Roman Britain in 1921 and 1922 Author(S): M

Home , Enceinte, Lunette (fortification), Stockade

Roman Britain in 1921 and 1922 Author(s): M. V. Taylor and R. G. Collingwood Source: The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 11 (1921), pp. 200-244 Published by: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/295903 . Accessed: 08/05/2014 22:56

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Roman Studies.

http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1921 AND 1922.

Bv M. V. TAYLOR, M.A., and R. G. COLLINGWOOD, M.A., F.S.A. (Plat:-s xix-xxiv.)

I. Sites explored: England, p. 20I, Wales, p. 224, Scotland, p. 230. II. Inscriptions, p. 233. III. Publications, p. 239. Some months ago the Committee responsible for the administration of the fund bequeathed to the University of Oxford by the late Professor Haverfield, for the endowment of Romano-British studies, issued an appeal in the public press for information. as to all discoveries connected with Roman Britain, to be sent to the first of the two authors of this paper at the Haverfield Library, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. This information the Committee intended not only to file for reference, but also to publish in the form of a series of annual reports similar in principle to those contributed by Professor Haverfield to the papers of the British Academy. The present paper is the first of these, and covers the period from June, I92I, to December, I922. Subsequent papers will, it is hoped, cover one year each. The writers desire to thank all who have contributed information, and to express the hope that in the future an increasing number of students will not only use the Haverfield Library as a reference library for all matters relating to Roman Britain, but will also communicate to it notes of discoveries and, where possible, copies of papers or other publications. Thanks are due to the Society of Antiquaries of London, the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, the Yorkshire Archaeological Society, the Cambrian Archaeological Society, Dr. Mortimer Wheeler, Mr. F. Lambert, Mr. Heywood Sumner, the Western Daily Press, the Illustrated London News, and Mr. W. Dennis Moss for illustrations. It may not be out of place to call attention here to two general works on Roman Britain which are at present in preparation and may be assisted by the contribution of material. One is a general map of Roman Britain on the scale of one million (about sixteen miles to the inch), which is being prepared by Mr. O. G. S. Crawford, F.S.A., for publication by the Ordnance Survey. The other is a new corpus of Roman inscriptions in Britain, material for which is being collected by the second-named of the present writers. Any reader having in his possession unpublished information of value concerning Romano-British topography, especially the course of roads, or photographs, squeezes or originals of inscriptions whether on stone or other materials, could assist in the preparation of these works by forwarding the material to Miss M. V. Taylor at the Haverfield Library.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922. 20I

I. SITES EXPLORED. Hadrian's Wall. Mr. F. G. Simpson, in September, I92I, carried out an excavation at Chesters to ascertain the relative dates of the Wall and the two forts. In I900 Haverfield proved that an early ditch, in line with the Wall ditch, cut the great fort in two, and suggested the explanation that an early and small fort lying wholly south of the Wall had been at a late date-perhaps in the time of Severus- replaced by a larger fort lying astride of the Wall. By careful digging at the point where the Wall crosses the east and west ditches of the fort Mr. Simpson has now shown that the enlarged fort existed before the Wall: that is to say, that before Hadrian built the Wall his own original small fort had already undergone enlargement as for a milliary cohort. Mr. Simpson puts forward the theory, on the strength of this and other similar cases, that Hadrian's original frontier consisted of small forts connected by the Vallum; that these forts were enlarged on its being found that the frontier was undermanned; that the enlarged forts were then united by a continuous Wall; and that all these works were carried out within a space of ten years or less. At Burgh-by-Sands the Cumberland and Westmorland Society carried out a small 'dig' in the spring of I922. The site of the fort here had long been a matter of dispute, and since I903, when a sewer was laid down the main road of the village and no Roman remains whatever were found, its very existence was seriously questioned. Half an acre of ground north of this road has just been enclosed. for use as an extension of the churchyard, and the opportunity was taken of trenching this half-acre. The result was the immediate discovery of the east rampart of the fort and of an east gate lying, exactly as at Chesters, just north of Hadrian's Wall and on the edge of the modern road, which roughly represents the via principalis. Walls and pavements belonging to barrack-buildings were also found, the finds dating from the second to the fourth century. It was observed that the road at this point ran in a small cutting, the making of which had stripped off the Roman stratum, so that the modern road-surface lies below any Roman remains. The failure to find anv relics in I903 is thus satisfactorily explained, and the fort is not only located but proved to be a large structure lying astride of the Wall like Chesters.

Cumberland. During the preparation of foundations for a new Wesleyan Hall in Fisher Street, Carlisle, in I922, it was found necessary to dig a series of pits to receive concrete supports, and in these pits Roman relics were found between 7 and 20 feet down. At I4 feet foundations

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 202 ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922.

of an apsidalshape, associatedwith numerousoak piles, came to light, above which was a stratified roadway with three distinct levels of cobble paving. There was a good deal of pottery, including a Samian sherd, with the stamp of the potter MINVS, and a number of flat dishes of a type which appears to have been made at Scalesceugh, a site 5 miles south of Carlisle,where tiles of the Ninth Legion were manufactured. A fine example of a ' Brough' fibula in silver,.with bronze pin, was found 20 ft. down, close to the rock. Durham. In December, I921, a hoard of about 250 Roman coins was ploughed up near the well-knownfort at Pierce Bridge. The coins are said to range from A.D. 254 to A.D. 379; which indicates concealment about the time when Maximus enlisted the British army in his fatal adventure-fatal aliketo himself and to the security of Britain. rorkshire. Digging on the site of the fort at Ilkley was brought to a close in I92I. This concluding season's work produced a number of interesting results. The garrisonwas identified by brick-stampsas the Second Cohort of Lingones, the regiment whose commanding officer dedicated the well-known altar (C.I.L. vii, 208) to Verbeia, the goddess (presumably)of the Wharfe. The coin-series,together with the pottery, suggests that the first occupation may date back to Agricola,and that the fort was held in the reignsof Trajan, Hadrian and Pius; it may have lain empty for the second half of the second century, but in that case was rebuilt by Severus,or at a date not far removed from his, and occupied till the time of Carausius. Here the coin-seriesends abruptly,and the fort must have been abandoned about 290 or soon after, to be reoccupiedfor a very short time round about 370. Now the Notitia places the Second Cohort of Lingones at Congavata,which must be in West Cumberland and is perhaps Mawbray, the little-known fort north of Maryport; and a lost inscription mentioning the cohort (C.I.L. vii, 359) came from Moresby, a few miles further south. We have, therefore, a case of a regiment first quarteredat Ilkley and then, at what date we cannot yet say but probablynot so late as the reign of Carausius,moved to the Cumberlandcoast and remaining there till late in the Roman occupation. The history of the Fourth Cohort of Gauls is analogous. The plan of the ' Commandant'sHouse ' was completed, and the general conclusions of the previous year's work borne out. A large hypocaust uncovered in I920 was found to extend further to the west; it was on the bricksof the pillarsin this hypocaustthat the stamp of the cohort was found. The north wall of the principia was traced, close to the north wall of the churchyard,and found to

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN I921 AND I922. 203 have been reconstructed and to preserve some relics of its earliest fabric. Remains of buildings were also examined east of the north gate and central street. Some interesting objects were recovered, including a fine decorative attachment from the handle of a vessel, and a finger from a nearly life-size statue, both in bronze. At Scarboroughthe fourth-century signal station on the Castle Hill has been further explored by Mr. F. G. Simpson, whose work on this site has been complicated by the necessity of dealing with a mediaeval chapel overlying the Roman stratum. During the summer of I922, however, he was able to explore the greater part of the Roman building. With the exception of the as yet unpublished Goldsborough specimen, this is the most complete coastal signal station known to us. Its eastern wall has gone over the cliff-edge, owing perhaps more to the building of the Esplanade than to the unassisted action of the sea; but the rest is complete. The enclosure is, as usual, a square of about II0 feet, with rounded corners and miniature bastions; in the centre is the base of the tower, with double-stepped plinth. Evidence of date is forthcoming in the form of coins of Crispus, Valens, Gratian and perhaps Valentinian I, and Mr. Simpson considers that this, like the other coastal signal stations, was probably built before 370 and held, perhaps with a break during the usurpation of Maximus, till about the end of the century. 1 The so-called ' Spittal' at Filey is being examined in view of its possible Roman origin. It is a submerged reef running out about 200 yards from the south side of Filey Brigg, in a south-south-easterly direction. The reef has a flat top about 20 ft. wide, and is said to be 'steep-to' on the landward side and shelving to seaward. It has been suspected of being a Roman pier or breakwater. But the question has not been properly investigated, and it may be a tidally-formed bank of boulders like Spurn Point. There is a Roman signal- station close by, on the top of Carr Naze, which would seem to support the former theory; but the problem can only be solved by examination carried out both from the geological and from the archaeological point of view. A burial found near Middleton-on-the-Wolds in August, I92I, presents some curious features. The grave, cut in the chalk, was a yard square, and a trench, also cut in the chalk, ran due south from it and was traced for a distance of eleven yards. The trench and grave were not connected, but separated by a ridge of chalk. The trench was rather irregular in form but had sides sloping at an angle of

'Professor Bury (J.R.S. x, p. is5i) writes as if is recorded in the Notitia, under the heading of he thought that the signal stations belonged to the army of the Dux Britanniarum. The signal the Stilichonian reorganisation which, according stations are certainly earlier than that; the only to Dr. Craster's view (Arch. Yourn. lxxi, p. 4I), question is how much earlier.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 204 ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922.

45 degrees, and a flat bottom about a foot wide. In the grave were the remains of a skeleton in a crouchingposition; the grave-goods included an iron bracelet with two bone beads threaded on it, a large bone ring, some potsherds said to resemble Roman ware, and some scrapsof iron. In the trench were found fragmentsof animals' bones together with stone ' pot-boilers' and some Romano- British pottery. The excavators(Mr. E. B. Letherington, owner of the site, and Mr. T. Sheppardof Hull) interpret the site as a Roman camp, a section of whose ditch has been used, perhapsin the second or third century, as a grave. Whether this theory is correct or not will perhapsbe decided by further tracing of the trench, which would be an easy task and one capable of producingvery interesting results. In the months of November and December, I922, drains were being laid in connexion with the rebuilding of Terry's Restaurant in St. Helen's Square, rork, when a mass of foundations came to light, below Breary'sPassage, adjoining the Restaurant. It was six feet belowthe surface,and consistedof a stratumthree feet thick, composed of cobbles grouted in lime, and laid on clay. The same formation reappearedin the sewer beneath the street, and evidently represents the south-westgate of the enceinteof the legionaryfortress, of which the well-known MultangularTower is an imposing relic. By taking the new discovery in connexion with previous finds, Mr. George Benson has been able to restore the plan of a double gateway with guard-chamberson each side. In opening a tumulus inside the prehistoric earthwork known as the Borrans, near Grassington,in I 922, Mr. John Crowther, curator of the Grassington Museum, found fragments of Samian and other Roman pottery, including a buff mortarium. These finds were associatedwith a celt and a bone chisel and with other objects suggestinga semi-RomanisedBritish settlement. In the past thirty years Mr. Crowtherhas found much evidence of a similarkind in the Grassingtondistrict. A sculpture representing an armed figure with horns, of the well-known rude type represented at Maryport, Burgh-by-Sands, etc., was found in I9I6 in Kirby UnderdaleRectory garden, near Stamford Bridge, in a rockery composed of fragments of tracery and carving thrown away when the church was restored in I870. How it cameto be whereit was is unexplained. It is publishedin the rorks. A4rch./ourn. xxiv, p. 32I. The Rector, the Rev. W. R. Shepherd, reports that a similar but incomplete figure is incisecd in outline on a stone in the external wall of the north aisle of the church. Cheshire. In digging foundations for a War Memorial on the Cathedral Green at Chester,in I922, workmen came upon a section of ashlar

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922. 205

wall 4 ft. thick. It lay 36 ft. south of the south nave wall of the Cathedral,and ran in a direction slightly north of east. Five feet south of this wall, which lay 7 ft. below the surface,traces of another were found, built upon a flag foundation laid on the solid rock. A little to the west of these remains,and at the same depth, a number of large building-stoneswas reached,each weighing about half a ton and lying on the rock; two being cut into a ' cyma recta' -to form part of a cornice. The remainsappear to be connected with the earliest Roman occupation, though doubt has been cast on their Roman date. Early remainshave also come to light near the north-west corner of the City Walls, in the garden of No. 6, King's Buildings. A large quantity of pottery has been found on this site, including Samian, both plain and decorated,of shapes I5, I8, 27, 29, early 37, 67 and 78, thus fixing the period as about 8I-II7. The coarse pottery is also early in type, and one coin each of Titus and Domitian was found. In December, I922, the Dean of Chestergave Mrs. Elma K. Paget permissionto carry out deliberate excavationsin the Deanery Field, which lies within the north-east angle of the Roman fortress. The work is being carried out under the direction of Mrs. Paget and ProfessorR. Newstead. Four short test-sections in the south-west corner of the field revealed the footings of four separatewalls and a broad, paved footway. A small amount of Samian has been found, belonging for the most part to the Domitian-Trajanic period (Dragendorff,forms 29, 37 (transitional),67, i8 and 27). Among the coarsepottery are a number of pieces of ' rustic ' ware and other early pieces exhibitingLate Celtic features. The coins, on the other hand, all belong,so far as can be ascertained,to the third and fourth centuries,the latest being one of Gratian. Other finds consist of a few objects of bronze, including a complete example of the rare 'tendril' fibula,with turned-backfoot, slatesand roofing-tilesbearing the legionary stamp (see p. 238). As the Deanery Field is the only open space remaining within the confines of the Roman fortress, it is hoped that, as the excavations are extended, further light will be thrown on the nature of the buildingswhich stood in this corner and on the period or periodsof occupation-two important problems which still await solution. With the recent discoveries in Wales, it becomes more and more urgent that the questions of the continuity of occupation in Deva and of the date when it ended should be tackled. A full account of the last two discoverieswill be published in the ChesterArchaeological 7ournal. In I92I Mr. Donald Atkinson of ManchesterUniversity began a preliminary investigation of the Roman site at Kinderton near Middlewich, describedby W. Thompson Watkin in RomanCheshire, p. 243, seq. Trial trenches in the nQrth-westernhalf of Harbutt's Field (Watkin'smap, no. 22), where there were believed to be surface

