ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FIGURES

Cranial cc carotid canal cer cerebral region aam anterior ampulla ch choana acc.op accessory opening ci crista interfenestralis ampr rostromedial process CLM cerebellum (region of) an angular clp caudolateral process of premaxilla aofe antorbital fenestra cor coronoid aofo antorbital fossa cp cultriform process apt pa paranasal aperture cpb prootic-basisphenoid crest apt pal palatine aperture cpr crista prootica ar articular cr cranium asc anterior semicircular canal crqp cranioquadrate passage ave vestibular eminence ct crista tuberalis b secondary ridge(s) d dentary bc fused bones of braincase da diastema boc basioccipital de ductus endolymphaticus bpt basipterygoid process dpl ductus perilymphaticus bptr basipterygoid recess ds shelf on dentary bs basiphenoidal sinus; sinuslike opening in the basisphenoid and basioccipital dtr dorsal tympanic recess bsp basiphenoid e ethmoid bt basal tuber eam external acoustic meatus bul parabasisphenoid bulla ect ectopterygoid buv bulla vestibularis emf external mandibular fenestra c tertiary ridge(s) en external naris ca cartilage ep epoccipital cap carotid process ept epipterygoid cav na nasal cavity proper exoexoccipital cbl cerebral hemispheres (general region of) exoc-op exoccipital-opisthotic

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FIGURES ix ffrontal lsp laterosphenoid faoophthalmic artery foramen mc contact with maxilla fe auditory foramen md mandible fime fissura metotica mf metotic fissure fj jugular foramen/canal mg mandibular groove fl floccular lobe mo medulla oblongata flc foramen lacerum caudalis mom medial osteodermal mass overlying narial region flr foramen lacerum rostralis mpnf combined opening for metotic foramen and foramen into basioccipital sinus fm foramen magnum mr median ridge foforamen ovale msh mesial shelf on the crown margin fp footplate mx maxilla fpd articular facet for predentary mxc maxillary contact on rostromedial process of fs fossa subarcuata maxilla ham horizontal ampulla mxf maxillary fenestra hf hypophyseal fossa mxn maxillary notch hsc horizontal semicircular canal mxpr toothlike process of maxilla hy hyoid mxt maxillary trough idp interdental plate na nasal ifb interfenestral bar nac contact with nasal in internal nares nafonarial fossa inpmx premaxillary notch nar nasal ramus of maxilla ins internasal septum nf neurovascular foramen int integumentary structure nonodes int orb interorbital bones np nasal passage iof infraorbital fossa npr nasal projection ip interdental plate oorbit iptv interpterygoid vacuity oc occipital condyle itf infratemporal fenestra ocf occipital foramen j jugal ol olfactory lobe jc contact with jugal oona osteoderms overlying nasal bone jf jugal foramen oopmx osteoderms overlying premaxillary bone jr jugal ridge ooqj osteoderms overlying quadratojugal bone l lacrimal oosq osteoderms overlying squamosal bone lac contact with lacrimal op opisthotic lbr lateral basisphenoidal recess opt optic lobes (region of) lc lacrimal canal osp orbitosphenoid ldp lateral depression ot olfactory tract lf lacrimal foramen otc otosphenoidal crest lg lagena oto otoccipital lgd lagenar duct otu olfactory turbinate lh lacrimal “horn” p parietal lom lateral osteodermal mass overlying narial region pal os cd caudoventral osseous secondary palate lsb laterosphenoid buttress pal os ro rostrodorsal osseous secondary palate x ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FIGURES palr palatine ramus qf quadrate foramen pam posterior ampulla qj quadratojugal pap palpebral qr quadrate ramus pd predentary rrostral peg palatine peg rc recessus crus communis pf posttemporal fenestra repcr replacement crown pfc contact with prefrontal res resorption facet pit pituitary fossa rp Rathkes pouch pitf pituitary foramen rq right quadrate (appears to be reconstructed on the left side) pl palatine rt respiratory turbinate plci perilymphic cistern S cranial sinus pld perilymph duct pmc contact with premaxilla S’ maxillary sinus pmf premaxilla-maxilla fenestra s sacculus pmlf premaxillary-lacrimal foramen sa surangular pmx premaxilla sac saccule pmx1 caudolateral process of premaxilla saf surangular foramen pmx2 caudodorsal process of premaxilla sbtf subtemporal fenestra pmxf premaxillary foramen scl sclerotic ring pnf pneumatic foramen sd supradentary popostorbital set sella turcica poc paroccipital process sf surangular foramen pof postfrontal sk skull elements pop pneumatic opening sm skull and mandible ppf postpalatine fenestra snf subnarial foramen pqf paraquadratic foramen so, so1, so2 supraorbital, supraorbital 1, supraorbital 2 pra prearticular soc supraoccipital prf prefrontal sor subotic recess prmf promaxillary fenestra spl splenial proprootic sq squamosal pro alv alveolar border sqp pit on squamosal pro cor qj projection at corner of quadratojugal srf subrostral foramen pro cor sq projection at corner of squamosal ss sagittal suture pro man pt mandibular process of pterygoid st stapes prs presphenoid stf supratemporal fenestra ps parasphenoid su superior utricle psc posterior semicircular canal sut suture psr parasphenoid rostrum sw swollen area pt pterygoid sy mandibular symphysis ptf pterygoid flange t tabular ptr pterygoid ramus tgr groove for replacement tooth crown q quadrate totooth qc quadrate condyle tp tooth puncture mark

