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TREE-RING DATING and ARCHAEOLOGY in SOUTH DAKOTA . by Ward Fredrick Weakly a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPART

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TREE-RING DATING and ARCHAEOLOGY in SOUTH DAKOTA . by Ward Fredrick Weakly a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPART Tree-ring dating and archaeology in South Dakota Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Weakly, Ward F. (Ward Fredrick), 1938-1985 Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 08/10/2021 16:55:46 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565163 TREE-RING DATING AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN SOUTH DAKOTA . by Ward Fredrick Weakly A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements . ' .For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 6 8 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction b y _____ WARD F, WEAKLY_______________________________ entitled_________ Tree-Ring Dating and Archaeology in___________ South Dakota________________________________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of ________ Doctor of Philosophy_________________________ Dissertation Director After inspection of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* Name Date a ... * This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or re­ production of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the in­ terests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author SIGNED: PBEFACE $he research reported in this paper was conducted under the auspices of the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, the University of Arizona, Tucson® Grants to the Laboratory by the National Park Ser­ vice supported the study from I96I4 through 1967a The specimens were obtained from the Middle Missouri Region in South Dakota as a result of the Inter-Agency Archeological Salvage operations carried out in connection with the construction of dams on the Missouri River® The majority of the collections were made by the Smithsonian Institution, River Basin Surveys, Missouri Basin Project® Other material was pro- . ^ vided by the Nebraska State Historical Society, the University of Nebraska, the University of South Dakota, the University of Kansas, and the University of Idaho® Over-all direction of the research fell to Bryant Bannister of the Laboratory, I was responsible■for the Laboratory analysis® Many individuals have contributed to all phases of the prepa­ ration of this report® I owe a large debt to all of these people, and it is a great pleasure to acknowledge their assistance, although I cannot convey my gratitude to these many individuals adequately here® Bryant Bannister laid the groundwork for the study by nego­ tiating with the National Park Service for funds', and he provided the over-all direction for the research® On many occasions Dr® Bannister ill iv took time from his busy schedule to assist the Missouri Basin Chron­ ology Projects The value of this research would not have been as great without his effortse Wilfred D* Logan of the Midwest Regional Office of the National Park Service and Warren W, Caldwell of the Smithsonian In­ stitution, River Basin Surveys received with enthusiasm the idea of a study of the feasibility of utilizing tree-ring research in connection with the Missouri Basin Project* The Midwest Region of the National Park Service, through the efforts of Dr* Logan and Dr* Caldwell, pro­ vided the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research with funds to carry out the project and permission to study the specimens from the area* The support and cooperation of the Midwest Regional Office and the River .Basin Surveys are to a great degree responsible for the success of the project* The laboratory analyses were aided by the cooperation of many of the personnel in the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Bryant Bannister, Jeffrey S* Dean, and William J * Robinson, in particular* Dr* Bannister and Dr* Dean both assisted in checking the dating* Dr* Robinson was particularly helpful in setting up the system of records and providing suggestions for organizing the material* In addition, there were Important contributions from others of the Laboratory staff, Harold 0* Pritts, Marvin A* Stokes, Thomas P* Harlan, and S* Allan Skinner, who were always willing