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 206 ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922. indications of a fortified enclosure, showed that this had never existed and that the area was not a part of the Roman site. In I922 trenchesin the field to the north-west of the mill pond (ibid. no. 35) were rathermore productive; the discovery of three patches of clay, with signs of burning and some slag, a fair quantity of pottery dating from Agricola to about the middle of the third century, and three coins (two indecipherableand a sesterce of Hostilianus(A.D. 250-I) suggested to the excavators that they had touched the north-east limit of the settlement which no doubt existed between the railway station and the Allum brook (see Watkin op. cit. for previous finds in this area. The finds recorded further to the north-west were perhaps a part of the Roman cemetery). It is hoped to continue the work at a convenient time. Derbyshire. A hoard of denarii in billon dating from Septimus Severus to Gordian III (A.D. I93-244) was accidentally discovered by some boys near East Wood, Ashover,in September, I922. With it was a silverring inscribed(see p. 239). Leicestershire. At Leicester, Mr. S. H. Skillington and Mr. Thos. Fosbrooke report that a plain red-bricktessellated pavement with rubble walls, 2 ft. broad, on each side of it was found i i ft. below the surface at the south-east corner of High and High Cross Streets in July I92I. It is probablypart of a corridorrunning north-west and south-east in line rather with the northern than the southern part of High Cross Street (see Arch. 7ourn. lxxv, p. 45). Lincolnshire. Urn burials in quarriesat South Witham in July, I922, and an inhumation burial at Barrow Haven in April are the only recorded finds from Lincolnshire. Norfolk. Mr. B. Cozens-Hardyreports that excavationswere undertakenby Mr. W. L. Charlton under the auspicesof the Norfolk and Norwich ArchaeologicalSociety in the autumn of I922 in a field called ' Court- lees ' at Gayton Thorpe,near King's Lynn, 5 miles west of Peddar's Way, on the propertyof Mr. Henry Birkbeckof Westacre. A building about 200 ft. long and 70 ft. wide, with mosaic floors in very perfect condition, a considerableamount of red tessellated pavement and bases of stone columns had been uncovered, when Mr. Charlton unfortunately died. Operations have been suspended until the spring, the excavations being covered up lightly and protected by barbedwire.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN 192I AND I922. 207

Cambridgeshire. Dr. Cyril Fox has found a Romano-British settlement near Fleam Dyke which, like Wansdyke, has proved to be of Roman or post-Roman construction. An Early Iron Age site at Foxton has also been examined. Staffordshire. On the site of the Romano-British town Letocetum, Mr. R. J. K. Mott found the remains of a bath-house and large 'villa' while digging foundations for new buildings at 'The Butts,' Wall. A small part of the bath has been left open for inspection, and a roof erected over it; the pottery and other finds together with plans, have been placed in a small museum in the village. Trial trenches were made for other remains, but none were found, from which it would appear that the buildings in question were isolated. Some Samian pottery, one or two pieces decorated and probably of the second century, another of form 27, stamped . . . ELILTE, some fragments of bronze and a circular blue bead decorated with a wavy line in white, etc., are preserved by Mr. Jackson. Recently a burial-urn containing ashes, a bracelet and the ' neck-chain and shackles of a slave' have been found. farwickshire. The roofing and other tiles found in the Chapter House during excavations at Kenilworth Priory probably came from the building in Chase Wood, a mile west of the Castle. Members of the Birmingham Archaeological Society are carrying out some excavations at Chesterton-on-Fosse; the most important find made so far is an inscription in graffiti on lead (see p. 239).

Herefordshire. In September, I922, Mr. G. H. Jack, F.S.A., of Hereford, uncovered two Roman structures in a field 350 yards south-west of the cross roads at Bromsash, near Weston-under-Penyard. One was 64 ft. long and I9 ft. wide, with walls of red sandstone, i8 in. wide, on a footing 6 in. wider, enclosing a floor paved with thin sandstone flags laid on a fine concrete bed 3 in. thick. The other building was smaller and not connected with the first; it was paved with flags laid on red clay, which again rested on a two-inch layer of gravel containing much iron clinker; within this building was a furnace, and near it were three bronze finger-rings set with bluish-green beads all of the same pattern, while close by were flue tiles and a piece of worked Bath stone. The small finds included ' Samian of Claudian and Flavian date' and other ware, coins of Domitian, Tetricus, Claudius Gothicus, Allectus, and Constantine I; a fibula with a pierced catch-plate, a bronze pin, an iron leaf-shaped spear-head

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 208 ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922. with a socket, and much building debris-stone tiles with iron nails in them, burnt wood, etc. Mr. Jack's excavations have yielded the first building definitely recorded on a site which has been long recognised as that of Ariconium; the quantities of scoriae and the pre-Roman and early Roman coins indicate that it was occupied for centuries, and that its inhabitants were engaged in iron-smelting (see the Jict. Co. Hist. Hereford, i, I87 f.). Monmouthshire. The site of Caerwent has been sold by the Tredegar estate, and will be put under the plough. The forum and basilica have been purchased by Mr. E. G. Price, of Caerwent House, and will be preserved; it is hoped that the north gate also will be saved from destruction. The fine wall which encircles the site is in urgent need of repair, and unless financial aid comes to the assistance of the owners (the Monmouthshire County Council) or of H.M. Office of Works (Ancient Monuments Dept.) it will not be long before this fine example of Roman work falls to the ground. The Vicar, the Rev. W. Coleman Williams, has issued many appeals for funds, but so far without success. Gloucestershire. Several important finds have been made at Cirencester. i. In March, I922, Mrs. Cripps, at her own expense, undertook some excavations, which were supervised by Mr. St. Clair Baddeley, in the garden south of the Workhouse. About 200 ft. of the west wall of the town were uncovered. The rubble and mortar core of the wall was traced, but there was nowhere any trace of squared facing-stones, such as are conspicuously visible in a modern wall close by. Indications were found of two bastions, in the form of shapeless masses of rubble projecting westward from the wall; they were close together, and between them was some very rough paving, which is thought to represent a gateway, I2 ft. wide. The remains, however, were so much disturbed by stone-robbing that their interpretation is far from easy. The finds include a large quantity of pottery, mostly dating from the second to the fourth century: also fibulae and bone pins. The potters' marks include ARICIMA, ASIATICI-OF, ATTILLIM, DAGOMA, DIO .... LAXTVCISF, MACCALIM, MACRINVS, MARTIIO, MAS- CVLVSF, OFFELICI, PRIMVLI, .. . IVSF, ... VSSEM, and a mark unknown to the writer (R. G. Collingwood) which seems to read ICTIIMA (Dr. 33). The bronze objects included a lozenge- shaped seal box, a tiny triangular base, worked in delicate relief, on three lions' feet, a fine enamelled bow fibula with a Late Celtic design, probably of the second century, a spoon 7 in. long, a needle 7-2 in. long, an ear-pick, etc., and a denarius of L. Rubrius Dossenus

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN I921 AND I922. 209 of 86 B.C. (Grueber, Coins of the Roman Republic, i, 3I I, type I) and another of Alexander Severus (Cohen, 2nd ed., p. 420, no. I83). The excavations were covered in at once for horticultur al reasons. 2. In February and March, I922, four rooms of a large house, decorated with a series of unusually fine tessellated pavements (see plates xix, no. i, and xx), were opened up 2-3 ft. deep in the garden of Mr. J. Ovens (junr.) in Victoria Road (north of the Grammar School), under the direction of Mr. St. Clair Baddeley for the Excavations Committee of the Bristol and Gloucester Archaeological Society. On the floors lay an abundance of pottery, a number of brick stamps being piled in a single heap, and a tile with an inscription in graffiti (see p. 239). The floors were covered again for the same reason as no. I, but only after being protected with a layer of sawdust. The site is not far from that numbered ' 4I ' in the map illustrating Prof. Haverfield's article on Roman Cirencester in Archaeologia, lxix. 3. A remarkable Ionic capital, i8 in. square, of local freestone, was discovered in the summer of I92I in the G.W.R. Goods Yard just within the line of the town wall and near the possible site of the west gate. It appears to have carried some ornamental object with a circular base, and a 4-inch cut in two of its sides suggests that it was connected with a wooden post or screen.' Within a few feet there was a fine double torus base of a rather larger column (i6 in. diameter), I ft. 7 in. high, and among the smaller finds was a semi- barbarous coin of Constans, another of Constantine II, a Samian stamp LAXTVCISF, and other potsherds. 4. Close to this, just within the line of the wall, in Messrs. F. W. Chambers' yard at the corner of Queen's Lane and Sheep Street, a stone coffin, Samian and other pottery, a few pieces of tesserae, etc., were found in August, I922, in excavations for a petrol tank. Unfortunately the coffin was destroyed by the workmen, but the pottery has been kept by the occupier's sister, Mrs. Clifford. It is said that another coffin was found two years before in line with this, but outside the course of the wall. 5. Walling was found on the western side of the N. and S. Roman road, close to the Basilica, in altering the Boys' Grammar School Boarding House in The Avenue, I92I. 6. A pavement and a piece of road were uncovered in I920 at the southern end of Dyer Street, close to some Printing Works (see plan in Jrchaeologia, lxix, plate xi). 7. Some walling found in the Quern's ground near the ' Old Quarries' proved not to be Roman. It is mentioned in B.A.A.J. xxv (I869), I08-9. The capital and column, the tile and most of the smaller finds mentioned have been secured by Mrs. Cripps for her museum.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2IO ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922.

Mrs. Cripps has records of all the above, and we are indebted to her and to Mr. St. Clair Baddeley for notes of all finds. A sleeper-trench, 20 yards long, was found IOO yards north of Irmin Street (parallel to it) and 400 yards north-west of the cemetery discovered at Barnzwoodnear Gloucester and recorded in 7.R.S. x, 6o. It had a large hole at each end, the eastern one containing a quantity of ordinary pottery, a good bronze ' spilla ' and a much-ruined skuli. A small late bronze coin and an olla are the only other Qbjects known to Mr. St. Clair Baddeley, the recorder of the find. Finally, in the winter of I92I-2, the Rev. Canon Wright opened up Akeman Street in the valley of the River Leach which is crossed between Alcester and Cirencester, IO miles north-east of the latter, The roadway seemed to consist of small stones, some flat, some pitched, laid on a bed of gravel I-2 in. thick.

Somerset: Keynsham.

In April, I922, further discoveries were made of a large Roman house which has been gradually broken up during the last 40 years, in making graves in the cemetery, and the Burial Board agreed to the suggestion of the Rev. Dom Ethelbert Horne to allow excavations to be undertaken in September by him and Dr. Bulleid, a fund being raised locally for the purpose. The digging revealed a corridor IO ft. wide and 200 ft. long, running east and west and built at two different levels. The east (and lower) part was paved with flags and ended in a flight of four steps 41 ft. wide, thus leaving an alcove on each side (plate xxi). These led up into the western part, which was paved with red, white and blue tesserae arranged in a geometrical pattern. Another flight of four steps, extending across the whole corridor, was found at its western end, where it appeared to turn at right angles southwards, probably running under the embankment of the modern road from Bath to Bristol. Remains of arch stones occurred near each flight of steps, and the corridor walls were covered with fresco in panel designs. The corridor gave entrance, probably at the top of the lower steps, to a series of rooms on the north, one of which exists beneath the cemetery Chapel, and another close by, the latter measuring 30 ft. by I8 ft. On the west of the south corridor are two other rooms (one with an apse) which it is hoped to excavate next summer. They all contained tessellated pavements. The building also extends under allotments on the north of the cemetery. Much building debris turned up, including stone showing signs of fire, and there was much charcoal. The i6 coins found were in a bad state, but none appeared to be earlier than about A.D. 300. 2. Some dry walling, mortar, stucco painted with dull red lines, roofing slabs, tiles, massive blocks of freestone, Samian and other ware and animal bones have been observed by Mr. F. Ellis of Bristol

