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The Christian Martyr Movement of 850S Córdoba Has Received Considerable Scholarly Attention Over the Decades, Yet the Movement Has Often Been Seen As Anomalous
The Christian martyr movement of 850s Córdoba has received considerable scholarly attention over the decades, yet the movement has often been seen as anomalous. The martyrs’ apologists were responsible for a huge spike in evidence, but analysis of their work has shown that they likely represented a minority “rigorist” position within the Christian community and reacted against the increasing accommodation of many Mozarabic Christians to the realities of Muslim rule. This article seeks to place the apologists, and therefore the martyrs, in a longer-term perspective by demonstrating that martyr memories were cultivated in the city and surrounding region throughout late antiquity, from at least the late fourth century. The Cordoban apologists made active use of this tradition in their presentation of the events of the mid-ninth century. The article closes by suggesting that the martyr movement of the 850s drew strength from churches dedicated to earlier martyrs from the city and that the memories of the martyrs of the mid-ninth century were used to reinforce communal bonds at Córdoba and beyond in the following years. Memories and memorials of martyrdom were thus powerful means of forging connections across time and space in early medieval Iberia. Keywords Hagiography / Iberia, Martyrdom, Mozarabs – hagiography, Violence, Apologetics, Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain – martyrs, Eulogius of Córdoba, martyr, Álvaro de Córdoba, Paulo, author, Visigoths (Iberian kingdom) – hagiography In the year 549, Agila (d. 554), king of the Visigoths, took it upon himself to bring the city of Córdoba under his power. The expedition appears to have been an utter disaster and its failure was attributed by Isidore of Seville (d. -
December Saints
Saint of the Day December December 1: St. Edmund Campion, Martyr St. Edmund Campion was born in 1540 in Protestant London. An exceptionally bright child, he was given a good education. He went to Oxford in 1557, during the last year of Catholic Queen Mary’s reign. In 1566, he was given the honor of leading a debate in front of Queen Elizabeth I, who was impressed by him. He became a deacon in Church of England, but soon regretted it. He left England to enter a Catholic seminary in France and became a Jesuit in 1573. He knew then that he desired to return to England and secretly minister to Catholics there, despite the dangers. In 1580, St. Edmund went back to England disguised as a jewel merchant. He secretly preached and said Masses for one year before he was arrested, imprisoned and martyred in 1581. St. Edmund is one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. December 2: St. Bibiana, Virgin and Martyr St. Bibiana was an early Christian martyr, probably living during the late 4th century in Rome. Christianity had been made legal by Constantine, but persecutions continued. Bibiana’s parents were martyred, leaving Bibiana and her sister Demetria alone in poverty. They fasted and prayed, refusing to give up their faith. Demetria died of hunger and Bibiana, after undergoing harsh questioning, died a few days later. Their home was turned into a church, and is now the site of the Basilica of Santa Bibiana. December 3: St. Francis Xavier St. Francis Xavier was born in Spain in 1506. -
Early Christian Martyrs PAMPHLET
Early Christian Martyrs PAMPHLET Prepared by Marianne Dyogi Lesson Overview Lesson Details The students will create a boigraphical pamphlet Subject area(s): Religion, History of the on an early Christian martyr. Catholic Church Grade Level: High School, Middle School Lesson Materials Resource Type: Research Project Additional materials for this lesson can be accessed at https://sophiainstituteforteachers.org/curriculum/l Special Learners esson/early-christian-martyrs-pamphlet. Materials include: This resource was developed with the following special learners in mind: EARLY_CHRISTIAN_MARTYRS Traditional Classroom EARLY_CHRISTIAN_MARTYRS_- _Pamphlet_Example Advanced Placement Homeschooled Students CCD/Parish-Based Education The author of this lesson shared it with other educators within the Sophia Institute for Teachers Catholic Curriculum Exchange. Find more resources and share your own at https://www.SophiaInstituteforTeachers.org. Lesson Plan Early Christian Martyrs PAMPHLET Objective: To research the life of an early Christian martyr; to create a biographical pamphlet on the life of an early Christian martyr Discuss Pamplet GUIDELINES. Explain the format of the Pamphlet using the SAMPLE PAMPHLET TEMPLATE. Provide the students with a list of early Christian martyrs and have them number their top 3 choices. Martyrs will be assigned but preferences will be considered. Go over how to cite internet resources using one of the sites provided in the packet. Review the Ten Persecutions of the Romans Against the Christian Church. The author of this lesson shared it with other educators within the Sophia Institute for Teachers Catholic Curriculum Exchange. Find more resources and share your own at https://www.SophiaInstituteforTeachers.org.. -
