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Composition and Diurnal Variation of Floral Scent Emission in Rosa

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Composition and Diurnal Variation of Floral Scent Emission in Rosa Open Chemistry 2020; 18: 1030–1040 Research Article Lu Yang*, Xiang Liao, Ping Cheng, Zhi-Gang Zhang, Hong Li* Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0087 gesneriana L. Research of roses and tulips in aromatic in received January 7, 2019; accepted February 25, 2020 the garden provides a theoretical basis and research and Abstract: This study was aimed to explore the composi- improvement of the aroma components of aroma. tion and diurnal variation analyses of floral scent Keywords: Rosa rugosa Thunb., Tulipa gesneriana L., emission from Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana floral scent, diurnal variation L. The floral scent from the fresh flower were collected at different time points (9:00, 12:00, 15:00, 18:00, and 21:00) using dynamic headspace collection and were analyzed using autothermal desorber-gas chromato- 1 Introduction graphy/mass spectrometry (ATD-GC/MS). The results fl - showed that a total of 62 volatile flavor compounds The release of ower fragrance is an important char fl were detected from Rosa rugosa Thunb and a total of 70 acteristic of owering plants, and it is also the main volatile flavor compounds were detected from Tulipa ornamental character. It is an important factor to form fl fl gesneriana L. They were identified with eight functional and in uence the ornamental value of owers. Floral fl categories: alcohols, fatty hydrocarbons, terpenes, alde- scent is widely used for perfumes, cosmetics, avorings, [ ] hydes, ketones, esters, and other substances. The total and therapeutic applications 1,2 . Floral scent is a release amount first decreased, and then increased with composite character determined by a complex mixture of - - [ – ] time, and arrived at the lowest at 15:00. The release low molecular weight volatile molecules 3 6 and is fl amounts of different categories present distinct change one of the main factors that make up and in uence the fl [ ] patterns. Among the components, phenylethyl alcohol, ornamental value of owers 7 . As an important part of fl citronellol, methylene chloride, hexane, and acetone plant volatile compounds, the oral scent plays a key showed relatively higher release amounts and were role in plant ecophysiology and represents a decisive thought as the main components in floral scent of Rosa communication channel between plants and animals [ ] fl - rugosa Thunb. Alpha-Farnesene, ethanol, pentadecane, 8,9 . To achieve this, the oral scent is often devel beta-ocimene, longifolene, caryophyllene, and acetone opmentally and rhythmically regulated to be associated showed relatively higher release amounts and were with the activity of corresponding pollinators. As insect fl thought as the main components in floral scent of Tulipa pollinator exhibit rhythmic activities, the owers emit scent on specific timing in a day. Light directly affects floral scent emission. Diurnal variations of floral scent emission have been observed in numerous plant species * Corresponding author: Lu Yang, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry, Key [10]. The release of flower scent of Prunus davidiana [11], Laboratory of Forest Resources and Utilization in Xinjiang of Gardenia jasminoides from grandiflora [12], Chry- National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Urumqi 830052, [ ] China, e-mail: [email protected] santhemum, and Siberia kirilowii 13 showed obvious * Corresponding author: Hong Li, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry, Key diurnal variations. Laboratory of Forest Resources and Utilization in Xinjiang of With the development of society, aromatherapy has National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Urumqi 830052, been gradually moving to people’s lives, and the China, establishment of the aromatic botanical garden, night Xiang Liao, Ping Cheng, Zhi-Gang Zhang: Xinjiang Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Resources and Utilization in garden, and blind botanical garden and so on, with the Xinjiang of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Urumqi characteristics of plant aroma, has the health care effect 830052, China of green space. Rose and tulip with high ornamental Open Access. © 2020 Lu Yang et al., published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License. Floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L. 1031 value have attracted more and more attention because of theoretical basis and research and improvement of the their unique fragrance and curative effect widely used in aroma components of aroma. landscaping. Experiments proved that aromatic plant volatiles can alleviate depression, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, and regulate the human nervous system, and it has a health function on the human body 2 Experimental section [14,15]. Roses are the most important crop in the fl fl oriculture industry and used as cut owers, pot