DOCSLIB.ORG

ACCESS to HEALTHCARE and LONG-TERM CARE Equal for Women and Men?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ACCESS to HEALTHCARE and LONG-TERM CARE Equal for Women and Men? ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AND LONG-TERM CARE Equal for women and men? European Commission This publication is supported under the European Community programme for employment and social solidarity (2007–13) (Progress). This programme is managed by the Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities of the European Commission. It was established to financially support the implementation of the objectives of the European Union in the employment and social affairs area, as set out in the social agenda, and thereby contribute to the achievement of the Lisbon strategy goals in these fields. The seven-year programme targets all stakeholders who can help shape the development of appropriate and effective employment and social legislation and policies, across the EU-27, EFTA–EEA and EU candidate and pre-candidate countries. The mission of Progress is to strengthen the EU contribution in support of Member States’ commitments and efforts to create more and better jobs and to build a more cohesive society. To that effect, progress will be instrumental in: — providing analysis and policy advice on Progress policy areas; — monitoring and reporting on the implementation of EU legislation and policies in Progress policy areas; — promoting policy transfer, learning and support among Member States on EU objectives and priorities; and — relaying the views of the stakeholders and society at large. For more information see: http://ec.europa.eu/progress ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AND LONG-TERM CARE: Equal for women and men? Final Synthesis Report EGGSI coordinating team Chiara Crepaldi, Manuela Samek Lodovici, Marcella Corsi In collaboration with: Stefano Capri, Sandra Naaf, Sergio Pasquinelli Expert Group on Gender Equality and Social Inclusion, Health and Long-Term Care Issues (EGGSI) (* indicates non-EU countries) Bettina Haidinger (Austria) Ilze Trapenciere (Latvia) Nathalie Wuiame (Belgium) Ulrike Papouschek (Liechtenstein)* Maria Slaveva Prohaska (Bulgaria) Ruta Braziene (Lithuania) Susana Pavlou (Cyprus) Frances Camillieri-Cassar (Malta) Alena Křížková (Czech Republic) Hugo Swinnen (Netherlands) Bent Greve (Denmark) Ira Malmberg-Heimonen (Norway)* Reelika Leetmaa and Marre Karu (Estonia) Irena Topinska (Poland) Anita Haataja (Finland) Teresa Maria Sarmento Pereira (Portugal) Anne Eydoux (France) Marieta Radu (Romania) Alexandra Scheele and Julia Lepperhoff (Germany) Eva Havelková (Slovakia) Maria Stratigaki (Greece) Masa Filipović (Slovenia) Beáta Nagy (Hungary) Elvira González Gago (Spain) Sigurbjörg Sigurgeirsdóttir (Iceland)* Anita Nyberg (Sweden) James Wickham (Ireland) Claire Annesley (United Kingdom) Flavia Pesce (Italy) European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Unit G.1 Manuscript completed in October 2009 This report was financed by and prepared for the use of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities in the framework of a contract managed by the Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale and Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or position of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities. IRS- Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale Fondazione Brodolini Via XX Settembre 24 Viale di Villa Massimo 21 20123 Milan MI 00161 Rome RM ITALY ITALY +39 2467641 +39 44249625 [email protected] [email protected] www.irs-online.it http://www.fondazionebrodolini.it/ Cover photo: © 123RF For any use or reproduction of photos which are not under European Communities copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder(s). Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data as well as an abstract can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2009 ISBN 978-92-79-14854-5 doi:10.2767/93670 © European Union, 2010 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE -FREE P A P ER Contents Executive summary ..................................................................................................... 5 Zusammenfassung ....................................................................................................11 Résumé ..........................................................................................................................17 Introduction .................................................................................................................23 1. Main characteristics and recent trends in the health status of women and men ........................................................................................... 25 1.1. Gender differences in life expectancy and healthy life years .............................................................25 1.2. Self-perceived health and disability ............................................................................................................25 1.3. Gender differences in health risks and death by typology of diseases .........................................28 1.4. Gender differences in mortality rates .........................................................................................................32 1.5. The impact of income and social inequalities on gender differences in health status .............35 2. Gender differences in access to healthcare .........................................41 2.1. Existing service provisions: an overview of gender differences .......................................................41 2.1.1. Health promotion ........................................................................................................................................................ 