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University of Birmingham the Earliest Bird-Line Archosaurs and The
University of Birmingham The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan Nesbitt, Sterling; Butler, Richard; Ezcurra, Martin; Barrett, Paul; Stocker, Michelle; Angielczyk, Kenneth; Smith, Roger; Sidor, Christian; Niedzwiedzki, Grzegorz; Sennikov, Andrey; Charig, Alan DOI: 10.1038/nature22037 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Nesbitt, S, Butler, R, Ezcurra, M, Barrett, P, Stocker, M, Angielczyk, K, Smith, R, Sidor, C, Niedzwiedzki, G, Sennikov, A & Charig, A 2017, 'The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan', Nature, vol. 544, no. 7651, pp. 484-487. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22037 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: Checked for eligibility: 03/03/2017. General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. -
A Small Lepidosauromorph Reptile from the Early Triassic of Poland
A SMALL LEPIDOSAUROMORPH REPTILE FROM THE EARLY TRIASSIC OF POLAND SUSAN E. EVANS and MAGDALENA BORSUK−BIAŁYNICKA Evans, S.E. and Borsuk−Białynicka, M. 2009. A small lepidosauromorph reptile from the Early Triassic of Poland. Palaeontologia Polonica 65, 179–202. The Early Triassic karst deposits of Czatkowice quarry near Kraków, southern Poland, has yielded a diversity of fish, amphibians and small reptiles. Two of these reptiles are lepido− sauromorphs, a group otherwise very poorly represented in the Triassic record. The smaller of them, Sophineta cracoviensis gen. et sp. n., is described here. In Sophineta the unspecial− ised vertebral column is associated with the fairly derived skull structure, including the tall facial process of the maxilla, reduced lacrimal, and pleurodonty, that all resemble those of early crown−group lepidosaurs rather then stem−taxa. Cladistic analysis places this new ge− nus as the sister group of Lepidosauria, displacing the relictual Middle Jurassic genus Marmoretta and bringing the origins of Lepidosauria closer to a realistic time frame. Key words: Reptilia, Lepidosauria, Triassic, phylogeny, Czatkowice, Poland. Susan E. Evans [[email protected]], Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Uni− versity College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka [[email protected]], Institut Paleobiologii PAN, Twarda 51/55, PL−00−818 Warszawa, Poland. Received 8 March 2006, accepted 9 January 2007 180 SUSAN E. EVANS and MAGDALENA BORSUK−BIAŁYNICKA INTRODUCTION Amongst living reptiles, lepidosaurs (snakes, lizards, amphisbaenians, and tuatara) form the largest and most successful group with more than 7 000 widely distributed species. The two main lepidosaurian clades are Rhynchocephalia (the living Sphenodon and its extinct relatives) and Squamata (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians). -
Ministerio De Cultura Y Educacion Fundacion Miguel Lillo
MINISTERIO DE CULTURA Y EDUCACION FUNDACION MIGUEL LILLO NEW MATERIALS OF LAGOSUCHUS TALAMPAYENSIS ROMER (THECODONTIA - PSEUDOSUCHIA) AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE ON THE ORIGIN J. F. BONAPARTE OF THE SAURISCHIA. LOWER CHANARIAN, MIDDLE TRIASSIC OF ARGENTINA ACTA GEOLOGICA LILLOANA 13, 1: 5-90, 10 figs., 4 pl. TUCUMÁN REPUBLICA ARGENTINA 1975 NEW MATERIALS OF LAGOSUCHUS TALAMPAYENSIS ROMER (THECODONTIA - PSEUDOSUCHIA) AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE ON THE ORIGIN OF THE SAURISCHIA LOWER CHANARIAN, MIDDLE TRIASSIC OF ARGENTINA* by JOSÉ F. BONAPARTE Fundación Miguel Lillo - Career Investigator Member of CONICET ABSTRACT On the basis of new remains of Lagosuchus that are thoroughly described, including most of the skeleton except the manus, it is assumed that Lagosuchus is a form intermediate between Pseudosuchia and Saurischia. The presacral vertebrae show three morphological zones that may be related to bipedality: 1) the anterior cervicals; 2) short cervico-dorsals; and 3) the posterior dorsals. The pelvis as a whole is advanced, in particular the pubis and acetabular area of the ischium, but the ilium is rather primitive. The hind limb has a longer tibia than femur, and the symmetrical foot is as long as the tibia. The tarsus is of the mesotarsal type. The morphology of the distal area of the tibia and fibula, and the proximal area of the tarsus, suggest a stage transitional between the crurotarsal and mesotarsal conditions. The forelimb is proportionally short, 48% of the hind limb. The humerus is slender, with advanced features in the position of the deltoid crest. The radius and ulna are also slender, the latter with a pronounced olecranon process. A new family of Pseudosuchia is proposed for this form: Lagosuchidae. -
Heptasuchus Clarki, from the ?Mid-Upper Triassic, Southeastern Big Horn Mountains, Central Wyoming (USA)