Berean Digest Walking Thru the Bible Tavares D. Mathews
Berean Digest Walking Thru the Bible Tavares D. Mathews Length of Time # Book Chapters Listening / Reading 1 Matthew 28 2 hours 20 minutes 2 Mark 16 1 hour 25 minutes 3 Luke 24 2 hours 25 minutes 4 John 21 1 hour 55 minutes 5 Acts 28 2 hours 15 minutes 6 Romans 16 1 hour 5 minutes 7 1 Corinthians 16 1 hour 8 2 Corinthians 13 40 minutes 9 Galatians 6 21 minutes 10 Ephesians 6 19 minutes 11 Philippians 4 14 minutes 12 Colossians 4 13 minutes 13 1 Thessalonians 5 12 minutes 14 2 Thessalonians 3 7 minutes 15 1 Timothy 6 16 minutes 16 2 Timothy 4 12 minutes 17 Titus 3 7 minutes 18 Philemon 1 3 minutes 19 Hebrews 13 45 minutes 20 James 5 16 minutes 21 1 Peter 5 16 minutes 22 2 Peter 3 11 minutes 23 1 John 5 16 minutes 24 2 John 1 2 minutes 25 3 John 1 2 minutes 26 Jude 1 4 minutes 27 Revelation 22 1 hour 15 minutes Berean Digest Walking Thru the Bible Tavares D. Mathews Matthew Author: Matthew Date: AD 50-60 Audience: Jewish Christians in Palestine Chapters: 28 Theme: Jesus is the Christ (Messiah), King of the Jews People: Joseph, Mary (mother of Jesus), Wise men (magi), Herod the Great, John the Baptizer, Simon Peter, Andrew, James, John, Matthew, Herod Antipas, Herodias, Caiaphas, Mary of Bethany, Pilate, Barabbas, Simon of Cyrene, Judas Iscariot, Mary Magdalene, Joseph of Arimathea Places: Bethlehem, Jerusalem, Egypt, Nazareth, Judean wilderness, Jordan River, Capernaum, Sea of Galilee, Decapolis, Gadarenes, Chorazin, Bethsaida, Tyre, Sidon, Caesarea Philippi, Jericho, Bethany, Bethphage, Gethsemane, Cyrene, Golgotha, Arimathea. -
The Synagogue of Satan
THE SYNAGOGUE OF SATAN BY MAXIMILIAN J. RUDWIN THE Synagogue of Satan is of greater antiquity and potency than the Church of God. The fear of a mahgn being was earher in operation and more powerful in its appeal among primitive peoples than the love of a benign being. Fear, it should be re- membered, was the first incentive of religious worship. Propitiation of harmful powers was the first phase of all sacrificial rites. This is perhaps the meaning of the old Gnostic tradition that when Solomon was summoned from his tomb and asked, "Who first named the name of God?" he answered, "The Devil." Furthermore, every religion that preceded Christianity was a form of devil-worship in the eyes of the new faith. The early Christians actually believed that all pagans were devil-worshippers inasmuch as all pagan gods were in Christian eyes disguised demons who caused themselves to be adored under different names in dif- ferent countries. It was believed that the spirits of hell took the form of idols, working through them, as St. Thomas Aquinas said, certain marvels w'hich excited the wonder and admiration of their worshippers (Siiinina theologica n.ii.94). This viewpoint was not confined to the Christians. It has ever been a custom among men to send to the Devil all who do not belong to their own particular caste, class or cult. Each nation or religion has always claimed the Deity for itself and assigned the Devil to other nations and religions. Zoroaster described alien M^orshippers as children of the Divas, which, in biblical parlance, is equivalent to sons of Belial. -
The Earliest Magdalene: Varied Portrayals in Early Gospel Narratives
Chapter 1 The Earliest Magdalene: Varied Portrayals in Early Gospel Narratives Edmondo Lupieri In the early writings produced by the followers of Jesus, Mary Magdalene is connected with key events in the narrative regarding Jesus: his death on the cross, his burial, and his resurrection.1 At first sight, her figure seems to grow in importance through time. Her name and figure, indeed, are completely ab- sent from the oldest extant texts written by a follower of Jesus, the authentic letters of Paul.2 This is particularly striking, since 1 Cor 15:5–8 contains the ear- liest known series of witnesses to the resurrection, but only men are named specifically.3 1 All translations are the author’s. The Greek text of the New Testament is from Eberhard Nestle et al., eds., Novum Testamentum Graece, 27th ed. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1993). 2 This phenomenon seems to parallel the minimal importance of the mother of Jesus in Paul’s letters. He mentions her only once and indirectly, when stressing that Jesus was born “of a woman” and “under the Law” (Gal 4:4). Besides using her existence to reaffirm the humanity (and Jewishness) of Jesus (for a similar use of a similar expression to describe the humanity of John the Baptist, see Luke 7:28 / Matt 11:11), Paul does not seem to care about who that “woman” was. This does not mean that Paul is particularly uninterested in Mary Magdalene or in Jesus’s mother, but that generally in his letters Paul does not seem to be interested in any detail regarding the earthly life of Jesus or in the persons who were around him when he was in his human flesh (see further n. -
