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5 9 T H G R A D U A T E S T U D Y P R O G R A M M E UN GENEVA 28 JUNE - 9 JULY 2021 1 FIFTY-NINTH G R A D U A T E S T U D Y P R O G R A M M E UN Geneva, 28 June - 9 July 2021 COMPILATION OF PARTICIPANTS’ WORKS This volume is a compilation of individual and group works of seventy- nine participants of the 59th Graduate Study Programme of the United Nations Office at Geneva, which took place virtually from 28 June to 9 July 2021. Opinions, positions, statements, and conclusions expressed in these works are exclusively of their authors, and do not necessarily represent or reflect the views of the United Nations. 2 Topic 1: Multilateral System ..................................................................................................... 6 Author: Bruna Evangelista Schwetter ....................................................................................... 6 Authors: Ricardo Alfaro Avelar, Vanessa Cazares Luquin, Jospeh Kanu, Theodorah Tshili Nkosinomusa ........................................................................................................................... 13 Author: Tafadzwa Makara ....................................................................................................... 28 Author: Foteini Zarogianni ...................................................................................................... 33 Author: Daniela Gomez ........................................................................................................... 40 Authors: Eero Säynäjäkangas, Cristian Morelli, Hunter Matson ............................................ 46 Topic 2: Universal Health Coverage..........................................................................................66 Authors: Oyundari Batmunkh, Rayan Altayeb, Tanvi Kaur Ahuja, Oluwatoyin Sosanya ..... 66 Author: Rose Mariya Devassy ................................................................................................. 86 Topic 3: Climate Change............................................................................................................92 Author: Alishoh Khudonazarov .............................................................................................. 92 Authors: Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed Adam, Rezwanul Islam, Maryam Edmond, Meutia Safira Fakhraini, Patrick Sura .................................................................................................. 97 Authors: Adam Abdirisaq Adam, Alexis Keys, Faith Mulwa, Kristy Tong ......................... 111 Author: Patricia Gomez Barahona ......................................................................................... 129 Author: Palmer Prince Dagadu .............................................................................................. 133 Author: Kakembo Galabuzi Brian ......................................................................................... 138 Author: Elissa Ghoussoub ..................................................................................................... 144 Author: Arun Kumar Selvaraj ............................................................................................... 149 Author: Adel Ramdani .......................................................................................................... 153 Topic 4: Economic Recovery .................................................................................................. 157 Authors: Alice Alcântara Gomes Lima, Christian van der Woude, Mehtap Tuğba Kaynak, Randa Sandhita ...................................................................................................................... 157 3 Author: Rati Kiria .................................................................................................................. 178 Author: Margot Ertel ............................................................................................................. 184 Topic 5: Global Inequalities .................................................................................................. 188 Authors: Antoinette Allou, Georgeta Tomulescu, Edwin Kipkirui, Thaís Ferreira Gomes Cordeiro, Yeşim Tarpan, Yvonne Tchaka Karekezi ................................................. 188 Authors: Jareer Aldaoud, Joshua Okoduwa .......................................................................... 204 Author: Roza-Ioanna Sarakatsanou ....................................................................................... 217 Author: Mavis Elias ............................................................................................................... 222 Author: Francis Bolten .......................................................................................................... 229 Author: God Ophtanie Jean ................................................................................................... 238 Author: Henrique da Silveira Zanin ...................................................................................... 244 Topic 6: Gender Equality ....................................................................................................... 251 Author: Varvara Chinenova .................................................................................................. 251 Author: Paola Farfán...... ..................................................................................................... ..257 Author: Nina Cilins ............................................................................................................... 261 Author: Melat Tilahun Mekonnen ......................................................................................... 266 Author: Larissa Beckman ...................................................................................................... 270 Author: Aly Emeira ............................................................................................................... 274 Author: Ciara Gilmartin ........................................................................................................ 278 Author: Albert Nsengu Muremyi .......................................................................................... 288 Topic 7: Global Peace and Security ....................................................................................... 295 Authors: Parisa Abbasian, Ammar Al-shaibani, Chloé Debons ............................................ 295 Author: Nikolas Daniel Gomez Gutierrez ............................................................................. 313 Author: Megan Byrne ............................................................................................................ 317 Author: Joelle Sakr ................................................................................................................ 321 Author: Dennis Wandera ....................................................................................................... 326 Author: Belén Geraldine Deriú ............................................................................................. 330 4 Author: Ana Mafalda de Oliveira Meireles Vaz Guimarães ................................................. 336 Topic 8: The Infodemic ........................................................................................................... 339 Author: Pedro Miguel Raposo Pinela.....................................................................................339 Author: Pawel Budzynski ...................................................................................................... 344 Author: Nesrine Mellat .......................................................................................................... 349 Author: Iheanyi Genius Amaraizu ..................................................................................... 35353 Author: Ibrahim Bello ........................................................................................................... 359 Topic 9: The World of Work .................................................................................................. 363 Author: Sarra Hannachi ......................................................................................................... 363 Author: Kristina Komardina .................................................................................................. 368 Author: Earvin S. Delgado .................................................................................................... 374 Author: Guillem Martínez Roura .......................................................................................... 378 Topic 10: Lessons Learned ..................................................................................................... 382 Author: Gerard Masdeu Yélamos .............................................................................................. 382 Author: Benajit Sarma ………………………………………………………….……………388 5 Topic 1: MULTILATERAL SYSTEM How has the pandemic affected the multilateral system? Is multilateralism today stronger, the same, or weaker than before COVID-19? What are the challenges? What next? Author: Bruna Evangelista Schwetter Introduction In the past decade, political transformations in many countries' domestic and foreign affairs appear to have been intensified by the growing popularity of far right governments and movements. However, we can consider that it is from 2016 on that these transformations visibly increase around the world, on a quantitative aspect, and become more extreme, on a qualitative aspect, in comparison to before. The impacts on democracies