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FIGURES xi trnc transverse nuchal crest Axial Skeleton tub pd predentary tubercles aic axial intercentrum

V palatal vault at atlas v vomer atic atlantal intercentrum voc slot for vomer on rostromedial process of maxilla atna atlantal neural arch vs vomerine suture ax axis w tooth wear axic axial intercentrum x hole produced by postmortem damage c3, c4, c5, etc. third, fourth, fifth cervical vertebra, etc.

ca1, ca2, etc. first, second caudal vertebra, etc.

cacpl caudal centroparapophyseal lamina Cranial Soft Anatomy cav caudal vertebra(e) Muscle terms designate the muscle or attachment site. ccdl caudal centrodiapophyseal lamina ab A. (arteria) basilaris cdch caudal conos arpal A. palatinus cedi centrodiapophyseal lamina ce cerebral region ch chevron c.n. I–XII exits for cranial nerves chpl centrohyposphenal lamina c.n. VIIp palatine branch of c.n. VII chr chevron rod fil integumentary filaments cr cervical rib ic internal carotid a. crch cranial chonos lhv lateral head vein crcpl cranial centroparapophyseal lamina maem M. (musculus) adductor mandibulae externus cs caudosacral vertebra(e) medialis maep M. adductor mandibulae externus profundus cv cervical vertebra(e) maes M. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis d1, d2, d3, etc. first, second, third dorsal vertebra, etc. mamc M. adductor mandibulae caudalis di diapophysis mdm M. depressor mandibulae dr dorsal rib mlp M. levator pterygoidei ds dorsosacral vertebra(e) mpa median palatine artery ds1, ds2 dorsosacral vertebra 1, 2 mpd M. pterygoideus dorsalis dv dorsal vertebra(e) mpp M. protractor pterygoidei ep epipophysis mps M. pseudotemporalis g gastralia mpv M. pterygoideus ventralis h hemapophysis oa orbital artery hy hypapophysis pa palatine artery hyp hyposphene-hypantrum rc ramus cranialis of internal carotid a. hypa hypantrum sl sinus longitudinalis hypohyposphene ts transverse sinus ifhy infrahyposphenal lamina vcc V. (vena) cerebralis caudalis ifpoinfrapostzygapophyseal lamina vcd V. capitis dorsalis ifpr infraprezygapophyseal lamina vcm V. cerebralis medius inat intercentrum of atlas vcms V. cerebralis medius secunda inax intercentrum of axis vcr V. cerebralis rostralis iprl intraprezygapophyseal lamina vpar V. parietalis lasp laterospinal lamina

xii ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FIGURES ldv last dorsal vertebra supr supraprezygapophyseal lamina lifpo lateroinfrapostzygapophyseal lamina sv sacral vertebra(e) mch medial chonos sy sacral or sacrocostal yoke naat neural arch of atlas tp transverse process nas neural arch sutural surface tps sutural surface for ventral surface of the transverse process of the neural arch odp odontoid process vt vertebra pa parapophysis z zygosphene padi paradiapophyseal lamina zy zygantrum pat proatlas pf pneumatic foramen pl pleurocoel Appendicular Skeleton poced postcentrodiapophyseal lamina a astragalus podl postzygadiapophyseal lamina ac acetabulum por postzygapophyseal rod acf cranial furrow of astragalus posacr postsacral rod acr acromion posl postspinal lamina adb dorsal basin of astragalus poz postzygapophysis or postzygapophyseal facet adp dorsal process of astragalus ppdl paradiapophyseal lamina af facet for the ascending process of the astragalus pra proatlas afa fibular articulation on astragalus prcep precentroparapophyseal lamina alvd lateroventral depression of astragalus prdl prezygadiapophyseal lamina an antitrochanter prpa prezygaparapophyseal lamina ap ambiens process prr prezygapophyseal rod ar acromial ridge prsl prespinal lamina asp ascending process of astragalus prz prezygapophysis or prezygapophyseal facet brs brevis shelf psacr presacral rod bt biceps tubercle on coracoid py pygostyle bvf brevis fossa pz prezygapophysis or postzygapophysis c calcaneum rd elongated prezygapophyses and chevrons of middle and distal caudal vertebrae ca cartilage rsl, rs2, etc. first, second sacral rib, etc. cat calcaneal tuber s true sacral cb carpal block s1, s2, etc. first, second sacral vertebra, etc. ccl contact for clavicle sa sacrum cdp caudodorsal process of ischium sp neural spine cf coracoid foramen spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina cflf fossa for M. caudofemoralis longus spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina cig cranial (extensor) groove of femur sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina cl clavicle spt spine table cm carpometacarpus srtp1, srtp2 first, second sacral rib-transverse process cmvp medioventral projection of calcaneum st sternum cn cnemial crest sudi supradiapophyseal lamina cne centrale suposuprapostzygapophyseal lamina cocoracoid