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND 1922. 2II in some flat meadowsby the River Avon to the north of Keynsham, and probably indicate a house. 3. Three-quarters of a mile east of the cemetery two stone coffins were found 2 ft. below the surface, close together, in May, 1922, in building Messrs. Fry's new factory and garden city. One measured 7 ft. long, had a cover 71 in. thick, and contained a shell of sheet lead with a male skeleton; the other was 6 ft. long with a roundedhead, coped cover, with a female skeletonbut no lead shell. Both were cut from solid blocks of oolite. Nothing was found in them, but close by were pottery, bones, etc., a denariusof Gordianus Pius (A.D. 238-44) and ' second and third brass' coins of Maximian, Constantius I and Constantine I. These have been published by Mr. St. George Gray in the Antiquaries'Journal and the Somersets. Jrch. Soc. Proceedings. 4. A little to the north-west stone tiles, possibly from a roof which had suddenlyfallen in, workedstone, and pottery may indicate a building which it is hoped may be excavated. At Burnett,near Keynsham,another inhumation burial occurred, and three others in stone coffinsat Priston, near Bath, at Midford and in Walcot Parade, Bath (a child), while another burial was found with a third or fourth century coin at Ham Hill (see Antiquaries' .7ourn.ii, 380). The drought of I92I revealed the foundations of Roman buildings on the lawn at Drayton Vicarage, near which Roman objects had previously been discovered. Finally, Mr. H. St. George Gray reportsthat the Roman remains from Clevedonnorth of Coleridge Road (see [ict. Co. Hist. Somerset, i, 36I (4) ) have been presented to Taunton Castle Museum as well as many objects of pre-Romandate found recently on Ham Hill. Devon. A mosaic pavement, about i6 ft. square,with a guilloche border, and the remains of two walls,roofing slates, roof and flue tiles, etc., were found in the garden of Major-GeneralWright on the slope of the hill north-west of Seaton,some 200 yards from the site of the remainsdiscovered early in the last century. Wilts. During July, August and September, I922, Mr. Heywood Sumner, F.S.A., continued his excavationson a Roman site at East Grinstead, Wilts., near West Dean. Nine rooms and a detached bath-house with hypocaust chambers and pilae had been previously excavated. An interim accountof these was given in The Festival Bookof Salisbury Museum,1914, to which the late ProfessorHaverfield added a valuable note on ' Roman isolated Bath-buildings.' This year, three more rooms and another detached bath-house were uncovered, the latter with hypocaust chambersand pilae that had supported a suspensura

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 212 ROMAN BRITAIN IN I921 AND I922. floor of plain white tesserae, all of which building-foundations belonged to the group previously excavated. Besides these, an outlying detached cold-bathhouse, a walled enclosure, and a drain ditch were also excavated; many interesting relics were obtained from the last. Sixty-three coins have been found but have not yet been submitted to expert examination. They appear to range from Gallienus, A.D. 253-68, to Valentinian I, A.D. 364-75. It is hoped that these excavations may be completed during I923, and that a full record may be published subsequently.

Hants. A good tessellated pavement, a semicircular bath, etc., apparently belonging to a large and important house, have been discovered on Manor Farm, Chatgrove, on high ground above Longstock. Excavations are to be undertaken in I923. The following illustrated account of another pottery kiln at Linwood, New Forest, has been sent by Mr. Heywood Sumner. 'This kiln is situated about a quarter of a mile west from a pilastered kiln of which I have recorded the excavation in Roman Pottery Sites at Sloden and Linwood (Chiswick Press). It is on Mr. Locke's land, close to Black Heath, and I am glad to have this opportunity of thanking him for the manner in which he furthered this excavation. 'The kiln was of the usual New Forest platform type, made of yellow puddled clay that had burnt in the firings from yellow-to red-to grey-black. The combustion-chamber plan, however, was different in detail from any of the five kilns that I had previously excavated and planned. The detail referred to is the rounded projection, shown in the plan (fig. I5), opposite the flue entry into the combustion chamber. Its purpose was to provide support to the vent-holed oven floor, inasmuch as it diminished the unsupported span that bridged the underlying combustion chamber. For similar examples, cf. C. Roach Smith, Collectanea Antiqua, vol. vii, plate iii, fig. i, and B.A.A.7. vol. ii, p. I64. ' The vent-holed oven floor had foundered, and lay in fragments among the burnt refuse that filled the combustion chamber. This kiln appears to have had much usage, judging from the slag-like condition of its foundered lining, and from the green vitrification which frequently coated such fragments. The chimney flue was well preserved. The wood ash and burnt refuse with which it was choked lay on neatly-trowelled hard-burnt clay-lining which surrounded a flue of about 8 in. in diameter. Here, as elsewhere in the kilns that I have excavated, the burnt stuff in the flues smelt acrid, pungent and recent ; it was difficult to realise that such a smell could survive the lapse of I,500 years. ' The large accumulation of black burnt earth that was found

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN 192I AND I922. 2I 3 all round the kiln platform indicates that the oven when fired was domed with wattle-work covered with earth, as was customary in New Forest kilns (cf. op. cit. supra.). 'A mass of broken sherds and burnt refuse lay in the stoke- hole. ' Only small fragments of charcoal were found-too small for identification. The pottery was mostly coarse ware of local Roman

XtA~~~~~a

FIG. 15. types. The exceptions were a yellowish-buff ware ornamented 'with recurring girth grooves, a few pieces of red-purple gloss ware, and one example of white slip ornament on a red-purple'gloss ware flagon. Two finds here were of interest: (i) a small pot, broken but restor- able, to the inside of which adhered a third brass coin of Licinius, of which the obverse-the upper-side as it lay in the pot-was in fair condition. Laureated head to r. IMP LICINIUS PF (?) AUG.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2I4 ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922.

The reverse, defaced; a round disc of copper-green stain on the side of the pot where the coin lay accounted for such loss. (2) A spindle-whorl of Kimmeridge shale, which is an item of evidence in support of the supposition-founded on the small finger-nail dented ornament found on some New Forest ware-that the spindle side helped in this local Romanised manufacture. ' A yellow puddled clay floor extended over a space of about 8 yards square at the back of the stoke-hole. It was about 6'in. thick, resting on undisturbed subsoil. Such puddled clay floors were found adjoining most of the New Forest kilns which I have excavated- the largest being at Ashley Rails, which extended over a space of about 30 by 25 yards (cf. A Descriptive Account of the Roman Pottery made at Ashley Rails, Chiswick Press).' Berks. During the excavations carried out by Mr. A. E. Preston, F.S.A., in the ruins of the abbey at Abingdon during the summer of I922, a great quantity of Romano-British potsherds came to light. They were found in what seemed to be disturbed soil among the mediaeval foundations, and probably represent a settlement whose relics have been too completely destroyed to be satisfactorily explored, the site having no doubt been levelled by the mediaeval builders. It is well known that the banks of the Thames in this neighbourhood were somewhat thickly studded with Romano-British villages, of which the most completely explored is that at Long Wittenham (1.C.H. Berks., i, p. 2I9, seqq.). In the same district the Oxford University Archaeological Society's excavations at Drayton (Berks.) in I922 revealed a few Romano- British potsherds in a remarkable Anglo-Saxon settlement. In the summer of I92I, the Oxford University Archaeological Society, under the leadership of Mr. Dudley Buxton, dug some trial trenches in a little wood, forming part of the garden to the north of CuddesdonPalace, where many previous finds of Roman objects- now housed in the Palace-had been made. But either the house to which they belonged was not discovered or it had been so much destroyed that only fragmentary foundations were left. Also, as it was impossible to follow up any line directly, owing to the trees, it was difficult to make anything out of the fragments that remained. A good deal of pottery of all kinds was found, some Samian and much locally-made ware, but nothing much earlier than the second century. Dr. Peake reports the discovery of foundations in Harpsden Wood near Henley. Oxon. Dr. Peake of Burford during the winter of I92I-I922 dug at Asthall in some fields on each side of the main road, by the church,

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922. 215 and found, besides a large collection of pottery of all periods and coins dating from Trajan (these rather worn) to the end of the Roman occupation, some very fragmentary foundations, and I5 inhumation burials of people of very different types-one said by Prof. Keith to be South Gaulish. Dr. Peake still has in his house all the finds, including 5 coins from Carausius to Constantine, from the small corridor house which he excavated at Worsham Bottom near Asthall and which still lies open. It is to be hoped that he will soon publish an account of this building, the development and various reconstructions of which he has worked out in great detail. It has special interest in that it is the house not of a wealthy landowner but of some humbler person.

Buckinghamshire. In the Thames Valley near Hambleden, Mr. A. H. Cocks says he knows of eight buildings, in addition to the discoveries made before the war at Yewden, which have been published recently in Jrchaeologia, vol. lxxi.

London. Dr. Philip Norman has kindly contributed the following account: 'Rather important remains have recently been found in London, but several of these discoveries took place before I92I. I. The sections and walls near King William's statue, King William Street, came to light in the winter of I9I9-20 and a small piece of the north London wall, opposite to Armourers' Hall, Moorgate (see fig. i6), in the summer of I920. In April, I92I, there was also a find of Roman timber-work running east and west in Miles Lane (fig. I7). All these are described in Jrchaeologia lxxi, 55 ff, by Mr. Frank Lambert, who suggests that the timber structure formed part of an embankment made at the end of the first or beginning of the second century, that it represents the line of the river front at that date, and that it was superseded later by a wall running on a lower and more southerly line-i.e. the north side of Upper Thames Street-the mud bank (on which originally stood jetties) having been reclaimed. The timber structure, however, may be only part of a jetty. '2. Excavations have been carried out at intervals since the spring of I920 (and are still going on) in Finsbury Circus and Finsbury Pavement, which formerly was the southern or lower part of the marsh of Moorfields. The area lies north of the north (City) wall, where the Walbrook passed through it. The sections (fig. i8) are (for London) unusuallv clear and undisturbed, showing the Roman level on the gravel at a depth of I5 to i8 feet, above that the mediaeval marsh, and the successive fillings of I605, I730 and I8I4. The

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2I6 ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922. interest of the work is chiefly mediaevaland later. The main Roman results are: (i) The suggestionmade by Messrs.Norman and Reader, IS years ago, that the marshwas not a Romanfeature, but was caused by the blockingof the Walbrookafter Roman times, is clearlyproved. Roman objects were only found on the gravel surface, not in the

5outh Pbce "I I g

fInfAI6.

5out" /.4f

____bin CLrcus Ka6PL.

FiG;. i6. black mud above it. They included a cremated burial of about A.D. 200 (plate XXII, no. 2) in the gravel. (2) The Roman objects were not plentiful, and did not seem to be earlier than A.D. ISO. (3) Roman finds were more frequent in the eastern part of the site near the pile dwellings on the main stream of the Walbrook than

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SttD

u ~ ~ .J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , . It

A l ee | 0c ,10 20 30 40

FIG. 17.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2I8 ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1921 AND 1922. towards the west. These excavations have been carefully watched by Mr. Frank Lambert, F.S.A. The complete results, as those of the sites mentioned above, are published in Archaeologia, lxxi, 55 ff. '3. In November, I92I, excavations having been made for the purpose of laying telephone wires, a Roman wall, 4 ft. in thickness or more, crossing Gracechurch Street in a line with the north pavement of Lombard Street, was observed by Dr. W. Martin, and he has described it in Trans. Lond. Arch. Soc. new series, vol. iv, part iv.

"WO fdkf! ntbbU wwti ieadrh,juJLa,DdJi~ 4^ c, 1700 vILbtdbrtw),

aie*t of bt,lsr L meZ,*yt.

m4&k 4Y,5 ,dutI6,CSn700

uo%a011y" W5,445. -

4-6 FutsburyCLrCLLS 12-21 ftltbtlrtJ CLrctL6. Sca1 : C. 4 Scalc4 j

FIG.I.S

'The following accounts of two later discoveries are based on notes in the Antiquaries' 7ournal for April and JUlY 1922. 'In January, 1922, the excavations for telephone wires having been continued along Gracechurch Street, two Roman walls were found in the roadway, east of St. Peter's Church, Cornhill, and opposite its northern portion. The more. important one ran east and west. It was 4 ft. 6 in. or more in thickness, and the base was not reached (by probing) at a depth of i6 ft. At a depth of io to ii ft. below

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN 192I AND 1922. 219 street-level were five rows of tiles between courses of squared ragstone, and some feet higher up were two rows. The upper part of the south side of this wall was plasteredand painted. The plasterwas badly damaged,but it seems to have had by way of decorationsquare or oblong panels in black outline on a yellow ground with touches of red. The other wall stood at right angles. It was clearlylater, for the plaster on that first describedcontinued behind the junction. It was 2 ft. 9 in. thick, and built entirely of ragstoneexcept for a double- facing course of tiles about I2 ft. 6 in. down. At this level on its west side were traces of a white cement floor several inches thick. The footings of this wall did not seem to go deeper than I4 ft. 6 in. Both sides had been plastered and painted, but only the west side could be examined. This was decorated like the south side of the first wall, but only the lower part of the panels could be seen. The ground-levelon the west side of the second wall had been raisedlater to a height of 4 ft. above the originalfloor, and a rough,brick tessellated pavement laid. As regards dating it is clear that there are three periods: (i) the first wall which is not very early, (2) the second wall, and (3) the tessellated pavement. It is perhaps needless to point out that the first wall must have crossedthe site of GracechurchStreet, as did that between Fenchurch Street and Lombard Street mentioned above. In I912 a Roman wall of great depth was found touching the western side of Grace- church Street, which it had evidently crossedbetween the entrances of Corbet Court and Bell Yard (see plan in Archaeologia,vol. lxiii, p. 329). Thus there is proof that GracechurchStreet was not an ancient highway. Sir William Tite had come to this conclusionlong ago (see his Catalogueof Antiquitiesfound in excavations at New Royal Exchange, preface, p. xii). He based his opinion on the discovery, during the construction of sewers, of a wall, which is probablyidentical with that observedby Dr. Martin. Tite describes it as being at the south-west corner of Fenchurch Street and crossing GracechurchStreet. They appear to have been of the same thickness. '4. Messrs.Lund's shop, nos. 56 and 57 Cornhill,under the.shadow of St. Peter's Church,has recently been demolished; and excavations in its basement have disclosed a finely preserved length of Roman wall, running at a slight angle under the foundations of the church. The top of it, as far as it remained,was about 9 ft. 6 in. below the pavement. The builders' excavations only went a little lower; a special hole was therefore dug, in order to find a short stretch of the northern face of the wall down to its foundations which were met at a depth of 17 ft. Its thickness could not be ascertained,as the southern face is under St. Peter's. In construction-four or five courses of squared ragstone alternating with two to five courses of tiles-and in direction this wall correspondsclosely with those found

