Safer Internet in Iceland

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Safer Internet in Iceland SAFER INTERNET IN ICELAND TABLE OF CONTENTS Safer Internet Programme 04 INSAFE 04 INHOPE 05 Safer Internet Programme in Iceland 05 Project Management 06 Program Implementation 06 Websites 07 Saft survey 2013 07 Parental agreements 07 Home and school annual journal 2012 07 Safer Internet Day 2013 08 Best children’s online content 08 The web we want 08 Play and learn: being online! 09 Consultations of the Youth Panel 09 Meetings with parents, teachers, peer-to-peer educators and students 09 Safer Internet forum 2012 10 TEDx 10 Fréttablaðið 10 Wait for yes! 11 Garbage Island and Homecoming 11 Signing of a contract 11 Helpline 12 Hotline 12 National Cooperation 13 Cooperation with the INSAFE network 14 Cooperation with the INHOPE network 14 Conclusion 14 Illustrations by Birgir Isar Guðbergsson, 12 years old. The project is co-funded by the European Union through the Safer Internet plus programme: http://ec.europa.eu/ information_society/activities/sip/index_en.htm Save the Children á Íslandi SAFER INTERNET PROGRAMME Safer Internet Programme: Empowering of law enforcement bodies who exchange fighting illegal and harmful content on- and Protecting Children Online information and best practices related to line and actions promoting a safer online Young people and children are today criminal exploitation of the Internet in environment. amongst the biggest user groups of on- dissemination of child sexual abuse ma- line and mobile technologies in Europe. terial and a network of researchers who The Safer Internet programme has been The Safer Internet Programme aims at gather information about uses, risks and running since 1999. Three successive empowering and protecting children and consequences of online technologies for programmes have been adopted since young people online by awareness rais- children's lives. Industry-regulation is then, each one covering 4-5 years. ing initiatives and by fighting illegal and also encouraged. harmful online content and conduct. Within this programme Safer Internet Current programme (2009-2013): more Centres have been set up in 30 Europe- Safer Internet Centres: awareness rais- focus on grooming and bullying an countries. The Centres are also part ing and fighting illegal content Safer Internet 2009-2013 builds on the of a European network called INSAFE The Safer Internet Centres, present in success of the previous programme and (www.saferinternet.org) which is co- 30 European countries, develop informa- will have a budget of €55 million. The ordinated by the European Schoolnet tion/awareness raising material and or- new programme will fight not only illegal (www.eun.org) and Inhope, the Interna- ganize information sessions for children, content but also harmful conduct such as tional Association of Internet Hotlines parents and teachers. They also receive grooming and bullying. Funds will also (www.inhope.org). reports on illegal content found on the serve to develop expert knowledge about Internet and give advice on how to stay existing and emerging uses, risks and safe online. The Centres have also set up consequences of online technologies for youth panels that are consulted on safer children's lives, including the technical, Internet issues and information mate- psychological and sociological aspects of rial. online-related child sexual abuse. A multi-stakeholder approach leading Making the Internet safer over the to complementary activities years: a chronology of the different pro- The Safer Internet Programme brings to- grammes gether stakeholders who can contribute The Safer Internet plus programme cov- to make the Internet safer: it funds, in ered the period 2005–2008 with € 45 mil- particular, a network of NGOs active in lion worth of funding. It covered mainly the field of child welfare online, a network public awareness activities, actions for INSAFE Insafe is a network of national nodes that lines. Visit the Safer Internet plus pro- to bridge the digital divide between home coordinate internet safety awareness gramme for further details. and school and between generations. in Europe. The network is set up and co- funded within the framework of the Eu- The mission of the Insafe cooperation Insafe partners monitor and address ropean Commission’s Safer Internet plus network is to empower citizens to use emerging trends, while seeking to rein- Programme which comprises four action the internet, as well as other online force the image of the web as a place to technologies, positively, safely and ef- learn. They endeavour to raise aware- fectively. The network calls for shared ness about reporting harmful or illegal responsibility for the protection of the content and services. Through close co- rights and needs of citizens, in particu- operation between partners and other lar children and youths, by government, actors, Insafe aims to raise Internet educators, parents, media, industry and safety-awareness standards and support all other relevant actors. Insafe partners the development of information literacy work closely together to share best prac- for all. tice, information and resources. The net- work interacts with industry, schools and families in the aim of empowering people 4 SAFER INTERNET IN ICELAND INHOPE INHOPE is the