Le Passage Du Canada Français À La Francophonie Mondiale : Mutations Nationales, Démocratisation Et Altruisme Au Mouvement Richelieu, 1944 – 1995

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Le Passage Du Canada Français À La Francophonie Mondiale : Mutations Nationales, Démocratisation Et Altruisme Au Mouvement Richelieu, 1944 – 1995 Le passage du Canada français à la Francophonie mondiale : mutations nationales, démocratisation et altruisme au mouvement Richelieu, 1944 – 1995 par Serge Dupuis A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2013 © Serge Dupuis 2013 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. Je déclare par la présente que je suis le seul auteur de cette thèse. Il s’agit d’une copie réelle de la thèse, y compris toute révision finale requise, telle qu’acceptée par les examinateurs. Je comprends que ma thèse pourrait être rendue disponible électroniquement au public. Serge Dupuis 30 August 2013 ii Abstract / Résumé This thesis argues that French Canada did not simply fragment into regional and provincial identities during the 1960s and 1970s, but was also kept afloat by the simultaneous emergence of a francophone supranational reference. In order to demonstrate this argument, I have studied the archives of the Richelieu movement, a French Canadian society founded in 1944 in Ottawa, which was internationalized in the hopes of developing relationships amongst the francophone elite around the world. This thesis also considers the process of democratization and the evolution of conceptions of altruism within the movement, signalling again the degree to which the global project of the Francophonie captivated the spirits of Francophones in North America, but also in Europe, the Caribbean and Africa. Cette thèse démontre que le Canada français ne s’est pas seulement fragmenté en identités régionales et provinciales durant les années 1960 et 1970, mais qu’il a également été revitalisé par la constitution simultanée d’une nouvelle référence supranationale francophone. Afin de démontrer cette thèse, nous avons fait appel aux archives du mouvement Richelieu, une société canadienne‐française fondée à Ottawa en 1944, qui s’est internationalisée en vue de développer des rapports entre les élites francophones du monde. Cette thèse fait également quelques détours par la démocratisation et l’altruisme au mouvement pour illustrer à quel point le projet mondialisé de la Francophonie a captivé les esprits des francophones de l’Amérique du Nord, mais aussi ceux de l’Europe, des Antilles et de l’Afrique iii Acknowledgments/Remerciements One never writes a thesis alone. Such an endeavour almost always requires that one be well surrounded. First and foremost, I would like to recognize my remarkable co‐supervisors, Dr. Matthew Hayday and Dr. Bruce Muirhead, for their collegiality, support, interest, and engagement throughout the last three years. I also wish to recognize the professionalism, commitment, and work of my internal examiners Dr. Gail Cuthbert Brandt, Dr. Terry Copp, Dr. Élise Lepage, as well as the very relevant questions of my external examiner, Dr. Marcel Martel. I must also sincerely thank the Department of History at the University of Waterloo, and particularly Donna Lang, Dr. Heather MacDougall, Dr. Andrew Hunt and Dr. James Walker, whose administrative help and support enabled me to write this thesis within the prescribed timeframe. Finally, I owe a great deal of thanks to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research of Canada and to the University of Waterloo who have been generous enough to liberate me from financial concerns during the four years of my doctoral studies. J’aimerais également remercier ceux qui ont appuyé la réalisation de la recherche, dont les archivistes Alice Concunubova et Michel Lalonde du Centre de recherche en civilisation canadienne‐française de l’Université d’Ottawa, le personnel de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, le personnel de Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, ainsi que Chantal Lagrois, Grégoire Pagé, Mathias Pagé et Laurier Thériault du Richelieu International, tout comme les gardiens des archives privées, Normand Clavet, Paul Jutras, Guy Rogister, Jean‐ Marc Beunier, Marie‐Jeanne Chaput, André Beaudoin et leurs conjoints qui m’ont si généreusement accueilli dans leurs demeures en 2011 et en 2012. J’aimerais aussi reconnaître les précieuses discussions que j’ai eues avec Gratien Allaire, Michel Bock, François‐Olivier Dorais, Geneviève Richer et Denise Robillard, sans lesquelles la thèse aurait sans doute été moins riche. Ensuite, je dois un merci tout particulier à mon ami Florian Panissié qui m’a appuyé considérablement au moment où je raffinais ma plume en vue d’écrire la thèse que vous avez sous les yeux. Finalement, j’aimerais reconnaître ma famille qui