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 220 ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1921 AND 1922. under Leadenhall Market in i 88o-8 i (Archaeologia lxvi, pp. 230-233) and with the wall found in Gracephurch Street in November, 1921 (no. 3 above). The Cornhill wall indeed appears to be a western continuation of that already described. It has been remarked that the southern face of this was plastered; on the Cornhill wall a tiny piece of plaster was left, showing traces of red paint-enough to prove that this was not a defensive work but part of a building-perhaps a large one crowning the eastern hill of Londinium. 'These two discoveries (nos. 3 and 4) have been stated in The Times of September 29th and October 2nd to be part of the first fortress of Londinium. This fortress, however, is only an hypothesis, and the general similiarity in construction of these walls to the City wall makes it very improbable that they are of much earlier date. Nor are fortress walls usually painted. '5. In the summer and autumn of I922, during excavations (which are barely finished) on the site of the Castle and Falcon Hotel and its yard in Aldersgate Street, a piece of the Roman north (City) wall was found running east and west. At the extreme east end of the property, about 70 yards east of Aldersgate Street and a short distance west of the church of St. Anne and St. Agnes, was found a part of an angle bastion of the City wall, and the wall was traced to this point from Aldersgate Street. The wall remained in parts undisturbed from the modern ground level down to the foundations, a depth of about Io feet ; and over its whole length the outer face had been repaired in later Roman times.' 6. A piece of the west (City) wall has also been found west of the south-west corner of Warwick Square, beneath no. I2, which, with no. II, has been taken over by the Oxford University Press. It is to be preserved in the basement of the reconstructed house. 7. The ' Roman bath' in Strand Lane has been bought recently by the Rev. W. Pennington Bickford, Rector of St. Clement Danes, who hopes to turn it and the adjoining building into a parish room and museum, and so preserve it, if sufficient funds can be raised. A drawing by Mr. F. Matania showing it in use in Roman days was published in the Sphere of November iith, I922. Plates xxii, no. 2 and figs. i6-i8 we owe to the courtesy of the Society of Antiquaries and Mr. Frank Lambert, F.S.A., in whose article in Archaeologia lxxi they appeared. Mr. Lambert hopes later to publish discoveries nos. 3-6 in detail. Essex. At Colchester several discoveries have been made. i. The vaults beneath the Castle described by Dr. R. E. M. Wheeler in 7.R.S. ix and x have now been completely cleared of their earth filling and can be viewed by those who suspect their Roman date. It is said that further investigations have revealed indications

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922. 221 of a colonnade which possibly enclosed the forum of Camulodunum, in the midst of which would stand the building resting on the vaulted substructure. 2. Part of a very fine mosaic pavement of a geometrical design was excavated in December, I922, by Mr. Frost in his garden, east of North Hill. Dr. Philip Laver, F.S.A., reports that it lay 4+ ft. from the surface, was covered with a 9-IO in. layer of clay, the remains of a wattle and daub wall; above this house was later Roman work dating from the third century A.D. About I50 ft. east of it a pavement nearer the surface was partly uncovered in I920 (numbered' I3 ' in Laver and Wheeler's plan of Colchester in 7.R.S. ix, 157) and another, which cannot be far away (if it is not the same), was found in I855 in the garden of the ' Chaise and Pair' Inn. The pavement is being raised and placed in Colchester Corporation Museum. It was figured in The Times of December i4th, and Essex County Standard of December i6th, I922. 3. Tessellated pavements and other remains of buildings have been discovered outside the Roman town walls, mostly on the south- west side; on the north of Crouch Street, opposite the Maldon Road; in the grounds of the Union Workhouse, near the north-east corner of Crowhurst and Papillon Roads; in the garden of a house in Crouch Street near Burlington Road; and south of the main building and east of the kitchen wing of the Hospital. 4. A more remarkable discovery is that of three or four cwt. of marble-including Italian and African-fragments of all kinds, in Culver Street within the town walls in December, I922. Many of them are mouldings; one piece has an ovolo design, others leaf and volute patterns, and some are cut in thin strips for inlay. With them was a rubbing or polishing stone, a mason's iron chisel, parts of two Samian cups (Drag. shape 27), stamped ' Masclus' and 'Primus,' and other ware suggestive of a first-century date. Whether or not this was a ' monumentalist's ' yard in the early days of the Roman town, may be revealed when the excavations are completed. In any case, foreign marble is very rare in Romano-British towns outside London. Lastly, it is welcome news that the pottery in the museum is to be catalogued by Mr. Thomas May, and, it is hoped, published. It is hoped that the curious circular foundation at West Mersea, recently sold, will be carefully preserved by its new owners. The latest theory is that it was a circular tomb or other monument, and is probably to be connected with the large house around the church. Prittlewell Priory, thanks to generous gifts, has been acquired by the town of Southend, restored, and turned into a museum, which was badly needed for S.E. Essex, where Roman structures are few, but pottery-often of an early date-is common. The Rev. C. C. Smith reports from Chadwell St. Mary a circular

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 222 ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922.

pottery kiln, 34 ft. in diameter, with a domed top and a flue 2 ft. wide and I2 ft. long lined with red clay brought from a distance, found in July, I922, near a seam of fine clay in Messrs. Christie & Neilson's gravel-pit. Large grey coarse urns, apparently burials, have been discovered in the neighbourhood. Surrey. Some circular hut-dwellings 6-7 ft. in diameter, with potsherds dating from ' 50 B.C. to 50 A.D.' were found in November, I922, in enlarging the Sewage Farm at Wisley near Weybridge. More pottery, hut-floors and a kiln were found here in I904 but were destroyed at once, apparently unrecorded. Ten Roman coins of Vespasian, Trajan, Pius, Marcus, Septimius Severus, Gallienus, Allectus and Crispus, and Roman pottery were found on a bed of gravel four feet below the surface on the line of Stane Street, about I50 yds. south-south-east of Morden railway station near Merton in December, I922. Sussex. During the autumn of I922 excavations were undertaken by Mr. S. E. Winbolt, M.A., of Christ's Hospital, supported by the Sussex Archaeological Society, in an enclosure, some 400 ft. square, which stands astride Stane Street on the south of the River Arun at Alfoldean near Slinfold. The line of the ' vallum' is clear on both sides of the road, but the ditch is visible on the west side only. Within the enclosure a road about 5 ft. wide ran along the inside of the ' vallum ' on the east side and also apparently on the north side. East of the road in the middle of the east side the remains of a roofed building were found and thought to belong to a gateway. A fragment of red tessellated pavement, a rubbish pit, and foundations occurred close to the north side. Nearer the centre of the enclosure was a clay floor 26 X 20 ft., with building debris on it, the remains of a hearth and many indications of burning, but no traces of walls. The small finds were numerous and included an iron-stone ballista ball 21 in. in diameter, coins of Vespasian, Trajan, Hadrian, Faustina, Lucius Verus and Constantine, and a minim based on a Tetricus, much window and other glass. Samian potsherds including a cup 2* in. high of Drag. form 33, and fragments stamped Bannus, Lutaeus, Macrinus and ' Sanno,' New Forest and Castor ware, and bricks, tiles, and tesserae of brick and limestone. The occupation thus dates from the second quarter of the second to the fourth century. The finds suggest a small posting-station on the road, with buildings in wood and brick. Later excavation may reveal an earlier occupation below the layer of finds now exposed, these being found barely a foot below the surface. The size and shape of the enclosure tempt one to think that an auxiliary fort may have been established here for a short time during the conquest, but the present finds do not corro-

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922. 223

borate any such view. It may be comparedwith ' Manduessedum' (Mancetter) on Watling Street and Chesterton-on-Fosse(V.C.H., Warwicks,i, 233 seq.and supra p. 207. Furtherwork is to be undertaken in the spring. A detailed account of the digging will be published in the Sussex A4rchaeologicalCollections, and the finds are to be deposited in the Society's museum at Lewes and in Christ's Hospital Museum, Horsham. Kent. The reconstructionof the London-Dover road has led to several discoveries. Near Dartford the line of the Roman London-Dover road has once more been adopted, and at Pepper Hill, Salter'sCross, and Springhead,as well as between Dartforcland Gravesend,it has been cut through. It consistedof a flint and pebble concrete layer, a foot thick, laid on a 4-6 in. bed of rammedchalk; close to it, between the last two places,was the rubbishof a Romanhouse with tessellated pavements and burials,while Samian and Upchurch ware and coins occurred at Dartford, Swanscombe and Springhead, where there were Romano-Britishvillages. In I92I two (incineration)cemeteries were found on each side of the same Roman road at Ospringe near Faversham, where stood another large village (see Arch. Cantiana xxv). Burialshave also been found at Ford, near Reculvers. In September, I922, Mr. J. P. Bushe-Fox began the excavations instituted by the Society of Antiquariesand H.M. Office of Works at Richborough,at a point NW. of the ' cross' platform where in the summer of I92I foundationshad been noticed. These proved to be the flint walls-in places 4 ft. high-of a courtyard, a corridor and some six rooms. Traces of bronze and iron-workingwere found in the courtyard; here, too, and in a room to the west, were two wells over 30 ft. deep which proved most productive. The first was full of iron clinkers; the second contained objects, including early glass and poftery and a coin of Domitian, suggesting that it was filled up not later than the end of the first century. Altogether the small finds of bronze, bone, decorated Samian and other ware were numerousand interesting; among them was an inscribedpig of lead (see p. 239) and many fragmentsof marble,the last in deposits which could not be later than the early second century. These may be connected with pieces of inscribed marble found heretofore close to the ' cross' platform and probably belonged to a structure resting on it. About 500 coins, mostly of the end of the Roman period, were turned up. Other evidence proves that the site was in occupation as early as A.D. 70-80, if not earlier, and that in the latter part of the first and the beginning of the second century the occupants were numerous. In I92I a cartload of pottery, some at any rate Roman, coins of

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 224 ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND 1922.

the Hadrianic period, and bones were found in makinga new road to join the Pegwell Road at West Cliff near Ramsgate. Here, too, a number of shallow ditches described as ' V-shaped excavations,'in some cases surroundingroughly square enclosures,perhaps for cattle, were opened up. They yielded three bronze coins of Vespasian and Trajan and one of Hadrian, Upchurch ware and many bones, some split for marrow. Another dene-hole, 32 ft. long and 6 ft. 3 in. high, containing some Roman potsherds, charcoal and iron implements, was also discovered. Mr. E. G. J. Amos reports from Dover: i. Fragments of Roman tile, tufa and pottery found in made ground resting on virgin clay which had been cut away in building at iS High Street, formerly8 St. Martin'sTerrace, in November, I92I. 2. Similarfinds with shells behind the Prince Regent Inn, at the corner of Market Squareand Market Lane, in i922, and, in making a 9 ft. drain-trench in this lane, pebble boulders, fragments of tile (one or two inscribed, see p. 239), plaster, bones, shells, etc. were turned up. Wales. The Segontium Excavation Committee continued their work at Carnarvonin July and August, I92I. A small area within the NW. rampartwas uncovered, and the north corner of the fort was examined. The north-west gateway showed three periods of construction, of which the first dated backto the first century, the last to about A.D. 350. The fourth-centuryplan presentedunusual features, including a guard-chamberwhich could be used as a postern. The fort had originally an eastern rampart, but this was later supplemented by a stone wall, and in the north corner a stone turret was built on the top of the earth rampart. Parts of two internal buildings were uncovered, of which one was shown to have been rebuilt about 350. The year's work is reported in Archaeologia Cambrensis,I92I. Dr. Mortimer Wheeler, F.S.A., who carried out the excavations in I922, has sent the following report with plates xxii, no. i, and figs. I 9-2. I. ' The area excavated included the principal buildings of the fort, and the north-east and south-west gateways (fig. I9.). The original first-century structures had, as usual, been of timber,. and were represented by numerous post-holes associated with first- century pottery. The reconstruction in stone apparently took place within a few years of A.D. IOO, and much of the material for this purpose was brought from the neighbourhood of Chester. The commandant's house and the headquarters building conformed to normal plan, and the barrack buildings, so far as excavated, although preserved in a very fragmentary condition, seem to have resembled.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE &OMANFOrT AT CARNAVON.

D I TCH

/ _~ _ - -- / 77DIC / z/_ / ~~~~~~~~~~~~DI T C H

NO|TWEOCAT CATE

I 'I~~~~~~XIx 1CAtIE TT

I: FAM OR4JS6 @s@,..,^5..'.-< ..<',^;. *''''S (CAt 01aSLW,AVVm

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions - N - - rm ~~~~- ~~~~~~~N\ \\ Nq -- N

-~~~~~~ '- I''

\ \ "'Z~~~~~~~~~~~~~IT fl1CA$TCATE

CATE

\ OUTH-EASY

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions XI ~~~~~~xI

N O RT>saW tf '' _ ' .* *.**... "..*@@,@9-5 .,.....s@.