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FIGURES xiii cocp caudal process of coracoid hrc radial condyle of humerus ct coracoid tuber i intermedium ctgr crista tibiofibularis groove idk distal knob of ischium cup cuppedicus fossa il ilium cvp caudoventral process of ischium ilcp cranial process of ilium dc distal carpal(s) ilmp medial process of ilium dc1, 2, 3, 4 distal carpal 1, 2, 3, 4 ilp iliac peduncle dp deltopectoral crest imdr mediodorsal ridge of ischium dt distal tarsal(s) is ischium ep extensor process isb buttress for M. sartorius on ilium f femur isp ischial peduncle f4t fourth trochanter of femur isra sacral rib articulation on ilium fcril cranial intermuscular line of femur k knob on metatarsal II (M. tibialis anticus?) fct cranial trochanter of femur lc lateral condyle fdlt dorsolateral trochanter of femur lepc lateral epicondyle fdms muscle scar on laterocranial distal femur m manus ffaa facies articularis antitrochanterica of femur mc metacarpal ffc fibular condyle of femur mcf M. (musculus) caudofemoralis scar ffi fibular facet on tibia mct metacarpal tubercle fft fossa trocanterica of femur mec medial condyle fgt greater trochanter of femur mepc medial epicondyle fh femoral head mt metatarsal fhls ligament sulcus on femoral head obf obturator foramen fhmt medial tuberosity on femoral head obp obturator process fic fibular crest obr obturator ridge fifi M. iliofemoralis insertion on femur ol olecranon process fis fibular sulcus p pubis fl fibula pdb distal bevel of pubis fl ischial flange pe pes flc lateral condyle of femur pf pubic fenestra flts trochanteric shelf of femur ph phalanx, phalanges fmc medial condyle of femur pi pisiform fns foramen n. supracoracoideus pmdl mediodorsal lamina of pubis fts trochanteric shelf of femur poa postacetabular process fu furcula pra preacetabular process fxt flexor tubercle prp prepubic process gl glenoid cavity puf pubic foot gr longitudinal groove on proximal ischium pup pubic peduncle h humerus r radius hc horny claw rae radiale hh humeral head rbt biceps tubercle of radius hmt medial tuberosity of humerus sac supracetabular crest

xiv ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FIGURES sc scapula ..hs horizontal sheet sgb supraglenoid buttress ..ls lateral sheet sgf subglenoid fossa of coracoid ..ms medial sheet ste sternal ..vp ventral process t tibia tdp tibial descending process Geologic Time tfc fibular condyle of tibia AA Aalenian tic internal condyle of tibia AL Albian tmt tarsometatarsus AP Aptian tt tibiotarsus BA Bajocian tu tubercles on pubis BE Berriasian uI ungual of digit I of pes BR Barremian uII enlarged, slashing ungual of digit II of pes CA Carnian ul ulna CE Cenomanian ule ulnare CL Callovian I, II, . . . ,V first, second, . . . , fifth digit of manus or pes CM Campanian 1–4 first to fourth phalanges CO Coniacian HA Hauterivian Postcranial Soft Anatomy HE Hettangian fil integumentary filaments J Jurassic im ischial musculature KI Kimmeridgian int intestine Lad Ladinian liv liver? MA Maastrichtian lmf large muscular fibers NO Norian mcfb M. caudofemoralis brevis OX Oxfordian mcfl M. caudofemoralis longus P Permian pem pectoral musculature PL Pliensbachian tra trachea RH, Rht Rhaetian SA Santonian General Abbreviations SI Sinemurian TI Tithonian The following abbreviations should be preceded by the abbre- viation for the bone of which the process or sheet is a part. TO Toarcian ..cdp caudal descending process TU Turonian ..cp caudal process; cranial process VA Valanginian ..dp dorsal process

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN FIGURES xv