From Christian Persecutor to Ambassador in Chains: Paul of Tarsus, Apostle to the Gentiles
FROM CHRISTIAN PERSECUTOR TO AMBASSADOR IN CHAINS: PAUL OF TARSUS, APOSTLE TO THE GENTILES WHO WAS PAUL? The great Evangelizer Paul, Apostle to the Gentiles, is considered by many Christians to have au- thored a majority of the 27 New Testament (1) books which form the Holy Bible (2). His epic jour- ney is the standard bearer of conversion accounts, as he was transformed from being the most wicked persecutor of first century followers of "The Way" to the unswerving "Ambassador in Chains" (Ephesians 6:19-20) who preached and taught the Good News of Jesus Christ (3) while helping nurture infant churches along the path. EARLY LIFE The Scriptures don't tell us much about Paul's heritage or early life. Acts 22:3 shares that Paul was born in Tarsus of Cicilia (ed note: circa 5 AD), then a large trade center on the Mediterranean coast in what is now south central Turkey, and that he "studied under Gamaliel and was thoroughly trained in the law of our ancestors." Born into a devout Jewish family (4), Paul referred to his lineage in Philippians 3:5 as being "circumcised on the eighth day, of the people of Israel, of the tribe of Ben- jamin (5), a Hebrew of Hebrews; in regard to the law, a Pharisee." He later became a leader of the Christian Church in the first century world. The "son of Paul's sister" is mentioned in Acts 23:16 and Paul shares in Acts 23:6 that he "descended from Pharisees." In 2 Timothy 1:3, Paul gives thanks to God, "whom I serve, as my ancestors did." PRESENT AT THE STONING OF STEPHEN The first mention of Paul in the Bible is in Acts 7:54-60, when he is referred to by his Jewish name of Saul. -
"Voluntary Martyrdom" and the Martyrs of Lyons
Abilene Christian University Digital Commons @ ACU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 8-2016 Zealous until Death: "Voluntary Martyrdom" and the Martyrs of Lyons Matthew R. Anderson Abilene Christian University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/etd Part of the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Anderson, Matthew R., "Zealous until Death: "Voluntary Martyrdom" and the Martyrs of Lyons" (2016). Digital Commons @ ACU, Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 35. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at Digital Commons @ ACU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ ACU. ABSTRACT For decades, many scholars have been uncomfortable with the idea that some early Christians were eager to die. This led to the creation of the category “voluntary martyrdom” by which modern historians attempted to understand those martyrs who provoked their own arrest and/or death in some fashion. Scholars then connected this form of martyrdom with an early Christian movement called the New Prophecy, which came to be known as Montanism. Thus, scholars have scoured martyr accounts in an attempt to identify volunteers and, in some cases, label them Montanists. The Letter from the Churches of Vienna and Lyons and the martyrs it depicts did not escape such scrutiny. I contend that the martyrs in that account who have been accused of heresy are not only innocent of heresy but also should not be considered volunteers. This study surveys the role of the language of zeal and enthusiasm in the account of the martyrs of Lyons. -
THE DAY of the CHRISTIAN MARTYR June 29, 2019 Resource Pack “Greater Love Has No One Than This, to Lay Down One’S Life for One’S Friends
THE DAY OF THE CHRISTIAN MARTYR June 29, 2019 Resource Pack “Greater love has no one than this, to lay down one’s life for one’s friends. You are my friends, if you do what I command... The time is coming when anyone who kills you will think they are offering a service to God. They will do such things because they have not known the Father or me. I have told you this, so that when their time comes, you will remember that I warned you about them.” (John 15:13,14; John 16:2-4, NIV) Saturday June 29 2019 is the day many churches have remembered the martyrdoms of the Apostles Peter and Paul. On this day, or later in the year, we invite you and your church to be inspired by Christian martyrs of modern times and moved to prayer, praise and greater devotion. useful. There