to discuss both general and specific problems connected with the research* The organization and writing of this report reflect the assistance of manyo My dissertation committee, composed of Raymond Ho Thompson, Harry T« Getty, and Bryant Bannister, has offered many suggestions for the improvement of the manuscriptc Their enthusiasm and cooperation have been instrumental in making it possible to com­ plete the report nearly on schedule0 The consideration shown and en­ thusiasm generated by the faculty of the Department of Anthropology have been of great help* Hazel Gillie and John M* Hannah should also be mentioned here As typist and illustrator they have provided much assistance with the mechanics of production* My thanks to both of them for their time and effort* Finally, I want to thank, however, inadequately, my parents and John 1* Ghampe* My parents have never wavered in their support and encouragement* Dr* Ghampe and my father were the first to interest me in archaeology and in tree-ring research* Without their continued interest and enthusiasm the completion of the work would have taken much longer* TABEE OF CONTENTS Page E X Si.* O F i’AijXiiS floooooooeeeeeeiBeooeooee 3JC EIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . .......... ...».............. xiii ABSTRACT . ............. * ................ xiv INTRODtloTION oeeeeeeoem ®o «6eo«eo oe®ee 1 Tree-Ring Studies in the Central and Northern Great F l a m S oe ootitooeo 0ootieeeooeoe oo 2 Tree-Ring Studies in Peripheral Areas « « 6 . , « 5 The Missouri Basin Tree-Ring Project 7 History of the River Basin Surveys3 Missouri Basin Project e»® e oeetio «e e ’eoee 8 Development of the Missouri Basin Chronology Program « „ 9 Definition of Terms 10 The Great Plains Area ......... 10 The Central Plains Subarea ............. 11 The Northern Plains Subarea .......a...* Ik The Middle Missouri Region *c. 11$. local Topographical Names 16 Organization of the Report 16 THE PROBLEM AID THE M E T H O D ........................... 19 Procedures 21. vollectlon o e e 0 eoooee®eoeeeOBeoo 22 Preparation of Specimens 23 Techniques of Study 2lj. Statistical Treatment 25 THE MODERN CHRONOLOGIES ........... 2? Big Bend Chronology 30 .Chapelle Creek Chronology . , ....... e 1|1 Little Bend Chronology o « « . « o » s « e «o.®eo» lj.5 Mobridge Area Chronology k9 Cherry Creek Chronology .. ® 9 k9 Modern Specimens with no Provenience $k Discussion and Conclusions 56 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued Page ho THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHRONOLOGIES . 61 H3*S tOmO Sxtes S3 Port Pierre II s 39ST21? 63 Port George,.39ST202 66 Port Sully, 39SL1&S o e eeooeeoeBsoeooo 66 Site 39LM3I 0 0 ,.. eeeeeoefflooeeeeiBOe o© 66 Historic Lower Brule Site, 39LMS3 ..©..««•»» 69 Post,-contact Ooalescent Horizon Sites ....o 69 The Leavenworth Village, 39009 ••«....*.«» 73 The Four Bear Site, 39DM2 73 the Medicine Crow Site, ,39BF2 ..»...«••••» 102 ihe Rosa Site, 39P03 ® ® ® © © © ® © © © © 107 The Talking Crow Site, 39BF3 . « »©..»©.«. ® 107 The Qacoma Sites, 39LM26 and 39LM27 ...........© © 116 The Fort George Site, 39ST17 © 116 Site 39SL21©. ©©e© © © ©>© © © © eee.ee eoe. 121 The Swan Greek Site, 39W7 121 the Buffalo Pasture Site, 39ST6 ........... 125 The Davis Site, 39C01h © © .. © © © © . © . » 125 The Crazy Bull Site, 29LM220 129 The Larson. Site, 3 9 W 2 .»©.©«© .« ..©..© . 129 the Red Horse Hawk Site, 39C03l|. .©©.....©. ® 133 S ummary .© © ©.© © © © © . © © © © © . © © © © ® . © . 133 The Extended Ooalescent Horizon ...©.©«..*©.© 137 , The Sully Site, 39SLij- ©..© © ..©©© ©.©©.© 136 The Medicine Creek Village Sites, 39LM2 and 39LM222 • 139 The La Roche Site, 39ST232 © 150 The No Heart Greek Village, 39AR2 ....©. © . 150 The Strieker Villages, 39LM1A, 39IM1B, and 39LM1C . «, 150 The Bice Site, 39LM31 . .... , . ... * ...... 153 The Cable Site, 39LM22lt 153 Sme 39SL202 .©©©©.© © ©. .©.© ©©.... 159 Summary © © @ . * © © © © © .« *©©.©© ©©.©. 159 The Initial Ooalescent Horizon 163 the Grow Creek Site, 39BP11 l6i| The Black Partizan Site, .39LM218 168 The Extended Middle Missouri Horizon 168 the McKensey, Site, 39ER201 ............. 175 The Thomas Riggs Site, 39HU1 175 The Cheyenne River Site, 39ST1 ........... 180 The Ketchin Site, 39ST223 182 The Hickey Brothers Site, 39LMh ........... 182 The King Site, 39IM55 ................
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