DOCSLIB.ORG

The Wonder That Was India

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Wonder That Was India THE WONDER THAT WAS INDIA Volume II 1200-1700 ii iii THE WONDER THAT WAS INDIA Volume II A survey of the history and culture of the Indian sub-continent from the coming of the Muslims to the British conquest 1200-1700 S. A. A. RIZVI Rupa, Co iv Copyright © S.A.A. Rizvi 1987 First published 1987 by Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd., London First in Rupa Paperback 1993 Eleventh impression 2001 Published by Rupa & Co. 7/16, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi 110 002 Offices at: 15 Bankim Chatterjee Street, Kolkata 700 073 135 South Malaka, Allahabad 211 001 PG Solanki Path, Lamington Road, Mumbai 400 007 36, Kutty Street, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 034 Surya Shree, B-6, New 66, Shankara Park, Basavangudi, Bangalore 560 004 3-5-612, Himayat Nagar, Hyderabad 500 029 By arrangement with Pan Macmillan Ltd., London This edition is for sale in India only Picture research by Deborah Pownall Maps drawn by Neil Hyslop. For their source the publishers gratefully acknowledge An Historical Atlas of the indian Peninsula by C. Collin Davies, published by Oxford University Press. The British place names in the source have not been changed. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Copyright owner Printed in India by Gopsons Papers Ltd. A-14 Sector 60 Noida 201 301 Rs 295 v CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Important Dates ix List of Maps xiv Note on Pronunciation xv Introduction, with a Review of Sources xvii I The Arabs and the Turks 1 Early Islam, Institutions, Law, The Arab Conquest of Sind, The Ghaznavids, The Ghurids, The Ilbari Turks, The Khaljls, The Tughluq Dynasty, The Sayyids II The Independent Ruling Dynasties 57 Bengal, Assam, Tirhut, Orissa, Rajasthan, Kashmir, Jaunpur, Malwa, Khandesh, Gujarat, The Western Coast, Ma'bar, The Bahmani Kingdom, The Five Deccan Kingdoms, The Vijayanagara Kingdom III The Afghans and the Mughals 89 The Lodis, Babur and Humayun, Sher Khan (later Sher Shah), Sur, The Sur Sultanate, Humayun Recaptures Delhi, Akbar the Great, Jahangir, Shahjahan, Aurangzlb, Fall of the Mughal Empire IV The State 154 Kingship, Law, The Royal Court and Household, Ministers and their Departments, The Mansabddrs and the Army, Finance, Justice, The Police, The Provincial Administration, District Administration V Social and Economic Conditions 196 Social Structure, Women, Slavery, Villages, The Zamindars, Towns and Cities, Education, Inland Trade, Coastal Trade, Commercial Practices vi VI Religion 231 Philosophical Movements, Sufi Movements, The Kubrawiyya, The Qalandars, The Muslim Intellectual Perception of Hinduism, The Hindu Impact on Sufism, The Mahdawi Movement, The New Sufi Orders (the Shattariyyas), The Qadiriyya Order, The Naqshbandiyya Order, The Shi'is VII Fine Arts 277 Pre-Mughal Architecture - the First Phase, Architecture of the Regional Kingdoms, The LodI and Sur Monuments, The Mughal Monuments, Mughal Gardens, Painting, Music Conclusion 308 Bibliography and References 317 Appendix with Bibliography and References 354 Index with Glossary 373 vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Between pages 60 and 61 1. Jami' Masjid (Werner Fortnan Archive) 2. Pietra Dura in I'timadu'd-Dawla, Agra (J. Allan Cash) 3. Screen in the Diwan-i Khass (J. Allan Cash) 4. Screen of the Sidi Sayyid Mosque (M. Ara and the Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo) 5. The Panch Mahal (J, Allan Cash) 6. Throne in the Diwan-i Amm (A. F. Kersting) 7. Jami' Masjid at Mandu (Robert Harding) 8. Sikri Mosque (Werner Forman Archive) 9. Sher Shah's mosque (Y. Crowe) 10. Bidar Madrasa (College) (M. Ara and the Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo) 11. Shaykh Ruknu'd-Din Multani's tomb (Archaeological Survey, Pakistan) 12. Mandu, Jahaz