43 2.1.2. Health prevention ........................................................................................................................................................ 50 2.1.3. General treatment ........................................................................................................................................................ 67 2.1.4. Gender mainstreaming in healthcare: recent trends ............................................................................. 84 2.2. Barriers to accessing service provisions .....................................................................................................87 2.2.1. Financial barriers: insurance coverage and individual costs .............................................................. 89 2.2.2. Cultural barriers ...........................................................................................................................................................100 2.2.3. Geographical and physical barriers .................................................................................................................106 3. Gender differences in access to long-term care (LTC) ................... 111 3.1. Overview of existing LTC service provisions ..........................................................................................111 3.2. Overview of existing service provisions for LTC from a gender perspective ..............................115 3.3. Gender barriers to access LTC ......................................................................................................................118 3.3.1. Gender and financial barriers ..............................................................................................................................118 3.3.2. Gender and geographical barriers ...................................................................................................................119 3.3.3. Gender and bureaucratic and administrative barriers ........................................................................120 3.3.4. Gender and cultural barriers ................................................................................................................................120 3.4. Programmes aimed at overcoming barriers to LTC ..............................................................................122 3.5. Overall conclusions about gender barriers to access LTC ..................................................................124 4. Conclusions ................................................................................................... 125 5. Annex – Statistical tables .......................................................................... 129 References .................................................................................................................. 133 3 Executive summary While healthcare systems have contributed to diseases, such as for cardiovascular and many sexually significant improvements in health in Europe, access to transmitted diseases. healthcare remains uneven across countries and social groups, according to socioeconomic status, place of Besides biological factors, social norms also affect the residence, ethnic group, and gender. health status of women and men differently: women are less likely to engage in risky health behaviour and Gender plays a specific role both in the incidence and consequently face fewer of the related illnesses and prevalence of specific
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Halldór Laxness - Wikipedia
    People of Iceland on Iceland Postage Stamps Halldór Laxness - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halldór_Laxness Halldór Laxness Halldór Kiljan Laxness (Icelandic: [ˈhaltour ˈcʰɪljan ˈlaxsnɛs] Halldór Laxness ( listen); born Halldór Guðjónsson; 23 April 1902 – 8 February 1998) was an Icelandic writer. He won the 1955 Nobel Prize in Literature; he is the only Icelandic Nobel laureate.[2] He wrote novels, poetry, newspaper articles, essays, plays, travelogues and short stories. Major influences included August Strindberg, Sigmund Freud, Knut Hamsun, Sinclair Lewis, Upton Sinclair, Bertolt Brecht and Ernest Hemingway.[3] Contents Early years 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s Born Halldór Guðjónsson Later years 23 April 1902 Family and legacy Reykjavík, Iceland Bibliography Died 8 February 1998 Novels (aged 95) Stories Reykjavík, Iceland Plays Poetry Nationality Icelandic Travelogues and essays Notable Nobel Prize in Memoirs awards Literature Translations 1955 Other Spouses Ingibjörg Einarsdóttir References (m. 1930–1940) External links [1] Auður Sveinsdóttir (m. 1945–1998) Early years Laxness was born in 1902 in Reykjavík. His parents moved to the Laxnes farm in nearby Mosfellssveit parish when he was three. He started to read books and write stories at an early age. He attended the technical school in Reykjavík from 1915 to 1916 and had an article published in the newspaper Morgunblaðið in 1916.[4] By the time his first novel was published (Barn náttúrunnar, 1919), Laxness had already begun his travels on the European continent.[5] 1 of 9 2019/05/19, 11:59 Halldór Laxness - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halldór_Laxness 1920s In 1922, Laxness joined the Abbaye Saint-Maurice-et-Saint-Maur in Clervaux, Luxembourg where the monks followed the rules of Saint Benedict of Nursia.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Antimicrobials and Carriage of Penicillin-Resistant Pneumococci in Children
