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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering A 1 (2012) 1338-1345 Formerly part of Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, ISSN 1934-8932 D DAVID PUBLISHING

Determination of the Effects of and Its Blends with on Lubricating in a Single Cylinder Diesel

Abdullah Engin Özçelik1 and Hüseyin Öğüt2 1. Department of Machinical Engineering, Technology Faculty, Selcuk University Campus, Selcuklu 42003, Konya/Turkey 2. Department of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University Campus, Selcuklu 42003, Konya/Turkey

Received: December 6, 2012 / Accepted: December 17, 2012 / Published: December 20, 2012.

Abstract: In the present study, safflower biodiesel (safflower oil methyl ) was produced through transesterification. Biodiesel fuel obtained from safflower was blended with diesel fuel in ratios of 2% (B2) and 20% (B20). Kinematic , density, water content, heating value, flash point, clouding point, pour point, ash content, copper strip and CFPP (cold filter plug point) tests were performed on B2, B20, B100 fuel blends and diesel fuel. A four stroke, single cylinder, water cooled with a direct injection fuel system was operated with B2, B20, B100 and diesel fuels at partial load for 100 hours and samples were taken from the engine lubricating oil at certain hours. The elements iron, aluminum, , copper and chromium contents of the samples taken from the engine lubricating oil were examined.

Key words: Safflower, biodiesel, diesel fuel, lubricating oil, wear.

1. Introduction processes, generally create a separating thin film between surfaces of adjacent and The strategic position of biodiesel is a fact that minimize direct contact between these surfaces and cannot be ignored. Biodiesel can be produced from thus minimize frictions [6-11]. vegetable , animal and used waste cooking oil. Wear that occurs as a result of plays a Biodiesel can be used in diesel in blends with significant role in determining engine life in internal diesel fuel at different rates or in 100% pure form combustion engines. without requiring any modifications to the engine. During the combustion process, engine lubricating Biodiesel does not contain , aromatic oil forms a protective layer and prevents the corrosion hydrocarbons, metals and crude oil wastes, which of the cylinder and the piston. However, the oil have negative effects on the combustion efficiency undergoes physical and chemical change as a result of and emissions of diesel engines. From this point of oxidation after a certain period of use and particles view, biodiesel is more ecological in nature compared such as dust, dirt, fuel, water and metallic pieces also to diesel fuel [1-5]. mix into the engine lubricating oil, causing the oil to From another aspect, with the development of wear out and lose its protective properties. Engine technology, modern necessities have made lubricating oil analysis helps us to have an idea about a source for manufacturing engine oil. Engine oils, the present and future states of the engine and of the which are obtained from petroleum through certain parts belonging to its subsystems. Furthermore,

Corresponding author: Abdullah Engin Özçelik, Ph.D., examining the changes in the ratios of the substances main research fields: alternative fuels, energy, automotive, constituting the oil is important for determining engine lubricant. E-mail: [email protected]. Determination of the Effects of Safflower Biodiesel and Its Blends with Diesel Fuel 1339 on Lubricating Oil in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine engine life, maintaining its optimum operation, the fuel characteristics of vegetable oils with each decreasing the cost of possible failures and thus other and also with petroleum-based diesel fuel [20]. saving time [11-19]. In the present study, 20W50 engine lubricating oil The aim of the present study was to develop was obtained from Petrol Ofisi Co., diesel fuel was suggestions through engine performance experiments obtained from Opet Co., and safflower oil produced performed by taking samples from the engine from Remzibey cultivar was obtained from Cankiri lubricating oil every 20 hours and determining the Tarim Co. The Biodiesel Pilot Production Plant in the state of wear elements in these samples. In the study: Agricultural Machinery Biodiesel Laboratory of Selcuk  The properties of biodiesel, biodiesel-diesel fuel University’s Faculty of Agriculture was utilized for blends and diesel fuel were examined; producing biodiesel from safflower oil. The safflower  Engine performance and emission values of biodiesel was used in a single cylinder Super Star biodiesel, biodiesel-diesel fuel blends and diesel fuel 11015 15HP engine which was connected to a were comparatively evaluated; hydraulic dynamometer (Fig. 1) located in the  The amounts and characteristics of wear metals Agricultural Machinery Workshop of Selcuk existing in the samples taken from the engine oil were University’s Faculty of Agriculture. The technical determined and compared. characteristics of the engine used in the study are presented in Table 1 and the technical characteristics of 2. Materials and Methods the hydraulic dynamometer are presented in Table 2. 2.1 Materials Safflower biodiesel (Safflower Oil Methyl Ester) The selection of the having was produced through transesterification at the Pilot characteristics closest to those of diesel fuel is highly Production Plant in the Biodiesel Laboratory of the important in using vegetable oils as fuel in diesel Agricultural Machinery Department of the Faculty of engines. For this purpose, it is necessary to compare Agriculture at Selcuk University, which has a capacity