Mahal (M. Ara and the Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo) 13. Humayun's tomb (A. F. Kersting) 14. The interior of the Jodh Bai's palace (A. F. Kersting) Between pages 124 and 125 15. Babur supervising layout of garden (British Library) 16. Jahangir shooting (Indian Museum, Calcutta) 17. Invention of the mirror (Indian Museum, Calcutta) 18. Turkey-cock (Indian Museum, Calcutta) 19. Abu'1-Fazl presenting the Akbar-Nama (Chester Beatty Library) 20. Sword of Sultana 'Al 'u'd-Din Khalji (Prince of Wales Museum of Western India) 21. Shaykh Phul Shattari in front of his Agra house (Bharat Kala Bhavan Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi) 22. Birth of Prince Salim (Chester Beatty Library) 23. Story of the unfaithful wife (Bodleian Library) 24. Portrait of Shahjahan (Chester Beatty Library) 25. Presentation of meal (British Library) 26. Portrait of Jahangir (Chester Beatty Library) viii Between pages 188 and 189 27. Char Minar in Hyderabad Deccan (A. F. Kersting) 28. The Qutb Minar (4. F. Kersting) 29. Temple pillars in the cloisters of the Quwwatu'l-Islam mosque (J. Allan Cash) 30. Details of carvings, Qutb Minar (Robert Harding) 31. Tomb chamber in the Taj Mahal (A. F. Kersting) 32. Upper domes in the Birbal's house (J. Allan Cash) 33. Atala Mosque, Jaunpur (M. Ara and the Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo) 34. The Buland Darwaza (Robert Harding) 35. Interior of Iltutmish's tomb (M. Ara and the Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo) 36. Ala'i Darwaza, Delhi (M. Ara and the Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo) 37. The Quwwatu'l Islam Mosque Screen (M. Ara and the Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo) 38. Carved pillar in one of the chambers of Fathpur-Sikri (Werner Forman Archive) Between pages 252 and 253 39. Akbar controlling elephants (Victoria and Albert Museum) 40. Political lessons through animal behaviour (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London) 41. Black buck (Victoria and Albert Museum) 42. Dara Shukoh with Miyan Mir, Mulla Shah and the khanqah servants (Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Bombay) 43. Jahangir weighing Prince Khurram, (British Museum) 44. Shahjahan watching Sama (Indian Museum, Calcutta) 45. Jahangir riding (Victoria and Albert Museum) 46. Integration of Sufi music with Bhaktas (Victoria and Albert Museum) 47. Babur visiting Gorakhtari from the Babur-Nama (British Library) 48. The heroine being served by a maid from Lor Chanda (John Ryland Library) 49. Captivity of Himu (Chester Beatty Library) 50. News of the birth of Akbar communicated to Humayun (Khudabakhsh Library, Patna) 51. Workmen building Agra fort (Victoria and Albert Museum) 52. Village life from Anwar Suhayli (Bharat Kala Bhavan Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi) ix IMPORTANT DATES c. 571 Birth of the Prophet Muhammad 622 Hijra (emigration) of the Prophet from Mecca to Medina 630 The Prophet conquered Mecca 632 The Death of the Prophet 632-4 Abu Bakr, the first caliph 634—44 'Umar, the second caliph 644-56 'Usman, the third caliph 656-61 'All, the fourth caliph 661-749 The Umayyads 680 The martyrdom of Imam Husayn 705-715 Caliph al-Walid 712 Conquest of Sind by Muhammad bin Qasim 749-1258 The 'Abbasids 998-1030 Mahmud of Ghazni 1150-1 Sack of Ghazni by Ghurid 'Ala'u'd-Din Jahan-suz 1178 Defeat of Mu'izzu'd-Din Muhammad bin Sam at Anhilwara c. 1185-1205 Lakshmana Sena's rule in Bengal 1191 Defeat of Mu'izzu'd-Din Muhammad bin Sam at the first battle of Tara'in by Prithviraja Chauhan 1192 Second battle of Tara'in, defeat of Prithviraja Chauhan 1192-3 Delhi seized by Qutbu'd-Din Aybak 1200 Conquest of Bihar and Bengal by Ikhtiyaru'd-Din Bakhtiyar Khalji 1206 Death of Mu'izzu'd-Din Muhammad bin Sam Ilbari Turks; 1206-90 1210 Death of Qutbu'd-Din Aybak 1221 Chingiz chases Jalalu'd-Din Mingburnu 1227 Chingiz died 1235 