    Use of Antimicrobials and Carriage of Penicillin-Resistant Pneumococci in Children Repeated cross-sectional studies covering 10 years Vilhjalmur Ari Arason PhD Thesis University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine October 2006 From Department of Family Medicine, University of Iceland, Primary Healthcare Centre of Solvangur and Healthcare Centre Fjördur, IS-220 Hafnarfjördur, Iceland Use of Antimicrobials and Carriage of Penicillin-Resistant Pneumococci in Children Repeated cross-sectional studies covering 10 years Vilhjalmur Ari Arason Supervisor Johann A. Sigurdsson Co-supervisor Karl G. Kristinsson PhD committee: Thorolfur Gudnason (chair), Directorate of Health, Iceland Johann A. Sigurdsson, University of Iceland Vilhjalmur Rafnsson, University of Iceland Magnus Johannsson, University of Iceland Haraldur Briem, Directorate of Health, Iceland Reykjavík 2006 Vilhjálmur Ari Arason: Use of Antimicrobials and Carriage of Penicillin-resistant Pneumococci in Children. Repeated cross-sectional studies covering 10 years The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Háskólaútgáfan Reykjavík 2006 ©Vilhjálmur Ari Arason e-mail: [email protected] Umbrot: Þröstur Haraldsson Prentun og bókband: Leturprent ISBN 9979-70-157-9 ISBN 978-9979-70-157-6 ÁGRIP Notkun sýklalyfja og beratíðni penicillín ónæmra pneumókokka hjá börnum – Endurteknar þversniðsrannsóknir á 10 ára tímabili Vilhjálmur Ari Arason Heimilislæknisfræði, Háskóla Íslands, Heilsugæsla höfuðborgar- svæð­isins, Sólvangur og Fjörð­ur, Hafnarfirð­i, Íslandi. Tilgangur: Að athuga notkun sýklalyfja meðal forskólabarna á Ís- landi og meta hugsanlegt samband slíkrar notkunar við beratíðni penicillín ónæmra pneumókokka í nefkoki þeirra. Efniviður og aðferðir: Upplýsingar voru fengnar hjá foreldrum og úr sjúkraskrám heilsugæslustöðva um sýklalyfjaávísanir 2.612 barna á aldrinum 1-6 ára sem bjuggu á mismunandi stöðum á landinu.
    [Show full text]
  • Download File
    THE YOUTH IN ICELAND MODEL AND ICELANDIC ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH by Katerina Maria Gaudio De Vito Dissertation Committee: Professor John P. Allegrante, Sponsor Professor Inga Dóra Sigfúsdóttir Approved by the Committee on the Degree of Doctor of Education Date May 22, 2019 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education in Teachers College, Columbia University 2019 ABSTRACT THE YOUTH IN ICELAND MODEL AND ICELANDIC ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH Katerina Maria Gaudio De Vito Over the last 20 years, Iceland has made major progress in reducing substance use among its youth. Many credit this impressive reduction to implementation of the Youth in Iceland (YiI) Model. YiI programming aims to prevent substance use by increasing youth social support through strengthening family relationships, peer relationships, community connection, and community engagement. It involves a wide variety of relevant stakeholders, including policymakers, teachers, parents, and youth workers. Specific programming ranges from recreational sports teams to parental neighborhood watches. While studies have indicated that YiI programming has greatly reduced substance use among youth, new data have suggested that mental health problems are rising among Icelandic adolescents. Despite an increase in the prevalence of mental health problems, no studies have explored the impact of YiI programming on Icelandic youth mental health. This mixed-methods project consisted of three studies that evaluated the effect of YiI Model programming on Icelandic adolescent mental health. In the first study, a secondary data analysis of cross-sectional YiI Survey data of all 8th to 10th grade students enrolled in Icelandic public schools was performed to explore the relationship between the YiI Model components and self-reported mental illness symptoms.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistics on Patient Mobility in the Nordic Countries
    Statistics on Patient Mobility in the Nordic Countries NOMESCO Nordic Medico Statistical Committee 107:2017 Statistics on patient mobility in the Nordic countries - Pre-study Project leader Research Professor Mika Gissler chairman of NOMESCO in 2016 Co-manager Timo A. Tanninen chairman of NOSOSCO, the Nordic Social Statistical Committee in 2016 Project- Pia Blomqvist and Eija Luoto assistants The National Institute for Health and Welfare Editorial team Mika Gissler, Timo A. Tanninen, Pia Blomqvist and Eija Luoto National experts: Denmark Pernille Christensen The Danish Health Data Authority Greenland Sonja Vestergaard The National Board of Health, Greenland Finland Mika Gissler The National Institute of Health and Welfare Timo A. Tanninen Ministry of Social Affairs and Health Åland Ulla-Liisa Latvala The Government of Åland Islands Iceland Guðrún Kr Guðfinnsdóttir and Agnes Gisladóttir Directorate of Health, Iceland Norway Lisbeth Smeby Norwegian Directorate of Health Sweden Ingalill Paulsson Lütz The National Board of Health and Welfare © Nordic Medico-Statistical Committee Copenhagen 2017 ISBN 978–87-89702-91-9 Preface Preface This pre-study was prepared with the help of NOMESCO, the Nordic Medico-Statistical Committee. The principal purpose of the Committee is to produce comparable health statistics on the Nordic countries, but it also conducts investigations to support the development of compiling statistics as necessary and commissions thematic studies contributing to its sphere of operations (see www.nowbase.org). In accordance with the mandate received from the Nordic Council of Ministers for Health and Social Affairs, NOMESCO set up a joint Nordic project group for this project in March 2016. All countries nominated their national experts and the project was lead by Finland.
