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Messaging in the Aviation Sector/Industry May 2020

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Messaging in the Aviation Sector/Industry May 2020 Messaging in the Aviation Sector/Industry May 2020 It’s more important than ever to reduce TCO post Covid-19 The Global Pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 since the end of 2019 is causing greater economic and societal disruption than any event since World War II. The aviation industry is one with very high fixed costs. Even with the most drastic measures no airline will be able to survive a 90% drop in revenue for more than a few months. In the short-term to medium-term, businesses in the aviation industry must reduce the TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) to survive and emerge from the shutdown in a lean and cost-effective way based on service value rather than maintaining a status quo. Type B Messaging is a considerable element of that operating cost, seen to be ~$0.51 USD per passenger trip and today this needs to be significantly reduced to have a positive impact on the overall company balance sheet. “Are you OK paying more Introduction & Overview of Type B Messaging than $100 USD per Aviation Industry usage, its underlying technology megabyte of E-mail that Before the early versions of the Internet (originally known as ARPANET) ever existed, the aviation industry your business sends” had developed a means to perform data transfers globally via proprietary networks. This was driven not only by the expansion of airlines and operators moving into every corner of our world, But By the need to manage their operations and interact with their Business partners Better. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) assigned the name ‘Type B’ to the format of such messages. Type A is the real-time interactive communications based on IATA legacy protocols, and the transmission of these exchanges has become known as messaging. The use of Type B Messaging predates e-mail By many decades and is still very much in use today despite numerous predictions that the Internet would oBsolete the need for such proprietary mechanisms. Other industries also maintain similar networks such as the financial industry’s SWIFT network. Type B is primarily used by the air transport and travel-related industries. Type B is mainly communicated over private networks operated by ARINC and SITA, but in recent years, various third-party solution providers have developed internet-based solutions which interconnect to the two legacy providers or smartly bypass them using direct VPN based Internet or peer-to-peer links. Usage of Messaging in Airlines The aviation industry Began using teletypewriter technology in the early 1920s using radio stations located at 10 airfields in the United States. The US Post Office and other US government agencies used these radio stations for transmitting telegraph messages. It was during this period that the first federal teletypewriter system was introduced in the United States to allow weather and flight information to Be exchanged between air traffic facilities. While the use of physical teletypes is almost extinct, the message formats and switching concepts remain similar. In 1929, Aeronautical Radio Incorporated (ARINC) was formed to manage radio frequencies and license allocation in the United States, as well as to support the radio stations that were used By the emerging airlines, a role ARINC still fulfils today. ARINC is a private company originally owned By many of the world's airlines including American Airlines, Continental Airlines, British Airways, Air France, and SAS. ARINC is now owned by Collins Aerospace. 1. Aviation Sector In 1949, the Société Internationale de Télécommunication Aeronautique (SITA) was formed as a cooperative overview and history by 11 airlines: Air France, KLM, SaBena, Swissair, TWA, British European Airways, British Overseas Airways Corporation, British South American Airways, Swedish AB Aerotransport, Danish Det Danske Luftfartselskab A/S, and Norwegian Det Norske Luftfartselskap. Their aim was to enable airlines to be aBle to use the 2. What is wrong with existing communications facilities in the most efficient manner and thus SITA was founded as a not-for- the solutions used profit organisation. After World War II, there was an increase in the number of commercial aircraft operating, and these aircraft today? were capaBle of flying greater distances than in the past. As a result, the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network (AFTN) was implemented worldwide as a means of relaying the air traffic communications, sometimes through the use of radioteletype which had Become common among military 3. There is a better way! forces in the 1940s. Today the airline industry continues to use teletypewriter messages over ARINC, SITA or AFTN networks as a medium for communicating via messages. Most teletypewriter messages are machine-generated by automatic processes. IATA standardised teletype message formats throughout the airline industry through its Air- or Cargo-Interchange Message Procedure. The initial form of Type B has Been around since the early 