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Bearing-Lube-Seals-Full-Report.Pdf
Frictional Losses of Bearing Lubricants & Bearing Seals FULL REPORT Note: These tests involved the removal of the factory-installed bearing grease and replacement with aftermarket lubricants, and in some cases, removal of the factory bearing seals. These tests solely analyzed the effects of aftermarket lubricants on bearing efficiency, and did not evaluate the effects these lubricants might have on bearing longevity. Use of a lower viscosity or lighter lubricant in a bearing will most likely require more frequent re-lubrication to maintain proper life of the bearings. CONTENTS OVERVIEW ……………………………………………………………………….. 8 Lubricants Tested …………………………………………………….. 8 Bearings Tested ……………………………………………………….. 8 RESULTS- AVERAGE FRICTIONAL LOSSES …………………………… 9 RESULTS- FRICTIONAL LOSSES BY LUBRICANT …………………… 10 Specialty Grease Discussion …………………………………….. 11 EFFECTS OF FILL LEVEL ON LOSSES ……………………………………. 12 EFFECTS OF SEALS ON LOSSES …………………………………………… 13 With Slip Oil …………………………………………………………….. 14 With Standard Grease ……………………………………………… 16 RAW DATA / ALL DATA …………………………………………………….. 18 DISCUSSION- BALL SIZE & BALL COUNT …………………………….. 19 © CeramicSpeed 2018 1 LOSSES OF WHEEL BEARINGS- ESTIMATION ……………………… 22 Example calculation of BB + hub losses ……………......... 22 FULL PROCEDURE ………………………………………………………....... 24 BOTTOM BRACKET EFFICIENCY TEST EQUIPMENT …………….. 25 LOADING CALCULATIONS …………………………………………………. 26 © CeramicSpeed 2018 2 OVERVIEW Seven lubricants of various viscosities and chemical make-up were tested on three different makes/models of BB30 bottom bracket cartridge bearings to measure frictional losses (friction). The lubricants were selected to represent the categories of dry lubricant, low viscosity oil, medium viscosity oil, high viscosity oil, standard grease, and specialty grease. The sample lubricants were purchased by Friction Facts at retail outlets. Data presented is friction per pair (set) of bearings. Lubricants Tested: 1. Powdered sub-micron Molybdenum Disulfide (dry lubricant) 2. Avid Slip R/C Bearing Racing Oil (low viscosity oil) 3. -
Removal of Grease from Wind Turbine Bearings by Supercritical Carbon
1909 A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS The Italian Association VOL. 32, 2013 of Chemical Engineering Online at: www.aidic.it/cet Chief Editors: Sauro Pierucci, Jiří J. Klemeš Copyright © 2013, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l., ISBN 978-88-95608-23-5; ISSN 1974-9791 Removal of Grease from Wind Turbine Bearings by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Javier Sanchez, Svetlana Rudyk*, Pavel Spirov Section of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Campus Esbjerg, Niels Bohrs vej 8, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark [email protected] This work aims to test the ability of liquid carbon dioxide to remove grease from bearings in wind turbines. Currently, the removal of grease from wind turbines offshore in the North Sea is done by dismantling the bearing covers and scraping off the grease. This procedure is long, labour intensive and raises maintenance cost. Another issue is the environmental policy, the approval for newly introduced chemicals for flushing purposes are procedurally long. If the problems with grease removal could be solved in a different way other than manual removal or using chemicals, it will open many new market opportunities and would carved out a niche for the wind turbine maintenance industry. The solution of flushing grease could lower cost, time and reduce environmental impact by applying Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. The oil based grease SKF LGWM 1 was designed to handle extreme pressure and low temperature conditions. The grease covered the main bearing for 4 - 5 y in a wind turbine at Horns Rev 1 Offshore Wind Farm in the North Sea, 14 km from the west coast of Denmark. -
Polymerization of Safflower Oil in a Diesel Lubrication System by John Walter Olson a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of
Polymerization of safflower oil in a diesel lubrication system by John Walter Olson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemical Engineering Montana State University © Copyright by John Walter Olson (1988) Abstract: Oxidative addition polymerization of lubrication oil contaminated with safflower oil diesel fuel was investigated in laboratory apparatus simulating conditions prevailing in a diesel engine crankcase. Primary research objectives were the identification and testing of key additives which might suppress problems of excessive viscosity rise and alkalinity decline of lubrication/safflower oil mixtures. Both commercial and base stock medium-speed locomotive lubrication oils were investigated with 5.0 weight percent safflower oil contamination. Oil mixtures were exposed to elevated temperature and were contacted by percolation with either oxygen or nitrogen to provide an oxidizing atmosphere and agitation or simply agitation. Copper, a known diesel engine wear metal, was introduced as a polymerization catalyst. Lubrication oils were evaluated with and without safflower oil and additives. Both commercial and base stock oils with no safflower oil were found to polymerize at a moderate baseline level. Amines were found to show little alkalinity maintenance efficacy while performance by an overbased calcium phenate was relatively good. Numerous antioxidants were tested for ability to disrupt the mechanisms leading to polymerization. Two widely-used antioxidants, zinc dialkyldithiophosphate and zinc diamyl-dithiocarbamate, were found to promote polymerization of oil mixtures in this research. This unexpected result is almost certainly a result of promotion catalysis by zinc. A metal deactivator N-N'-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine retarded viscosity rise, apparently by chelating wear metal catalysts. -