Death of Khwaja Qutbu'd-DIn Bakhtiyar Kaki 1236 Death of Sultan Iltutmish Death of Khwaja Mu'inu'd-Din at Ajmir 1236-40 Raziyya 1246-66 Nasiru'd-Din Mahmud Shah 1265 Death of Baba Farid 1266-87 Ghiyasu'd-Din Balban x Khaljis: 1290-1320 1290-6 Jalalu'd-Din Firuz Shah II 1294 Devagiri invaded by 'Ala'u'd-Din 1296-1316 'Ala'u'd-Din Muhammad Shah 1297 Conquest of Gujarat 1303 Capture of Chitor 1306-7 Expedition of Devagiri 1309-10 Malik Kafur's invasion of Warangal 1310-11 Kafur's invasion of Dvarasmudra near Bangalore 1316 Death of 'Ala'u'd-Din Khalji 1316-20 Qutbu'd-Din Mubarak Shah Tughluqs: 1320-1414 1320-5 Ghiyasu'd-Din Tughluq Shah 1325 Death of Shaykh Nizamu'd-Din Awliya' Death of Amir Khusraw 1325-51 Ghiyasu'd-Din Muhammad Shah I 1327 Deogiri, renamed Daulatabad, made the second capital 1330-2 Token currency 1332 Arrival of Ibn Battuta in India 1340-1 Investiture from the 'Abbasid Caliph 1341-3 New code (Asalib) 1342 Ibn Battuta sent as ambassador to China 1347 Foundation of the Bahmani kingdom 1351-88 Firuz Shah III 1353-4 Firuz's first Bengal expedition 1356 Death of Shaykh Nasiru'd-Din Chiragh-i Dihli 1359 Firuz's second Bengal expedition 1365-6 Firuz's Thatta expedition 1367 Asoka's pillars transplanted 1370 Death of Khan-i Jahan I 1376 Levy of jizya on the brahmans 1388-1414 Successors of Firuz 1398 Timur seized Delhi 1399 Timur re-crossed the Indus The Sayyids: 1414-51 Provincial Kingdoms 1336-1576 The Bengali Sultans 1346-1589 The Sultans of Kashmir 1391-1583 The Sultans of Gujarat 1394-1479 The Sultans of Jaunpur 1401-1531 The Sultans of Malwa 1347-1527 The Bahmanids xi 1422 Death of Khwaja Gisu Daraz 1370-1601 The Faruqi Sultans of Khandesh The Lodis: 1451-1526 1451-89 Bahlul Lodi 1469 Birth of Guru Nanak 1489-1517 Sikandar Lodi 1505 Death of Kabir 1517-26 Ibrahim Lodi Early Mughals: 1526-1707 1526-30 Zahiru'd-Din Muhammad Babur 1530-40 Humayun's first reign 1539 Guru Nanak's death The Surs: 1540-55 1540-5 Sher Shah Sur 1542 Birth of Akbar at Amarkot in Sind 1545-54 Islam Shah 1555 Humayun's second reign 1556-1605 Jalalu'd-Din Akbar 1560 Fall of Bay ram Khan 1562 Akbar's first pilgrimage to Ajmir Akbar's marriage to Raja Bhar Mai's daughter at Sambher Abolition of enslavement in war 1563 Remission of tax on Hindu pilgrim centres.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lodi Garden-A Historical Detour
    Aditya Singh Rathod Subject: Soicial Science] [I.F. 5.761] Vol. 8, Issue: 6, June: 2020 International Journal of Research in Humanities & Soc. Sciences ISSN:(P) 2347-5404 ISSN:(O)2320 771X Lodi Garden-A Historical Detour ADITYA SINGH RATHOD Department of History University of Delhi, Delhi Lodi Garden, as a closed complex comprises of several architectural accomplishments such as tombs of Muhammad Shah and Sikandar Lodi, Bara Gumbad, Shish Gumbad (which is actually tomb of Bahlul Lodi), Athpula and many nameless mosque, however my field work primarily focuses upon the monuments constructed during the Lodi period. This term paper attempts to situate these monuments in the context of their socio-economic and political scenario through assistance of Waqiat-i-Mushtaqui and tries to traverse beyond the debate of sovereignty, which they have been confined within all these years. Village of Khairpur was the location of some of the tombs, mosques and other structures associated with the Lodi period, however in 1936; villagers were deported out of this space to lay the foundation of a closed campus named as Lady Willingdon Park, in the commemoration of erstwhile viceroy’s wife; later which was redesigned by eminent architect, J A Stein and was renamed as Lodi Garden in 1968. Its proximity to the Dargah of Shaykh Nizamuddin Auliya delineated Sufi jurisdiction over this space however, in due course of time it came under the Shia influence as Aliganj located nearby to it, houses monuments subscribing to this sect, such as Gateway of Old Karbala and Imambara; even the tomb of a powerful Shia Mughal governor i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Memoirs on the History, Folk-Lore, and Distribution of The