International Association ensuring swift action is taken in respond- to become members by providing of Internet Hotlines and coordinates a ing to reports of illegal content making consultation and training to meet network of Internet Hotlines all over the the internet a safer place. To achieve this best practice standards. world, supporting them in responding to mission, INHOPE has five specific objec- • To promote a better understanding reports of illegal content to make the In- tives: of the work of hotlines to policymak- ternet safer. It was founded in 1999 and • To establish policies and best prac- ers at an international level, includ- has grown to a network of 41 Hotlines in tice standards for hotlines and ing government, law enforcement 36 countries across the globe. This was encourage exchange of expertise and other related bodies, with the achieved with funding and support from among members through foster- aim of achieving better co-operation the European Commission under the ing good working relationships and internationally. Safer Internet Program. In recent years trust. • To raise awareness of INHOPE and Internet usage and connectivity have • To ensure rapid and effective re- member hotlines with key stake- grown rapidly. It has changed the way sponse to illegal content reports holders as well as the general public we communicate, the way we do business around the world by developing con- as a “one stop shop” for global re- and ultimately the way we live. Sadly sistent, effective and secure mecha- ports of illegal content from around there are those who use this technology nisms for exchanging reports be- the world especially Child Sexual for illegal activities especially spreading tween Hotlines internationally and Abuse Material. Child Sexual Abuse Material. ensuring a coordinated approach is taken. The mission of INHOPE is: • To expand the network of INHOPE To support and enhance the performance Hotlines around the world by iden- of Internet Hotlines around the World; tifying and supporting new Hotlines SAFER INTERNET PROGRAMME IN ICELAND Heimili and skóli, the National Parent As- schools (elementary and upper level) and sociation in Iceland, has been the Nation- individual parents. The Icelandic Red Cross runs the 1717 al Awareness Node for Internet Safety Helpline for people who need assist- in Iceland since 2004. The name created Barnaheill – Save the Children Iceland ance because of grief, anxiety, distress, for the awareness raising efforts is Sam- has operated a Hotline since November depression or suicidal thoughts can call félag, fjölskylda og tækni (Community, 2001. The Hotline has worked very close- the Red Cross help line free of charge 24 Family and Technology), with the acro- ly with the National Police and with other hours a day. The phone line also has a cru- nym SAFT. The project aims are to raise Hotlines. The hotline is a member of the cial function during times of emergency. awareness on the safe and positive use of international organisation INHOPE, and More than a hundred volunteers from the Internet and new media among chil- participates actively in the development the Red Cross Reykjavík Branch operate dren, parents, teachers, policy makers, of INHOPE. the phone line, having received training and the ICT industry in Iceland. to do so. 1717 is a toll free number and National Commissioner of Police is in the phone call does not appear on the Heimili og skóli is the overall coordinator charge of analysing reports and partner phone bill. The Red Cross coordinates the for the Safer Internet Centre, coordina- with Barnaheill – Save the Children Ice- helpline activities. tor for awareness actions and technical land in running the hotline. The National coordinator for awareness, hotline and Police investigates leads and forward helpline. Heimili and skóli is the National them to Barnaheill who uploads data to Parent Association in Iceland, independ- the IHRMS database – both will coop- ent of government, political parties and erate with other INHOPE hotlines. The religious organisations. Its members are National Police will also forward leads to parent’s councils and organisations of all Europol and Interpol. ANNUAL PUBLIC REPORT 2012 - 2013 5 PROJECT MANAGEMENT A Steering Committee has been established for the new SAFT Our Steering
Recommended publications
  • Backend Challenges and Issues for Electronic Government Salim Y
    Valparaiso University ValpoScholar Information Technology Master Theses Department of Computer and Information Sciences 5-2-2016 Backend Challenges and Issues for Electronic Government Salim Y. Alkindi Valparaiso University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholar.valpo.edu/ms_ittheses Part of the Computer Sciences Commons, E-Commerce Commons, and the Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Alkindi, Salim Y., "Backend Challenges and Issues for Electronic Government" (2016). Information Technology Master Theses. Paper 3. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Computer and Information Sciences at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Information Technology Master Theses by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Backend Challenges and Issues for Electronic Government. By SALIM Y. ALKINDI MASTER’S THESIS Submitted to Graduate School of Valparaiso University Valparaiso, Indiana in the United States of America In partial fulfillment of the requirements For degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY May 2016 1 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4 2.0 What is e-Government? .......................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Front Office ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Public Libraries Are Well on Their Way to Becoming Integrated Into the World of Information Technology
