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Produktion Öffentlicher Räume in Indischen Megastädten Produktion öffentlicher Räume in indischen Megastädten – Hyderabad zwischen Straßenhandel und Weltstadtanspruch – Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades „Doctor rerum naturalium“ der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Helene Grenzebach aus Gießen Göttingen 2018 Betreuungsausschuss Prof. Dr. Christoph Dittrich. Abteilung Humangeographie, Geographisches Institut, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Prof. Dr. Heiko Faust. Abteilung Humangeographie, Geographisches Institut, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission Referent: Prof. Dr. Christoph Dittrich. Abteilung Humangeographie, Geographisches Institut, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Heiko Faust. Abteilung Humangeographie, Geographisches Institut, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Weitere Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission Prof. Dr. Daniela Sauer. Abteilung Physische Geographie, Geographisches Institut, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Prof. Dr. Martin Kappas. Abteilung Kartographie, GIS und Fernerkundung, Geographisches Institut, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie, Georg-August- Universität Göttingen Dr. Stefan Erasmi. Abteilung Kartographie, GIS und Fernerkundung, Geographisches Institut, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Dr. Markus Keck. Abteilung Humangeographie, Geographisches Institut, Fakultät für Geowissenschaften und Geographie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13.12.2018 Zusammenfassung I Zusammenfassung Indische Großstädte erleben seit der wirtschaftlichen Liberalisierung des Landes in den 1990er Jahren einen enormen Wandel. Er geht einher mit Konflikten um öffentliche Räume. Die vorliegende Dissertation beschreibt und analysiert diese Dynamik megaurbaner öffentlicher Räume in Indien. Sie beantwortet die Frage, wie öffentlicher Raum in Hyderabad unter dem Einfluss globalisierter Ästhetik produziert wird. Geleitet wird die Untersuchung durch Henri Lefebvres (2011 [1974]) Theorie der Produktion von Raum. Ausgehend von dem Standpunkt, dass Raum sozial konstruiert und nicht einfach vorhanden ist, werden die Konzepte der Stillen Aneignung (Bayat 2000, 2012) und der Politischen Gesellschaft (Chatterjee 2004) integriert, um die Theorie für den megaurbanen, indischen Kontext nutzbar zu machen. Sowohl die Nachwirkungen der kolonialen Vergangenheit als auch der aktuelle Einfluss von Liberalisierung und Globalisierung auf Machtverhältnisse und Ordnungsvorstellungen werden untersucht. Die Stadt Hyderabad dient als Beispiel, da ihre marktorientierte Stadtentwicklungspolitik zu rapider Veränderung geführt hat. Der Fokus liegt hier auf öffentlichen Räumen. Straßenhändler*innen sind ein auffälliges Faktum im öffentlichen Raum und ihr Auftreten wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit als Widerspruch zur globalisierten Ästhetik angesehen. Anhand von exemplarischen qualitativen Fallstudien an drei konkreten Standorten in Hyderabad wird argumentiert, dass Unterschiede in der Produktion öffentlicher Räume aufgrund lokaler Spezifika entstehen und sich so die globalisierte Ästhetik unterschiedlich stark in der gebauten Umwelt manifestiert. Danksagung II Danksagung An erster Stelle gilt mein Dank meinem Betreuer Herrn Prof. Dr. Christoph Dittrich für seine wissenschaftliche und methodische Unterstützung während der gesamten Bearbeitungsphase meiner Dissertation. Ebenso gilt mein Dank meinem Zweitbetreuer, Herrn Prof. Dr. Heiko Faust für den inhaltlichen Austausch, die konstruktive Kritik und die ermutigenden Worte zum Ende der Dissertation. Meinen lieben Kolleg*innen Dr. Barbara Beckert, Dr. Michael Mießner, Dr. Markus Keck, Dr. Yvonne Kunz und allen Mitarbeiter*innen der Abteilung Humangeographie bin ich sehr dankbar für die konstruktiven Gespräche sowie die wertvolle Unterstützung, in wissenschaftlicher und menschlicher Hinsicht. Auch gilt mein Dank den studentischen Hilfskräften Marco Köster und Madeline Bode, sowie den Kartograph*innen Andreas Flemnitz, Niklas Rehkopp und Carola Beckers. Mein besonderer Dank gilt Dr. Anne Margarete Röhl, Therese Grenzebach und Lena Rohrbach für die unschätzbar wertvolle Unterstützung bei der Fertigstellung der Dissertation. Außerdem möchte ich meinem Mann Oliver Fritzen und meiner Mutter Eva-Maria Grenzebach herzlich für die unerschöpfliche Geduld, Stärkung und Motivation danken. Mein Dank gilt auch Dr. Petra Novotna, Martin Golombek und Christine Eismann. Ich danke Dr. Barbara Heinrich, Dr. Jennifer Hohagen, Dr. Anke