    ' *. 'fftOPE!. , / . PEIHCETGIT \ rstC, juiv 1 THEOLOGICAL iilttTlKV'ki ' • ** ~V ' • Dive , I) S 4-30 Sect; £46 — .v-..2 SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THE NORTH WESTERN PROVINCES. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/memoirsonhistory02elli ; MEMOIRS ON THE HISTORY, FOLK-LORE, AND DISTRIBUTION RACESOF THE OF THE NORTH WESTERN PROVINCES OF INDIA BEING AN AMPLIFIED EDITION OF THE ORIGINAL SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSARY OF INDIAN TERMS, BY THE J.ATE SIR HENRY M. ELLIOT, OF THE HON. EAST INDIA COMPANY’S BENGAL CIVIL SEBVICB. EDITED REVISED, AND RE-ARRANGED , BY JOHN BEAMES, M.R.A.S., BENGAL CIVIL SERVICE ; MEMBER OP THE GERMAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY, OP THE ASIATIC SOCIETIES OP PARIS AND BENGAL, AND OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIBTY OP LONDON. IN TWO VOLUMES. YOL. II. LONDON: TRUBNER & CO., 8 and 60, PATERNOSTER ROWV MDCCCLXIX. [.All rights reserved STEPHEN AUSTIN, PRINTER, HERTFORD. ; *> »vv . SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THE NORTH WESTERN PROVINCES. PART III. REVENUE AND OFFICIAL TERMS. [Under this head are included—1. All words in use in the revenue offices both of the past and present governments 2. Words descriptive of tenures, divisions of crops, fiscal accounts, like 3. and the ; Some articles relating to ancient territorial divisions, whether obsolete or still existing, with one or two geographical notices, which fall more appro- priately under this head than any other. —B.] Abkar, jlLT A distiller, a vendor of spirituous liquors. Abkari, or the tax on spirituous liquors, is noticed in the Glossary. With the initial a unaccented, Abkar means agriculture. Adabandi, The fixing a period for the performance of a contract or pay- ment of instalments.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 2 Foundation, Expansion and Consolidation of DELHI
    UNIT 2 FOUNDATION, EXPANSION AND Trends in History Writing CONSOLIDATION OF DELHI SULTANATE* Structure 2.0 Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Conflict and Consolidation 1206-1290 2.3 The Mongol Problem 2.4 Political Consequences of the Turkish Conquest of India 2.5 Expansion under the Khaljis 2.5.1 West and Central India 2.5.2 Northwest and North India 2.5.3 Deccan and Southward Expansion 2.6 Expansion under the Tughlaqs 2.6.1 The South 2.6.2 East India 2.6.3 Northwest and North 2.7 Nature of State 2.8 Summary 2.9 Keywords 2.10 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 2.11 Suggested Readings 2.12 Instructional Video Recommendations 2.0 OBJECTIVES After going through this Unit, you should be able to: • understand the formative and most challenging period in the history of the Delhi Sultanate, • analyse the Mongol problem, • list the conflicts, nature, and basis of power of the class that ran the Sultanate, • valuate the territorial expansion of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century in the north, north-west and north-east, and • explain the Sultanate expansion in the south. 2.1 INTRODUCTION The tenth century witnessed a westward movement of a warlike nomadic people inhabiting the eastern corners of the Asian continent. Then came in wave upon * Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad Khan, Department of History, M.S. University, Baroda; Prof. Ravindra Kumar, School of Social Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University and Dr. Nilanjan Sankar, Fellow, School of Orinental and African Studies, London. The present Unit is taken from th th IGNOU Course EHI-03: India: From 8 to 15 Century, Block 4, Units 13, 14 & 15 and MHI-04: 31 Political Structures in India, Block 3, Unit 8, ‘State under the Delhi Sultanate’.
