Sesamum Indicum
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Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2 Issue 5, May - 2015 Biochemical Assessment of Moroccan Sesame (Sesamum Indicum) Genotypes Meriem El Harfi1, 2, Abdelghani Nabloussi2, Hajar Rizki1, Hassan Latrache2, Said Ennahli3, Hafida Hanine1* 1Laboratory of Bioprocess and Bio-Interfaces, Faculty of Science and Technology, Beni Mellal, Morocco 2 Plant Breeding and Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Research Unit, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Regional Centre of Meknes, Morocco 3 Agriculture National High School of Meknes, Morocco * Corresponding author: [email protected] Tel: +212664546965 / Fax: +212523485201 Abstract— The main goal of this research is to China are the largest producers of sesame in the assess the quality of sesame seeds (Sesamum world, followed by Myanmar. Nearly 70% of the world indicum L) and their oil content extracted from production is from Asia. Africa and Latin America grow raw seeds of 13 cultivars collected from Tadla- around 26% and 4% of the world's sesame production, Azilal region of Morocco. The assessment was respectively [4]. Sesame plant has received concerning different phytochemical parameters considerable attention around the world. Its seeds are (phenolic, chlorophyll and carotenoids content), used for oil extraction and food preparations [34]. It proteins content and index quality of seed sesame ranks second after olive oil with regard to nutritional oil. The results indicated that the physicochemical value [9]. Sesame seeds have the highest oil content properties studied exhibited a biochemical compared to rapeseed, peanut, soybean, and other oil diversity among the 13 cultivars, with significant crops [10]. It is rich in oil (50-60%), protein (18-25%), differences (p <0.05). Compositional analysis carbohydrate, and ash [9]. Sesame oil is highly revealed that the sesame seeds contained unsaturated edible oil with abundant essential fatty considerable amounts of protein (27%) and high acids, such as linoleic acid. Sesame oil contains amounts of oil (42-50%). The characteristic of the almost equal levels of oleic (35 to 54%) and linoleic seed oil revealed a high degree of unsaturation (39 to 59%) acids, 10% of palmitic acid, and 5% of (79.82 -81.77% of Unsaturated fatty acid) and close stearic acid [43]. Sesame seed oil shows a remarkable values of Oleic and Linoleic acid (Oleic/ Linoleic stability to oxidation [10] due to its high content of ratio ranges between 0.88 and 1.10). Regarding natural antioxidants, such as tocopherols, sesamol, quality index, there was a variation from 0.11 to sesamolin, and sesamin [58; 69]. Among the primary 0.68 % of oleic acid for acidity, 143 to 174 mg edible oils, sesame oil has the highest antioxidant KOHg-1 oil for saponification index, 78.1 to170.8 g content [26]. Sesamin and sesaminol triglucoside in of I2/100 g of oil for iodine index and 0.75 to 2.83 sesame seeds are major lignans that display an meq O2 kg-1 oil for peroxide value. Sesame seed abundance of biological activities making sesame oil oil was also found to be rich in total phenolic one of the best choices for healthy foods. From the content (mg GAE/kg oil), chlorophyll (mg /kg oil) medicinal point of view, sesame reduces plasma and carotenoid (mg/kg oil) with values ranged cholesterol and lowers blood pressure [80], prevents from 46.57 to 57.60; 0.23 to 4.98 and 0.46 to 2.10, various disorders, such as hypertension and respectively. The specific extinctions (K232) and hypercholesterolemia [69], reduces symptoms of (K270) ranged from 0.9 to 6.49 and from 0.25 to osteoarthritis [75], and decreases plasma 2.18 respectively. These results could be triacylglycerol and arachidonic acid levels, imparting beneficial and useful for sesame breeding anti-inflammatory and estrogenic activities [69]. programs in Morocco as well as in other areas of As previously reported by [92], the traditional the world to develop improved cultivars with high analytical approach to study the genetic diversity was contents of different major health-promoting developed for many plants and it was based on the compounds. morphology of the fruiting body and cultivars. Other Keywords— Sesamum indicum L, cultivars, studies have used izoenzyme form to evaluate the sesame oil, quality index, Total phenolic content, genetic variability and systematic in Pleurotus species Carotenoid, chlorophyll [36]. However, it was reported that the nutrient composition, which is relatively stable, accurate and I. INTRODUCTION independent of environmental influences, will be Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important and adopted in the case of genetic diversity of sesame ancient oilseed crop belonging to the family seed. Pedaliaceae [17]. It is cultivated in tropic and Sesame has been grown in Morocco for decades temperate zones of the world [19]. It has been under a range of environmental and agronomic cultivated for centuries, particularly in Asia and Africa, conditions. Therefore, oil content, fatty acid for its high content of edible oil and protein. India