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From Local Patriotism to a Planetary Perspective Science, Technology and Culture, 1700–1945

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FROM LOCAL PATRIOTISM TO A PLANETARY PERSPECTIVE Science, Technology and Culture, 1700–1945 Series Editors David M. Knight University of Durham and Trevor Levere University of Toronto Science, Technology and Culture, 1700–1945 focuses on the social, cultural, industrial and economic contexts of science and technology from the ‘scientific revolution’ up to the Second World War. It explores the agricultural and industrial revolutions of the eighteenth century, the coffee-house culture of the Enlightenment, the spread of museums, botanic gardens and expositions in the nineteenth century, to the Franco-Prussian war of 1870, seen as a victory for German science. It also addresses the dependence of society on science and technology in the twentieth century. Science, Technology and Culture, 1700–1945 addresses issues of the interaction of science, technology and culture in the period from 1700 to 1945, at the same time as including new research within the field of the history of science. Also in the series Acid Rain and the Rise of the Environmental Chemist in Nineteenth-Century Britain Peter Reed Matter and Method in the Long Chemical Revolution Laws of Another Order Victor D. Boantza Jesse Ramsden (1735–1800) London’s Leading Scientific Instrument Maker Anita McConnell Making Scientific Instruments in the Industrial Revolution A.D. Morrison-Low From Local Patriotism to a Planetary Perspective Impact Crater Research in Germany, 1930s–1970s MARTINA KÖlbl-EbERT Jura-Museum Eichstätt, Germany © Martina Kölbl-Ebert 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Martina Kölbl-Ebert has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street Union Road Suite 3-1 Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818 Surrey, GU9 7PT USA England www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows: Kölbl-Ebert, Martina, author. From Local Patriotism to a Planetary Perspective: Impact Crater Research in Germany, 1930s–1970s / by Martina Kölbl-Ebert. pages cm. – (Science, Technology and Culture, 1700–1945) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Impact craters – Research – Germany – History – 20th century. 2. Geology, Structural – Germany. I. Title. QE612.5.G3K65 2015 551.3’97072043–dc23 2014024646 ISBN 9781472438867 (hbk) ISBN 9781472438874 (ebk – PDF) ISBN 9781472438881 (ebk – ePUB) V Printed in the United Kingdom by Henry Ling Limited, at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, DT1 1HD Contents List of Figures ix Preface xvii Note on Sources and Translations xix Acknowledgments xx 1 Introducing the Smoking Gun 1 Geological Context 5 Early Research on the Ries Basin 9 Elevation and Subsidence 12 Central Explosion 14 Rocks and Minerals 21 Early Ideas on the Genesis of the Steinheim Basin 22 Outside the Mainstream 23 2 Early Impactists and their Sources 27 Julius Osvald Kaljuvee 28 Excursion to Arizona 32 Importing the Impact Scenario to Germany 35 Herbert P.T. Rohleder 41 Otto Stutzer 46 3 Dismissing Impact I 53 Why? 59 Isolation: Politically, Linguistically and Scientifically 60 Artificial Boundaries and their Influence on Geological Research 62 Actualism – Method Confused as Fact 75 Mineralogy and Volcanology 82 4 A Letter from Berlin 99 The Quiring–Kranz Correspondence 101 5 Kaalijärv Crater and Köfels Landslide 115 Walter Kranz as Impactist 120 Franz Eduard Sueß and the Köfels Landslide 122 vi From Local Patriotism to a Planetary Perspective 6 Impact Physics – Beyond Human Imagination 131 Ernst Julius Öpik 134 Fritz Heide 138 It Cannot Be 142 7 ‘German Geology’ 145 German Geology in the Romantic Period 145 Geology in Nazi Germany 147 Defining ‘German Geology’ 155 German Geology ‘Down the Drain’ 163 8 Setting the Stage 171 Visit by a ‘Crazy’ American 173 Coesite 178 Meanwhile in Germany 182 9 The Tide is Turning 191 Impact in Tübingen 196 10 Dismissing Impact II 205 Walter H. Bucher and the Sceptics of Tübingen 213 Scepticism and Apologetics in Munich 222 From Scepticism to Chauvinism 230 Rivalry Between Geology and Mineralogy 234 11 Testing an Old Theory 247 No Volcanic Vent at Altenbürg Quarry 257 Gerold Wagner’s Tragic Death at Rochechouart 261 The Problem of Visualisation 268 The Ries Working Group 273 Drilling the Ries Crater 279 Research Drilling at Nördlingen 285 The Steinheim Basin 290 12 Ries Crater – A Terrestrial Proxy for the Moon 297 Shock Metamorphism 299 Suevite Samples From the Moon 307 Astronauts at the Ries Crater 310 Georg Wagner Finally Convinced 319 A New Routine 324 Little Green Prussians 329 Contents vii 13 From Local Patriotism to a Planetary Perspective 335 Glossary 343 References 347 Interviews 347 Archive Sources 347 Printed Sources 347 Index 373 This page has been left blank intentionally List of Figures 1.1 The Ries Crater (image courtesy of Stadt Nördlingen and Landesmedienzentrum BW: Fotoarchiv Albrecht Brugger). 