Seascape Context and Local Predators Drive Fish Community Structure of Posidonia Oceanica Meadows
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Seascape context and local predators drive fish community structure of Posidonia oceanica meadows Zubak Čižmek, Ivana Doctoral thesis / Disertacija 2020 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: University of Split / Sveučilište u Splitu Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:226:388507 Rights / Prava: Attribution 4.0 International Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-10-10 Repository / Repozitorij: Repository of University Department of Marine Studies UNIVERSITY OF SPLIT, UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MARINE STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF DUBROVNIK Postgraduate study of Applied Marine Sciences Ivana Zubak Čižmek SEASCAPE CONTEXT AND LOCAL PREDATORS DRIVE FISH COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF POSIDONIA OCEANICA MEADOWS Doctoral thesis Split, July 2020 I This doctoral thesis was performed at the University of Zadar, Department of Ecology, Agronomy, and Aquaculture, under the guidance of Stewart T. Schultz, Ph.D. as a part of the inter-university postgraduate studies of Applied Marine Sciences at the University of Split and University of Dubrovnik. II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS – ZAHVALA “Feeling gratitude and not expressing it is like wrapping a present and not giving it.” William Arthur Ward Hvala mojim mentorima prof. dr.sc. Stewartu Schultzu i izv. prof. dr.sc. Claudiji Kruschel što su mi pružili priliku za rad i učenje te mi otvorili vrata znanosti! Thank you guys for believing in me! Special thanks to you, Claudia, for all your help, guidance, all the brainstorming coffees, and your enthusiasm that many times got me back on track! Zahvaljujem članicama Povjerenstva za ocjenu rada, izv. prof. dr. sc. Mireli Petrić, doc. dr.sc. Zvjezdani Popović Perkovići i doc. dr.sc. Antoneli Paladin, na pregledu rada i konstruktivnim savjetima kojima su doprinijele da rad bude čim bolji. Hvala mojim kolegicama i kolegama s Odjela za ekologiju, agronomiju i akvakulturu, ponekad je i samo razgovor s nekim tko razumije kroz što prolazim bio dovoljan da podigne raspoloženje Posebno se zahvaljujem prijateljima i bivšim i sadašnjim kolegicama i kolegama iz Društva istraživača mora – 20000 milja na pomoći oko terenskog rada i dobroj amosferi na terenima. Nadam se i vjerujem da ćemo zajedno učini korak naprijed u istraživanju i očuvanju naše „plave točke u beskraju“. Hvala mojim prijateljicama Sanji, Taidi, Biljani i svima koji su jako dugo pratili ovaj moj zapetljani put do doktorata. Hvala vam cure za sve kave, večere, “ruganja”, ventiliranja i smijanja do suza i što ste me vrlo rijetko pitale: “Kako ide doktorat?” Hvala mojoj Meliti za SVE. Trebale bi mi tri stranice da opišem trenutke za koje sam ti zahvalna, ali mislim da ćemo se jednog dana osvrnuti na sve ovo i biti ponosne do neba. Hvala ti za zdrav razum koji si mi donekle uspjela sačuvati, za svaki prijateljski, roditeljski, biološki i ljudski savjet, hvala što me slušaš kad trabunjam i što me jednostavno razumiješ. Da mi je ovo putovanje donijelo samo tebe u život, bilo bi dovoljno. Hvala Hrvoju Od Ždrelca 2007. do nekih budućih terena na koje ćemo, nadam se uskoro otići, bez tebe ne bi bilo zarona niti rezultata. Hvala ti moj ronilački i životni „buddy“ na pomoći, na znanju i iskustvu, na smirenosti i optimizmu. Ovo je naš zajednički rad! Hvala Ruži i Darku, velika je sreća naići na toliko podrške i pomoći, bez pitanja i uvjetovanja. Na posljetku, ali zapravo prije svega, beskrajno hvala mojim roditeljima. Mama i tata, hvala vam za sve, za ljubav, za podršku, za strpljenje i razumijevanje, a posebno što uvijek vjerujete u mene, čak i kada ja ne vjerujem. Hvala za svu pomoć, sve ručkove i čuvanja pilića, dovoženja i odvoženja. Vi ste moja najpouzdanija logistika, bez vas ne bi bilo ovog doktorata. Volim vas! Mojim najvećim uspjesima, Teu i Lu, želim samo reći: vaša ljubav, svaki zagrljaj, poljubac, iskren dječji osmijeh i svaki trenutak s vama su mi sve na svijetu; nema za mene većeg uspjeha od vas i zato sam najponosnija osoba na svijetu! Ivana III Contents 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Aim and goal of the dissertation ............................................................................... 8 2. REVIEW OF FORMER RESEARCH ........................................................................................ 10 2.1. The effect of seascape context of seagrass meadows on fish communities .............. 10 2.2. The effect of predators on fish communities ............................................................. 12 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS ................................................................................................. 13 3.1. The effect of seascape context on the fish community structure .............................. 13 3.1.1. Study area and methods used ............................................................................. 13 3.1.2. Data analysis ........................................................................................................ 21 3.2. The effect of predators on the fish community structure .......................................... 23 3.2.1. Study area and methods used ............................................................................. 23 3.2.2. Data analysis ........................................................................................................ 26 4. RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 32 4.1. Fish assemblages of Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Croatian Adriatic Sea ....... 32 4.1.1. Fish community structure in different seascape contexts of Posidonia oceanica meadows ........................................................................................................................ 39 4.2. Effect of physical factors and predators on the variability of the fish community structure in the Mediterranean Posidonia oceanica meadows ........................................ 47 5. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................ 53 5.1. The seascape context drives fish community structure ............................................. 53 5.1.1 Differences in fish community structure in different seascape contexts of Posidonia oceanica meadows: ....................................................................................... 54 IV 5.2. The effect of predators on the fish community structure .......................................... 58 5.2.1. The variation in fish community structure caused by the differences in sampling method ........................................................................................................................... 58 5.2.2. The variation in fish community structure caused by the differences in predator/prey relationship ............................................................................................ 59 6. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................... 63 7. LITERATURE ........................................................................................................................ 65 8. PROŠIRENI SAŽETAK ........................................................................................................... 78 UVOD .................................................................................................................................. 78 Svrha i ciljevi istraživanja................................................................................................ 79 MATERIJAL I METODE ........................................................................................................ 80 1. Područje istraživanja ............................................................................................ 80 2. Metode istraživanja ............................................................................................. 81 3. Statistička obrada podataka ................................................................................ 82 REZULTATI I RASPRAVA ...................................................................................................... 83 ZAKLJUČCI ....................................................................................................................... 87 9. APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................... 90 10. BIOGRAFIJA .................................................................................................................... 118 V List of Figures Figure 1.1. Endemic Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica in the Adriatic Sea, Croatia. Figure 1.2. Illustration of the three types of the spatial organization of the seascape elements. Figure 1.3. Three most common types of the spatial organization of the seascape elements of Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Adriatic Sea, Croatia. Figure 3.1.1.1. Map of locations of surveyed fish assemblages within seagrass meadows of Posidonia oceanica in the Eastern Adriatic Sea, Croatia. Figure 3.1.1.2. The diver performing lure-assisted visual census of fish communities over a Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Adriatic Sea, Croatia. Figure 3.2.1.1. The geographical location of the sampling sites included in the meta-analysis. Figure 4.1.1. Total, shared and unique fish taxa across three different seascape contexts (bordering sand / bordering rock / mosaic) of Posidonia