    [Show full text]
  • Typesetting Khalfaoui
    Pluralism and Plurality in Islamic Legal Scholarship The Modern Muslim World 11 Series Editorial Board Marcia Hermansen Martin Nguyen Hina Azam Joas Wagemakers Ussama Makdisi Advisory Editorial Board Talal Asad Tijana Krstic Khaled Abou El Fadl Ebrahim Moosa Amira Bennison Adam Sabra Islam Dayeh Armando Salvatore Marwa Elshakry Adam Talib Rana Hisham Issa This series will provide a platform for scholarly research on Islamic and Muslim thought, emerging from any geographical area and dated to any period from the 17th century until the present day. Pluralism and Plurality in Islamic Legal Scholarship The Case of the Fatāwā l-ʿĀlamgīrīya Mouez Khalfaoui gp 2021 Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com 2021 Copyright © by Gorgias Press LLC All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. 2021 ܘ 1 ISBN 978-1-4632-4231-2 gp Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A Cataloging-in-Publication Record is available at the Library of Congress. Printed in the United States of America TABLE OF CONTENTS Author’s Preface for the English Translation ............................ ix Introduction .............................................................................. 1 1. The Historical Context: South Asia in the Seventeenth Century ...................................................................... 2 2. Interfaith Relations in Seventeenth-Century South Asia ........................................................................... 6 3. Pluralism: More Than Just Tolerance ........................... 12 4. Corpus, Hypothesis and Research Method ................... 14 5. Aims and Methodology ................................................ 20 Chapter One.
    [Show full text]
  • E-Auction # 28
    e-Auction # 28 Ancient India Hindu Medieval India Sultanates of India Mughal Empire Independent Kingdom Indian Princely States European Colonies of India Presidencies of India British Indian World Wide Medals SESSION I SESSION II Saturday, 24th Oct. 2015 Sunday, 25th Oct. 2015 Error-Coins Lot No. 1 to 500 Lot No. 501 to 1018 Arts & Artefects IMAGES SHOWN IN THIS CATALOGUE ARE NOT OF ACTUAL SIZE. IT IS ONLY FOR REFERENCE PURPOSE. HAMMER COMMISSION IS 14.5% Inclusive of Service Tax + Vat extra (1% on Gold/Silver, 5% on other metals & No Vat on Paper Money) Send your Bids via Email at [email protected] Send your bids via SMS or WhatsApp at 92431 45999 / 90084 90014 Next Floor Auction 26th, 27th & 28th February 2016. 10.01 am onwards 10.01 am onwards Saturday, 24th October 2015 Sunday, 25th October 2015 Lot No 1 to 500 Lot No 501 to 1018 SESSION - I (LOT 1 TO 500) 24th OCT. 2015, SATURDAY 10.01am ONWARDS ORDER OF SALE Closes on 24th October 2015 Sl.No. CATEGORY CLOSING TIME LOT NO. 1. Ancient India Coins 10:00.a.m to 11:46.a.m. 1 to 106 2. Hindu Medieval Coins 11:47.a.m to 12:42.p.m. 107 to 162 3. Sultanate Coins 12:43.p.m to 02:51.p.m. 163 to 291 4. Mughal India Coins 02:52.p.m to 06:20.p.m. 292 to 500 Marudhar Arts India’s Leading Numismatic Auction House. COINS OF ANCIENT INDIA Punch-Mark 1. Avanti Janapada (500-400 BC), Silver 1/4 Karshapana, Obv: standing human 1 2 figure, circular symbol around, Rev: uniface, 1.37g,9.94 X 9.39mm, about very fine.