CA II

I e I

NOR~T~V4$ -u SOUTHWEST

- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i- ----1

::'J m - ii~~~~~~~1i2

eoPOST?S~~ lt(yR7t|t Irc.J -4Cot _ RbU "C - I'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s.t

JCALE OF --II i I

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions , u S O U T~~~~~~~~~~~~~UH- EAST

-NF.D iN MO1 ii~ A D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 11 1

I I \~- I I I I

JULL JLr._+._aT0. _'J It I>

| ~~~HYPOCAUST.Etc.,ll l E FO(JNO hEtErU;3

C- bILDINCS 1 r; | >

rsc.~Et.9I ~~4YOAUT

,SOUarlm-W T CATE "A

_0ISOzoo | CULVIlT

20 S 40 io l4 Dl

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1921 AND 1922. 225 those of Housesteads in type and arrangement. Curiously enough, however, the two gateways do not seem to have been rebuilt at this period. 'Circumstantial evidence, now amounting to proof, shows that the site was occupied in the third quarter of the first century, but that during the latter half of the second century it was either evacuated or very lightly held, and that it was not until the time of the Severi that the fort was again occupied in force. Inscriptions of that epoch indicating repairs to neighbouring roads and to an aqueduct which supplied the fort have long been known, and this evidence is now correlated with important structural work in the fort itself. To this period may now with probability be assigned the building of the defensive wall, the reconstruction of the south-west gateway, and the building of a platform at the north-east gateway. The platform consisted of a shell of masonry filled with loose sandy cement. The headquarters building was largely rebuilt and altered; a cellar was sunk into the sacellum(plate XXII, no. i); and the rooms flankingthis chamber were enlarged by the removal of partitions, but the total number of rooms (five) was retained by the construction of two new rooms in the cross-hall (fig. 20). At the same time, an apsidal room heated by a channelled hypocaust and decorated with painted wall-plaster was added at the back of one of the rooms adjoining the sacellum. This room is without analogy in Britain, although not dissimilar examples can be found amongst the German forts, as at Butzbach (fig. 2I). Its purpose can be determined with some probability. During the latest (late fourth-century) occupation of the fort the room was razed to the ground and partially covered by a rubbish-pit containing coins of Gratian. The cellar in the sacellum was then disused and filled up, and the filling consisted largely of building stones mixed with large quantities of painted plaster similar to that found only in the apsidal room and nowhere else, and the presumption is that when that room was demolished its materials were partially utilised for the purpose of filling up the cellar. Amongst the filling was an altar dedicated to Minerva by an actarius (see p. 234 below), an officer who is known to have belonged to the military college which occupied the tabularium, or record office. A possible inference, therefore, is that the apsidal room formed part of the tabularium of the fort. The construction of the room can be referred with certainty, on evidence given in detail in the report in A. Cambr., to the period of the Severi, and there is some reason to suppose that the office of actarius was instituted in this period (see Seeck in Pauly- Wissowa). The fort apparently remained in occupation until the close of the third century, but the discovery of a hoard of late third- century coins below a heap of vegetable mould in the cellar, under the subsequent filling, probably indicates a period of desolation which seems to coincide with the first half of the fourth century.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SEGONTIVM:THE PRANTORIVM. 0 = 2ND CENTVRKy. M 3 =R.DCENTvRvY.

PROBABLY 4 TH CENTVRY. = 5TH CENTVRY ORpLATER..

POST HOLES j

HEART H I 1 3

SCL O T. CAVATeD) I

9 1 \ | I

9 ~ ~:WELL'

POST HOLES

-FOOFOOTCN-/

7IN SITU

SCALEOFI~ET 10 5 0 to 20 30 s0o5 0 to1 R.E.M.WHE&EELERZ s. et lel. J922

FIG. 20.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions LUI

LUJ

0~~~~~~~~~~

LU ~ ~ ~ ~~

LU z z

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 228 ROMAN BRITAIN IN 192I AND I922.

About A.D. 350, however, there was a sudden accession of building activity on the site, and coins of c. A.D. 350-375 were found in abundance. At this period the headquarters was again partly rebuilt, and the cellar covered with a solid floor; whilst the commandant's house was also largely reconstructed, approximately on its former plan. A new stone guard-room was built at the north- east gateway, and at the south-west gateway one of the roadways was blocked up and the other retained as a postern with a broad flight of steps. ' One or two walls are probably of post-Roman date, and a coin of the Northumbrian king Eanred, picked up at the south-west gateway, seems to be the earliest post-Roman coin found in Wales. The other finds included nearly 500 Roman coins and a fair number of brooches, including a fine early second-century harp-shaped brooch decorated with a Late Celtic ox-head. A small leaden Cupid was found outside the walls of the fort. It is hoped to conclude the excavations during the forthcoming summer.' An earthwork about 90 ft. square, it miles north-east of Segontium and on the probable line of the Roman road, was found and trenched by Dr. R. E. M. Wheeler and Mr. W. J.Hemp, F.S.A., in July, I92I. The bank was crowned by a line of upright boulders, and the ditch, which was flat-bottomed, contained a fragment of late first- or early second-century Samian and part of a large dolium. In the intelior were found a few post-holes and some Roman glass and pottery. The work does not seem to have been long occupied or ever quite finished; but it was evidently a small blockhouse or watch-tower, commanding ground which is 'dead' to Segontium. Mr. Wilfred J. Hemp, F.S.A., has detected the probable site of a fort near St. Asaph, which, if Roman, must be Varae. He has also traced the greater part of a road running for IO miles east and north- east from it as well as that from Caergai on Lake Bala to Ffrith near Hope in Flintshire. An account of the first two items will be published in the ninth volume of the Flintshire Historical Society's Publications. Professor Bosanquet and Dr. R. E. M. Wheeler, on behalf of the National Museum of Wales, in December, I922, cut eight trial trenches in the earthworks noted by Richard Fenton and Sir R. Colt Hoare a century ago at ' Castle Flemish' near Ford, Pembrokeshire. Their Roman origin, regarded as unproven by Professor Haverfield in I909 (MilitaryAspects of RomanWales, pp. I I 2-3), was immediately revealed. The defences, consisting of a bank of stony earth, a broad berm, and a ditch 7 ft. deep, enclose an irregular quadrilateral with rounded corners, two acres in extent. Within, nothing was found on the north or south-west, but in the south-east corner was a clay bank, 92 ft. wide, flanked with stones-as yet unexplained--and a solid clay floor laid on a bedding of stones and gravel burnt red, with post-

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN I921 AND 1922. 229 holes in it and roofing slates on it; below was an earlier floor with burnt matter which contained five fragments of Samian and some rough ware of a date not later than the reign of Hadrian. On the surface were hypocaust tiles. Attempts to run to earth inscriptions failed in spite of local tradition. The paucity of small finds shows that the site was not long occupied, but their date suggested to the excavators that it had been a militarv post rather than a civil settlement such as Cwmbrwyn or Ely. It may have been the headquarters of a detachment to hold a road running westwards from Carmarthen or to police the Pembrokeshire peninsula. It is hoped that a full account will be published and further digging undertaken. In Carditi the widening of Duke Street and the consequent demolition of buildings between that street and the Castle have entailed the exposure of the foundations of the Roman fort wall at that point. On Ely racecourse, in the western outskirts of Cardiff, a remarkable building was explored in May and June, I922. An account of it is published on p. 67 of this volume. Dr. Wheeler asks us to mention, for comparison with the Ely site, a house found at Kastell Larga near Kreis Altkirch in Alsace, where a wall (apparently defensive) strengthened by two corner turrets or other structures surrounds a ' villa ' making a quadrangular enclosure. The' villa 'was occupied from the mid-second century to the end of the Roman period (Westdeutsche Zeitschrift, xxvi, 273 f.). At Carmarthen excavations hastily undertaken to forestall building operations south of the Infirmary building in Priory Street in I922 revealed foundations, pottery, and road-metal of Roman date. A con- siderable stretch of the Roman road between the supposed site of the Roman fort and the present bridge over the Towy has now been identified. A collection of Roman objects-including the Dolaucothy finds, the stone Eph. Epigr. iii, ii6 (Haverfield, Roman Wales, p. iio) inscribed . . [bon]o r(ei) p('ublicae) nato . ., and other Roman finds from the neighbourhood-has now been formed in Carmarthen, at the museum of the Carmarthen Antiquarian Society. Mr. Harold Hughes, F.S.A., resumed excavation in the hill-fort of Braich-y-Ddinas, on Penmaenmawr, in September, I92I. Two Kimmeridge shale bracelets, a Romano-British silver bracelet, and apparent traces of lead-working were found in I92I, and in I922 coins of Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian as well as Samian ware and ruder ware of the late third century. At Rhostryfan, in Carnarvonshire, Mr. Howell Williams, of Liverpool University, in I922 found in a hut-circle a silver ring, containing a sard intaglio, dated to the end of the second century A.D., and slag in a workshop close by. The hill-fort of Dinorben near Abergele, which has been by

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 230 ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922.

degrees explored since 19I2 by Mr. Willoughby Gardner, F.S.A., was further examined in I922. It was already known that the hill had been crowned by a series of no less than four strongholds, of which the latest was occupied by a large native population trading with the Romansin the third and fourth centuries of our era. The work of I922 was specially directed to the study of the earliest fort, now burieddeep beneath the three later enceintes. Five sections were cut through the whole series of deposits, and it was found that the earliestfort had had a stone-facedrampart with a rock-cutditch which at one point was found to be double. The ramparthad been thrown down into the ditch, and here and there traces of repairwere visible. An iron axe-head, belonging to a period not far from the beginning of our era, was the only evidence of date. Scotland. A length of the Antonine Wall substructurehas been laid bare in the cemetery at New Kilpatrick adjoining the section uncovered in I903 and preservedfor inspection. The new section is normal in character,but includes a culvert with its stone cover in situ. The Parish Council, after askingadvice from Dr. Macdonald and other antiquaries, decided to preserve the new section as well as the old, and to have both scheduled as ancient monuments. Mr. A. 0. Curle, F.S.A., has contributed the following account of excavationscarried on by the Society of Antiquariesof Scotland at the hill-site of TraprainLaw in Haddingtonshirein I92I 'Ground was opened up immediately adjoining that examined in the previous year, and on the terrace or plateau to which exploration has practically been confined since the work was commenced in I914. An area with a superficial measurement of 7,500 sq. ft. was examined. The latest level of occupation lay at a depth of some I4 in. below the turf, and the earliest signs of occupancywere found practicallyon the natural rubble or the rock, some 46 in. beneath the surface. The soil was removed in horizontal layers of from 4 to 6 in. The number of superimposedfoundations discovered caused the previously accepted theory of four definite periods of occupation of the site to be abandoned, and indicated that a more or less continuous occupation, at least during the Romano-Britishperiod, must be recognised. 'In this, as in previous years, the number of polished stone axes and objects of flint found is large enough to indicate a period of occupationduring the Stone Age, while the accumulatedcollection of Bronze Age relics shows that there is to be considered also a Bronze Age occupation. But, inasmuch as thus far all the Bronze Age relicshave belongedto the later part of that epoch, there appears to have been a break in the continuance of the earlier occupations. Similarlyfrom the scarcity of relics referableto the Early Iron Age

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922. 23I there seems to have been a break between the Early Iron Age and the Romano-British period. ' In the year under review three looped and socketed axes of bronze were found in close proximity to one another. These, as already hinted, are typical of the late phase of the Bronze Age. Some fragments of a clay mould for casting a leaf-shaped sword, the matrix portion for the upper part of the handle being almost, complete, formed a unique find, and pieces of similar moulds for socketed axes, and for what appears to have been a spear-head with a lunette opening in the blade, are all of great value as proving the local manufacture of such objects. Not far distant from the find-spot of the bronze axes there was unearthed another socketed axe of approximately the same form but of iron, showing the probable continuity of occupation between the Bronze and the Iron Age. 'Of later date and probably referable to Romano-British times, were two tanged sickles of iron. The chord from point to base of blade of one with a short tang measured some 6 in., while that of the other with a longer tang measured 3- in. These sickles differ slightly in form from two found in the Roman fort at Newstead (J. Curle, A RomanFrontier Post, pp. 283, 284, pl. lXi, 2 and 5). The smaller sickle was found on the natural rubble at a spot where there was no great depth of soil, and therefore the period to which it belongs is uncertain. The larger implement came from a level on which were found a single coin and another of Gallienus and Carausius. The presumption, therefore, is that it belonged to the third century. Another agricultural implement recovered was an iron hoe. It measured 6*in. in length and 3i in. in breadth at its widest part. It had a rounded blade and a socket for a handle, the latter formed by turning inwards from either side the upper portion of the flat plate out of which the hoe was made. This object was found at a lower depth than the sickles and should therefore be earlier. The point end, 47 in. long, of an iron sword was found at a level suggesting a third-century date. The breadth of the blade, i5 in., is slightly greater than that of the Celtic swords found at Newstead, but less than that of the Roman examples from the same site. Another weapon is -a small leaf-shaped spear-head of iron, with a pronounced rounded mid-rib extending to the point. This, which is much in the form of a Bronze Age type, came from the lowest level, and therefore may possibly belong to a period before the Roman invasion. " From a low level, which yielded a coin of Antoninus Pius, came a terret-ring of bronze ornamented with three flattened spheres of bronze placed symmetrically on the periphery (plate XXIII, fig. 8). Similar terret-rings were found on the hill in I9I4 on a level from which came a coin of Trajan. The form is, therefore, probably referable to the second century. A portion