    ISSN 1018-5593 1997 E- ω e-of-the-art of information nologies in libraries in the LJ o rdic countries en E- < PC α PL, Ui ω PC < PC PQ European Commission EUR 17476 EN 1997 ι State-of-the-art of information >< technologies in libraries in the u Nordic countries o en < PC o PH ω en ω PC < PC pq Author: ΠΟΙίΡΙΠΡΟ European Commission/ DG XIII-E4 EUR 17476 EN Published by the EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General XIII Telecommunications, Information Market and Exploitation of Research L-2920 Luxembourg LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int) Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1997 ISBN 92-827-8727-3 © European Communities, 1997 Reproduction is authorized, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Belgium Printed on white chlorine-free paper Preface In 1995, the Unit of Electronic Publishing and Libraries under the Directorate- General DG XED7E commissioned a "state-of-the-art" study of information technologies in libraries in the Nordic countries. The study was carried out under EC-contract PROLIB/NORDIC 10288 by the five countries in collaboration with NORDINFO, the Nordic Council for Scientific Information. NORDINFO is an institution under the Nordic Council of Ministers.
    [Show full text]
  • English Teaching and Learning in Three Primary Schools in Iceland the Perspective of Immigrant Students
    English Teaching and Learning in Three Primary Schools in Iceland The Perspective of Immigrant Students Karl Sigtryggsson M.Ed. Thesis University of Iceland School of Education English Teaching and Learning in Three Primary Schools in Iceland The Perspective of Immigrant Students Karl Sigtryggsson M.Ed. Thesis in Teacher Education Supervisors: Susan E. Gollifer and Brynja E. Halldórsdóttir Faculty of Teacher Education School of Education, University of Iceland Reykjavík, June 2015 English Teaching and Learning in Three Primary Schools in Iceland: The Perspective of Immigrant Students. This thesis is a 30 credit final project towards the M.Ed. degree in Teacher Education, School of Education, University of Iceland. © 2015 Karl Sigtryggsson No part of this material may be reproduced without permission of the author Printing: Háskólaprent Reykjavik, Iceland, 2015 Preface This 30 ECT credit thesis is part fulfillment of my M.Ed. degree at the Department of Education of the University of Iceland. Originally, I had intended to explore the views and perspectives of students in South Africa towards English learning and teaching. Due to unforeseen circumstances, my plans did not work out and I decided to change my focus to the reality of immigrant students in compulsory schools in Iceland. My supervisors for this project were Susan E. Gollifer and Brynja Halldórsdóttir. I owe them my gratitude for sharing their wisdom and providing direction to complete my study within a strict timeframe given the change in research focus. Additionally, I want to give my gratitude to those students who were willing to participate in the study, the Principals at the schools for granting me access to their facilities, and my Gatekeepers for helping me with everything I needed regarding my interview process.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of ICT and the Internet by Households and Individuals 2006
    2006:4 y 3 July 2006 Use of ICT and the Internet by households and individuals 2006 Summary The use of computers and the Internet is very widespread in Iceland. In 2006 almost nine out of every ten individuals 16–74 years of age used computers and the Internet. As in previous years the Internet is mainly used for information search and communication. In 2006, 31% of the population aged 16–74 years had ordered goods or services over the Internet during a period of three months prior to the survey. Eight out of every ten Internet users have already used the Internet for interaction with public authorities and 8% of Internet users showed interest in dealing with public affairs through the media. Around 13% of the Internet users were not interested in interacting with public authorities online. In 2006, a total of 84% of Icelandic households had a computer and 83% had access to the Internet. The percentage of households with high speed Internet connection, such as ADSL, SDSL or other kinds of xDSL connections, has increased from 26% in 2002 to 85% in 2006. Households with children under 16 years of age are more likely to have various kinds of IC technology than households with all members 16 years of age or older. In 2006, 95% of households with children had a computer and an access to the Internet whereas 78% of households without children had a computer and 75% had access to the Internet. High speed Internet connections were more often found within households with high income than within households with low income.
