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Home , Bletchley Park, Generalfeldmarschall, Hugh Sinclair, Hut 3, Hut 6, Hut 8

ABBREVIATIONS, CODENAMES AND TECHNICAL TERMS

3A Air Section within at Park 3G Research Section within Hut 3 at 3L Liaison Section within Hut 3 at Bletchley Park, responsible for links to external customers 3M Military Section within Hut 3 at Bletchley Park 3N Naval Section within Hut 3 at Bletchley Park 6IS No. 6 Intelligence School, based at Beaumanor Amt Auslandsnachrichten und Abwehr – the German service ANCXF Allied Naval Commander Expeditionary Force – the commander of the naval elements of the invasion force, post held on D-Day by Ramsay Ast Abwehrstellung – a regional office of the Abwehr in Germany or occupied countries

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BEETLE Bletchley Park codename for used by Command on the Eastern Front BODYGUARD The overall Allied codename for deception operations prior to the invasion The key-finding machine devised by and , fundamental to the successful decryption of Enigma messages BP Common wartime nickname for Bletchley Park BREAM Bletchley codename for the Lorenz teleprinter link between Berlin and O.B. Südwest (q.v.) in Rome C The head of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS/MI6), post occupied by and during the Second World War CIS Combined Intelligence Section – joint group of British army and naval intelligence Colossus Codename for the key-finding machine developed to assist in decrypting German teleprinter traffic (see FISH) COMINT See SIGINT CORAL Allied codename for used by Japanese naval attaches COSSAC Chief of Staff to – organisation led by Lt Gen. F.E. Morgan, tasked with planning the Allied invasion during 1943

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Crib A portion of the plaintext (q.v.) of an encrypted message which could be guessed, and used to assist in the decryption process CX/MSS File prefix allocated to high-level (q.v.) intercepts (see also ) DAFFODIL Bletchley codename for Enigma key used by Luftgau XI (Westfront) (q.v.) D-Day 6 June 1944, the day on which the invasion of Normandy began. The ‘D’ has no significance other than as the initial letter of ‘Day’ (similarly ‘H-Hour’, etc.). Dates before and after the invasion were expressed in days, for example ‘D-20’ or ‘D+10’ – twenty days before or ten days after the invasion, respectively Depth In codebreaking several messages composed using the same cipher key D/F – identification of the location of enemy wireless transmitters by use of bearings taken at intercept stations DOLPHIN Bletchley codename for Enigma key used by (q.v.) surface vessels and by U-boats in ‘home waters’ DTN Defence Teleprinter Network – a military cable network which connected Bletchley Park with its outstations and customers via telephone and teleprinter E-boat Allied designation for German fast attack craft Enigma A family of rotor-based electro-mechanical machines used by Axis forces

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FALCON Bletchley codename for Enigma key used by the German military administrative districts (Wehrkreis) FHO Fremde Heere Ost – the German intelligence organisation tasked with the study of Allied armies in the eastern (Soviet) theatre FHW Fremde Heere West – the German intelligence organisation tasked with the study of Allied armies in the western theatre FISH Codename given at Bletchley to German teleprinter traffic encrypted using the Lorenz SZ40/42 cipher machines Flivo Fliegerverbindungsoffizier – air liaison officer FORTITUDE Allied codename for the deception operations mounted prior to D-Day in 1944 FUSAG First US Army Group – the title given to the fictional force created as part of the deception operation GADFLY Bletchley codename for Enigma key used by X. Fliegerkorps in the Mediterranean GAF German Air Force (Luftwaffe) GANNET Bletchley codename for Enigma key used by German High Command in Norway GC&CS Government Code and Cipher School – the codebreaking organisation at Bletchley Park during the Second World War GCHQ Cover name applied to GC&CS, latterly adopted post-war as the formal name of the organisation Gold Codename for British invasion beach on D-Day

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GPO Post Office GRAMPUS Bletchley codename for the Enigma key used in the Black Sea GRILSE Bletchley codename for the Lorenz teleprinter link between Berlin and Heeresgruppe B () in France (grilse is a type of young salmon) GURNARD Bletchley codename for the Lorenz teleprinter link between Berlin and O.B. Südost (q.v.) in Greece Heer German army High-level machine-enciphered Hollerith machine A device for processing data via punched cards, used as part of the decryption process HUMINT Human intelligence – information gained by human agents behind enemy lines, either members of the Allied secret services or local inhabitants and members of resistance organisations, or by interrogation of prisoners of war Hut 3 German Army and Air Force Enigma Reporting Section responsible for processing and distributing decrypted German army and air force Enigma traffic German Army and Air Force Enigma Processing and Decryption Section responsible for breaking army and air force Enigma messages German Naval Enigma Processing and Decryption Section responsible for breaking naval Enigma messages

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IMINT Imagery intelligence – aerial photography of enemy forces and installations Indoctrinated recipient An individual who had been let in on the secret of Bletchley Park ISK Illicit Signals Knox – section at Bletchley Park dealing with high-level (q.v.) communications using the Abwehr (q.v.) variants of Enigma ISOS Illicit Signals – section at Bletchley Park dealing with lower-level hand used by German intelligence agents JADE Allied codename for a Japanese diplomatic cipher system used particularly by Japanese attachés JELLYFISH Bletchley codename for the Lorenz teleprinter link between Berlin and O.B. West (q.v.) in Paris JMA Allied codename for code used by Japanese military attachés Juno Codename for Canadian invasion beach on D-Day Key The specific settings for a particular encryption machine KO Kriegsorganisation – Abwehr (q.v.) outstations in neutral countries Kriegsmarine German navy Lorenz SZ40/42 Cipher machine used by German forces to encrypt wireless teleprinter traffic (see FISH) Luftgau Luftwaffe regional command Luftwaffe German air force