    [Show full text]
  • (Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited, Haryana) Evening Session
    Adv. No. 1/2019 Cat. No. 01, Junior Engineer (Electrical) (Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited, Haryana) Evening Session Q1. निम्ि शब्द का पर्ाार्वाची शब्द बताइर्ᴂ | िेत्रजल A. दाख B. विलोचन C. आँसू D. अंशू Q2. निम्ि शब्द का ववपरीत (ववलोम) अर्ा बताइर्ᴂ | भाव A. प्रभाि B. अभाि C. स्िभाि D. अहमभाि Q3. िीचे ललखᴂ गर्े शब्द का एकवचि बिार्ᴂ| आररर्ⴂ A. आरी B. अरर C. आरर D. आररर Q4. िीचे ललखᴂ गर्े शब्द का बहुवचि बिार्ᴂ। पत्र्र A. पत्थरौ B. पतथरⴂ C. पत्थरⴂ D. पतथ्रⴂ Q5. िीचे ददर्े गर्े मुहावरे का उचचत अर्ा बतार्ᴂ | दीि दनु िर्ा से जािा A. कही का न रहना B. मर जाना C. घर से भाग जाना D. दखु ी होना Q6. __________ is the synonym of "INSANE." A. Sensible B. Insecure C. Foolish D. Meaningless May 1, 2019 Page 1 of 24 Adv. No. 1/2019 Cat. No. 01, Junior Engineer (Electrical) (Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited, Haryana) Evening Session Q7. __________ is the antonym of "UNIQUE." A. Common B. Only one of a kind C. Dull D. Unusual Q8. Identify the meaning of the idiom in the sentence. "He ran off the stage at the drop of a hat." A. Instantly B. Happily C. Slowly D. Stylishly Q9. Sentence given below may contain one or more mistakes. Identify the correct sentence. "He always reach late for school." A. He always reaches late to school. B. He always do reach late for school.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pashtun Counter-Narrative
    Middle East Critique ISSN: 1943-6149 (Print) 1943-6157 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ccri20 The Pashtun Counter-Narrative Shah Mahmoud Hanifi To cite this article: Shah Mahmoud Hanifi (2016): The Pashtun Counter-Narrative, Middle East Critique, DOI: 10.1080/19436149.2016.1208354 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1208354 Published online: 18 Jul 2016. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ccri20 Download by: [James Madison University] Date: 18 July 2016, At: 07:36 Middle East Critique, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1208354 The Pashtun Counter-Narrative SHAH MAHMOUD HANIFI James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA ABSTRACT THIS article provides a critical appraisal of ethnicity as the primary route to knowing Afghanistan. The critique is founded on the fundamental voiceless-ness of Pashtuns in academic and international discussions about them. It utilizes longue durée history to amplify the salience of migration as an alternate framework for understanding Afghanistan, and it analyzes the place of the Pashto language in the modern Afghan state structure. The article also discusses the impact of the nineteenth-century British Indian colonial authority Mountstuart Elphinstone and the twentieth-century American specialist Louis Dupree to illustrate the persistence of Orientalism in Anglo-American imperial knowledge about Afghanistan. KEY WORDS: Afghanistan; Louis Dupree; Mountstuart Elphinstone; ethnicity; migration; orientalism; Pashto; Pashtuns The aim of this article is to prompt readers to question commonly held assumptions and representations of Afghanistan.