    [Show full text]
  • From Threat to Opportunity Rethinking U.S
    GETTY/MELANIE STETSON FREEMAN From Threat to Opportunity Rethinking U.S. Relations in Africa By John Norris and Carolyn Kenney June 2018 WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG From Threat to Opportunity Rethinking U.S. Relations in Africa By John Norris and Carolyn Kenney June 2018 Contents 1 Introduction and summary 3 A record of relative neglect 6 The positive case for engagement on the continent 10 Competition on the continent 15 A forward-looking U.S. role 18 About the authors 19 Endnotes Introduction and summary The continent of Africa is enormously diverse. Africa includes 54 countries and more than 1.2 billion people.1 According to U.N. estimates, Africa may hold up to a third of the world’s entire population by 2100.2 Africa encompasses a remarkable range of geography, language, culture, economies, and political organization. Yet, incredibly, the United States is at a moment where some of its most senior government leaders seem to question the value of engaging on the continent in a significant and forward-looking fashion. The notion that the United States would offhandedly dismiss the importance of an entire continent should be absurd on its face, and it would be easy to write off the current posture as simply reflecting the worldview of President Donald Trump as an individual. However, the U.S. view toward Africa is more deeply embedded than President Trump. Unfortunately, few Americans consider Africa and think about important long- term opportunities for the United States. Instead, the media and even some U.S. policymakers have all too often used the language of threat when discussing Africa, creating an oversimplified and distorted vision of the continent.
    [Show full text]
  • How Website Blocking Is Curbing Digital Piracy Without “Breaking the Internet”
    How Website Blocking Is Curbing Digital Piracy Without “Breaking the Internet” BY NIGEL CORY | AUGUST 2016 Many countries ask domestic Internet service providers (ISPs) to block A free and open access to websites engaged in illegal activities—such as those facilitating Internet is not antithetical to website cybercrime, child pornography, or terrorism—because this is one of the blocking, as not every few means available to respond to illegal materials hosted abroad. website—those actively However, when it comes to addressing other legitimate public policy facilitating child objectives, such as curbing digital piracy, some of these same countries are pornography or terrorism are two reluctant to ask ISPs to block websites dedicated to distributing illegal examples—has a right copies of movies, music, and other copyright-protected works. As a result, to exist. Blocking online piracy continues unabated. But where countries are using website websites to stop blocking to fight digital piracy, the record shows it has been effective in copyright infringement should not be driving users from illegal to legal sources of copyrighted material online. considered any differently. This was a key conclusion of a recent study in which Carnegie Mellon University examined the real-world impact of website blocking in the United Kingdom.1 Unfortunately, the results of this study will likely face many familiar misperceptions about website blocking: that such policy tools should not apply to the Internet, that it will be ineffective, that it is a form of censorship, that it will be expensive for ISPs, and that it will be abused by content rights holders.