1960s, evolving from teletype technology (TTY) originally developed for railroad use more than 100 years ago, and is used heavily within the aviation What is Type B ecosystem. There isn’t an airline/operator, aerospace manufacturer, civil aviation authority, caterer, airport, ground handler, application service provider or gloBal distribution systems for airline ticketing which hasn’t Messaging? been using Type B for decades. The system is in no danger of being mothballed any time soon. There are simply too many legacy processes tied to this mechanism, with the costs of change being exorbitant. Type B messages are renowned as highly reliable and secure (due to the closed networks and use of a Other messaging technology in which data packets sent are acknowledged and have error detection) and support mission- critical applications such as: protocols used today • Cargo tracking and manifests for Ground Handling and Customs purposes • Aircraft maintenance information and ACARS messages • Airline industry’ procurement and repair transactions for aircraft (ATA’s Spec 2000 standard depends heavily upon Type B messages) • Passenger Booking/reservations and check in and departure control data • Aircraft flight plans and air traffic control data • Weight and load-balancing information 1. IATA Type B – TTY • Baggage tracking and tracing information, including RFID tag support • Advanced passenger information (API) and which is communicated to governments Industry standard • IATA clearing house data messaging protocol and There are five main providers in the industry today (plus AFTN), being by size, SITA, ARINC, Amadeus, EDIfly and Lufthansa Systems, estimated to be supporting the following daily volumes of messages delivered: format • SITA: ~35 million • ARINC (Collins Aerospace): ~30 million 2. IATA Type X – XML • Amadeus: ~15 Million • EDIfly: ~5 Million • Lufthansa Systems: ~3 Million Evolution of Type B to a • AFTN: ~2 Million modern XML structured Adding all of the providers volumes of Type B message delivery together, and Based on an average message size of 175 characters, the total annual market size is estimated to Be 6e1012 characters a year or 6e106 message MCM a year and at the average cost per MCM (Millions of Characters per Month) would Be $900 Million USD – 1.05 Billion USD a year of industry cost. 3. ICAO AFTN Underpinning Technology and Restrictions Aeronautical Fixed Telecom Being a legacy format, Type B has a strict layout as opposed to more recent types of data and formatting (like XML which carries message payloads, HTML which primarily is concerned with the visual representation Network (Used for critical of a webpage or application, and SGML which concentrates on how markup languages are used to structure documents). station messages) Type B is deliBerately restricted to a maximum “message” length of 60 lines of 63 characters each, with a limited set of allowed characters (only capital characters A to Z, the numbers 0 to 9 and the three signs /, - and .). This restriction was driven by the early teletype character sets from which Type B emerged. As well as the line and character limitations, each message must Be limited to less than 4 kiloBytes of data Based on >$1 Billion USD of the lowest common denominator principle, being TTY. While this rigidity is detrimental to expanding the capaBilities of the standard, it also provides the industry Type B Messaging with a convenient short-hand means of distributing data around the world easily, making it ideal for mission-critical processes. Users need to trust such data, so the trade-off is well worth the drawbacks. In fact, without such a trustaBle form of gloBal data exchange, it would Be nearly impossiBle to operate a cost to the modern airline in today’s Business environment. aviation industry A message itself is not difficult to decipher once you master the lingua franca (and there is really not much need to do so, since software and service providers handle the creation and conversion of data as needed). and increasing. Type B in itself is a “store-and-forward” mechanism in which message senders transmit their data via their service provider, who in turn archives the message for X days (typically seven, But this depends upon your service contract) and sends it off directly to the recipient you specified, or to a gateway provider if the recipient is not on their network. The service providers have contractual agreements to guarantee message delivery in such instances, and if for some reason the message fails, it can be re-sent a numBer of times Given the size of the (hence, the store-and-forward feature and concept of PDM (Possible Duplicate Message) header). The technology utilized to support Type B Messaging today has evolved from distriButed fully customized aviation industry switching architecture supporting legacy ALC, AX.25, X.25, TCP/IP using BATAP (type B Application To Application Protocol) to MATIP B and now MQ as the message brokering capabilities. Each are still present in today at 4.5 Billion parts of the global aviation industry to some extent, with the main protocols being TCP/IP MATIP B and MQ- passengers, this Series.
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