is also a sample pack of prayer cards, and a Powerpoint presentation you can downloadThis brochure from offers our website, a selection www.releaseinternational.org of readings, sermon notes, hymns and prayers you might find A few ideas to inspire your creativity • the martyrdom of Christians, or reprint one of the prayers in this pack. Include a ‘Did you know?’ item in your church bulletin or newsletter quoting some figures about • Hold a special Martyrs’ Day service in your church using the readings, sermon notes, hymns, prayers and other resources in this pack, and the Powerpoint presentation you can download from www.releaseinternational.org • Consider using some of the readings, hymns and prayers in your regular service on June 30, or later in the year. -
Women with Jesus at the Cross and the Tomb Bible Study
Women with Jesus at the Cross and the Tomb Bible Study [Please provide : musical accompaniment; Bibles, hymnals, and copies of the Bible study for attendees.] Beginning with Ash Wednesday and for 40 days following, we are in the period of the church year called Lent. It is a time to remember the suffering, death, and burial in preparation for the resurrection of our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ. As we approach and journey through Lent, let us focus on the women who were present when Jesus was crucified on Calvary and later at His tomb. Let us begin with prayer : Lord Jesus Christ, be with us as we study Your Word, meditating upon those women who were near You at the cross and the tomb. In Your holy name. Amen. Sing “When I Survey the Wondrous Cross” LSB 425 or 426, TLH 175, LW 114 or 115 I. Standing Near the Cross – read John 19:25-27 • Four women are mentioned: o Mary, the mother of Jesus o His mother’s sister – tradition holds this is Salome, mother of James and John, the sons of Zebedee o Mary, the wife of Clopas – the only time she or Clopas are mentioned o Mary Magdalene The women took a risk by being present at the cross. It took courage for them to stand there in the midst of the hatred and ridicule. Their attendance was intended to encourage Jesus. Jesus’ mother, Mary, is experiencing what Simeon had predicted years before in Luke 2:35. As she stood there, her grief must have been nearly unbelievable. -
Saint Mary Magdalene
saint mary magdalene - relic tour Martha was the first to say, “Lord, I have believed that thou art Christ the Son of February 20 - March 22, 2013 the living God, who art come into this world” (John 11:27). Martha was witness to Jesus resurrection of her brother Lazarus (John 11:39-44). Martha’s relics are in Collégiale Sainte-Marthe in Tarascon. Early Christian Saints of God Mark Friedman and Janet Vogt A piece of the tibia of St. Mary Magdalene Saints of God, we stand be - fore you. This we ask you, pray for us. Ho - ly men and ho - ly wom - en, in your good - ness pray for us. 1. St. Ma - ry, God’s moth - er, our moth - er, 2. St. Jo-seph, St. Pe - ter, St. An - drew, 3. St. Mat - thew, St. Si - las, St. Bar - na - bas, 4. St. Mar - tha, St. Max-i-min, St. Ma-ry Sal-o-me, 1. All an - gels in heav - en, 1-4. pray for us. 2. St. Steph - en, St. Paul, 3. St. Luke, St. Ce-do-ni-us, 4. St. La - za - rus, St. Mar - tha, 1-4. pray for us. Ho - ly men and ho - ly wom - en, The Three Marys at the Empty Tomb Mary Magdalene, Mary Jacobe and Mary Salome 1. so ho - ly, 2. St. Law-rence, 3. St. Ma-ry Ja- co- be, pray for us. us. 4. St. Ma-ry Mag-da-lene. 1-4. in your good - ness, pray for us. us. 2, 4. Save us, Lord, from sin and ev - ‘ry A piece of the tibia of St. -
Salome: the Image of a Woman Who Never Was
Salome: The Image of a Woman Who Never Was Salome: The Image of a Woman Who Never Was; Salome: Nymph, Seducer, Destroyer By Rosina Neginsky Salome: The Image of a Woman Who Never Was; Salome: Nymph, Seducer, Destroyer, By Rosina Neginsky This book first published 2013 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2013 by Rosina Neginsky All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-4621-X, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-4621-9 To those who crave love but are unable to love. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations ..................................................................................... ix Epigraph: Poem “Salome” by Rosina Neginsky ........................................ xv Preface ...................................................................................................... xxi Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Part I: Creation of the Salome Myth Chapter One ................................................................................................. 8 History and Myth in the Biblical Story Chapter Two .............................................................................................