Stein und Dr. Melanie Brinkschulte für die Begleitung meines Forschungsvorhabens in Göttingen. Während der Forschungsaufenthalte in Hyderabad waren mir Heike Kluve, Anne Dahmen und Sasmitar Rout geschätzte Kolleginnen und wertvolle Ansprechpartnerinnen. Danksagung III Ich bedanke mich bei den indischen Expert*innen, die mir bereitwillig ihr Wissen vermittelten und meine Fragen beantworteten. Die Forschungsassistent*innen Vujjini Kamalakar Rao, Rizwana Begum, Syed Tajuddin und Ankita Bhattashali trugen einen entscheidenden Anteil zum Entstehen dieser Arbeit bei. Sie haben mich in Hyderabad in vielerlei Form unterstützt, ihnen gilt mein ganz besonderer Dank. Nicht zuletzt danke ich allen Interviewpartner*innen und besonders den Straßenhändler*innen Hyderabads. Ohne deren Offenheit und Gesprächsbereitschaft wäre diese Dissertation nicht möglich gewesen. Die vorliegende Dissertation entstand im Rahmen des Projekts „Sustainable Hyderabad – Climate and Energy in a Complex Transition Process towards Sustainable Hyderabad“ des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung. Durch das Projekt wurden die Forschungsaufenthalte finanziert. Auch wurden Aufenthalte durch den Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst im Rahmen des Programms „New Passage to India“ unterstützt, welches in Kooperation mit der Universität Göttingen durchgeführt wird. Alle Texte und Zitate wurden – wenn nicht anders angegeben – von der Autorin übersetzt. Inhaltsverzeichnis IV Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................................. I Danksagung .......................................................................................................................... II Inhaltsverzeichnis ................................................................................................................ IV Abkürzungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................ VI Abbildungsverzeichnis ....................................................................................................... VII Kartenverzeichnis ................................................................................................................. X Tabellenverzeichnis ............................................................................................................. XI 1. Einleitung ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Forschungsstand: Öffentliche Räume zwischen Globalisierungsforschung und postkolonialen Studien .................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Forschungsfragen ............................................................................................................ 9 1.3 Forschungsdesign ......................................................................................................... 11 1.3.1 Globalisierte Ästhetik .......................................................................................... 12 1.3.2 Straßenhändler*innen als Informant*innen ........................................................ 13 1.3.3 Wahl der Forschungsstandorte ............................................................................ 15 1.4 Aufbau der Dissertation, Gliederung, Überblick .......................................................... 15 2. Produktion öffentlicher Räume in indischen Megastädten: Historische, theoretische und methodologische Ausgangspunkte ...................................................... 20 2.1 Kontextualisierung der Untersuchung öffentlicher Räume: Historische, geographische und lokale Spezifika ..................................................................................................... 20 2.1.1 Konzepte öffentlicher Räume: Übertragbarkeit auf die indische Großstadt ....... 21 2.1.2 Historische Entwicklung von Stadt und öffentlichen Räumen in Indien ............ 25 2.1.3 Straßenhändler*innen in indischen Städten ........................................................ 45 2.1.4 Beispiel Hyderabad: Eine Megastadt zwischen Weltstadtanspruch und feudaler Romantisierung ............................................................................................................. 57 2.1.5 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................... 76 2.2 Theoretische Annäherung an öffentlichen Raum in indischen Städten ........................ 79 2.2.1 Streben nach globalisierter Ästhetik im Wettbewerb neoliberaler Städte ........... 80 2.2.2 Konzepte des Widerstands gegen globalisierte Ästhetik in öffentlichen Räumen .. ............................................................................................................................
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