1 1.2 The Steinheim Basin with its central mountain (image courtesy of Landesmedienzentrum BW: Fotoarchiv Albrecht Brugger). 2 1.3 Suevite (above) and polymictic breccia (below) at Aumühle quarry, Ries Basin: During the impact explosion, fractured rock material was transported essentially horizontally along the ground and deposited as chaotic debris. This material, mainly consisting of fragments from Mesozoic rocks, is locally called Bunte Brekzie (colourful or polymictic breccia). The grain size ranges from house-sized blocks to fine dust. The top of the polymictic breccia shows a strong relief. It is overlain by suevite, an impact breccia with an appreciable amount of impact melt particles. It is characterised by rock fragments mainly from the crystalline basement and by vesicular, glassy ballistic bombs, locally called Flädle (pancakes). Suevite was deposited as hot fallout from the impact plume. It is found in small batches, and it was not recognised until the 1960s that these batches are only the sparse remains of a once continuous ejecta blanket (photo: Kölbl-Ebert). 3 1.4 Faults in Ziswingen quarry (Ries Basin): Huge, fractured limestone blocks moved along listric faults down into the initial crater. These faults are due to the gravitational reorganisation of the terrain after the impact (photo: Kölbl-Ebert). 4 1.5 Lacustrine limestone of the post-impact Ries lake at Büschelberg quarry (Ries Basin): The limestone is built up by algal reefs. Until the early 1960s, these were interpreted as precipitates of thermal springs caused by Ries volcanism. Similar deposits also occur at the Steinheim Basin (photo: Kölbl-Ebert). 5 1.6 Oblique view over the Rhine-Graben towards the Swabian Tableland and the Alps in the far background (drawing by Hans Cloos; from Hans Cloos: Gespräch mit der Erde, © 1947 Piper Verlag GmbH, München). 6 x From Local Patriotism to a Planetary Perspective 1.7 The Swabian Volcano: Randecker Maar in the foreground and Limburg Mountain in the distance. Due to erosion, the diatremes of the ‘Swabian Volcano’ are cut in different levels. On top of the Swabian Alb’s surface they appear as shallow depressions. In the foreland, the diatreme fillings are harder than the surrounding clay-rich country rock and form cone-shaped hills (photo: Kölbl-Ebert). 6 1.8 The Swabian Volcano: Chaotic vent breccia in the diatreme at Neuffener Steige (photo: Kölbl-Ebert). 8 1.9 Striation at Gundelsheim quarry (east of the Ries Basin): The upper surface of Late Jurassic limestone is polished and shows numerous parallel scratches resembling glacial action. Polish and striae were caused by the horizontal transport of the polymictic breccia during impact explosion (photo: Kölbl-Ebert). 11 1.10 Ries model test crater at Swinemünde by Walter Kranz (from Kranz 1912: 5). 16 1.11 Reuter’s blocks: Reworked distal Ries ejecta (Upper Jurassic limestone) within sandy Molasse sediments of the northern Alpine foreland (photo: Kölbl-Ebert). 18 1.12 Sketch of the central volcanic Ries explosion (Schuster 1926, courtesy of Stadt Nördlingen). 20 1.13 Suevite from Ries Basin (photo: Kölbl-Ebert). 21 2.1 Meteor Crater in the 1930s (Stutzer 1936a: 1). 32 2.2 Otto Stutzer argued in 1936 for an impact origin of the Ries and Steinheim Basins (photo from Jurasky 1937: 3). 39 3.1 Richard Dehm denied a central explosion at the Ries Basin and opted alternatively for smaller, local volcanic explosions to explain the widespread brecciation (photo from Fahlbusch 1996: 297). 67 3.2 Reinhold Seemann was the main promoter of the idea that the features of the Ries Basin evolved through a long history of gradual tectonic processes (photo from Hölder 1976: 204). 77 4.1 Drawing of a central mountain in a bomb crater of World War II by Ferdinand Trusheim (1940: 3). 100 4.2 Walter Kranz developed, in the 1910s and 1920s, the central explosion theory to explain the genesis of the Ries ‘volcano’ (source: Carlé 1987: 3). 106 List of Figures xi 5.1 Kaalijärv Crater on the Estonian island of Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea (photo courtesy of Tõnu Pani, University of Tartu, Estonia). 115 5.2 The Köfels landslide in the Ötztal, Austria, was interpreted by Walter Kranz as caused by a volcanic explosion, whereas Franz Eduard Sueß opted for a meteorite impact (photo: Kölbl-Ebert). 123 5.3 Köfelsite, a vesicular, slack-like glass from the Köfels landslide. The glass was formerly thought to be the product of an obscure type of volcanism, while Franz Eduard Sueß interpreted it as impact melt (photo: M. Ebert). 123 6.1 The astrophysicist Ernst Julius Öpik published on impact physics (photo courtesy of Armagh Observatory).