    [Show full text]
  • News Consumption Patterns in Iceland
    NORDICOM REVIEW News consumption patterns in Iceland Valgerður Jóhannsdóttir Faculty of Political Science, University of Iceland Abstract News consumption has changed dramatically in the digital age, becoming increasingly complicated and fragmented. In this study, I analyse news consumption patterns in Iceland, drawing on data from a survey conducted in 2017, and compare it with news consumption in other Nordic countries. It is the first such study in Iceland in the digital age. The find- ings demonstrate that news are widely consumed by the general public, as in general in the Nordic region. Online sites are Icelanders’ most popular main source of news, followed by television and then social media. Legacy media are still most people’s primary source of news, even if they are accessed on new platforms. Like in other Nordic countries, a small minority interacts with news online. Keywords: news consumption, cross-media use, news participation, media systems, Iceland Introduction The news media environment has become increasingly complicated and fragmented in the twenty-first century, as the information and outlets available to people have multi- plied in the digital era. The supply of news is greater than ever, and it is always available a click away. In this study, I analyse the patterns of news media use in Iceland and place it in an international, mainly Nordic, context. It is the first study of news consumption in Iceland in the digital era and the first comprehensive study of news consumption across media outlets and platforms in the country. Research indicates that the news environment of today is a multiplatform world, where people select and mix content from a range of platforms and outlets, variously formulated as cross-media use, media choice, media repertoires, and a range of other terms (e.g., Helles et al., 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • First Report | Inhope | Association of Internet Hotline Providers in Europe First Report | Inhope | Association of Internet Hotline Providers in Europe
    First Report | Inhope | Association of Internet Hotline Providers in Europe First Report | Inhope | Association of Internet Hotline Providers in Europe Contents Preface by President 1 Background 2 Role of the Executive 6 Membership 12 Description of Activities 16 New Hotlines 20 External Relations 22 Hotline Profiles 23 Appendices 41 1. Mission Statement of INHOPE Association 2. Members of INHOPE 3. Accounts Summary 4. EU Safer Internet Action Plan – INHOPE 5. List of Events Association of Internet Hotline Providers in Europe is part funded by First Report | Inhope | Association of Internet Hotline Providers in Europe 1 PREFACE This is the first re p o rt of the INHOPE Although, I only took on the role of President O rganisation describing the role and from May 2001, it has been a challenge and activities of the Association in relation to the a pleasure to work on the executive since c o o rdination of international hotline November 1999. I am currently the only activities from its establishment in November executive member who has been there since 1999 through May 2002. the beginning with a ‘career’ starting as Member without Portfolio rising to Vice- INHOPE coordinates the work of hotlines in President and then to President last year. Europe and around the world. Hotlines are an essential element to a coord i n a t e d I am proud to introduce the first report of response to the illegal and harmful use of the INHOPE which outlines the wide range of Internet. Hotlines, Filtering & Rating and challenges INHOPE faced during the process Aw a reness are the three re s p o n s e s of evolution from the concept of a hotline supported by the EU Safer Internet Action network through to a fully functional Plan to the downside issues of the Internet.
    [Show full text]
  • 4. Internet Users
    6. EMPOWERING SOCIETY WITH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 4. Internet users Total, daily and mobile Internet users, 2014 Internet usage varies widely across OECD countries and As a percentage of 16-74 year-olds among social groups. In 2014, 95% and more of the adult population were accessing the Internet in Iceland, Norway, Total users Daily users Total users, 2006 Denmark and Luxembourg, but only just over half of the ISL 58 population in Turkey and less in Mexico. NOR 72 From 2006 to 2014, total usage rates across the OECD DNK 69 increased by 22 percentage points, from 60% to 82%. Many lagging countries caught up thanks to recent advances in LUX 63 mobile broadband availability and uptake. Developments NLD 64 in mobile technology have also enabled people to conduct FIN 59 daily personal computing and communications activities SWE 70 “on the go”. In 2014, half of the adult OECD population used GBR 63 a mobile or smartphone to connect to the Internet. JPN For most people, the Internet is now part of everyday life. On CHE 57 average, 70% of individuals in OECD countries for which data KOR 83 are available connect to the Internet on a daily basis. In DEU 48 Iceland, Luxembourg and Norway over 87% of individuals CAN 49 access the Internet every day, while 35% and 21% of indi- AUS viduals are daily users in Turkey and Mexico, respectively. BEL 48 Differences in Internet uptake are linked primarily to age FRA 50 and education, often intertwined with income levels. In EST 46 most countries, uptake by young people is nearly universal, but there are wide differences for older generations, NZL 48 especially seniors.