    [Show full text]
  • The La Trobe Journal No. 91 June 2013 Endnotes Notes On
    Endnotes NB: ‘Scollay’ refers to Susan Scollay, ed., Love and Devotion: from Persia and beyond, Melbourne: Macmillan Art Publishing in association with the State Library of Victoria and the Bodleian Library, 2012; reprinted with new covers, Oxford: The Bodleian Library, 2012. Melville, The ‘Arts of the Book’ and the Diffusion of Persian Culture 1 This article is a revised version of the text of the ‘Keynote’ lecture delivered in Melbourne on 12 April 2012 to mark the opening of the conference Love and Devotion: Persian cultural crossroads. It is obviously not possible to reproduce the high level of illustrations that accompanied the lecture; instead I have supplied references to where most of them can be seen. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those at the State Library of Victoria who worked so hard to make the conference such a success, and for their warmth and hospitality that made our visit to Melbourne an unrivalled pleasure. A particular thanks to Shane Carmody, Robert Heather and Anna Welch. 2 The exhibition Love and Devotion: from Persia and beyond was held in Melbourne from 9 March to 1 July 2012 with a second showing in Oxford from 29 November 2012 to 28 April 2013. It was on display at Oxford at the time of writing. 3 Scollay. 4 For a recent survey of the issues at stake, see Abbas Amanat and Farzin Vejdani, eds., Iran Facing Others: identity boundaries in a historical perspective, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012; the series of lectures on the Idea of Iran, supported by the Soudavar Memorial Foundation, has now spawned five volumes, edited by Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis and Sarah Stewart, vols.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kingdom of Afghanistan: a Historical Sketch George Passman Tate
    University of Nebraska Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Books in English Digitized Books 1-1-1911 The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch George Passman Tate Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno Part of the History Commons, and the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Tate, George Passman The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch, with an introductory note by Sir Henry Mortimer Durand. Bombay: "Times of India" Offices, 1911. 224 p., maps This Monograph is brought to you for free and open access by the Digitized Books at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books in English by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tate, G,P. The kfn&ean sf Af&mistan, DATE DUE I Mil 7 (7'8 DEDICATED, BY PERMISSION, HIS EXCELLENCY BARON HARDINGE OF PENSHURST. VICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA, .a- . (/. BY m HIS OBEDIENT, SERVANT THE AUTHOR. il.IEmtev 01 the Asiniic Society, Be?zg-nl, S?~rueyof I~din. dafhor of 'I Seisinqz : A Menzoir on the FJisio~y,Topo~rcrphj~, A7zliquiiies, (112d Peo$Ie of the Cozi?zt~y''; The F/.o?zlic7,.~ of Baluchisia'nn : Travels on ihe Border.? of Pe~szk n?zd Akhnnistnn " ; " ICalnf : A lMe??zoir on t7ze Cozl7~try and Fnrrzily of the Ahntadsai Khn7zs of Iinlnt" ; 4 ec. \ViTkI AN INrPR<dl>kJCTOl2Y NO'FE PRINTED BY BENNETT COLEMAN & Co., Xc. PUBLISHED AT THE " TIMES OF INDIA" OFFTCES, BOMBAY & C.1LCUTT-4, LONDON AGENCY : gg, SI-IOE LANE, E.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Sayyid Dynasty
    SAYYID DYNASTY The Sayyid dynasty was the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, with four rulers ruling from 1414 to 1451. Founded by Khizr Khan, a former governor of Multan, they succeeded the Tughlaq dynasty and ruled the sultanate until they were displaced by the Lodi dynasty. Khizr Khan (1414- 1421 A.D.) He was the founder of Sayyid Dynasty He did not swear any royal title. He was the Governor of Multan. He took advantage of the disordered situation in India after Timur’s invasion. In 1414 A.D. he occupied the throne of Delhi. He brought parts of Surat, Dilapur, and Punjab under his control. But he lost Bengal, Deccan, Gujarat, Jaunpur, Khandesh and Malwa. In 1421 he died. Mubarak Shah, Khizr Khan’s son succeeded him. Mubarak Shah (1421-1434 A.D.) He was the son of Khizr Khan who got Khutba read on his name and issued his own coins. He did not accept the suzerainty of any foreign power. He was the ablest ruler of the dynasty. He subdued the rebellion at Bhatinda and Daob and the revolt by Khokhars Chief Jasrat. He patronised Vahiya Bin Ahmad Sarhind, author of Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi. Mubarak Shah was succeeded by two incompetent rulers, Muhammad Shah (AD 1434- 1445) and Alauddin Alam Shah (AD 1445-1450). Most of the provincial kingdoms declared their independence. Hence, Alam Shah surrendered the throne and retired in an inglorious manner to Baduan. Finally Bahlol Lodhi captured the throne of Delhi with the support of Wazir Khan. Muhammad Shah (1434-1445 A.D.) He defeated the ruler of Malwa with the help of Bahlul Lodi, the Governor of Lahore.
