UN-Habitat Supporting Brazil Favela Peace Programme Reprinted and Translated Articles Should Communities Making New Be Credited “Reprinted from Urban World”
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urban WWORLDORLD February - April 2011 Cities and Land Rights Volume 3 Issue 1 Volume urban CONTENTS WORLD OPINION IN-FOCUS www.unhabitat.org © 2011 UN-HABITAT 21 Africa 4 Message from the UN-HABITAT A big boost for energy efficient P.O.Box 30030, GPO Executive Director Nairobi 00100, Kenya buildings in East Africa Tel. (254-20) 762 3120 Fax. (254-20) 762 3477 COVER STORY A field trip to remember for E-mail: [email protected] Mozambique architecture EDITOR: Roman Rollnick students CITIES AND LAND RIGHTS EDITORIAL BOARD African Development Bank Anantha Krishnan 5 Land and climate change Christine Auclair boosts Lake Victoria urban Andre Dzikus in a new urban world Edlam Abera Yemeru water programme Eduardo López Moreno Mohamed El Sioufi Jane Nyakairu Helping young people in Lucia Kiwala Mariam Yunusa 8 African ministerial meeting Zanzibar Mohamed El-Sioufi adopts new action plan Naison Mutizwa-Mangiza World Water Week Oyebanji Oyeyinka (Chair) Remy Sietchiping Raf Tuts 22 Asia-Pacific EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS: Flossie Mbiriri, 10 Five years into the Global Japanese generosity Tom Osanjo Land Tool Network (GLTN) COVER DESIGN – a perspective from our Housing support in Andrew Ondoo partners around the world Sri Lanka ADVERTISING Eirik Sorlie To advertise in Urban World, please contact: Thanks to BASF, a new major [email protected] water project for schools 15 Land governance for rapid SUBSCRIPTIONS urbanization Contact: 23 Latin America and the Clarissa Augustinus and [email protected] Caribbean Eirik Sorlie REPRINTS UN-HABITAT supporting Brazil favela peace programme Reprinted and translated articles should Communities making new be credited “Reprinted from Urban World”. 19 Reprinted articles with bylines must have the gains author’s name. Please send a copy of reprinted 24 Middle East and North Africa Åsa Jonsson articles to the editor at UN-HABITAT. A new roadmap for Iraq’s local government urban WORLD ebruary - April 2011 2011 April - ebruary F 1 Issue Issue Cities and Land Rights 3 Volume IMAGE © ANDREW ONDOO 8 10 urban 2 WORLD February - April 2011 FOR A BETTER URBAN FUTURE URBAN WATCH 25 People Clos, Donovan meet in Washington Zena Daysh – a giant in the cause of better cities and a better environment Back to the future – a gathering of UN-HABITAT veterans 27 Governance Better performance, better accountability across the UN A successful Governing Council 28 Knowledge URBAN GATEWAY - a new urban 19 web portal 30 Calendar of events 31 New publications 24 20 28 15 21 Volume 3 Issue 1 urban February - April 2011 WORLD 3 OPINION Message from the Executive Director and is a scare resource land speculation and improve land involving a wide range of use planning. rights and responsibilities. Third, ensure that women en LWhen poorly managed, it can become joy the same equal access to land contentious often leading to dispu and property rights as men do. tes, conflict, degradation and other A gender responsive approach is es problems, all of them drivers of slum sential to address persistent inequali development and poverty in urban ties, which in most cases discriminate areas. against women. Think of this: it is A complex problem the world over, estimated that only some 2 percent of land management and administration land in developing countries is regis is an immense challenge in many de tered in the names of women! veloping countries. Subject to count Fourth, promote a more holis less legal, administrative, cultural tic view of urban and rural. The and religious practices, many of them divide between rural and urban is ar discriminatory against women, it is tificial and no longer tenable. There something that has to be addressed is a growing appreciation that the by taking a number of factors into ac two are connected in a larger system count simultaneously. characterized by the dynamic flow of These include land policy, land goods, finances, resources and peo tenure (including rentals), land use ple. planning, land information, gender, state land and private land, Fifth, promote more effective coordination in the land governance matters, environmental and climate change consid sector. Changes in the land sector require long-term commit erations, as well as land tax and capacity building. ment and support from development partners, donors and non- Equity is crucial to reduce poverty and exclusion and to pro state actors. mote progress and development. Cities will only prosper if they And finally, develop innovative land administration manage to develop equal and just institutions and distribute re systems. sources and opportunities fairly. I am delighted that we are making some progress here. A new Access to land is thus critical to the delivery of housing, infra resolution adopted in 2011 by Member States overseeing our structure and services on a large scale. The