    [Show full text]
  • Iceland Country Information Sheet
    BIK Policy Map country profiles: Iceland March 2021 Iceland The Better Internet for Kids (BIK) Policy Map is a tool used to compare and exchange knowledge on policy making and implementation in EU Member States on the themes and recommendations of the European Strategy for a Better Internet for Children (or BIK Strategy) first set out by the European Commission in May 2012. The third BIK Policy Map report (2020) examines the implementation of the BIK Strategy in 30 European countries, including all EU Member States, Iceland, Norway and the United Kingdom. For each country in the BIK Policy Map study, we outline findings for Policy frameworks, Policy making and Policy implementation, and conclude by providing a selection of good practices. Download the full BIK Policy Map report from the Better Internet for Kids website. 1. Policy frameworks Policy frameworks refer to the organising principles and long-term goals for policies, guidelines, decisions and other statements made at the national level in the course of putting into practice the BIK Strategy. Part A number of broader of separate policies policies A single Not policy addressed framework In Iceland, the European Strategy for a Better Internet for Children has featured in national policy debates on the subject of children’s use of the internet. This topic is covered in a number of separate policies which address the four different pillars of the BIK Strategy. Some examples are given below. Pillar 1: High-quality content online for children and young people ● The contract signed between the Icelandic Safer Internet Centre and three ministries concerning running the Better Internet for Kids programme in Iceland, including developing and adapting high-quality content for children and young people.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Exposure and English Language Proficiency Levels
    Hugvísindasvið Media Exposure and English Language Proficiency Levels A Comparative Study in Iceland and Spain B.A. Essay Sergio García Ortega September 2011 University of Iceland School of Humanities Department of English Media Exposure and English Language Proficiency Levels A Comparative Study in Iceland and Spain B.A. Essay Sergio García Ortega Kt.: 120576-3999 Supervisor: Anna Jeeves September 2011 Abstract The aim of this essay is to study the status of English in Iceland and Spain. In order to achieve this goal, a comparative study of the media of both countries in terms of exposure is performed. As a result, it is suggested that Icelanders are considerably more exposed to English by the media than their Spanish counterparts. In addition, their education systems, regulations and government policies on English teaching are described. It is found that the Spanish education system devotes more time to English teaching than the Icelandic one. Add to this, Spain has more aggressive policies for improving competence in English. However, Icelandic students are expected to achieve higher proficiency levels. Therefore, it seems likely that due to higher exposure to English media Icelanders have better proficiency levels. Unfortunately, more empirical evidence is needed to state this as a fact. Thus the relationship between proficiency gained at school and proficiency gained by exposure to the media is a question worthy of further study. Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. The status of English in Spain the EU and Iceland; foreign language and second language........................... 2 1.1. The traditional distinction between second language and foreign language ............................................. 2 1.2.
    [Show full text]
  • KC Response to TRAI OTTS Consultation
    Response to the TRAI Consultation Paper on Regulatory Framework for Over the Top (OTT) Services dated March 27, 2015 1.0 Introductory Comments: 1.1. The consultation paper issued by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (“TRAI”) on March 27, 2015 apropos of the Regulatory Framework for Over the Top (OTT) Services (the “Consultation Paper”) raises numerous serious questions concerning the telecom space in India and particularly regarding the Internet ecosystem. 1.2. Prior to entering into a discussion on the specific questions raised by the Consultation Paper, it is relevant to note that the primary concern in the Consultation Paper appears to be regarding the need to ensure ‘public interest’ regulation of the Internet (given the range of concerns regarding the online environment ranges from protecting user privacy to economic considerations such as how to ensure appropriate taxation regimes etc.), and what form such regulation could take. 1.3. The Consultation Paper essentially suggests a licensing regime be instituted for services and content delivered over the Internet so as to enable the application of a regulatory regime in this regard. 1.4. In implementing such a licensing system, the Consultation Paper aims to protect traditional telecom companies who provide voice and sms services from competition from online services that could (arguably) act as substitutes for the traditional telecom services. It appears therefore that the present proposals are merely an attempt to ensure that incumbent telecom companies can ensure multiple profitstreams at the expense of the consumer and indeed at the cost of preserving the openness of the Internet. 1.5.
    [Show full text]