step& is& member&states&and&other&ArcMc&Council&working&groups,&the& idenMficaMon& of& the& ecosystem& to& be& managed.& IdenMfying& ArcMc& LME& map& was& revised& in& 2012&to&include&18&ArcMc& the&ArcMc&LMEs&represents&this&first&step. LMEs.& THis& is& the& current&
    [Show full text]
  • Farquharson Et Al 2018. Coastal Changes Chukchi Sea. Marine
    Marine Geology 404 (2018) 71–83 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/margo Temporal and spatial variability in coastline response to declining sea-ice in northwest Alaska T ⁎ L.M. Farquharsona, , D.H. Mannb, D.K. Swansonc, B.M. Jonesd, R.M. Buzardb, J.W. Jordane a Geophysical Institute Permafrost Laboratory, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA b Department of Geosciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA c National Park Service, Fairbanks, AK, USA d Water and Environmental Research Center, Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA e Department of Environmental Studies, Antioch University New England, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Editor: E. Anthony Arctic sea-ice is declining in extent, leaving coastlines exposed to more storm-wave events. There is an urgent ff Keywords: need to understand how these changes a ect geomorphic processes along Arctic coasts. Here we describe spatial Arctic and temporal patterns of shoreline changes along two geomorphologically distinct, storm-wave dominated Coastal erosion reaches of the Chukchi Sea coastline over the last 64 years. One study area encompasses the west- to southwest- Permafrost facing, coarse-clastic shoreline and ice-rich bluffs of Cape Krusenstern (CAKR). The other covers the north- Remote sensing facing, sandy shorelines on barrier islands, ice-rich bluffs, and the Cape Espenberg spit in the Bering Land Bridge Sea-ice National Park (BELA). Both study areas lie within the zone of continuous permafrost, which exists both on and offshore and outcrops as ice-rich bluffs along the BELA coast. We mapped changes in coastal geomorphology over three observation periods: 1950–1980, 1980–2003, and 2003–2014 using aerial and satellite imagery.
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic Report Card 2018 Effects of Persistent Arctic Warming Continue to Mount
    Arctic Report Card 2018 Effects of persistent Arctic warming continue to mount 2018 Headlines 2018 Headlines Video Executive Summary Effects of persistent Arctic warming continue Contacts to mount Vital Signs Surface Air Temperature Continued warming of the Arctic atmosphere Terrestrial Snow Cover and ocean are driving broad change in the Greenland Ice Sheet environmental system in predicted and, also, Sea Ice unexpected ways. New emerging threats Sea Surface Temperature are taking form and highlighting the level of Arctic Ocean Primary uncertainty in the breadth of environmental Productivity change that is to come. Tundra Greenness Other Indicators River Discharge Highlights Lake Ice • Surface air temperatures in the Arctic continued to warm at twice the rate relative to the rest of the globe. Arc- Migratory Tundra Caribou tic air temperatures for the past five years (2014-18) have exceeded all previous records since 1900. and Wild Reindeer • In the terrestrial system, atmospheric warming continued to drive broad, long-term trends in declining Frostbites terrestrial snow cover, melting of theGreenland Ice Sheet and lake ice, increasing summertime Arcticriver discharge, and the expansion and greening of Arctic tundravegetation . Clarity and Clouds • Despite increase of vegetation available for grazing, herd populations of caribou and wild reindeer across the Harmful Algal Blooms in the Arctic tundra have declined by nearly 50% over the last two decades. Arctic • In 2018 Arcticsea ice remained younger, thinner, and covered less area than in the past. The 12 lowest extents in Microplastics in the Marine the satellite record have occurred in the last 12 years. Realms of the Arctic • Pan-Arctic observations suggest a long-term decline in coastal landfast sea ice since measurements began in the Landfast Sea Ice in a 1970s, affecting this important platform for hunting, traveling, and coastal protection for local communities.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Inuit and Chukchi Experiences in the Bering Strait, Beaufort Sea, and Baffin Bay
    water Article Crossroads of Continents and Modern Boundaries: An Introduction to Inuit and Chukchi Experiences in the Bering Strait, Beaufort Sea, and Baffin Bay Henry P. Huntington 1,* , Richard Binder Sr. 2, Robert Comeau 3, Lene Kielsen Holm 4, Vera Metcalf 5, Toku Oshima 6, Carla SimsKayotuk 7 and Eduard Zdor 8 1 Ocean Conservancy, Eagle River, AK 99577, USA 2 Inuvik, NT X0E 0T0, Canada; [email protected] 3 Iqaluit, NU X0A 0H0, Canada; [email protected] 4 Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk 3900, Greenland; [email protected] 5 Eskimo Walrus Commission, Nome, AK 99762, USA; [email protected] 6 Qaanaaq 3971, Greenland; [email protected] 7 North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management, Kaktovik, AK 99747, USA; [email protected] 8 Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 21 May 2020; Accepted: 20 June 2020; Published: 24 June 2020 Abstract: The homeland of Inuit extends from Asia and the Bering Sea to Greenland and the Atlantic Ocean. Inuit and their Chukchi neighbors have always been highly mobile, but the imposition of three international borders in the region constrained travel, trade, hunting, and resource stewardship among neighboring groups. Colonization, assimilation, and enforcement of national laws further separated those even from the same family. In recent decades, Inuit and Chukchi have re-established many ties across those boundaries, making it easier to travel and trade with one another and to create new institutions of environmental management. To introduce Indigenous perspectives into the discussion of transboundary maritime water connections in the Arctic, this paper presents personal descriptions of what those connections mean to people who live and work along and across each of the national frontiers within the region: Russia–U.S., U.S.–Canada, and Canada–Greenland.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013 Chukchi Sea 2D Seismic Survey Environmental Evaluation Document
    PUBLIC OCS Permit 13-02 2013 CHUKCHI SEA 2D SEISMIC SURVEY ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION DOCUMENT Prepared for: TGS 2500 CityWest Boulevard Suite 2000 Houston, TX 77042 USA Tel: +1 713 860 2100 Fax: +1 713 334 3308 www.tgs.com Steve Whidden, P. Geophysist TGS Program Manager Tel: + 1 403 852 6115 Prepared by: ASRC Energy Services, Alaska Inc. 3900 C Street, Suite 700 Anchorage, Alaska 99503 Tel: +1 907 339 6200 Fax: +1 907 339 5475 PUBLIC OCS Permit 13-02 PUBLIC OCS Permit 13-02 Environmental Evaluation Document Chukchi Sea, Alaska Table of Contents Page Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ ES-1 Project Description .................................................................................................................... ES-1 Purpose of the Environmental Evaluation Document ................................................................ ES-1 Regulatory Setting ..................................................................................................................... ES-2 Community Outreach and Stakeholder Engagement ................................................................. ES-2 Mitigation and Monitoring ......................................................................................................... ES-2 Biological, Physical, Socioeconomic, and Subsistence Resources Effects ................................ ES-3 1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • THE Official Magazine of the OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY
    OceThe OfficiaaL MaganZineog of the Oceanographyra Spocietyhy CITATION Bluhm, B.A., A.V. Gebruk, R. Gradinger, R.R. Hopcroft, F. Huettmann, K.N. Kosobokova, B.I. Sirenko, and J.M. Weslawski. 2011. Arctic marine biodiversity: An update of species richness and examples of biodiversity change. Oceanography 24(3):232–248, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/ oceanog.2011.75. COPYRIGHT This article has been published inOceanography , Volume 24, Number 3, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2011 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. USAGE Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systematic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA. downLoaded from www.tos.org/oceanography THE CHANGING ARctIC OCEAN | SPECIAL IssUE on THE IntERNATIonAL PoLAR YEAr (2007–2009) Arctic Marine Biodiversity An Update of Species Richness and Examples of Biodiversity Change Under-ice image from the Bering Sea. Photo credit: Miller Freeman Divers (Shawn Cimilluca) BY BODIL A. BLUHM, AnDREY V. GEBRUK, RoLF GRADINGER, RUssELL R. HoPCROFT, FALK HUEttmAnn, KsENIA N. KosoboKovA, BORIS I. SIRENKO, AND JAN MARCIN WESLAwsKI AbstRAct. The societal need for—and urgency of over 1,000 ice-associated protists, greater than 50 ice-associated obtaining—basic information on the distribution of Arctic metazoans, ~ 350 multicellular zooplankton species, over marine species and biological communities has dramatically 4,500 benthic protozoans and invertebrates, at least 160 macro- increased in recent decades as facets of the human footprint algae, 243 fishes, 64 seabirds, and 16 marine mammals.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Ocean Acidification Variability in the Pacific–Arctic Region
    OceTHE OFFICIALa MAGAZINEn ogOF THE OCEANOGRAPHYra SOCIETYphy CITATION Bates, N.R. 2015. Assessing ocean acidification variability in the Pacific- Arctic region as part of the Russian-American Long-term Census of the Arctic. Oceanography 28(3):36–45, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5670/oceanog.2015.56. DOI http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5670/oceanog.2015.56 COPYRIGHT This article has been published in Oceanography, Volume 28, Number 3, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2015 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. USAGE Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systematic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA. DOWNLOADED FROM HTTP://WWW.TOS.ORG/OCEANOGRAPHY RUSSIAN-AMERICAN LONG-TERM CENSUS OF THE ARCTIC Assessing Ocean Acidification Variability in the Pacific-Arctic Region as Part of the Russian-American Long-term Census of the Arctic By Nicholas R. Bates Launch of rosette from Russian research vessel Professor Khromov during a 2009 RUSALCA expedition. Photo credit: Aleksey Ostrovskiy 36 Oceanography | Vol.28, No.3 ABSTRACT. The Russian-American Long-term Census of the Arctic (RUSALCA) to icebreaker surveys conducted on the project provides a rare opportunity to study the Russian sector of the Pacific Arctic Arctic shelves during the summertime sea Region (PAR), which includes the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas. RUSALCA data ice retreat.
    [Show full text]