increasing land needs work at the agency’s 23rd Governing Council endorses the plural of rapidly growing cities must be managed in such a way that ism of tenure systems, alternative forms of land administration residents have security of tenure, decent housing, services and and records systems, as well as land-based taxation mechanisms. infrastructure, and thus a better quality of life. It gives the Global Land Tool Network will (GLTN) and its It is UN-HABITAT’s view that governments must develop and partners a strong mandate to continue developing pro-poor and implement innovative land policies and reforms, along with rele engendered land tools. vant institutional and regulatory frameworks to provide equitable UN-HABITAT and GLTN will continue to produce and docu access to land and security of tenure for all. ment innovative, gendered and pro-poor land tools to address With mounting pressure and competition over land in cit these six steps and expand equitable access to land for all. ies, towns and peri-urban areas, land governance is becoming increasingly important. There are six simple steps that can be taken to improve the quality of land governance and expand eq uitable access to land for all: First, promote the recognition of the continuum of land rights. We need to move beyond a narrow focus on indi vidual titling. Security of tenure can deliver many of the same benefits as individual titling without the costs of gentrification and unaffordable and unsustainable land registration systems. Next, make urban land markets work more ef Joan Clos fectively for all. Land markets in developing coun Executive Director tries are largely distorted and skewed towards the minor ity high and middle-income earners. This means that often slum dwellers pay more for land, infrastructure and servic es than their richer neighbours in the better parts of town. By improving the regulation of land markets, local municipalities can implement equitable land and property tax systems, reduce urban 4 WORLD February - April 2011 Cities and Land Rights COVER STORY Land and climate change in a new urban world Although towns and cities constitute just 2.8 per cent of the earth’s surface, since 2008 more than half of the global population now lives in urban areas. Rapid urbanization is occurring largely in developing countries where a massive demographic shift has enormous implications in terms of poverty, natural resources and the environment. Here, Mohamed El Sioufi, Head of UN-HABITAT’s Shelter Branch, explains how this combined with climate change affects the land we use and occupy, as well as our rights. Floods in Pakistan. PHOTO © UN-HABITAT urban February - April 2011 WORLD 5 COVER STORY Cities and Land Rights Kabul, Aghanistan - land at a premium. PHOTO © UN-HABITAT UN-HABITAT projections show that in will have a critical role in our quest to reverse Land use: coming decades, the developing countries climate change and its impacts. • Encroachment of agriculture in will be responsible for 95 per cent of the To focus more on land and climate change particularly vulnerable and valuable world’s urban population growth. matters, UN-HABITAT helped set up the habitats. Levels of urbanization are expected to rise, Global Land Tool Network (GLTN) and as • Deforestation and forest degradation with the least urbanized regions of Asia and sumed the role of technical secretariat for the leading to carbon emissions, loss of Africa transforming from largely rural socie Network. The main environmental challeng biodiversity and mud slides. ties to predominantly urban regions during es related to land identified in a joint recent • Environmental damage in “frontier” the course of this century. By 2050, the ur study include: areas for new energy sources ban population of the developing world will • Sharp increases in demands for land Tenure: be 5.3 billion. Asia alone will host 63 per cent for food and bio-fuel production of the world’s urban population, or 3.3 billion • Tenure insecurity in relation to urban displacing the poor. people. expansion Seventy-five percent of commercial en Population growth and economic devel • Tenure insecurity for poor slum dwellers in developing countries ergy is consumed in urban and peri-urban opment cause drastic changes in land use in areas. In addition, 80 per cent of all waste is many parts of the world and institutional ar • Tenure insecurity undermining investment and leading to generated from our cities and up to 60 per rangements need serious reforming to ensure environmental mismanagement in cent of Greenhouse Gas Emissions which sustainable use of the increasingly scarce urban and rural areas. cause global climate change emanate from land resources. • Threats against flexible tenure cities. The ecological interaction of cities and systems in pastoral and agro-pastoral their hinterlands take on a whole new im areas Climate change: petus and sense of urgency in the context of • Increasing pressures on customary • Increasing threats in coastal areas due rapid urbanization and climate change.