The osteology and phylogenetic position of the loricatan (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) Heptasuchus clarki, from the ?Mid-Upper Triassic, southeastern Big Horn Mountains, Central Wyoming (USA) † Sterling J. Nesbitt1, John M. Zawiskie2,3, Robert M. Dawley4 1 Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA 2 Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, MI, USA 3 Department of Geology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA 4 Department of Biology, Ursinus College, Collegeville, PA, USA † Deceased author. ABSTRACT Loricatan pseudosuchians (known as “rauisuchians”) typically consist of poorly understood fragmentary remains known worldwide from the Middle Triassic to the end of the Triassic Period. Renewed interest and the discovery of more complete specimens recently revolutionized our understanding of the relationships of archosaurs, the origin of Crocodylomorpha, and the paleobiology of these animals. However, there are still few loricatans known from the Middle to early portion of the Late Triassic and the forms that occur during this time are largely known from southern Pangea or Europe. Heptasuchus clarki was the first formally recognized North American “rauisuchian” and was collected from a poorly sampled and disparately fossiliferous sequence of Triassic strata in North America. Exposed along the trend of the Casper Arch flanking the southeastern Big Horn Mountains, the type locality of Heptasuchus clarki occurs within a sequence of red beds above the Alcova Limestone and Crow Mountain formations within the Chugwater Group. The age of the type locality is poorly constrained to the Middle—early Late Triassic and is Submitted 17 June 2020 Accepted 14 September 2020 likely similar to or just older than that of the Popo Agie Formation assemblage from Published 27 October 2020 the western portion of Wyoming. -
Paleontological Skill and the Role of the Fossil Preparator
Methods in Preparation Proceedings of the First Annual Fossil Preparation and Collections Symposium Edited by Matthew A. Brown, John F. Kane, and William G. Parker Petrified Forest, 2009 ISBN 1-11111-111-1 All Copyrights retained by individual authors ©2009 Cover design by Matthew Brown. Main image: A newly opened field jacket in the preparation lab. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE v Matthew Brown and William Parker FOREWARD vi Gregory Brown ARTICLES PREPARATION IN ACTION: PALEONTOLOGICAL SKILL AND 3 THE ROLE OF THE FOSSIL PREPARATOR Caitlin Wylie WORKING FOSSIL LABORATORIES AS PUBLIC EXHIBITIONS 13 Annette Gavigan DINOSAURS, MUSEUMS, AND THE MODERNIZATION OF AMERICAN 21 FOSSIL PREPARATION AT THE TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY Paul Brinkman FOSSIL PREPARATION TEST: AN INDICATION OF MANUAL SKILLS 35 Lisa Bergwall MICROPREPARATION: ONE SAND GRAIN AT A TIME 41 Jean Pierre Cavigelli AN INTRODUCTION TO SOLUTION AND REACTION 53 ADHESIVES FOR FOSSIL PREPARATION Amy Davidson and Samantha Alderson ROTTEN WOOD IN SAND: DIFFICULT PREPARATION OF A LARGE 63 THEROPOD Anthony Maltese HISTOLOGICAL CORE DRILLING: A LESS DESTRUCTIVE 69 METHOD FOR STUDYING BONE HISTOLOGY Koen Stein and Martin Sander CREATING A MULTI-USE POLYURETHANE MOLD WITH A 81 REPLACEABLE POUR SPOUT Michael Cherney THE USE OF LINEAR COLLAPSIBLE FOAM FOR MOLDING ICHNOFOSSILS 87 IN THE FIELD Thomas Nolan, Rob Atkinson, and Bryan Small INEXPENSIVE AND SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION OF A MANUAL 93 CENTRIFUGE FOR RESIN CASTING Daniel Erickson PACKING METHODS FOR DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL 97 FOSSIL SHIPPING ReBecca -
Macroevolutionary Patterns in the Evolutionary Radiation of Archosaurs (Tetrapoda: Diapsida) Stephen L
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 101, 367–382, 2011 (for 2010) Macroevolutionary patterns in the evolutionary radiation of archosaurs (Tetrapoda: Diapsida) Stephen L. Brusatte1,2, Michael J. Benton3, Graeme T. Lloyd4, Marcello Ruta3 and Steve C. Wang5 1 Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA Email: [email protected] 2 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 3 School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK 4 Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK 5 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA ABSTRACT: The rise of archosaurs during the Triassic and Early Jurassic has been treated as a classic example of an evolutionary radiation in the fossil record. This paper reviews published studies and provides new data on archosaur lineage origination, diversity and lineage evolution, morpho- logical disparity, rates of morphological character change, and faunal abundance during the Triassic–Early Jurassic. The fundamental archosaur lineages originated early in the Triassic, in concert with the highest rates of character change. Disparity and diversity peaked later, during the Norian, but the most significant increase in disparity occurred before maximum diversity. Archo- saurs were rare components of Early–Middle Triassic faunas, but were more abundant in the Late Triassic and pre-eminent globally by the Early Jurassic. The archosaur radiation was a drawn-out event and major components such as diversity and abundance were discordant from each other. -
A Large Predatory Archosaur from the Late Triassic of Poland