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    19/05/2011 L’Africa ha un ricco record fossile di dinosauri, ma gli affioramenti sono sparsi e ci sono lacune stratigrafiche. Si conoscono molti dinosauri triassici e del Giurassico inferiore, dal Giurassico medio si hanno scarsi dati (solo un sauropode affine al Cetiosaurus inglese), al Giurassico superiore risale la spettacolare località di Tendaguru (Tanzania). Fino agli anni ‘90 l’Africa era nota solo per poche località a Dinosauri, scoperte da spedizioni tedesche in Egitto eTanzania; spedizioni francesi in Marocco, italo- francesi in Niger e in Madagascar, e ricerche in Sud Africa avevano dato risultati promettenti, ma molti dati e materiale soprattutto delle ricerche anteguerra erano andati perduti. 1 19/05/2011 Negli anni ’90 iniziarono estese ricerche da parte degli Statunitensi, che riesaminarono alcune delle località precedentemente scoperte e ne individuarono di nuove. Particolarmente attivo è stato il team di Paul Sereno. TENDAGURU o la Morrison africana. Gli strati della Tendaguru Formation che affiora in Tanzania sono considerati I più ricchi giacimenti a Vertebrati terrestri del Giurassico Superiore Africano. Benchè ai tempi si trovasse nell’emisfero Sud, le somiglianze faunstiche con la Morrison Formation sono notevoli, a parte alcune intercalazioni marine esclusive della Tendaguru. 2 19/05/2011 Ad esempio in entrambe le formazioni sono presenti Dryosaurus e altri gruppi con generi o specie affini. Nella Morrison si hanno Brachiosaurus e Stegosaurus , di cui (Brachiosaurus)Giraffatitan e Kentrosaurus rappresentano i corrispettivi della Tendaguru I giacimenti dellaTendaguru furono scoperti nel 1906, dal farmacista, chimico analitico ed ingegnere minerario tedesco Bernhard Wilhelm Sattler, mentre si recava ad una miniera a sud del fiume Mbemkure nell’allora Africa Orientale Tedesca (l’attuale Tanzania).
  • Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology

    Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology

    he name DGGTB (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Deutsche Gesellschaft für Theorie der Biologie; German Society for the History and Philosophy of BioT logy) refl ects recent history as well as German traditi- Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie on. The Society is a relatively late addition to a series of German societies of science and medicine that began with the „Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften“, Annals of the History founded in 1910 by Leipzig University‘s Karl Sudhoff (1853-1938), who wrote: „We want to establish a ‚German‘ society in order to gather Ger- and Philosophy of Biology man-speaking historians together in our special disciplines so that they form the core of an international society…“. Yet Sudhoff, at this Volume 11 (2006) time of burgeoning academic internationalism, was „quite willing“ to accommodate the wishes of a number of founding members and formerly Jahrbuch für „drop the word German in the title of the Society and have it merge Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie with an international society“. The founding and naming of the Society at that time derived from a specifi c set of histori- cal circumstances, and the same was true some 80 years later when in 1991, in the wake of German reunifi cation, the „Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie“ was founded. From the start, the Society has been committed to bringing stu- dies in the history and philosophy of biology to a wide audience, using for this purpose its Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie. Parallel to the Jahrbuch, the Verhandlungen zur Geschichte und Theorie der Biologie has become the by now traditional medi- (2006) 11 Vol.