Improving Sexual Health: Vaginal Lubricants, Moisturizers, Dilators & Counseling
Improving Sexual Health: Vaginal Lubricants, Moisturizers, Dilators & Counseling Lubricants and moisturizers are effective in relieving pain during intercourse for many midlife women. If you have more severe vaginal dryness and related pain, or if lubricants and moisturizers don’t work well for you, see your health care provider as other options are available. How do vaginal lubricants work? Vaginal lubricants work by reducing the friction associated with thin, dry genital tissue. They come in liquid or gel form and are applied to the vagina and vulva right before intercourse (it can be helpful to apply them to the penis or any body part/instrument inserted into the vagina as well). Lubricants are absorbed into the skin, are immediate-acting, and provide temporary relief from vaginal dryness and related pain during intercourse. Lubricants are available either as water-based, silicone-based, or oil-based products. Water-based lubricants have the advantage of being non-staining and they wash off fairly easily. If you are concerned about staining your sheets, put down a large bath or beach towel on top of your sheets. Do not use oil-based lubricants (such as petroleum jelly and baby oil) because they can cause vaginal irritation. Additionally, oil-based lubricants may make condoms less effective. Some lubricants have glycerin and others are glycerin free. We recommend that you avoid glycerin, flavored lubricants, and warming/”tingling” lubricants. Silicone lubricants are often good options. For a list of lubricants that are available in drug and grocery stores, and online, see pages 4-5 of this handout. What are vaginal moisturizers? Vaginal moisturizers are products that are intended to ease vaginal dryness. -
Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil Via Recycling As Biofuel for Diesel Engines
recycling Article Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil via Recycling as Biofuel for Diesel Engines Hoi Nguyen Xa 1, Thanh Nguyen Viet 2, Khanh Nguyen Duc 2 and Vinh Nguyen Duy 3,* 1 University of Fire Fighting and Prevention, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; [email protected] 2 School of Transportation and Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; [email protected] (T.N.V.); [email protected] (K.N.D.) 3 Faculty of Vehicle and Energy Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 March 2020; Accepted: 2 June 2020; Published: 8 June 2020 Abstract: In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) was used to successfully manufacture catalyst cracking biodiesel in the laboratory. This study aims to evaluate and compare the influence of waste cooking oil synthetic diesel (WCOSD) with that of commercial diesel (CD) fuel on an engine’s operating characteristics. The second goal of this study is to compare the engine performance and temperature characteristics of cooling water and lubricant oil under various engine operating conditions of a test engine fueled by waste cooking oil and CD. The results indicated that the engine torque of the engine running with WCOSD dropped from 1.9 Nm to 5.4 Nm at all speeds, and its brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) dropped at almost every speed. Thus, the thermal brake efficiency (BTE) of the engine fueled by WCOSD was higher at all engine speeds. Also, the engine torque of the WCOSD-fueled engine was lower than the engine torque of the CD-fueled engine at all engine speeds. -
Lubricants in Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms
Lubricants 2014, 2, 21-43; doi:10.3390/lubricants2010021 OPEN ACCESS lubricants ISSN 2075-4442 www.mdpi.com/journal/lubricants Review Lubricants in Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms Jinjiang Li * and Yongmei Wu Drug Product Science & Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Corporation, 1 Squibb Dr., New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-732-227-6584; Fax: +1-732-227-3784. Received: 18 December 2013; in revised form: 21 January 2014 / Accepted: 24 January 2014 / Published: 25 February 2014 Abstract: Lubrication plays a key role in successful manufacturing of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms; lubricants are essential ingredients in robust formulations to achieve this. Although many failures in pharmaceutical manufacturing operations are caused by issues related to lubrication, in general, lubricants do not gain adequate attention in the development of pharmaceutical formulations. In this paper, the fundamental background on lubrication is introduced, in which the relationships between lubrication and friction/adhesion forces are discussed. Then, the application of lubrication in the development of pharmaceutical products and manufacturing processes is discussed with an emphasis on magnesium stearate. In particular, the effect of its hydration state (anhydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, and trihydrate) and its powder characteristics on lubrication efficiency, as well as product and process performance is summarized. In addition, the impact of lubrication on the dynamics of compaction/compression processes and on the mechanical properties of compacts/tablets is presented. Furthermore, the online monitoring of magnesium stearate in a blending process is briefly mentioned. Finally, the chemical compatibility of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with magnesium stearate and its reactive impurities is reviewed with examples from the literature illustrating the various reaction mechanisms involved. -