A large predatory archosaur from the Late Triassic of Poland GRZEGORZ NIEDŹWIEDZKI, TOMASZ SULEJ, and JERZY DZIK Niedźwiedzki, G., Sulej, T., and Dzik, J. 2012. A large predatory archosaur from the Late Triassic of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57 (2): 267–276. We describe a new large predatory archosaur, Smok wawelski gen. et sp. nov., from the latest Triassic (latest Norian–early Rhaetian; approximately 205–200 Ma) of Lisowice (Lipie Śląskie clay−pit) in southern Poland. The length of the recon− structed skeleton is 5–6 m and that of the skull 50–60 cm, making S. wawelski larger than any other known predatory archosaur from the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic of central Europe (including theropod dinosaurs and “rauisuchian” crurotarsans). The holotype braincase is associated with skull, pelvic and isolated limb−bones found in close proximity (within 30 m), and we regard them as belonging to the same individual. Large, apparently tridactyl tracks that occur in the same rock unit may have been left by animals of the same species. The highly autapomorphic braincase shows large at− tachment areas for hypertrophied protractor pterygoideus muscles on the lateral surface and a wide, funnel−like region be− tween the basal tubera and basipterygoid processes on the ventral surface. The skeleton (cranial and postcranial) pos− sesses some features similar to those in theropod dinosaurs and others to those in large crocodile−line archosaurs (“rauisuchians”), rendering phylogenetic placement of S. wawelski difficult at this time. Key words: Archosauria, “Rauisuchia”, Dinosauria, Norian–Rhaetian, Late Triassic, Poland. Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki [[email protected]], Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, ul. -
Craniata and Vertebrata
CHAPTER 1 Craniata and Vertebrata The vertebrates or Vertebrata form an ancient group of descent. As hypotheses, they are testable and thus with a history spanning some 545 million years. On the open to falsifi cation when new data become available. If one hand, they include the organisms most familiar to a hypothesis is falsifi ed, then another one may be us, such as fi sh, birds, cats and dogs, as well as humans; proposed — for example, new evidence might show that on the other, few people are aware of the great diversity humans share a recent common ancestor with a different in their form, structure, and habits. Indeed, they include great ape than chimpanzees, such as orangutans. some of the largest and more complex organisms ever evolved. But vertebrates are part of a larger grouping of animals, and to understand their history and the devel- PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION opment of their structure, they must be placed in phy- logenetic context. For most of the past 250 years, the classifi cation of organ- In discussing vertebrates, several other groups of isms has followed the Linnean system, which uses ranks organisms are usually considered. A monophyletic or to designate levels of organization of the organisms being natural group (see later) of organisms is referred to as a classifi ed. Most readers will be familiar with the main taxon (plur., taxa ). The taxa related (in terms of recent formal Linnean ranks, ordered hierarchically from most common ancestry) to vertebrates include Echinodermata to least inclusive: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, (sand dollars, sea lilies, star fi sh, sea cucumbers, urchins), Family, Genus, and Species. -
3D Hindlimb Joint Mobility of the Stem-Archosaur Euparkeria
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN 3D hindlimb joint mobility of the stem‑archosaur Euparkeria capensis with implications for postural evolution within Archosauria Oliver E. Demuth1,2*, Emily J. Rayfeld1 & John R. Hutchinson2 Triassic archosaurs and stem‑archosaurs show a remarkable disparity in their ankle and pelvis morphologies. However, the implications of these diferent morphologies for specifc functions are still poorly understood. Here, we present the frst quantitative analysis into the locomotor abilities of a stem‑archosaur applying 3D modelling techniques. μCT scans of multiple specimens of Euparkeria capensis enabled the reconstruction and three‑dimensional articulation of the hindlimb. The joint mobility of the hindlimb was quantifed in 3D to address previous qualitative hypotheses regarding the stance of Euparkeria. Our range of motion analysis implies the potential for an erect posture, consistent with the hip morphology, allowing the femur to be fully adducted to position the feet beneath the body. A fully sprawling pose appears unlikely but a wide range of hip abduction remained feasible—the hip appears quite mobile. The oblique mesotarsal ankle joint in Euparkeria implies, however, a more abducted hindlimb. This is consistent with a mosaic of ancestral and derived osteological characters in the hindlimb, and might suggest a moderately adducted posture for Euparkeria. Our results support a single origin of a pillar‑erect hip morphology, ancestral to Eucrocopoda that preceded later development of a hinge‑like ankle joint and a more erect hindlimb posture. Archosaurs were the predominant group of large terrestrial and aerial vertebrates in the Mesozoic era and included pterosaurs, the familiar dinosaurs (including birds), crocodylomorphs and an intriguing variety of Triassic forms. -