    [Show full text]
  • How Primary Healthcare in Iceland Swiftly Changed Its Strategy in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Open access Original research BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043151 on 7 December 2020. Downloaded from How primary healthcare in Iceland swiftly changed its strategy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic Emil Larus Sigurdsson ,1,2 Anna Bryndis Blondal,2,3 Jon Steinar Jonsson,1,2 Margret Olafia Tomasdottir,1,2 Hannes Hrafnkelsson,1 Kristjan Linnet ,2 Johann Agust Sigurdsson4 To cite: Sigurdsson EL, ABSTRACT Strengths and limitations of this study Blondal AB, Jonsson JS, et al. Objective To describe how the primary healthcare (PHC) How primary healthcare in in Iceland changed its strategy to handle the COVID-19 ► The data are based on medical records of all con- Iceland swiftly changed its pandemic. strategy in response to the tacts to the primary healthcare centres. Design Descriptive observational study. COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Open ► The primary healthcare in the research area serve Setting Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland. 2020;10:e043151. doi:10.1136/ the whole capital area which counts two- thirds of Population The Reykjavik area has a total of 233 000 bmjopen-2020-043151 the population of Iceland. inhabitants. ► The contact register information is very reliable and ► Prepublication history for Main outcome measures The number and the mode comprehensive. this paper is available online. of consultations carried out. Drug prescriptions and To view these files, please visit ► Due to the short study period, that is, 2 months, we changes in the 10 most common diagnoses made in the journal online (http:// dx. doi. were not able to depict the long-term changes in PHC.
    [Show full text]
  • Unlocking the Full Potential of Landspítali
    FOREWORD After the Icelandic financial crisis in 2008, public spending on healthcare was cut from ISK 153 billion in 2008 to 134 billion in 2012 (at fixed price 2014) due to the state of public finances. As public finances have recovered in recent years, public healthcare costs have increased again, rising from 134 billion in 2012 to 143 billion in 2015 (at fixed price 2014). During this tumultuous time, healthcare cost in general and Landspítali´s financial situation in particular has been a subject of vigorous public debate. The debate intensified in 2015 and as a result, the Icelandic government made a decision in the fall of 2015 to conduct a review of the operational and financial efficiency of Landspítali resulting in this report. This report has been commissioned by the Ministry of Welfare, with baseline interviews, analysis and synthesis performed by McKinsey & Company in close collaboration with representatives from the Ministry of Welfare, the Directorate of Health and Landspítali National University Hospital. Underlying data regarding Landspítali has been extracted and analyzed in collaboration with the finance department at Landspítali. The review has been performed without any political or financial attachments, and has been conducted on a best-effort basis given the timeline and available data. The focus of the review has been on Landspítali’s production, cost effectiveness, and labor force effectiveness, as well as resource utilization and quality of outcomes. In addition, some of the system dynamics relevant to Landspítali have been considered, such as the interplay with the primary care and private specialist systems. The analysis is structured and presented as four strategic themes most closely related to Landspítali´s performance, and one section that covers the Icelandic healthcare system as a whole.