and composition and the quality of oil vary greatly within www.jmest.org JMESTN42350723 1005 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2 Issue 5, May - 2015 Moroccan cultivars, offering possibilities of developing B. Chemical and Reagent superior quality edible oils and particular industrial oils. The solvents used, sodium bicarbonate, sodium Moreover, identification and use of local Moroccan thiosulfate, potassium iodide, potassium hydroxide, cultivars with desirable genes has become more iodine monochloride, phenolphtaleine and gallic acid relevant today, because using biotechnological tools were analytical grade. and transferring genes across species/genera is now feasible. It is, therefore, imperative to survey and C. Seed analysis investigate the quality of oil to identify Moroccan genotypes with superior quality of edible oil that can be Seeds from the populations collected in Tadla Azilal used in breeding programs. Information on were analyzed for seed oil, proteins, polyphenol, carotenoid, chlorophyll content quality index and ratio biochemical constituents in terms of quality indexes of sesame germoplasm grown in Morocco is limited to of C18 :1/C18 :2. All analyses were duplicated. They nonexistent. were performed every year after seed collection or harvest. Weight of 1000 seeds was also measured. In Therefore, this study aimed to determine the some cases, the amount of seeds collected or variability of quality of oil and content of oil, proteins increased were insufficient for analyses. We have chlorophyll and carotenoid in 13 genotypes grown in considered in this study only those accessions for various locations of Tadla-Azilal region of Morocco. which data from different environments were available. Theses determinations present a great interest for the This made a total of 13 accessions. Seed oil content selection of elite lines to be used in sesame breeding was measured on intact seeds, previously desiccated program to develop varieties with desirable traits. at 103◦C for 17 h, using an Oxford 4000 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyzer (Oxford II. MATERIALS AND METHODS Analytical Instruments Ltd., Abingdon, OX, UK). The oil A. Plant Material content was determined using NMR method [62] and oil extraction from the ground seeds following the Thirteen Moroccan sesame cultivars, including procedure described by [89]. Twenty-five g of ground yellow and Brown seeds, have been used in this study. seeds were placed in paper cone cellulose in 250 ml of The cultivars were collected from different locations in n-hexane for 8 hours using a Soxhlet extractor Tadla-Azilal region (Fig. 1), grown during 2011. These apparatus. The n-hexane was selected as solvent were Krakeb1 (D), Ouled Yaich(F), Had extraction to improve oil extraction efficiency as Boumoussa(K), Had Boumoussa(O), Taghzirt(P), compared to other polar solvents such as alcohol, Oulad Barkat(R), Ouled Zian(U), Sidi Jaber(A’), ketone, aldehyde, ether, ester, etc. The oil was then Taghzirt(C’), Ouled Slimane(E’), ElBazaza1(F’), El recovered by evaporation of solvent using a rotary Bazaza2(I’) and Krakeb2(K’). Tadla Azilal region is evaporator at 40°C. located in the center of the country, with an average altitude of 400-700 m and Latitude: 32° 10’ 0” N and AFNOR NF methods and Regulation (EEC) N° Longitude: 60 25’ 0”W. After collecting sesame seeds, 2568/91 were used for the determination of the they were immediately dried and stored at 4°C for the following physical and chemical characteristics: analysis. peroxide index [7], saponification [6], iodine [12] and acid values [5]. Extinction coefficient (K232 and K270) expressed as the specific extinction of a 1% (w/v) solution of oil in cyclohexane in 1 cm cell path length at wavelengths between 232 and 274 nm (232 nm, 266 nm, 270 nm and 274 nm), was measured using a Jasco spectraphysic 430 UV spectrometer the UV absorption following the analytical methods described in [11]. D. Biochemical analysis -Proteins analysis Proteins extracted from oil sesame were determined using Bradford reagent according to the method of [22]. -Chlorophyll and carotenoid Analyses of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were performed using a spectrophotometer (Spectraphysic Jasco V630 chroma_lab), according to the method previously described by [57]. A quantity of 7.5 g of oil was dissolved in 25 mL of cyclohexane. Fig. 1 Map showing sesame collecting locations in The absorption at 470 and 670 nm was measured. The Tadla-Azilal region in Morocco specific extinction wavelengths applied were E0 =2000 www.jmest.org JMESTN42350723 1006 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) ISSN: 3159-0040 Vol. 2 Issue 5, May - 2015 for lutein (a carotenoid component), and E0 = 613 for test with a general means of all variabes/cultivars (p < pheophytin (a chlorophyll component) [61]. The 0.05) was applied to compare cultivars means. equations used for the pigment content calculation III. RESULTS AND DISCUTION were: The sesame seeds upon Soxhlet extraction with n- Carotenoid content (mg/kg) = (A470× 106)/ (2000× hexane for 8 h have had a yellow white color.