m’a souvent donné un coup de main à photographier des documents lors de séjours de recherche et qui m’a appuyé moralement dans le défi presque insurmontable qu’est la réalisation d’une thèse doctorale. Je formule ainsi ma reconnaissance et mon amour pour Alain, Joël, Régent et Diane Dupuis ainsi que ma conjointe, Noémi Paquette. iv Table des matières Déclaration ii Résumé iii Remerciements iv Table des matières v Liste des sigles viii Liste des tableaux ix Introduction 1 Chapitre 1 – L’idée de la solidarité dans l’historiographie 9 La nation comme projet et objet de litige 10 La démocratisation des rapports sociaux 18 La réinvention de l’humanitarisme chrétien 23 Notes 32 Chapitre 2 – La protection du Canada français, 1944 – 1960 37 Une élite masculine confrontée à la menace anglo‐protestante 38 Le cercle de service comme nouvel espace de la survivance 38 Une élite masculine consciente de son statut 46 Une relation paternelle envers les enfants et la jeunesse 54 Des épouses et des mères 57 Un nationalisme canadien‐français organique 60 Le Canada français comme communauté imaginée 61 La complexité de la solidarité canadienne‐française outre‐frontières 65 Des événements précurseurs aux relations étrangères canadiennes‐françaises 75 Une charité « d’inspiration chrétienne » 80 Une action sociale catholique 81 La gestion de la charité chrétienne 85 Le Richelieu sur l’échiquier politique 90 Notes 96 Chapitre 3 – La rivalité entre les projets francophones, 1960 – 1982 106 Le consensus canadien‐français et ses failles, 1960 – 1968 107 Le projet du Canada français en mutation 108 La fragmentation du Canada français 112 Le potentiel des rapports aux autres peuples 120 Une période de dynamisme et de reconfiguration, 1968 – 1973 123 Les divergences entre le Québec et les minorités canadiennes‐françaises 123 Le Canada francophone du gouvernement fédéral 128 La constitution d’une nouvelle communauté francophone 131 Entre les souvenirs et les espoirs de la solidarité, 1973 – 1982 143 Des projets canadiens‐français parallèles 144 v La consolidation d’une Francophonie 154 Notes 167 Chapitre 4 – La démocratisation des rapports sociaux, 1960 – 1982 179 Les hommes et la hiérarchie masculine, 1960 – 1968 180 Les structures organisationnelles du mouvement comme premier lieu de démocratisation 181 La persistance du paternalisme 184 L’attitude envers la jeunesse à un carrefour 187 Des épouses et des mères 189 Le bouleversement de l’hiérarchie sociale, 1968 – 1973 190 De la méfiance à la concurrence 191 Les Baby‐Boomers en tant que jeunes et jeunes adultes 194 Des épouses et des femmes 199 Les retombées des mutations idéologiques, 1973 – 1982 202 Une élite qui reprend son souffle 203 Une jeunesse à guider 207 Les épouses, les filles et les femmes 208 Notes 215 Chapitre 5 – L’évolution de l’altruisme chrétien, 1960 – 1982 224 Un altruisme chrétien amoindri, 1960 – 1968 225 Le recul de l’Église malgré la forte croyance 226 La gestion d’une charité catholique spécialisée 229 Une charité centriste 232 La remise en cause du chrétien engagé, 1968 – 1973 237 Les croyants et la marginalisation de l’Église 237 Une charité à l’épreuve de l’État providence à son sommet 242 Une nouvelle approche centriste à la charité 243 Une charité de collaboration avec l’État, 1973 – 1982 246 Une charité d’inspiration chrétienne rationalisée 247 L’enracinement d’une collaboration avec de l’État providence 254 Notes 257 Chapitre 6 – La solidarité francophone et mondiale, 1982 – 1995 264 La libéralisation des rapports sociaux et ses limites 265 Les défis des organismes bénévoles à l’heure de l’individualisme 266 Un engagement bénévole défaillant 269 La jeunesse après les Baby‐Boomers 273 Les femmes devant la rhétorique de l’égalité 276 La charité laïcisée et le soutien aux projets médicaux 281 Un soupçon de croyance et les événements « spectacle » 281 La charité complémentaire au recul de l’État providence 291 Des projets francophones sous l’égide d’une Francophonie 296 Les traces du Canada français et du Canada francophone 297 vi Les nationalismes parallèles du Québec et des minorités canadiennes‐ françaises 299 La Francophonie comme référence supranationale 307 Notes 320 Conclusion 333 Bibliographie 342 Annexe 1 – Liste des cercles au 4 février 2013 356 Annexe 2 – Chronologie des événements importants 366 Annexe 3 – Le poids des cercles fondés par région, 1949 – 2013 367 Annexe 4 – University of Waterloo Reasearch Office Ethics Clearance 368 vii Liste des sigles ACCT Agence de coopération culturelle et technique ACELF Association canadienne d’éducation de langue française ACFO Association canadienne‐française de l’Ontario AGA Assemblée générale annuelle ALÉNA Accord de libre‐échange nord‐américain APCRE Archives privées du Club Richelieu d’Edmundston APCRL Archives privées du Club
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