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 232 ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922. of another terret-ring of bronze came from the latest level of all. The fragment amounts to about one-third of the ring, showing a part of the base and of one side. On the latter, in place of a sphere there is an oblong plate divided into four compartmentsand filled alternately with red and yellow enamel. If this object belongs to the level on which it was found, then it should be of fourth- century date. 'Other details, possibly of harness,which came from the third- century level mentioned above, were two small discoidal mountings with rectangularloops at the back. 'Of personal ornaments there were recovered: 'i. From the fifth level associatedwith a coin of AntoninusPius, a small "knee " fibulawith a spring for the pin to workon (plate xxiii, fig. 3); a dress-fastenerof a type common on the hill, having a loop and a square plate for the head (plate XXIII, fig. 6); a portion of a spiralring made of bronze wire circularin section (plate xxiii, fig. 5); and a fragment of another finger-ring which has had a bezel apparentlyof red enamel(plate XXIII, fig. 4). '2. From the third level-the coins from which were a denarius of Nero and one of Trajan and a second brass of Carausius-came a bow-shaped fibula of bronze, with a trumpet-end head covering a coiled spring (plate xix, fig. i). There is no ornamentationother than a floriated knob on the bow, rather poorly executed. There was also a similar brooch (plate xxiii, fig. 2) having on the head a geometric design in red, blue, and yellow enamel, as well as two S or dragonesquefibule (plate xix, figs. 3 and 4), one of them quite plain with a smooth flat surface, the other showing some modelling and richly enamelled, with a central oblong panel containing three lozenges filled with yellow on a ground probablyred, and on either flank a triangularcompartment which was probably filled with red enamel having in the centre an eye-like device of blue with a yellow spot in the middle. On both of the heads of the latter brooch the eye is blue surroundedby yellow. From this level also came two bronze buttons or strap-ornaments(plate xix, figs. 5 and 6) and the head of a dress-fastener(plate XIX,fig. 7). 'From the second level with its third-century coins came the annularheads of two pins formed of six small beads,or balls of bronze, and also a spoiled casting of a third similarpin. ' From all levels came fragmentsof armlets of glass and of shale. The pin and needle shown on plate xxiii, figs. i and 2, were both found at the Early Iron Age level. 'A curiousobject recoveredwas a small perforatedspoon of silver (plate xxIII, fig. 9), the bowl of which measured win. in diameter over all, and was pierced with fifteen small perforations. Similar objects have been found in Merovingianand Saxon graves. 'A remarkablerelic in the shape of an inscriptioncame from the

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1921 AND 1922. 233 second level, and was thus probably of third-century date. For this, see below, p. 238.' A full report of the excavations is published in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1922. The Society has most kindly lent the blocks of plates xix, no. 2, XXIII, flo. I, to illustrate the present article. The excavations were continued in 1922. In addition to stone implements, numerous hearths and other structures referable to the Romano-British period were again brought to light. One of these was a circle of flat stones, 30 ft. in diameter, either the foundation of a turf wall or a pavement laid inside a stockade. It had two openings, and in the centre was a ruinous hearth with flat stones adjacent- possibly a dwelling. The relics discovered in 1921 include two large iron knives of fourth-century attribution with curiously ornamented handles ; a knife, 7 in. long, with its tang and a curved blade; iron- socketed spear-heads; a bronze finger-ring with a bezel of bright blue enamel, and a spot of white enamel surrounded by six others at its centre ; two or three bow-shaped fibule; a rare cross-bow gilt fibula; one or two penannular brooches; dress-fasteners; two ' grattoirs ' ornamented with Celtic designs; part of a twisted bronze- wire torque; armlets of jet and glass, one or two of the latter being decorated with yellow enamel; a beautiful and curious jet bead 23 in. long and octagonal shape, decorated with mouldings and incised lines; two hexagonal green glass beads and several circular ones ; fragments of a clay crucible covered thickly on the inside with glass, varying in colour from green to a brownish-red, probably produced by oxide of iron. This last was probablv used for enamel- work or for making beads. Jet and stone spindle-whorls and playing- men, from the size of a sixpence to a shilling, were also found, as well as a number of slingstones. A full report will be published by Mr. Cree in the Society's Proceedings. It is to be hoped that the uncovering of this site may be completed; it is highly important for the elucidation of sequence of the culture in prehistoric and Roman periods, knowledge of which can only be obtained by the careful excavation of a site such as Traprain Law. It is interesting to observe that the date of the Romano-British finds. is the same as that of those discovered on a similar hill-site at Dinorben and elsewhere in North Wales.

II. INSCRIPTIONS. i. A large altar, badly pitted and weathered and partly covered by mineral deposit from the water, was found in 1922 in Stall Street, Bath, and is now in the Baths. After prolonged inspection of the stone itself and of photographs and squeezes, and with the help of

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 234 ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922. many suggestionskindly made by Mr. J. G. C. Anderson,we suggest the followingreading: DEAE SVLIJ BS C CIAV TVR Is- IMCIIII - LEG - II AVG L MANIVS DONINAS LIBR V *S L *M.

Deae Suli, [o]b s[alutemsa]c(rurn) C. Jav[oleni Sa]tur[nafgis.... Jm(aginiferi) c(ohortis)IIII Leg(ionis) II Jug(ustae), L. Manius Doninas libr(arius) v(otum)s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito). 'Dedicated to the goddess Sulis, for the welfare of C. lavolenus Saturnalis ... imaginifer in the Fourth Cohort of the Second Augustan Legion, by L. Manius Doninas, librarius, in discharge of a vow.' The name and titles of the person belonging to the Second Legion are exceedinglv doubtful, and if the above suggestion is right one would expect the legion to precede the cohort. It is also very difficult to believe in the otherwise unknownname Doninas, which seems to be on the stone but is too faint for certainty. 2. In the excavationsat Segontiuma small altar of local sandstone, i6 in. high, was found in debris apparentlybelonging to the apsed projection from the back wall of the headquartersbuilding which Dr. Wheeler dates as built early in the third and destroyed in or before the fourth century. The style and lettering of the altar would suit this dating: the work is rude in characterbut the letters are clear. The text runs, DEAE* MINERVAE AVR SABINI ANVS ACT V *S *L *M - Deae Minervae Aur(elius) Sabinianus,act(arius), v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito). 'Aurelius Sabinianus, actarius, willingly pays a vow to the goddess Minerva.' The actarius was a clerical officer attached to the staff of military commanders (rein militarische Kanzleibeamte,v. Domaszewski, Rangordnung,p. 65; attached to legatus legionis, prefect of a cohort or ala, or praepositusof a numerus),and is often found in connexion with the headquarters building where his office was no doubt situated. The position of Minerva as patron of administrativeand clerical colleges in the army is a familiarfact in all parts of the Empire.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922. 235

The stone is patched with cement, and the mouldings show traces of red paint. The writers are indebted to Dr. Wheeler for a photograph. 3. At the same site a stone cut with the letter or numeral V was found in the earlier fitting of the cellar in the headquarters. Of uninscribed sculpture from Segontium two specimens must be recorded. One is a horned figure standing in a niche, of a type fairly common in this country as well as in Gaul, and intended to represent either Mercury or, more probably, an armed god. The attributes of the Segontium figure are not sufficiently clear, at least in the photograph, to make either attribution certain; but in many such sculptures the shield and spear are unmistakable. The other carving is not a new find, but does not seem to have been published. It is-an altar two feet high in Llanbeblig churchyard. The front face has perished. On one side is a ewer, on the other, and on the back, a wreath. For some years this stone lay in a south window in the church. 4. During the construction of a new road in rork, running from The Mount to South Bank, two large sepulchral slabs were discovered. The first (plate XXIV, no. I), found in July, I922, is a cippus measuring about 5 by 3 ft., with a sepulchral banquet above and inscription below. The sepulchral banquet scene is enclosed in a plain canopy with pine-cones in the spandrels. A lady reclines on a couch (though, owing to the clumsiness of the sculptor, she seems to stand behind it) with a cup in her hand. In front is the usual three-legged table with vessels upon it and an attendant with a jug. To right, standing in front of a second table, is a bearded man in a cloak and boots, holding a scroll in his right hand. To left another lady sits in a wicker chair and holds a bird. These motives are not unusual; a figure at Carlisle, for instance, holds a bird (Eullie House Catalogue, ed. 2, no. I02). The inscription runs

D M IVLIE *VELVE *PIENTISSI ME *VIXIT *AN *L *AVREL MERCVRIALIS *HER *FACI VNDVM CVRAVIT VIVVS SIBI *ET SVIS * FECIT

D(is) M(anibus) 7uli(a)e Velv(a)e pientissim(a)e. Vixit a(nos) I Aurel(ius) Mercurialis her(es) faciundum curavit, vivus sibi et suis fecit. ' In memory of the excellent Julia Velua, aged 50. Set up by order of her heir Aurelius Mercurialis, who made (this tomb)

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 236 ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1221 AND I922.

during *his lifetime for himself and his family.' The namneVelua seems to be Celtic ; we may compare such names as Vellocatus, and the tombstone inscribed Velvor filia Broho(magli?) at Llandyssul, near Newcastle Emlyn, Cardiganshire, figured as no. I12 in Hiibner's Inscriptiones Britanniae Christianae, and described recently in A. Camb. LXXVII, 2I3. The stone is broken in two across the figures but is otherwise in perfect condition. It is now in the Yorkshire Museum at York.

5. The second cippus (plate XXIV, no. 2), found three months later at the same place, but two feet lower down. It measures 6 ft. 2 in. by 3 ft. 2 in., and is about 8 in. thick. Like the other, it is in good condition and has been broken in two; but in this case the break runs across the top of the inscribed panel. Beneath a canopy hung with two swags of laurel wreath a woman lies on a couch holding a cup ; in front is a three-legged table, beside which is an attendant with a jug. The inscription, in which tied letters are very freely used, runs:

D M MANTIae et Taet RICAE *ET *CANDIDAE EIVS MATRIM *BARITAE M *VRNIVS *SIM .... TITVLVM *POSIT

D(is) M(anibus) Manti[ae. et Taet]ricae et Candidae ejus matri Baritae, M. Urnius Sim ... titulum pos(u)it. 'To Mantia and Taetrica (?) and Candida (and ?) her (= their ?) mother Barita this inscription was set up by M. Urnius Sim . . The end of the name seems to be illegible. The latter part of line i is restored, in part conjecturally, from the remaining portions of the letters, the chief part of which is obliterated by the fracture. It is now in the Yorkshire Museum, York. The letters D M are in the spandrels at the top of the stone. The writers have to thank the Rev. Angelo Raine for photographs and a squeeze of the latter inscription, and Dr. Collinge, Keeper of the Yorkshire Museum, for the two illustrations. 6. An altar of unusual interest was found on the Chapel Hill at Housesteadsin October, 1920. This hill has already yielded a number of remarkable stones bearing witness to the singular religious institutions of the Tungrian garrison. The new stone has obvious connexions with the cult of 'Mars Thincsus' and the Two Alaisiagae, Beda and Fimmilena, commemorated by the great columnar stone Eph. Epigr. vii, 1040, now at Chesters; another stone, ibid. vii, 1041,

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND 1922. 237 is dedicated to ' Mars and the Two Alaisiagae.' The text of the new altar runs as follows:- DEABVS ALAISIA GIS *BAV DIHILLIE ET FRIAGA BI ET N AVG N HNAV DIFRIDI V-S-L- M DeabusAlaisiagis Baudihillieet Friagabi,et n(uminibus)Jug(ustorum), n(urmerus)Hnaudifridi v(otum)s(olvit) l(ibens) m(erito). 'Dedicated, in discharge of a vow, to the goddesses Alaisiagae, Baudihillie and Friagabi, and to the deity of the Emperors, by the numerusof Hnaudifridus.' The names of the new goddessesappear to mean Ruler of Battle and Giver of Freedom; their Teutonic character is sufficiently obvious, and they are no doubt Valkyries,whether or not they are found in explicit connexion with the god of war. The altar was dedicated by a regiment of Germans serving under its native chief, whose name Notfrid has, by a not uncommon solecism, been given a superfluousinitial H. The many interesting points arising out of this inscription have been fully dealt with bv Professor Bosanquet and others in Jrchaeologia Jeliana, ser. iii, vol. xixS pp. I85-I97. Both this and the next two stones have been seen and drawn by the second-named writer of this article. 7. A centurial stone found in situ in Hadrian's Wall, a little to the west of Housesteads,reads: D IULI CANDID! F The round U though irregularis not unknown(cf. Eph. Epigr. ix p. 603, on C.I.L. vii, 87ia). The century in question reappearson C.I.L. vii, 667, found somewherebetween Housesteadsand Cawfields, and now at Chesters: COH * I > IVLI CANDID. To which legion it belonged is not clear. It is published with a photograph in Jrch. Ael. ser. iii, xix, p. I98. 8. During the excavations at Chesters noticed above, another centurial stone was found, reading COH VIII 3 SABINI

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 238 ROMAN BRITAIN IN 192I AND 1922.

