De La Contrainte Merveilleuse : Poétique Et Déterminisme Dans La Fantasy Contemporaine

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De La Contrainte Merveilleuse : Poétique Et Déterminisme Dans La Fantasy Contemporaine UNIVERSITE RENNES 2 Mémoire de Master 2 • Littérature générale et comparée De la contrainte merveilleuse : poétique et déterminisme dans la fantasy contemporaine The Lord of the Rings, J.R.R. Tolkien, A Song of Ice and Fire, G.R.R. Martin Marie Kergoat Sous la direction de Charline Pluvinet, maîtresse de conférences, et Stéphane Jousni, maîtresse de conférences Soutenance le 11 septembre 2020, devant un jury composé de Charline Pluvinet (MCF), Stéphane Jousni (MCF) et Sylvie Bauer (PR) Année 2019 – 2020 2 3 4 « Se levant soudain, il s’écria : Tout ce qui est or ne brille pas, Ne sont pas perdus tous ceux qui vagabondent ; Ce qui est vieux mais fort ne se flétrit pas, Le gel n’atteint pas les racines profondes. Des cendres, un feu sera attisé, Une lueur des ombres surgira ; Reforgée sera l’épée qui fut brisée : Le sans-couronne redeviendra roi. » (La Fraternité de l’Anneau, p. 317) “I stood on Hadrian's Wall and tried to imagine what it would be like to be a Roman soldier sent here from Italy or Antioch. To stand here, to gaze off into the distance, not knowing what might emerge from the forest.” (G. R. R. Martin) 5 6 Sans grande originalité, je tiens à remercier en premier lieu mes directrices, Charline Pluvinet et Stéphane Jousni. La première pour son grand soutien, sa passion, ses mots et sa compréhension mille fois appréciés, qualités auxquelles s’ajoutent sa gentillesse et sa curiosité de chaque instant. La seconde pour sa gentillesse, bien entendu, sa rigueur indéfectible, aussi, et ce flot multicuturel qui semble ne jamais tarir ; mais aussi pour m’avoir transmis sa passion du mot juste. Aux deux, enfin, pour leur confiance et m’avoir aidée à poursuivre ce parcours transdisciplinaire quelque peu chaotique. J’ajouterai à cette liste Gaëlle Debeaux, qui a résolument marqué mon parcours de masterante khûbiste de sa science aussi humble que limpide, et m’a aidée à me lancer dans le monde des colloques, séminaires et autres manifestations universitaires. Je tiens également à remercier mes parents et mon frère pour m’avoir aidée et encouragée dans ce parcours familial atypique, bien que les mots constituent à leur manière une douce médecine. Merci à ma mère de m’avoir initiée à la fantasy. Au Laboratoire des Imaginaires, petite éprouvette constituée des personnes parmi les plus adorables et passionnantes que l’univers connaisse. Que cette Constellation d’étoiles s’étende à l’infini et au-delà… Un merci tout particulier à Mélanie et sa science ivoirine du patrimoine, qui fut aussi quelque peu mon cobaye (encore navrée), à Aldric pour ses explications darwinistes et sa vaillante patience, à Donald pour son rationalisme éhonté, à Xavier & Marielle pour leur univers qu’ils partagent avec tant d’ardeur, à Marie, Germain & Wilfried pour leur intérêt, leur talent, leurs conseils et leur pipouterie, à Adrien pour sa folie schématique, à Corentin & Solenn qui resteront des crèmes au cœur d’or, à Maxence et ses burgers aussi généreux que ses « anecdotes », à Blogentin, mon comparse de galère et de galéjade, à Thomas, artiste horrifique en devenir, à Julien, aussi placide que lucide, à Antoine mon ami des steppes, à Anaïs la Solaire, à Jade, doux merle sautillant, à Kévin et ses p’tits godets, à Lena, grande femme parmi les grandes, au Meme Gang pour les éclats de rire, à Maëlla pour sa force toute cinématographique, à mon maître, Didier Le Gal, artiste des lames. 7 8 Diverses remarques préalables • Dans un souci de non-discrimation et d’égalité, nous avons fait le choix de l’écriture épicène. • On s’étonnera peut-être de voir certains grands noms masculins occultés dans le chapitre II, qui porte entre autres sur l’histoire de la fantasy. Ceci relève d’un choix médité, afin de donner de la visibilité à des autrices souvent oubliées. • Sauf mention contraire, nous faisons le choix, dans les traductions que nous proposons, de traduire “fantasy” par « fantastique » lorsque c’est bien ce genre qui est évoqué. 9 10 Sommaire INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ 15 CHAPITRE I – LES PROLEGOMENES DE LA CODIFICATION.......................................................... 35 I – DE J. R. R. TOLKIEN A G. R. R. MARTIN : DE L’HOMMAGE A L’OUTRAGE ............................................................... 35 A – Des « météores » dans l’univers de la fantasy ..................................................................................................................... 39 B – L’aventure de la transmédialité .......................................................................................................................................... 49 C - Diégèse, schèmes & codes : une phagocytation générique ...................................................................................................... 54 II – ENTRE INCESTE ET RENOUVELLEMENT DU PATRIMOINE GENETIQUE .................................................................. 64 A – Soupes & ossements ......................................................................................................................................................... 66 B – Cueillir des ingrédients ....................................................................................................................................................... 78 C – L’élaboration d’une nouvelle recette .................................................................................................................................... 80 III – LE SYSTEME CONSTELLAIRE : COPIER LE CODE, BRISER LE CODE .......................................................................... 84 A –Paratexte & xéno-encyclopédie .......................................................................................................................................... 86 B – Prolongements & univers étendus....................................................................................................................................... 91 C – La trahison du sang .......................................................................................................................................................... 98 CHAPITRE II – UNE SPELEOLOGIE DE LA FANTASY ..................................................................... 107 I – AXE PARADIGMATIQUE : UNE HISTOIRE DUELLE ....................................................................................................... 107 A – « Les premiers maîtres » ................................................................................................................................................. 108 B – « Âge d’or » .................................................................................................................................................................... 115 C – « Expansion et Renouveau » ........................................................................................................................................... 118 II – AXE SYNTAGMATIQUE : UNE BIBLIOTHEQUE DE FANTASY ..................................................................................... 125 A – De l’art de l’étiquette ...................................................................................................................................................... 128 B – Les nuances de notre corpus ............................................................................................................................................. 141 C – Projection de peinture ....................................................................................................................................................... 146 III – PARALITTERATURE & GRILLES DE LECTURES ........................................................................................................... 148 A – À côté de la littérature .................................................................................................................................................... 150 B – Pactes, contrats & codes .................................................................................................................................................. 153 C – Rhétorique ludique & jeu de variations ........................................................................................................................... 156 CHAPITRE III – LA FANTASY CONTEMPORAINE : UN GENRE FOSSILE ? .................................. 161 I – ENTRETIEN AVEC XAVIER DOLLO ................................................................................................................................ 162 II – “THERE AND BACK AGAIN” .......................................................................................................................................... 177 A – Les personnages : archétypes, évolutions & déterminismes ............................................................................................... 178 B – Langage, indices & prédestinations.................................................................................................................................. 188 C – Fabula & affabulations .................................................................................................................................................. 196 III – SURVIVRE A L’EXTINCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 202 A – Fondations.....................................................................................................................................................................
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