    [Show full text]
  • General Information Sheet - SEEDS Workcamps
    General Information Sheet - SEEDS Workcamps Workcamps Season 2013 www.seeds.is [email protected] This is the General Information Sheet for SEEDS workcamps in 2013. You will receive a specific information sheet about your workcamp alongside this. It is important that you read BOTH information sheets (specific and general) before you come to Iceland, to be fully prepared for your time here and your participation in SEEDS’ workcamps. Contents: 1. About SEEDS 2. SEEDS & Participation fees - Where your contributions go! 3. SEEDS workcamps - Life during a SEEDS workcamp 3.1 Team Structure 3.2 The Work 3.3 Food and Accommodation 3.4 Free Time & Excursions from Reykjavík 3.5 Transport to/from workcamps 3.6 Conditions of Participation 4. What to bring with you 5. Insurance - EEA and non EEA 6. Travel to Iceland & Reykjavík 7. Arrival and Departure dates 8. Accommodation (in Reykjavík) 9. Other Practical Information 10. If you have any problems…. 1. About SEEDS Founded in 2005, SEEDS Iceland is an Icelandic non-governmental, non-profit volunteer organisation designed to promote intercultural understanding, environmental protection and awareness through work on environmental, social and cultural projects within Iceland. SEEDS works closely with local communities, local authorities and other Icelandic associations both to develop projects in partnership, aimed at fulfilling an identified need, and to give vital assistance to established initiatives. Projects are designed to be mutually beneficial to all involved: the volunteers, the local hosting communities and Iceland as a whole. Our projects in Iceland are supported by the local hosts and the volunteers participating in the project themselves; additionally we receive strong support for our long-term projects from the Youth In Action and Lifelong learning programmes of the European Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobility and Transnational Iceland
    Mobility and Transnational Iceland MOBILITY AND TRANSNATIONAL ICELAND Current Transformations and Global Entanglements Edited by Kristín Loftsdóttir, Unnur Dís Skaptadóttir, and Sigurjón Baldur Hafsteinsson UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND PRESS Reykjavík 2020 Two anonymous reviewers have peer-reviewed each article in this book. Anna Lísa Rúnarsdóttir supervised the review. We thank our reviewers for their contribution. This publication, grant no. 163350-051, was supported by the Icelandic Research Fund. Mobility and Transnational Iceland Published by the University of Iceland Press Editors: Kristín Loftsdóttir, Unnur Dís Skaptadóttir, and Sigurjón Baldur Hafsteinsson Proof reading: Allan Rettedal, Daniel Teague, and Randi W. Stebbins Cover design: Hildur Erna Sigurjónsdóttir Layout: Helgi Hilmarsson Printing: Litlaprent ehf. Bodytext: Electra LH 10,3 / 13,8 © Text Authors All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holders. Reykjavík, 2020 U201921 ISBN: 978-9935-23-226-7 Table of Contents 1. Mobility and Transnational Iceland: Current Transformations and Global Entanglements .................. 7 Kristín Loftsdóttir and Unnur Dís Skaptadóttir 2. Becoming an Immigration Country: The Case of Iceland 1990–2019 .................................................... 23 Unnur Dís Skaptadóttir and Ólöf Garðarsdóttir 3. Racism and Racialization in Iceland ............................................. 39 Kristín Loftsdóttir 4. “When you are a Professional”: Highly Skilled Immigrants’ Exper iences of the Tension between Avowed and Ascribed Identity ............................................................................ 53 Þóra H. Christiansen and Erla S. Kristjánsdóttir 5. Travelling Faith: Transnational Context from Iceland ................. 71 Kristján Þór Sigurðsson 6. An Expatriate in Iceland: Adjusting to the New Culture .............
    [Show full text]
  • Efnisyfirlit Aðalerindi
    Efnisyfirlit Aðalerindi .............................................................................................................................................. 14 Þroskaþjálfafræði á krossgötum: Gamlar og nýjar áskoranir............................................................ 14 Hlutverk þroskaþjálfa: Virk þátttaka allra í skóla og samfélagi án aðgreiningar................................... 14 Inngildandi eða aðgreinandi? Val- og umsóknarferli nemenda með þroskahömlun á framhaldsskólastigi ........................................................................................................................... 14 Þátttaka er samvinna: Valdefling barna ............................................................................................ 15 Líðan hinsegin ungmenna á Íslandi – Staða rannsókna, næstu skref og úrræði .............................. 16 Þroskaþjálfafræði: fjölbreytt viðfangsefni fræðigreinarinnar ............................................................... 16 Fötlunarfræði í þroskaþjálfanámi; áskoranir og ávinningur ............................................................. 16 Margbreytileiki mannlífsins: Réttur til virkrar þátttöku í gerð laga og stefnumótunar .................... 17 Að sækja faghandleiðslu. Undirbúningur og ábyrgð handleiðsluþega ............................................. 18 Draumar, framkvæmd og fræði – Sköpunar- og tæknismiðjur í grunnskólastarfi – fyrri hluti ............. 18 Þróunarverkefnið Austur-Vestur: Sköpunar- og tæknismiðjur ........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Economy of Iceland CENTRAL BANK of ICELAND