This was found among the stones fallen from Hadrian's Wall into the ditch of the fort where it underlies the Wall. It is tempting to identify the century with the J RVFI SABINI of C.I.L. vii, 682, found east of Cawfields; in this case the century would probably belong to the Second Legion, which built a great part of the Wall between Housesteads and Cawfields and also a length at Chesters. 9. During the work of repair now being carried out by H.M. Office of Works at Jedburgh Abbey, a Roman inscription was found in the summer of I922. It is a fragment of an altar, which preserves almost the whole of the inscription.

...... COH I FID VARDVL C R Xi 8 i EQ ET G QVINTIVS SEVERVS TRIB COH EIVSDEM DOM CAMVL RA vENNA V 2 S *2 * L* M.

.... coh(ors)I Fid(a) Vardul(lorum)c(ivium) R(omanorum)m(illiaria) eq(uitata) et G(aius) Quintius Severus, trib(unus) coh(ortis) eiusdem, dom(o) Camil(ia) Ra[v]enna, v(otum) s(olverunt) l(aeti) l(ibentes) in(erito). ' Dedicated, in discharge of a vow, to . . . by the First Loyal Cohort of Vardulli, Roman citizens, I,0OO strong, with a cavalry contingent, and G. Quintius Severus, tribune commanding the said cohort, a native of Ravenna, of the Camilian tribe.' The cutter has been given the letters CAMIL to cut, but by joining the MI has produced a ligatured MV, which suggests Camulodunum. The second-named writer has seen and drawn the stone, and is indebted to Dr. George Macdonald for photographs.

IO. In the excavations at Traprain Law in I92I, there was found a fragment of sandstone measuring in greatest length ia in., on the surface of which there was incised A B C and part of D, the rest of the letter having been broken off. This is the second inscription found on the hill, the previous one consisting of the letters I R I scratched with a sharp point on a sherd of pottery.

TILES AND BRICKS.

II. In the Deanery Field, Chester,December, 1922, a tile with the legionary stamp LEG XXVV was found in the excavations noted above (p. 205).

12. At Sea Mills, Bristol, a tile with the stamp of the Second Legion was recently acquired by Mr. Alfred Selley.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1921 AND 1922. 239

13. Mr. E. G. J. Amos reports the discovery of tiles at Dover, bearing the stamp CLBR (classis Britannica). One has the stamp complete, another the first letter only and on its edge the numeral IV. I4. In the Victoria Road excavations at Cirencester a tile was found bearing a graffito inscription here reproduced (plate xxiii, no. 2). It has been read as CLLTXVIIII, that is to say, ' So-and- so has made nineteen tiles' ; but the first mark differs from the usual cursive C. The following brick-stamps were found in a single heap: LHS, TPFC, TPFA, TPFL, ARVERI. All these are already known at Cirencester (see EphemerisEpigraphica,iv, II30;ix, 1286-7).

LEAD, ETC. I5. The greater part of a pig of lead was found in the excavations at Richborough, 1922, bearing the legend IMP NERVA CA . . . i6. In the excavations at Chesterton-on-Fosse, Warwickshire, a small fragment of lead inscribed in graffiti SETHAVS (or SETHRVS) DALMATICVM was found in 1922. 17. Near Eastwood, Ashover, Derbyshire, September, 1922,with a hoard of coins dating from 193 to 244, a silver ring with three letters inscribed on it, of which only OQ were legible.

III. PUBLICATIONS.

ABBREVIATIONSUSED IN THE FOLLOWING LIST. N. ==Note, as distinguished from an article. A. - Archaeologia. Ant. J. = The Antiquaries Journal. B.A.A.J. British Archaeological Association Jouriial. Camb. Cambrensis. C. and W. Tr.= Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Transactions. Essex Arch. Tr.-Essex Archaeological Society Transactions. J. = Journal. J.R.S. =Journal of Roman Studies. P.S.A.N.=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle. P.S.A. Scot. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Somerset Arch. Tr. Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society Transactions. Tr. Transactions.

ABBOTS LANGLEY, Late Celtic burial at, (Vt. 7. ii, 259, N.). ALLCROFT, A. HADRIAN. The Sussex War-Dyke (SussexAlrch. Collections,lxiii, 54-85). ALLEN, W. B. A note on Druidism (A. Camb., I922, lxxvii, I52 f.). ARNOLD, A. A. The earliest Rochester Bridge: was it built by the Romans ? (A. Cantiana, xxxv, I27 f.). BADDELEY, ST. C. A Romano-British Cemetery at Barnwood, Glos. (_7.R.S. x, 60-7). BAILEY, J. B. Recent finds at Maryport (C. and W. Tr. n.s. xxii, I40-2).

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 240 ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1921 AND 1922.

Battlesbury Camp, Wilts., Pits in, (Ant. 7. ii, 378, N.). Berks., see Frilford, Crawford. BLAIR, R. Catalogue of the inscribed and sculptured stones of the Roman period in the Black-gate Museum (Newcastle) 3rd ed. (A. Aeliana, ser. iii, xvii, I-I35). BOSANQUET, R. C. A new Roman inscription from Hexham (J. Aeliana, ser. iii, xviii. II7-I20). On an altar dedicated to the Alaisiagae (Ibid. xix, 185-I92). A newly-discovered centurial stone at Housesteads (Ibid. xix, I98-9). BRADLEY, H. Review of Mawer Place-namiesof Northumberlandand Durham (Eng. Hist. Rev. xxxvi, I92I, 204 ff). BROOKE, J. W. The excavation of a late Roman well at Mildenhall (Cunetio) (Wilts. Arch. Mag. xli, i5i-4). BRUTON, F. A. The Caratacus stone at Exmoor (J7.R.S. ix, 208-2IO); see also J. P. Hall, Caer Llugwy. Burford, Oxon., Stone coffin from, (Ant. 7. ii, S6, N.). BURY, PROF. J. B. The Notitia Dignitatum (7.R.S. x, 131-I54). BUSHE Fox, J. P. RichboroughCastle: Official Guide (London Stationery Office, 6d.) BUTTERFIELD, R. Roman eagle found at Keighley (rorks. Jrch. 7. xxvii, 385-6). BUXTON, L. H. D. Excavations at Frilford (Ant. 7. i, 87-97). Cambridge. Report on objects of antiquarian interest found in coprolite digging: during 1917 and I9I8 (Camb.Jntiq. Soc. Proc. xvi, 124-6). Excavations in the Cambridgeshire dykes (Ant. 7. ii, 57, N.). CHAMBERS, C. D. Romano-British Dovecots (7.R.S. x, 189-I93). Chester-le-Street, Roman coins from (P.S.A.N. ser. iii, ix, 30, 273). Two Roman altars from (Ibid. ix, 126) ; see also Spain. CHRISTY, M. Roman roads in Essex, an addendum (Essex Arch. Zr. xvi, I27 f.). Cissburv, see Toms. CLARKE, W. G. Recent discoveries in Norwich and Thetford (Norfolk and Norwich Jrch. Soc. Papers, xxi, 75 f.). COCKS, A. H. A Romano-British homestead in the Hambledon valley, Bucks. (A!. lxxi, I4I-198). COLLINGWOOD, R. G. Explorations in the Roman Fort at Ambleside and at other sites on the Tenth Iter (C. and W. Er. n.s. xxi). A note on Brocavum (lbid. xxii, I40-2). The Roman Fort at Bewcastle (Ibid. xxii, I69-I85). Castlhsteads (Ibid. xxii, I98-234). Notes on the Pilgrimage of the Roman Wall (P.S.A.N. ser. iii, ix, 295-299). The Chesters Museum (Ibid. ix, 288-293). Hardknot Castle and the Tenth Antonine Itinerary (A. lxxi, i-i6). COLLINSON, PROF. W. E. On an altar dedicated to the Alaisiagae (A. Aeliana, ser. iii,. Xix, I97 f*)- Cornelii Taciti de Vita Agricolae, ed. by H. Furneaux, 2nd ed., revised and largely re- written by J. G. C. Anderson, M.A., with contributions by the late Prof. Haver- field (Oxford Clar. Press, I922, 7/6 net). CORTEAULT, P. Un autel votif a la Tutelle decouvert a' Bordeaux (Rev. des. Etudes anciennes, xxiv, 236 f.). CREE,J. E. and A. O. CURLE. Account of the excavations on Traprain Law during the- summer of I92I (P.S.A. Scot. ser. v, viii, I89-259). CRAWFORD, 0. G. S. Man and his Past. Oxford, I92I. A Roman site at Ham, near Newbury, Berks. (Ant. 7. ii, 218-9). See The rear's Work. CUNNINGTON, M. E. On pottery discovered at Mildenhall (Cunetio) (Wilts. Jrch. Mag. xli, 153 f.) . Brooches from Cold Kitchen Hall (Man.. I92I, p. I32 f., Wilts. Jrch. Mag. xlii, 67). The dating of ' camps' (A. Camb. lxxvii. 390-I, N.).

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN 192I AND I922. 241

CURLE,A. 0. Account of the excavations on Traprain Law during the summer of I920 (P.SA. . Scot. lv, I53 f.). The recent discovery of silver at Traprain Law (Ant. 7. i, 42-4). See also Cree. CURWEN,E. and E. C. Notes on the archaeology of Burpham and the neighbouring Downs (Sussex Jrch. Coll. lxiii, i f. N). Some Roman antiquities (Ibid. lXiii, 220). DALTON, 0. M. Roman spoons from Dorchester (Dorset), (Ant. 7. ii, 89, f. Cf. also ibid. i, 270, N.). DELANY,M. C. Historical Geographyof the WealdenIron Industry (Benn, London, 1922). Dorsets. See Dalton, Rosse. DREXEL, F. Bauten und Denkmaler der Brittonen am Limes (Germania vi, 31-7). Dumfriesshire. See Royal Commission. EKWALL,E. The place-naviesof Lancashire (Manchester Univ. Press, I922). Essex. See Royal Commission . . . Wheeler, Laver. FAIR, M. C. Roman stones in Eskdale (C. and W. Tr. n.s. >i, 274). FERRAR,W. J. Cornish saints and kings (LondonQuarterly Rev. April, I922). Farnham. Roman road (Suirrey Arch. Collectionsxxxiii, I920, II6). Fox, C. J. See Cambridgeshire. Fox, J. P. B. See Bushe Fox. GARDNER,W. Excavaitionsin the Hill-Fort of Dinorben (A. Camb. lXxvi, 237, lxxvii; Brit'. rch. Assoc. Report, I920). The ancient Hill-Fort on Moel Fenlli, Denbighshire (A. Camb. lxxvi, 237-252). The ancient Hill-Fort known as Caer Drewyn, Merionethshire (Ibid. lXXVii,1o8-I25). Gloucestershire, Akeman Street in, (A4nt.7. ii, 261, N.). Discovery of a Roman coffin at Lower Slaughter (Ibid. i, 340, N.). GOVER(J. E. B.) The place-namesof Middlesex (London, I922). GRAY, H. ST. G. Excavations at Murtry Hill, Orchardleigh Park (Somersets.Arch. Tr. lxvii, 39, ff.). Additions of Roman finds to Taunton Museum (Ibid. lxvii, p. lxxii,.lxxviii, N.). Roman coffins discovered at Keynsham (Ant. 7. ii, 37I-5, Somersets.Arch. Tr. lxviii). Great Berkhamstead, Herts., Find of Roman remains 'at (Ant. 7. ii, 379, N.). Grimsdyke, The (Ibid. i, 235-6, N.). GRUNDY,G. B. Ancient highways and tracksof Wilts., Berks.and Hants (Arch. 7. lxxv, 69-I 75)- Guide to the Antiquities of RomanBritain in the Departmentof British and Medieval Antiquities, British Mitseum (Oxford, I922. 2/6). HALL, J. P. Caer Llugwy, ed. by F. A. Bruton (Manchester, pp. 64, io/6 net). Hants. Earthworks near Bournemouth (A4nt. 7. i, 339, N.). HAVERFIELD,F. A Catalogueof the Romaninscribed and sculptutredstones in the Museum, Tullie House, Carlisle. 2nd ed. (Tullie House, Carlisle, 1922). Roman Leicester (Arch. 7. lxxv, i-46). Romanisation of Roman Britain, 4th ed., revised by George Macdonald (Oxford Clar. Press, 1922, 7/6 net). HAYTER, A. G. K. Excavations at Segontium (interim report) (A. Camb.lxxvi, I9-52). HEMP, W. J. Note on a road from St. Asaph to Holywell (Flints. Hist. Soc. Publications lx, 82-87); see also J. P. Hall, Caer Llugwy. Herts., see Abbots Langley, Great Berkhamstead,St. Albans. HODGSON,MRS. Problems of the Wall (C. and W. Tr. new ser. xxi, 260-264). HOOLEY, R. W. Note on a hoard of iron currency-bars found on Worthy Down, Winchester (Ant. 7. i, 321-7). HOPE, L. E. Roman relics recently added to the Carlisle Museum (C. and W. Tr. n.s. xxi, 270-272). Roman tile of the ninth legion from Scalesceugh (Ibid. n.s. xxii, 456-7, N.) and AYRIS. Recent finds in Fisher Street, Carlisle (Ibid. n.s. xxii, 459-60).

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 242 ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1921 AND 1922.