1. Control Panel 4. Magnetic pick-up 7. Fuel meter 2. Hydrolic dynometer 5. Platform 8. Exhaust emission device 3. S type load cell 6. Experimental Engine Fig. 1 Schematic design of the engine test apparatus.

1340 Determination of the Effects of Safflower Biodiesel and Its Blends with Diesel Fuel on Lubricating Oil in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine

Table 1 Technical characteristics of the engine used in the fuel; experiments.  B2 and B20 fuel blends were prepared; Tip 4 cycled, direct injection, diesel

Number of cylinders 1  Physical, chemical and fuel characteristics of B2, Diameter of cylinder mm 108 B20, B100 and diesel fuel were determined; Stroke of cylinder mm 100  Engine experiment and test apparatus was Volume of cylinder L 0.92 Compression rate 17:1 prepared; Max. Power Kw 11  The engine was operated at partial load for 100 Max. Torque Nm 60 hours and samples were taken from the engine Fuel injecction pump Bosch tip Cooling system Water coooling lubricating oil every 20 hours;  Iron, aluminum, copper, chromium and lead Table 2 Technical characteristics of the hydraulic dynamometer. contents of the samples taken from the engine Braking torque range 0-1,700 Nm lubricating oil were examined and their viscosity and Operating speed 0-7,500 min-1 density values were measured [11-21]. Body diameter 350 mm Torque arm length 350 mm 3. Results and Discussion of 100 L/h and is supported by a PLC (Programmable 3.1 The Analysis of the Safflower Oil, Safflower Oil Logic Controller) unit. The biodiesel fuel obtained Methyl Ester, B100, B20, B2 and Diesel Fuels Used in from safflower was blended with diesel fuel in ratios the Experiments of 2% (B2) and 20% (B20). Viscosity, density, water content, heating value, flash point, clouding, freezing Safflower oil methyl ester was produced through and yield point, ash content, copper strip corrosion transesterification, and then the characteristics of B2, and CFPP (cold filter plug point) tests were performed B20 and B100 fuels were compared according to TS on B2, B20, B100 fuel blends and diesel fuel at the EN 14214, TS 3082 EN 590 and ASTM standards. Biodiesel Laboratory of the Agricultural Machinery The results of the analyses are presented in Table 3. Department of the Faculty of Agriculture at Selcuk Kinematic viscosity of B100 was found to be 0.34 2 University. mm /s, which is high according to EN14214 but The samples taken from the engine lubricating oil within limit values according to ASTM 6751. were tested in the ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Kinematic viscosity values of the other fuels were Plasma Mass Spectrometry) device in the Advanced within the limit values. CFPP test results of all fuels Technology Research and Application Center could not meet the limit values for winter. The Laboratory of Selcuk University in order to determine calorific value of B100 was found 15.53% lower than the state of aluminum, iron, copper and chromium that of diesel fuel. The highest cetane number was existing in the engine lubricating oil. obtained in diesel fuel. The cetane numbers of B100, B20 and B2 fuels were found to be respectively 2.2 Methods 19.39%, 1.71% and 0.23% lower compared to that of The following stages were carried out in the present diesel fuel. study: 3.2 Levels of Wear Elements in the Engine Lubricating  Physical and chemical properties of safflower oil Oil were determined;  The SOME (safflower oil methyl ester) was The level of iron (Fe) in the engine lubricating oil is produced to be used in diesel engines as alternative the most important indicator of engine wear and

Determination of the Effects of Safflower Biodiesel and Its Blends with Diesel Fuel 1341 on Lubricating Oil in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine

Table 3 Safflower oil, B100, B20, B2 and diesel fuel analysis results. Properties Safflower oil B100 B20 B2 Eurodiesel Density 15 °C (g/cm³) 0.923 0.89 0.85 0.84 0.83 Kinematic viscosity 40 °C (mm²/s) 32.5 5.34 3.39 3.01 2.82 Flash point (°C) 200 129 69 68 60 Water content (mg/kg) 417.69 315.3 91.11 33.91 8.79 PH 5 5.3 5.4 5.5 6 Color analysis (ASTM) 2 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5 Calorie value (MJ/kg) 40.64 40.12 47.53 47.12 47.5 Cloud point (°C) -4 -1 -6 -10 -12 Pour point (°C) -18 -7 -25 -27 -28 CFPP (°C) 5 -6 -9 -20 Cetan number 47.05 43.55 53.08 53.88 54.01 Copper strip corrosion 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a accordingly the state of the engine oil. As it can be The values of lead (Pb) in the engine lubricating oil seen in Fig. 2, the amount of iron existing in the are presented in Fig. 3. With all fuels, as the engine engine oil was found to be within the normal limits of operating time increased the amount of lead existing 40 ppm to 200 ppm with the use of diesel, B2, B20 in the engine lubricating oil also increased and stayed and B100 fuels [21]. The level of iron (Fe) existing in within the normal limits of 5 ppm to 40 ppm [21]. the engine lubricating oil was higher with the use of However, unlike the case with iron, the use of B2, B2, B20 and especially B100 compared to the levels B20 and B100 fuels did not cause higher levels of lead obtained through the use of diesel fuel. The level of compared to diesel fuel. On the contrary, the increase iron on average increased 12.14% with the use of in the level of lead was slightly higher with the use of B100 fuel compared to diesel fuel. The levels of Fe diesel fuel. At the end of 100 hours, the amount of measured within the first 20 hours of operation were lead in the engine oil showed a decrease of 32% with found to be lower compared to the levels obtained diesel fuel compared to the values obtained through during the other periods. the use of B100.

Fig. 2 The amount of iron (Fe) in the engine lubricating oil.

1342 Determination of the Effects of Safflower Biodiesel and Its Blends with Diesel Fuel on Lubricating Oil in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine

4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

Fig. 3 The amount of lead (Pb) in the engine lubricating oil.

Fig. 4 The amount of aluminum (Al) in the engine lubricating oil.

The values of aluminum (Al) in the engine again with all fuels that the amount of chromium in lubricating oil are presented in Fig. 4. With all fuels, the engine lubricating oil showed an increase as the the amount of aluminum in the engine lubricating oil engine operating time increased. The increase in showed an increase as the engine operating time amount of chromium with the use of B2 and B100 increased. It was observed that with all fuels, the level fuels was higher compared to that with diesel fuel. of aluminum in the oil exceeded the normal limits of B20 fuel caused a higher increase in chromium 15 ppm to 40 ppm after the 60th hour. As was compared to B2 and B100 fuels. The experiments observed with lead, the increase in the amount of showed that the chromium content of the engine aluminum was higher with the use of diesel fuel lubricating oil samples was within the normal limits of compared to B2, B20 and B100 fuels. 10 ppm to 30 ppm [20]. The values of chromium (Cr) in the engine The values of copper (Cu) in the engine lubricating lubricating oil are presented in Fig. 5. It was observed oil can be seen in Fig. 6. As with other elements, the

Determination of the Effects of Safflower Biodiesel and Its Blends with Diesel Fuel 1343 on Lubricating Oil in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine

Fig. 5 The amount of chromium (Cr) in the engine lubricating oil.

Fig. 6 The amount of copper (Cu) in the engine lubricating oil. amount of copper in the engine lubricating oil showed 4. Conclusions an increase as the engine operating time increased. Parallel to the thinning of the engine lubricating oil, The amount of copper that existed in the engine increases were observed in the levels of wear elements lubricating oil with the use of B2, B20 and B100 fuels in the samples used in the study. When the results of was lower compared to that with diesel fuel. The the ICP oil analysis were examined, it was seen that of copper content of the engine lubricating oil samples the wear elements other than iron, which is one of the was within the normal limits of 5 ppm to 40 ppm [21]. most important indicators of engine wear, the amounts At the end of 100 hours, the amount of copper in the of lead, aluminum, chromium and copper in the engine engine oil showed an increase of 37.53% with diesel lubricating oil decreased with the use of biodiesel and fuel compared to the values obtained through the use its blends compared to diesel fuel, but still remained of B100 fuel. within acceptable limit values.

1344 Determination of the Effects of Safflower Biodiesel and Its Blends with Diesel Fuel on Lubricating Oil in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine

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