Silicone Grease for Ground Glass Joints Lbsil 25 AUX Safety Data Sheet
Silicone grease for ground glass joints LBSil 25 AUX Safety Data Sheet according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) with its amendment Regulation (EU) 2015/830 Date of issue: 15/04/2011 Revision date: 21/11/2016 Supersedes: 15/07/2016 Version: 2.1 SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking 1.1. Product identifier Product form : Substance Trade name : Silicone grease for ground glass joints LBSil 25 AUX CAS No : 068083-14-7 Product code : S025-100 1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against 1.2.1. Relevant identified uses Main use category : Laboratory use 1.2.2. Uses advised against No additional information available 1.3. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet labbox labware s.l. Joan Peiró i Belis, 2 08339 Vilassar de Dalt - ES T +34 937 552 084 - F +34 937 909 532 [email protected] - www.labkem.com 1.4. Emergency telephone number Emergency number : +34 937 552 084 ( Office Hours) SECTION 2: Hazards identification 2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture Classification according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 [CLP]Mixtures/Substances: SDS EU 2015: According to Regulation (EU) 2015/830 (REACH Annex II) Not classified Adverse physicochemical, human health and environmental effects No additional information available 2.2. Label elements Labelling according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 [CLP] Extra labelling to displayExtra classification(s) to display No labelling applicable 2.3. Other hazards No additional information available SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients 3.1. -
On Monitoring Physical and Chemical Degradation and Life Estimation Models for Lubricating Greases
lubricants Review On Monitoring Physical and Chemical Degradation and Life Estimation Models for Lubricating Greases Asghar Rezasoltani and M. M. Khonsari * Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-225-578-9192 Academic Editor: James E. Krzanowski Received: 19 June 2016; Accepted: 5 September 2016; Published: 13 September 2016 Abstract: Degradation mechanisms for lubricating grease are categorized and described. An extensive survey of the available empirical and analytical grease life estimation models including degradation monitoring standards and methods are presented. A summary of the important contributions on grease degradation is presented. Keywords: grease replenishment time estimation; grease degradation; oxidation; mechanical degradation; base oil evaporation; base oil separation 1. Introduction The lubricating effectiveness of grease is limited by both physical and chemical deteriorations caused by shear stresses, pressure, and the severity of operating conditions, particularly temperature. Degraded grease becomes inefficient and eventually loses its lubrication capacity such that it can adversely affect the machine’s performance and functionality. Proper monitoring of degradation and on-schedule replacement/replenishment of grease are important facets of machinery maintenance practices. Presently, grease replacement is performed periodically according to time schedules adapted from empirical models. Although some empirical relationships for estimating grease life are available, they tend to be restrictive. The drawback of empirical models is limited applicability when the working condition of grease is different from the operating conditions from which the empirical models were derived. In applications where the bearing element is lubricated and sealed for life, there are quality control standard procedures to measure the grease resistance to different degradation processes. -
Vegetable Oils As Lube Basestocks: a Review
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(9), pp. 880-891, 27 February, 2013 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI: 10.5897/AJB12.2823 ISSN 1684–5315 ©2013 Academic Journals Review Vegetable oils as lube basestocks: A review Anjana Srivastava1* and Preeti Sahai2 1Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, UP, India. 2Department of Science and Technology, Technological Development Board, India. Accepted 15 February, 2013 The depletion of the world’s crude oil reserve, increasing crude oil prices, and issues related to conservation have brought about renewed interest in the use of bio-based materials. Emphasis on the development of renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly lubricants has resulted in the widespread use of natural oils and fats. Vegetable oils are promising candidates as base fluid for eco- friendly lubricants because of their excellent lubricity, biodegradability, viscosity-temperature characteristics and low volatility. In view of agriculture based Indian economy, there is a great potential of producing vegetable oil based lubricants, which has ecological compatibility in addition to technical performance. However, suitability of the vegetable oils for a specific application either needs chemical modification or may be used as it is with additive blending route in order to get basestocks as per specifications for a particular end use application. Key words: Biolubricants, vegetable oils, biodegradable, renewable. INTRODUCTION In recent years, deliberate and accidental lubricant losses products because of their environment-friendly and to the environment by means including evaporation, nontoxic nature. Synthetic lubricant base oils are also leakages, and spills have lead to major concerns available and offer improved stability and performance regarding pollution and environmental health. -
Vegetable Oils As Lubricant Base
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 7, July-2014 ISSN 2229-5518 708 9HJHWDEOHRLOVDVOXEULFDQWEDVHRLO$5HYLHZ RANI.S, 7$581060/-2<.35$%+$.$5$11$,5 'HSDUWPHQWRI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ 1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\&DOLFXW&DOLFXW Abstract— The demand for industrial lubricants is increasing were based on vegetable oils. In the US around 8,250,000 day by day. Due to the industrial revolution most of the Asian tons/year were consumed in 2002 among which 25,000 countries becomes the manufacturing centers for the world. Lot tons/year were based on vegetables [6]. of used lubricants is thrown to the environment which may damage the environment. In this scenario industry started searching for environmental friendly, renewable and less toxic lubricants . The biolubricant formulation is one of the upcoming research areas in tribology. In this paper the lubricant properties of vegetable oils have been discussed with the available literature. Keywords— environmental friendly; renewable; Biolubricant formulation I. INTRODUCTION Mineral oil and synthetic oil from petrochemical are mainly used as base oil in present lubricant industry. The Fig. 1. Worldwide lubrication consumption in 2004 [4] petroleum resources are diminishing rapidly and the rate of production from older domestic oil fields and decrease in the rate of finding new reservesIJSER are one of the main problems of The renewable and biodegradable vegetable oils have been the 21st century. Petroleum products are poorly degradable [1] used various industrial applications like Chain saw bar and cause severe environmental hazards when released [2] lubricants [7], engine lubricants [8,9], drilling lubricants [10], .The spilling of mineral oil causes negative changes in the metal cutting fluid [11,12], hydraulic fluids [13,14] and sand which affects the agricultural growth a lot [3]. -
Film Thickness and Friction Relationship in Grease Lubricated Rough Contacts
Article Film Thickness and Friction Relationship in Grease Lubricated Rough Contacts David Gonçalves 1,* , António Vieira 2, António Carneiro 2, Armando V. Campos 3 and Jorge H. O. Seabra 2 1 Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, Universidade do Porto, Campus FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal 2 Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] (A.V.); [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (J.H.O.S.) 3 Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-229-578-710 Received: 30 June 2017; Accepted: 3 August 2017; Published: 17 August 2017 Abstract: The relationship between the film generation and the coefficient of friction in grease lubricated contacts was investigated. Ball-on-disc tests were performed under different operating conditions: entrainment speed, lubricant temperature and surface roughness. The tests were performed with fully formulated greases and their base oils. The greases were formulated with different thickener types and also different base oils natures and viscosities. Film thickness measurements were performed in ball-on-glass disc tests, and Stribeck curves were measured in ball-on-steel disc tests with discs of different roughness. The role of the thickener and the base oil nature/viscosity on the film thickness and coefficient of friction was addressed and the greases’ performance was compared based on their formulation. -
Glossary of Petrochemical Terms
GLOSSARY OF PETROCHEMICAL TERMS Acid Number: A measure of the amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH) needed to neutralize all or part of the acidity of a petroleum product. Also specified as neutralization number (NN) or value (NV) and total acid number (TAN) Additive: A chemical substance which, when blended with a petroleum product, has the effect of improving one or more of its properties or performance characteristics. Aliphatic Hydrocarbon: Hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are arranged in open chains which may be straight or branched. Aniline Point: The minimum temperature for complete miscibility of equal volumes of aniline and the sample under test. Products with high aromatic or naphthenic contents have lower aniline points than products with high paraffinic content. Anti-knock: Resistance of a gasoline (petrol) to detonation in a combustion chamber. API Gravity: A special function of relative density represented by: API Gravity, degrees = 141.5/rel.density at 15.6°C – 131.5 API Service Classification: A system of letter designations agreed by API, SAE and ASTM to define broad classes of engine service. Also used for service classification of automotive gear lubricants. Aromatic: A hydrocarbon derived from, or characterized by, the presence of a benzene ring, or a polymeric (multiple) ring structure. Ash: Non-combustible residue of lubricating oil or fuel,; lubricating oil detergent additives containing metallic derivatives are a common source of ash (see also sulphated ash). Bactericide: An additive to inhibit bacterial growth in aqueous component or phase of fluids, preventing bacterial degradation of the fluid and the resulting foul odours. Base Number: The amount of acid required to neutralize all or part of a lubricant’s basicity, expressed as potassium hydroxide (KOH) equivalents.