HORSLEY, CANON J. W. Place-namesin Kent (Maidstone, I92I, 3/6). Housesteads,Northumberland, Roman altar at (Ant.7. ii, 262, N.). See alsoBosanquet. HUGHES, H. H. Prehistoricremains on Penmaenmawr,4th report (A. Camb.lxxvii, 346-359). HUNT, A. The Roman conquest and occupation of Lincolnshire (B.A.A.j. n.s. Xxvii,*6i, f.). JENKINS, R. Sussex Iron Industry (Engineering,192I). Ireland, Roman remains in (Ant. 7. ii, 380) see also McElderry. KARSLAKE, LT.-COL. J. B. P. Further observations on the polygonal type of settlement in Britain (Ant. 7. i, 393, f.). On Coldharbours (Ant. 7. ii, 238, f.). Kent. Discovery of the remains of Watling Street, Gravesend, (Ant. 7. ii, 26I, N.). Roman burials in (Ibid. i, I4I, N.). See also Whiting. Keynsham, see Gray. KINDERSLEY, MAJOR G. M. Roman remains at Welwyn Ant. 7. i, 366, ii, 24; B.A.A.7. n.s. xxvii, 230). LAMBERT, F. Some recent excavations in london (A. lxxi, 55-II2). LAVER, P. G. The Roman Wall of Colchester (B.A.A.7. new ser. xxvi, 22-32); see also Wheeler. LETHABY, PROF. Londinium: architecture and the crafts (The Builder, I922, monthly articles). London. Roman walls in Gracechurch Street and Cornhill (Ant. 7. ii, I40, 260, N.). Roman remains in (Ibid. i, 237, N.). See also Lambert. MACDONALD, G. The Agricolan occupation of North Britain (7.R.S. ix, III-138). McELDERRY, PROF. R. K. The date of Agricola's governorship of Britain (7.R.S. x, 68-78). Juvenal in Ireland ? (Classical Quarterly xvi, ISI-I62). MACKAIL, PROF. J. W. Ammianus Marcellinus (7.R.S. x, I03-II8). MAJOR, ALBANY F. Geography of the lower Parrett in early times (Somersets.Arch. Proc. lxvi, 62, f.). MALDON, H. E. Denarius of M. Sergius Silus on Woodvers Farm, Wotton, near Ockley (Surrey Arch. Collectionsxxiii, II7). MANNING, P. and E. T. LEEDS. An archaeological survey of Oxfordshire (A. lxxi, 227-265). Margidunum, Discoveries on the site of (Ant. 7. ii, 26i, N.). MARTIN, DR. W. and W. C. EDWARDS. Recent London excavations (Londonand Middle- sex Arch. Soc. Er. n.s. iv, 332-352). MARTIN, A. TRICE. RomanBritain ... as illustratedby ... Caerwent(Historical Associa- tion Leaflet, no. S3, Oct. I922). MATTINGLY, H. A find of Roman denarii near Nuneaton (Num. Chron.ser. v, i, 145? f-)- Find of Siliquae at Dorchester, Dorset (Num. Chron. I922, PP. I34-9, Num. Soc. Proc. I922, P. 35, N.). Some recent finds of Roman coins in Denbighshire and Jersey(Ibid. pp. I2-I3, N.). MAWER, A. Northumberland history in the light of place-names (A. Aeliana, ser. ii, xviii, I-9). MAY, T. The Romanfort of Templebroulgh,near Rotherham(Corporation of Rotherham, I922, 132 pp., 6i plates, 25/-). MILLER, S. N. TheRoman fort at Balmuildy (Glasgow, Maclehose and Jackson, 1922, Pp. XX+ I20, 58 plates). MINETY. Roman (?) brick and tile kiln at OakseyCommon (Wilts. Arch. Mag. xli, 424-5 and Ant. 7. i, 238, N.). MOTFIERSOLE,JESSIE. Hadrian's Wall (The Bodley Head, I922, 8/6 net).

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ROMAN BRITAIN IN I92I AND I922. 243

NEWSTEAD, R. The Roman cemetery in the Infirmary Field, Chester; part ii, (Alnnals of Archaeologyand Anthropology,viii, 49-60). Northumberland, see Housesteads, Bosanquet. PASSMORE, A. D. Roman Wanborough (Wilts. Jrch. Mag. xli, 272-280). Notes on Roman finds in North Wilts. (Ibid. p. 389-395). PAYNE,. G. List of articles on Roman finds in Kent (A. Cantiana, xxxv, i6S-6). Pilgrimage of the Roman Wall (P.S.A.N. ser. iii, ix, 28I-299; C. and W. Tr. n.s. xxi, 257-270). RAINE, A. Roman inscribed stones found at York (rorks. Jrch. 7. xxvi, 386-9). RAMSAY, J. H. Roman advance in Britain and the City of Perth (Scottish Hist. Rev July, I922). REDFERN, H. Roman well in Scotch Street, Carlisle (C. and W. Tr. n.s. xxi, 253). RICHMOND,I. A. Ptolemaic Scotland (P.S.A. Scot. I92I). ROBSON,S. S. Rochester bridge: the Roman bridge in masonry (A. Caittiana xxxv, I39). Ross, P. The Roman road from Low Borrow Bridge to Brougham Castle, Westmorland (Bradford Antiquary, xxi). RoSSE,J. and CAPTAIN ACLAND. An unidentified Roman pavement (Somersetand Dorset N. aid Q. xvii, II2, I47). Royal Commissionon Historical Monuments(England). An Inventory. . . in Essex, vols. ii, iii (the last includes Colchester) (Stationery Office, London, 192I, I922). (Scotland) Seventh Report (Dumfriesshire). (Wales and Monmouthshire) vol. vi. The County of Merioneth (I92I). Saint Albans. Roman pottery at St. Stephen's (Ant. 7. ii, 6i, N.). SALZMANN (L. F.) Roman coins found at Newhaven (SussexJrch. Collectionslxii, 20I). Scilly Isles, Roman altar in (Ant. 7. i, 239, N.). Seaton, Devon, Roman remains at (Ibid. i, 237-8, N.). Segontium. See Hayter, Wheeler. SIEBS, PROF.THEODOR, on An altar dedicated to the Alaisiagae(A. Aeliana, ser. iii, xix, I85). SIMPSON, F. GERALD and R. C. SiIAW. The purpose and date of the Vallum and its crossings (C. and W. Er. n.s. xxii, 353-433). An excavation at Chesters in October, I92I (P.S.J.N. ser. iii, x, 2I6-8). Recent excavation of Chesters (C. and W'. Tr. xxii, n.s. 462). SMITH, R. A. On some recent exhibits (Ant. 7. ii, 93). See Guide. Somerset, Roman remains in North (Alnt.7. ii, 55, 380-I, N.); see also Gray, Walter. SPAIN,LT.-COL. G. R. B. The Black Dyke in Northumberland (A. Aeliana, ser. iii, Xix, I2I-I68). Collection of Samian and other ware from Chester-le-Street (P.S.J.N. n.s. xiii, I8-2I). The Gods of the Wall (The CornhillMagazine, Dec. I922, PP. 68o-694). Strand, Roman Bath in the (The Sphere,December i6th, I922, P. xii). SUMNER, H. A descriptivzeaccoitnt of the Roman Pottery sites at Slodenand Black Heath Meadow, Linwood,New Forest (London, Chiswick Press, I92I). Surrey, see Maldon. Sussex, see Toms. Swarling, Kent. Late Celtic urn-field (B.A.X.7. n.s. xxvii, 89; Ant. 7. i, 339, ii, 3I2, N.). TAYLOR, GLEN A. Find of Roman' coins at Skewen (A. Camb. lxxvii, 4I4-6, Numis. Soc. Proc. 1922, P. 9). TAYLOR, M. V. The RomanVilla at North Leiglh(Oxford Clar. Press, I/-). Roman Flintshire (Flints. Hist. Soc. Publications,ix, 58-96). ToMs, H. S. Cissbury Earthworks (Alnt. 7. i, 237, ii, I39, I64, 377-8). Note on a Roman road (SussexArch. Collectionslxiii, I63). Sussex Earthworks(Sussex Daily ANewsand CountyHerald, ioth March, 6th April, 4th May, iith Juie, I 92I).

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 244 ROMAN BRITAIN IN 192I AND I922.

Wales. Excavations at Bryn-y-Gefeiliau, Carnarvonshire(Ant 7. i, 6o, N.) ; see also J. P. Hall. Roman remains iri Wales (Ibid. i, 62, ii, 62, 64, N.). Roman inscription at Caerleon (Ibid. i, 62, N.). For Dinorben see Gardner. See also Hiyter, Wheeler. WALTER,H. Some recent finds on Ham Hill (Ant. 7. ii, 38I, N.); Somersets.Arck. and NIV..S. Proc. lxvii, pp. lxxi, lxxiii-v). WEBB, P. H. Segontium, see Wheeler and Hayter. Third Century Roman mints and marks (Nutm.Chron. ser. v, i, 254, f.). A coin of Carausiusfrom Traprain Law (Numn. Soc. Proc. 1922, pp. I4- I5, N.). WIIEELER, R. E. M. and P. G. LAVER. Roman Colchester (7.R.S. ix, 139-I69). An insula in Roman Colchester.(Essex A-rch. Ir. xvi, 7, f). The vaults under Colchester Castle (7.R.S. x, 87-9). Archaeology in Wales, January, 1914-September 1921 (Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Stzudies,October, 1921, pp. 66-90). Excavations at Segontium in 1921 (J. Camb. lxxvi, I70-204, Anglesey Antiq. Soc. Erans., 1922). Excavations at Segontium in 1922 (A4. Camb. 1XXVii,258-326). Roman Cardiff: Supplementary Notes (Ant. 7. ii, 36I-70). Roman and native in Wales: an imperial frontier problem (Tr. of the Hon. Soc. of Cymmroalorion,1920-I921). An Earthworkat Bryn Glas near Carnarvon(A. Camnb.lxxvii, 126-I34). WHITING, W. A Roman cemetery discovered at Ospringe, Kent, in 1920 (A. Cantianta xxxv, i-i6, cf. also N. in Ant. 7. i, B.1.A.7,IIi, new ser. xxvii, 234-5). WIGHT, E. Romano-British habitation site on Kithurst Hill (Sussex Arch. Collections lxiii, 222, N.). WILLIAMS, HOWEL. The Romano-British site at Rhostryfen, Carnarvonshire (A. Camb. lxxvii, 335-346). Wilts. See Minety, Brooke, Cunnington, Passmore. Woodeaton, Oxon., Excavations at (Ant. 7. i, 339, N.). WOODWARD,A. M. Ilkley coins (rorks. Nurm.Soc. 1922, p. I62, f.). A decorative bronze Silenus-Mask from Ilkley (7.R.S. x, I85-8). The building inscription from Greta Bridge (rorks. Arch. 7. xxvi, 389-39o, N.). Review of May's 'Templebrough' (Ibid. xxvii, 112-lI6). rear's Workin Archaeology,The, 1921 (Congressof Jrch. Soc. 1922).

FORTHCOMING WORKS.

COLLINGWOOD, R. G. Roman Biritain (Oxford Univ. Press, 2/6). Tle Occupationof RomanBritain. Six Ford lecturesdelivered in the University of Oxford by the late ProfessorHaverfield. Revised and supplemented by George Macdonald, with a biographical note of the author and a bibliography of his writings, with many illustrations. (8vo. Oxford Univ. Press). WINDLE, SIR BERTRAM. The Romans in Britain. (Methuen, I2/6).

ADDENDUM. A note by lVMessrs.P. Westell (of Letchworth Museum) and J. P. Young on further discoveriesof the villa at Purwell, Great Wymondley (see VJict.Co. Hist., Herts. iv, I69 seq.), during I92I came in too late to be included in this list. It will appear in that for I923.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions J.R.S. vol. xi (I92I). PLATE XIX.

NO. I. TESSELLATED PAVEMENT FOUND IN VICTORIA ROAD, C IRENCESTER, FEB. 1922 (p. 209).

NO2 ROA OBET FON.NECVTOSO A,12 p 3)

I 2 3 ~4

5 6

*5 a *6 7~~~~~~~

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions J.R.S. vol. xI (1921). PLATE XX.

NO. I. TESSELLATED PAVEMENT FOUND IN VICTORIA ROAD, CIRENCESTER, FEB. 1922 (P. 209).

NO. 2. FOUNDATIONS OF A HOUSE FOUND IN VICTORIA ROAD, CIRENCESTER, FEB. 1922 (P. 209).

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions J.R.S. Vol. xi (1921). PLATE XXI.

-r ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r

13~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

14~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

1.3

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions J.R.S. vol. xi (192i). PLATE XXII.

NO0. I. SEGONTIUMI (CARNARVON). THE CELLAR IN THE ROMAN FORT (P. 225).

NO. 2.CENIUNER(ARYUNSRFOUND:TECLA FINSBIN RCIRCU OMA (p. 225).

O. 2 C Y US F D IN FiNs * '.

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions J.R.S. vol. xi (q921). PLATE XXIII.

6. T6 P

I 0 I 2 INCHES

NO. I. OBJECTS FOUND IN EXCAVATIONS ON TRAPRAIN LAW, HADDINGTONSHIRE, 1921 (p. 23I).

7~~~~~~

NO2.TIEFRM IENESE ( 29

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions PLATE XXIV. J.R.S. vol. Xl (I92I).

' l iAt''~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .' - .'X

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Thu, 8 May 2014 22:56:14 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions