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OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2007

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OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2007 OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2007 OECD Science, INNOVATION AND PERFORMANCE IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Technology and Industry This eighth edition of the OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard explores recent developments in matters relating to science, technology, globalisation and industrial performance Scoreboard 2007 of OECD and major non-OECD countries (notably Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). It brings together over 200 fi gures, many of which are new to this edition, to help examine emerging INNOVATION AND PERFORMANCE policy issues including: the international mobility of researchers and scientists, the growth of the information economy, innovation by regions and industries, innovation strategies by companies, the IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY internationalisation of research, the changing role of multinational enterprises, and new patterns in trade competitiveness and productivity. New topics concern science and industry linkages (e.g. science linkage in patents, co-operation in innovation with universities), science and technology advances in emerging technological fi elds (biotechnology and nanotechnology) and technologies of particular interest (environmental technologies) and the international outsourcing of production. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2007 and Industry Scoreboard OECD Science, Technology By providing a wide array of indicators for policy analysis, the OECD Science, Technology and Industry (STI) Scoreboard has become a widely used reference which combines statistical rigour with easy access and readability. The key fi ndings are presented as bullet points alongside graphs highlighting the relative importance of countries. In addition, brief technical notes provide further methodological details on the indicators, along with links to useful references and data sources. The STI Scoreboard 2007 is also available on line and provides easy access to individual sections and links to the databases used. The web version also gives users “clickable” access to the Excel® spreadsheets containing the data used in charts and fi gures. The full text of this book is available on line via these links: www.sourceoecd.org/industrytrade/9789264037885 www.sourceoecd.org/scienceIT/9789264037885 Those with access to all OECD books on line should use this link: www.sourceoecd.org/9789264037885 SourceOECD is the OECD’s online library of books, periodicals and statistical databases. For more information about this award-winning service and free trials ask your librarian, or write to us at [email protected]. ISBN 978-92-64-03788-5 92 2007 08 1 P ����������������������� -:HSTCQE=UX\]]Z: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2007 INNOVATION AND PERFORMANCE IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Also available in French under the title: Science, technique et industrie TABLEAU DE BORD DE L’OCDE 2007 Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda. © OECD 2007 No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. Applications should be sent to OECD Publishing [email protected] or by fax 33 1 45 24 99 30. Permission to photocopy a portion of this work should be addressed to the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC), 20, rue des Grands-Augustins, 75006 Paris, France, fax 33 1 46 34 67 19, [email protected] or (for US only) to Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, fax 1 978 646 8600, [email protected]. FOREWORD Foreword The OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2007 brings together the latest internationally comparable data to explore the growing interaction between knowledge and globalisation at the heart of the ongoing transformation of OECD economies. It draws mainly on OECD databases, indicators and methodology developed by the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry and focuses on key areas of policy interest: • R&D and investment in knowledge: R&D investment and sources of financing, software and education investment, R&D investment by business and by industry. • Human resources in S&T: flows of university graduates, employment of tertiary level graduates, international mobility of scientists, skills and earnings of the highly skilled. • Innovation policy: cross-funding R&D linkages, governmental R&D budgets, tax treatment of R&D, industry and science linkages, university patenting, cooperation in innovation between private companies and public research organisations. • Innovation performance: scientific and patenting activities (the latter including at the industry and regional level), and indicators on innovation performance of companies (e.g. innovation in SMEs and large firms, co operation in innovation, etc.). • ICT: resources and infrastructure for the information economy, the diffusion of and use of internet technologies, e.g. ICT investment, occupation and skills, telecommunication networks, internet use by businesses and individuals, broadband and security, e- commerce. • Particular fields: indicators addressing the evolution of S&T in biotechnologym, nanotechnology (e.g. publications and patents) and environmental technologies. • Internationalisation of S&T: international collaboration in science, technology (international collaboration in research and cross-border invention, research activity by multinational companies, funding from abroad for R&D. • Global economic flows: key channels of economic integration, including foreign investment and trade, the role of foreign-owned affiliates in the economy, the contents of imports on exports and patterns of international outsourcing (intermediates). • Trade and productivity: comparison of OECD economies in terms of productivity, contributions of sectors to productivity (e.g. business sector, manufacturing and other industries), export performance, international trade in knownedge-intensive industries. This volume was prepared by the Economic Analysis and Statistics Division (EAS) of the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI). Pluvia Zuniga served as overall co-ordinator of the publication, Laurent Moussiegt provided statistical assistance, and Julie Branco-Marinho, Beatrice Jeffries and Paula Venditti provided secretarial support. Laudeline Auriol, Nevra Aydogan, Frédéric Bourassa, Agnes Cimper, Hélène Dernis, Koen De Backer, Isabelle Desnoyers-James, Eric Gonnard, Masatsura Igami, Elif Koksal, Vladimir OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY SCOREBOARD 2007 – ISBN 978-92-64-03788-5 – © OECD 2007 3 FOREWORD Lopez-Bassols, Teruo Okazaki, Martin Schaaper, Cristina Serra Vallejo, Sharon Standish, Brigitte van Beuzekom, Colin Webb, Norihiko Yamano and Alison Young all contributed to the publication. Alessandra Colecchia, Dominique Guellec, Thomas Hatzichronoglou, Sam Paltridge, Vincenzo Spiezia and Yoshiaki Tojo offered guidance and commented on the draft. Joseph Loux supervised the publication process. 4 OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY SCOREBOARD 2007 – ISBN 978-92-64-03788-5 – © OECD 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Executive Summary . 9 Highlights . 11 A. R&D and investment in knowledge . 21 A.1. Investment in knowledge . 22 A.2. Trends in domestic R&D expenditure. 24 A.3. R&D financing and performance. 26 A.4. R&D in non-OECD economies . 28 A.5. Business R&D . 30 A.6. Business R&D by size classes of firms . 32 A.7. Business R&D by industry . 34 A.8. Health-related R&D . 36 A.9. Venture capital. 38 B. Human resources in S&T. 41 B.1. New university graduates. 42 B.2. Foreign and international doctoral students. 44 B.3. S&E doctorates awarded and postdoctorate appointments to foreign citizens in the United States . 46 B.4. Employment of tertiary-level graduates . 48 B.5. Human resources in science and technology . 50 B.6. International mobility of the highly skilled . 52 B.7. R&D personnel . 54 B.8. Researchers. 56 B.9. Foreign scholars in the
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