    The Economy of Iceland CENTRAL BANK OF ICELAND 1998 Autumn The Economy of Iceland October 1998 Published semi-annually by the International Department of the Central Bank of Iceland, 150 Reykjavík, Iceland ISSN 1024-0039 Republic of Iceland People Population .................................................. 272,064 (December 1, 1997) Capital........................................................ Reykjavík, 106,617 (December 1, 1997) Language.................................................... Icelandic; belongs to the Nordic group of Germanic languages Religion...................................................... Evangelical Lutheran (95%) Life expectancy.......................................... Females: 81 years , Males: 76 years Governmental System Government................................................ Constitutional republic Suffrage...................................................... Universal, over 18 years of age Legislature.................................................. Alþingi with 63 members Election term.............................................. Four years Economy Monetary unit............................................. Króna (plural: krónur); currency code: ISK Gross domestic product ............................. 524 billion krónur (US$ 7.4 billion) in 1997 International trade...................................... Exports 36% and imports 36% of GDP in 1997 Per capita GDP .......................................... 1,938 thousand krónur (US$ 26.921) in 1997 Land Geographic size.........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sniðmát Meistaraverkefnis HÍ
    Local health matters Health and health service utilisation across geographic regions in Iceland Sigríður Haraldsdóttir Thesis for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor January 2016 Local health matters Health and health service utilisation across geographic regions in Iceland Sigríður Haraldsdóttir Thesis for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor Supervisor: Unnur A. Valdimarsdóttir Advisor: Sigurður Guðmundsson Doctoral committee: Unnur A. Valdimarsdóttir Sigurður Guðmundsson Vilhjálmur Rafnsson Sigrún Helga Lund January 2016 Heilsa í heimabyggð Heilsufar og notkun heilbrigðisþjónustu eftir búsetusvæðum á Íslandi Sigríður Haraldsdóttir Ritgerð til doktorsgráðu Umsjónarkennari: Unnur A. Valdimarsdóttir Leiðbeinandi: Sigurður Guðmundsson Doktorsnefnd: Unnur A. Valdimarsdóttir Sigurður Guðmundsson Vilhjálmur Rafnsson Sigrún Helga Lund Janúar 2016 Thesis for a doctoral degree at the University of Iceland. All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the prior permission of the copyright holder. © Sigridur Haraldsdottir 2016 ISBN 978-9935-9261-3-5 Háskólaprent ehf. Reykjavik, Iceland 2016 Ágrip Inngangur: Tilgangur þessarar rannsóknar var að kanna heilsufar og notkun heilbrigðisþjónustu eftir búsetusvæðum á Íslandi með það að markmiði að styðja við gagnreynda landfræðilega dreifingu á heilbrigðis- þjónustu. Meginmarkmiðið var að kanna hvort munur væri á sjálfmetinni heilsu, tilteknum fæðingarútkomum og hjarta- og æðasjúkdómum eftir búsetu innan og utan höfuðborgarsvæðisins þar sem framboð á heil- brigðisþjónustu er mismunandi. Efniviður og aðferðir: Í rannsókn I voru notuð gögn um sjálfmetna heilsu úr landskönnuninni “Heilsa og líðan Íslendinga” frá 2007. Könnunin náði til 5909 einstaklinga á aldrinum 18-79 ára. Í rannsókn II voru notuð gögn úr fæðingaskrá um fæðingarútkomur og heilsu mæðra úr 40982 fæðingum frá árunum 2000-2009. Aðhvarfsgreining var notuð til þess að kanna svæðisbundinn mun á útkomum í rannsóknum I og II.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economy of Iceland
    THE ECONOMY OF ICELAND CENTRAL BANK OF ICELAND CENTRAL BANK 1998 SPRING The Economy of Iceland May 1998 Published semi-annually by the International Department of the Central Bank of Iceland, 150 Reykjavík, Iceland ISSN 1024 - 0039 REPUBLIC OF ICELAND People Population.......................................272,064 (December 1, 1997) Capital.............................................Reykjavík, 106,617 (December 1, 1997) Language........................................Icelandic; belongs to the Nordic group of Germanic languages Religion...........................................Evangelical Lutheran (95%) Life expectancy...............................Females: 81 years , Males: 76 years Governmental System Government ....................................Constitutional republic Suffrage ..........................................Universal, over 18 years of age Legislature ......................................Alþingi (Althing); 63 members Election term...................................Four years Economy Monetary unit ..................................Króna (plural: krónur); currency code: ISK Gross domestic product..................527 billion krónur (US$ 7.3 billion) in 1997 International trade...........................Exports 36% and imports 36% of GDP in 1997 Per capita GDP...............................1,938 thousand krónur (US$ 26.921) in 1997 Land Geographic size..............................103,000 km2 (39,768 mi2) Highest point...................................2,119 m (6,952 ft) Exclusive economic zone ...............200 nautical
    [Show full text]