Early Triassic
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A new specimen of Prolacerta broomi from the lower Fremouw Formation (Early Triassic) of Received: 12 June 2018 Accepted: 21 November 2018 Antarctica, its biogeographical Published: xx xx xxxx implications and a taxonomic revision Stephan N. F. Spiekman Prolacerta broomi is an Early Triassic archosauromorph of particular importance to the early evolution of archosaurs. It is well known from many specimens from South Africa and a few relatively small specimens from Antarctica. Here, a new articulated specimen from the Fremouw Formation of Antarctica is described in detail. It represents the largest specimen of Prolacerta described to date with a nearly fully articulated and complete postcranium in addition to four skull elements. The study of this specimen and the re-evaluation of other Prolacerta specimens from both Antarctica and South Africa reveal several important new insights into its morphology, most notably regarding the premaxilla, manus, and pelvic girdle. Although well-preserved skull material from Antarctica is still lacking for Prolacerta, a detailed comparison of Prolacerta specimens from Antarctica and South Africa corroborates previous fndings that there are no characters clearly distinguishing the specimens from these diferent regions and therefore the Antarctic material is assigned to Prolacerta broomi. The biogeographical implications of these new fndings are discussed. Finally, some osteological characters for Prolacerta are revised and an updated diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis are provided. Prolacerta broomi is a medium sized non-archosauriform archosauromorph with a generalized, “lizard-like” body type. Many specimens, mostly consisting of cranial remains, have been described and Prolacerta is considered one of the best represented early archosauromorphs1–3. -
The Tarsus of Erythrosuid Archosaurs, and Implications for Early Diapsid
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996), 116: 347–375. With 11 figures The tarsus of erythrosuchid archosaurs, and implications for early diapsid phylogeny DAVID J. GOWER Department of Geology, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK and Institut und Museum f¨ur Geologie und Pal¨aontologie, Universit¨at T¨ubingen, Sigwartstrasse 10, D-72076 T¨ubingen, Germany Received September 1994, accepted for publication February 1995 The morphology of the erythrosuchid ankle joint is reassessed. Two specimens, recently thought to have been incorrectly referred to Erythrosuchus africanus, are shown without doubt to belong to this taxon. Furthermore, the morphology is essentially similar to that of other early archosaurs. The tarsus of Erythrosuchus is poorly ossified and consists of a calcaneum, astragalus, and two distal tarsals. The calcanea of Erythrosuchus, Vjushkovia triplicostata, and Shansisuchus shansisuchus are all similar in being dorsoventrally compressed, possessing a lateral tuber, and lacking a perforating foramen. The astragalus of V. triplicostata is currently unknown. The astragalus of Shansisuchus is apparently unique in form. The erythrosuchid pes is therefore more derived than has been recently proposed. The tarsal morphology of several other archosauromorph taxa is reviewed and many details are found to be at variance with the literature. The plesiomorphic condition for the Archosauromorpha consists of four distal tarsals and a proximal row of three elements; two of which articulate with the tibia. These proximal elements are interpreted as the astragalus, calcaneum, and a centrale, and the same pattern is retained in the earliest archosaurs. This reassessed tarsal morphology has implications for the homology of the centrale and reconstruction of early diapsid phylogeny. -
University of Birmingham the Earliest Bird-Line Archosaurs and The
University of Birmingham The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan Nesbitt, Sterling; Butler, Richard; Ezcurra, Martin; Barrett, Paul; Stocker, Michelle; Angielczyk, Kenneth; Smith, Roger; Sidor, Christian; Niedzwiedzki, Grzegorz; Sennikov, Andrey; Charig, Alan DOI: 10.1038/nature22037 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Nesbitt, S, Butler, R, Ezcurra, M, Barrett, P, Stocker, M, Angielczyk, K, Smith, R, Sidor, C, Niedzwiedzki, G, Sennikov, A & Charig, A 2017, 'The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan', Nature, vol. 544, no. 7651, pp. 484-487. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22037 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: Checked for eligibility: 03/03/2017. General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document.