plants, 2.1 Materials and garden ornamentals. They are also a source of natural fragrances. Rose is used in producing rose water, attar of rose, and essential oils in the perfume industry. Selecting healthy, growing white tulip and red rose Tulip is world-famous flowers with bright colors, unique plants, used in this experiment was verified at the shape, and delightful scent. It is called “the queen of flowering stage as experimental materials cultivated in flowers”. Tulip bulbs and roots can be used as a Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Shuixigou planting base in medicine, have a sedative effect, and can be used in May 2018. The temperature range ranged from 19–31°C the treatment of dirty mania. and relative humidity of 20–35%. The soil physical and The collection and adsorption of plant volatiles or chemical properties were weak alkaline (pH = 8.1) with flower fragrance are one of the key links in the identification organic matter of 36.06 g kg−1, and contained total N of flower fragrance components. Automated thermal deso- 2.7 g kg−1, CEC 15.49 cmol kg−1, and conductivity 2.24 s rption (ATD), also known as thermal desorption, is based on mol−1, soil mechanical composition: clay 15.24%, sand the design principle of dynamic headspace. It completes the 21.34, and silt 63.42%. Sampling was done at different whole process of sampling, enrichment, concentration, and time points (9:00, 12:00, 15:00, 18:00, and 21:00), and injection by thermal desorption instruments. It is a more each time point was done 3 times for the test. comprehensive sample of pretreatment technology. Because the thermal desorption method is more direct and close to nature in the collection of volatile components, the biggest advantage of the thermal desorption method is that it can 2.2 Floral scent collection directly collect the volatiles of living plants and fully retain the original state of the samples. The sensitivity of this A dynamic headspace method was used to collect the technology is high, and the detection limit can reach 10−9 volatiles released from roses and tulip. An individual levels [16–18].ATD-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry flower was put in a sampling bag (355 mm × 355 mm; (GC/MS) is a kind of experimental techniques that can be Reynolds, USA), which releases and absorbs a few used to collect, absorb, and analyze the volatile components volatiles. A stainless-steel tube (0.25 × 3.5; USA) of living plants [19].Itcaneffectively eliminate the containing Tenax-TA (60–80 mesh) was used as the interference of external volatile components and reflect the volatile trap, which avoided touching the flower. A components and their release amount of flower fragrance Portable air sampler (QC 1; Beijing Municipal Institute of more truly. It is suitable for the qualitative and quantitative Labor Protection, China) served as the pump, and air analyses of plant volatile components in the near-natural filtered through a drying column filled with charcoal was state [20]. Therefore, the study takes the living rose and tulip pumped into the bag. In a short time, extract the air in flowers as materials, collects, and analyzes the chemical the sampling bag, connect the adsorption tube, and then components of the volatiles, summarizes the main aromatic fill the bag with the air filtered by activated carbon. characteristics of the rose and tulip, explores the signifi- When the air in the bag reaches 3/4 full, stop filling and cance of landscape value, and provides a clear reference for start to enter the headspace circulation sampling. The rational utilization. collected volatile substances are absorbed into the Therefore, in this study, rose and tulip are used as stainless steel adsorption tube containing Tenax-TA experimental materials. These were collected using adsorption material. The volatiles were collected for dynamic headspace collection method and ATD-GC/MS 15 min at a flow rate of 300 mL to min−1 for each flower. analysis technique combines the research and analysis Each variety was sampled 3 times during the same test of the diurnal variation of the aroma for further session. Empty bags served as control samples. development and application research of roses and Afterward, the stainless steel tubes were sealed and tulips in aromatic in the garden and provides a placed in a refrigerator. 1032 Lu Yang et al. 2.3 Floral scent analysis and search all the results and refer to the relevant standard maps for checking and supplemental retrieval. 2.3.1 Thermal desorption conditions The composition of each volatile matter is qualitative, and the relative percentage content of the components in The ATD-GC/MS technique was used to analyze the floral the total volatiles is calculated by the method of the total scent. Install the adsorption tube with volatile compo- ion flow peak area normalization. nents on the thermal desorption device. The floral scent collected in the stainless steel tube was desorbed by Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related heating in an ATD (TurboMatrix 350; PerkinElmer Corp.
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