    [Show full text]
  • Monetary Aspects of Bahmani Copper Coinage in Light of the Akola Hoard
    Monetary Aspects of Bahmani Copper Coinage in Light of the Akola Hoard Phillip B. Wagoner and Pankaj Tandon Draft: 9/24/16 **Please do not quote or disseminate without permission of the authors** The Bahmanis of the Deccan produced copper coinage from the very outset of the state’s founding in AH 748/1347 CE, but it was clearly secondary to the silver tankas upon which their monetary system was based. By the first several decades of the fifteenth century, however, as John Deyell has shown, the relative production values of silver and copper coinage had reversed, and there was an enormous expansion in copper output, both in terms of the numbers of coins produced and in terms of the range of their denominations (Fig.1).1 This phenomenon has attracted the attention of several scholars, but fundamental questions yet remain about the copper coinage and how it functioned within the Bahmani monetary system. Given the dearth of contemporary written documents shedding light on these matters, it is understandable that many would simply give up on trying to answer these questions. But to do so would be to ignore the physical, material evidence afforded in abundance by the coinage itself, including such aspects as its metrology and denominational structure, and most importantly, the indications of its usage patterns embodied within the composition and geographic distribution of individual coin hoards. Ultimately, we may wish to know why Bahmani copper coinage production should have undergone such a sudden expansion in the 1420s and 1430s, but in order to realize this goal, we must first address the physical nature of the coinage itself and what it can tell us about how it was used.
    [Show full text]
  • Research and Development
    Annual Report 2010-11 Research and Development RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FACULTY OF ARTS & HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY Projects: (i) Completed UNESCO funded project ―Sui Vihar Excavations and Archaeological Reconnaissance of Southern Punjab” has been completed. Research Collaboration Funding grants for R&D o Pakistan National Commission for UNESCO approved project amounting to Rs. 0.26 million. DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE & LITERATURE Publications Book o Spatial Constructs in Alamgir Hashmi‘s Poetry: A Critical Study by Amra Raza Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany 2011 Conferences, Seminars and Workshops, etc. o Workshop on Creative Writing by Rizwan Akthar, Departmental Ph.D Scholar in Essex, October 11th , 2010, Department of English Language & Literature, University of the Punjab, Lahore. o Seminar on Fullbrght Scholarship Requisites by Mehreen Noon, October 21st, 2010, Department of English Language & Literature, Universsity of the Punjab, Lahore. Research Journals Department of English publishes annually two Journals: o Journal of Research (Humanities) HEC recognized ‗Z‘ Category o Journal of English Studies Research Collaboration Foreign Linkages St. Andrews University, Scotland DEPARTMENT OF FRENCH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE R & D-An Overview A Research Wing was introduced with its various operating desks. In its first phase a Translation Desk was launched: Translation desk (French – English/Urdu and vice versa): o Professional / legal documents; Regular / personal documents; o Latest research papers, articles and reviews; 39 Annual Report 2010-11 Research and Development The translation desk aims to provide authentic translation services to the public sector and to facilitate mutual collaboration at international level especially with the French counterparts. It addresses various businesses and multi national companies, online sales and advertisements, and those who plan to pursue higher education abroad.
    [Show full text]