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MAGIC Allied codename for traffic intercepted using the Japanese PURPLE cipher Martian Codename applied to reports from the Combined Intelligence Section (q.v.) concerning German defences in France MI14 Department of Military Intelligence at the tasked with investigation of the German armed forces MULLET Bletchley codename for the Lorenz teleprinter link between Berlin and Norway NEPTUNE Allied codename for the naval part of the OVERLORD invasion operation Machine Section – named after , responsible for machine breaking of German Lorenz-enciphered teleprinter traffic NUTHATCH Bletchley codename for Enigma key connecting Berlin with O.B. Südost Oberbefehlshaber Südost – the German commander-in-chief in Greece, a position held on D-Day by O.B. Südwest Oberbefehlshaber Südwest – the German commander-in-chief in , a position held on D-Day by Generalfeldmarschall O.B. West Oberbefehlshaber West – the German commander-in-chief in France and the Low Countries, a position held on D-Day by Generalfeldmarschall

xxii ABBREVIATIONS, CODENAMES AND TECHNICAL TERMS

OIC Operational Intelligence Centre – the planning headquarters of the at the Admiralty in OKH – the Army High Command of OKM – the Naval High Command of Nazi Germany OKW Oberkommando der – the High Command of the armed forces of Nazi Germany Omaha Codename for US invasion beach on D-Day OCELOT Bletchley codename for Enigma key used by army–air liaison officers (known as a Flivo (q.v.) key after the Fliegerverbindungsoffizier, air liaison officer) ORANGE Bletchley codename for Enigma key used by Waffen SS OVERLORD Codename for the allied invasion of Europe in 1944 Plaintext The original text of a message prior to its encryption; or equally, the same text after decryption by the recipient PORPOISE Bletchley codename for Enigma key used by German Mediterranean shore installations PURPLE Allied codename for a Japanese diplomatic cipher system used particularly by the Japanese ambassador in Berlin QUINCE Bletchley codename for Enigma key used by the Waffen SS RED Bletchley codename for Enigma key used by the German air force

xxiii ABBREVIATIONS, CODENAMES AND TECHNICAL TERMS

RSS Initially the Security Section (later the Radio Security Service) – body tasked with the interception of Abwehr wireless traffic SCU Special Communications Unit – unit attached to a field headquarters tasked with the reception of ULTRA messages from Bletchley Park SD Sicherheitsdienst – the security branch of the SS SHAEF Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force – the headquarters led by Gen. Eisenhower responsible for planning and carrying out the invasion of north-west Europe in 1944 SHARK Bletchley codename for the German U-boat four-rotor Enigma key Triton, introduced in 1942 SIGINT – interception of enemy transmissions; in the context of the Second World War, this mostly meant ‘wireless’ or radio transmissions. Not all SIGINT takes the form of messages: some transmissions originate from pieces of equipment, such as sets. Modern intelligence experts therefore distinguish between SIGINT in all its forms and the more specific ‘communications intelligence’ or COMINT, which is the interception of enemy messages SIS Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), based at Broadway Buildings, London SIXTA Formerly ‘No. 6 Intelligence School’ – the body responsible for (see T/A) at Bletchley Park in 1944

xxiv ABBREVIATIONS, CODENAMES AND TECHNICAL TERMS

Slip Sequences of bumps, representing letters, on teleprinter tape SLU Special Liaison Unit – unit attached to a field headquarters responsible for presentation of ULTRA messages to indoctrinated (q.v.) commanders SNOWDROP Bletchley codename for Enigma key used by Luftgau V (q.v.) STICKLEBACK Bletchley codename for the Lorenz teleprinter link between Berlin and Heeresgruppe Süd () in Ukraine SWG Special Wireless Group T/A Traffic analysis – intelligence recovered from intercepted traffic without breaking the encrypted message text; analysis of frequencies, call-signs, etc. Fish Section – named after Ralph Tester, responsible for hand breaking of German Lorenz-enciphered teleprinter traffic TICOM Target Intelligence Committee – organisation responsible for collecting German communications and SIGINT equipment, as well as information about codes and ciphers, in Germany in 1945 TUNNY Bletchley codename for intercepted teleprinter traffic encrypted using the machine. The name was also applied to an analogue of the Lorenz machine used by Bletchley Park in the decryption process TURBOT Bletchley codename for the Lorenz teleprinter link between Berlin and Denmark

xxv ABBREVIATIONS, CODENAMES AND TECHNICAL TERMS

TYPEX British rotor-based cipher machine, used for encryption of Allied messages, and as an analogue for Enigma during the decryption process ULTRA Codename applied to intelligence derived from high-level (q.v.) SIGINT at Bletchley Park, also used as a security classification USAAF Army Air Forces Utah Codename for US invasion beach on D-Day VHF very high frequency (radio) VULTURE Bletchley codename for an OKH (q.v.) key used on the Eastern Front WAAF Women’s Auxiliary Air Force WHITING Bletchley codename for the Lorenz teleprinter link between Berlin and Heeresgruppe Nord () in Ukraine W.O. War Office WRNS (Wrens) Women’s Royal Naval Service – Wren female naval personnel were responsible for a variety of tasks at Bletchley W/T Wireless telegraphy XX ‘Double Cross’ – the deception operation carried out in 1944 via turned German spies in the UK Y stations Wireless intercept stations located around the UK and overseas, responsible for the interception of enemy messages

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