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Impacts on the Transmission Grid for Integrations of Renewable Energy in

Chyou-Jong Lin, Member, IEEE, Chia-Chi Chu, Member, IEEE Chung-Liang Chang, Senior Member, IEEE, Yuin-Hong Liu, and Yuh-Fa Chuang

application. Also, in July, 2009, the government has issued the Abstract--Due to the increasing recognitions in renewable Renewable Energy Development Act with 23 articles and its energy worldwidely, the development of renewable energy has major contents are: (i) to give credits to the total amount of also become major alternative energy resources in Taiwan. This renewable energy in the range of 6,500MW to 10,000MW, (ii) paper presents impact studies on the transmission grid for to establish funds to subsidize renewable energy, (iii) to set up integrations of renewable . First, Taiwan’s purchase rates, (iv) to design procurement rates for different renewable energy policy will be briefly reviewed. Recent renewable resources, (v) to give incentives to highly potential developments about integrations of renewable energy in the transmission grid will be presented. Finally, discussions about self-faculties, and (vi) to assist renewable energy owners in impacts on the transmission grid and suggested approaches are acquiring land. concluded. In order to toward the smart grid objective for future Taipower system developments, Taiwan government has Index Terms--Integrations, Transmission Grid, Renewable recently approved Taipower’s seventh transmission and Energy, Wind Power, Solar PV, Low Voltage Ride-Through substation construction plan from 2010 through 2015. One (LVRT). objective of this seventh plan is to enhance system’s stability through seamless integrations of a large-scale of wind power I. INTRODUCTION and solar PV to the transmission grids. This paper will present aiwan is a subtropical island nation with high dependence impact studiess on the transmission grid for integrations of Tupon imported energy. About 97% of its energy is supplied renewable energy in Taiwan. by imported fuels. Environmental pollution and greenhouse The organization of the paper is as follows: energy policy gas emissions are becoming significant issues in Taiwan. In in Taiwan is described in Section II; power system and this regard, Taiwan has also been keeping pace with other renewable energy developments in Taiwan is presented in developed countries in developing renewable energy Section III; integrations of renewable energy in the developments aggressively [1-2]. transmission grid is discussed in Section IV; impacts on the The development of the renewable energy can be traced transmission grid is presented in Section V. Finally, back to 1980s. The Energy Commission of Taiwan sponsored conclusions are made in Section VI. Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) to conduct operations tests for 4kW, 40kW, and 150kWwind turbine II. ENERGY POLICY IN TAIWAN generators. In 2000, the Energy Commission subsidized some A. Government Energy Policy companies to install wind generation facilities at various sites. Later, the draft law for renewable energy development has Due to global climate change and energy shortage, the been reviewed by the Legislature since 2002. In 2003, as a crisis of environmental protection and energy development state-owned enterprise, Taiwan Power Company (Taipower) has significantly worsened in recent years. In response, issued practices of renewable energy procurement, which Taiwan government issued the Sustainable Energy Policy proposed the connection of renewable energy faculties to the Guidelines on June 5, 2008 and approved the Energy Taipower system. More recently, a national conference on Conservation and Carbon Dioxide Reduction Action Plan energy in 2005 concluded that the installed capacity for based on the Guidelines on September 4, 2008. The policy renewable energy should reach respectively about 10% and goals of the guidelines are as follows: (i) promoting energy 12% of the total installed capacities in 2010 and 2020. usage and production efficiency, (ii) increasing energy usage Since 2007, the Bureau of Energy of Taiwan announced for value-added products, (iii) pursuing low carbon and low that 300MW of offshore wind power capacity is available for pollution energy supply and consumptions, and (iv) reducing dependence on petrochemical energy and imported energy. In addition, the strategies of the guidelines are: (i) improving This work was supported in part by the National Science Council under energy structure and promoting generation efficiency; (ii) Grant NSC 98-3114-E-007-001-CC2 and NSC 99-2628-E-007-100-. reducing carbon emissions for industries and developing green Chyou-Jong Lin, Chung-Liang Chang, Yuin-Hong Liu, and Yuh-Fa Chuang are with Taiwan Power Company, , TAIWAN (e-mail: industries; (iii) establishing rapid transit systems and [email protected]) providing good traffic environment; developing conservation Chia-Chi Chu is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National cities; (iv) promoting carbon reduction actions and recycling Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, TAIWAN (e-mail: [email protected]) practices by citizens. The strategy is to be carried out from

978-1-4577-1002-5/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE 2

2009 to 2012. Based on the guidelines, the National Energy contract with the owner of renewable energy facility and file Conference further developed the following four major to the central government. A utility shall an approved policies on April 15-16, 2009. electricity rate to the renewable energy facility when it is z Sustaining energy development and establishing energy under maintenance. An owner of renewable energy facility security for a low carbon society; shall construct and maintain its transmission and distribution z Developing energy technology and applying energy connection to the grid of a utility. If it is necessary, the utility conservation and carbon dioxide reduction technology; shall provide assistance to the owner of a renewable energy, z Promoting efficient energy management and setting up but the owner of shall pay the cost for the assistance. green power and a concentrated non-energy industry; and C. Renewable Energy Connection Practices z Designing energy price and an open energy market for reasonable cost-based rates Taipower has issued a set of revised practice guidelines for renewable generation to be connected to its power systems B. Government Renewable Energy Development Act since December 31, 2009. The key articles require a new wind The government issued Renewable Energy Development turbine generator to have a capability of Low Voltage Ride- Act on July 8, 2009. The major contents of the Act related to Through (LVRT) starting on January 1, 2011 as in other renewable energy are as follows. developed countries as shown in Fig 1 [3]. z Providing credits: to the total amount of renewable z Meet the Taipower Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) energy in the range of 6,500MW to 10,000MW in 20 Standard. Specifically, 0.15 p.u. low voltage for 500 years, to set up the development goal of renewable milliseconds. energy and portfolios of different types of renewable z Define a boundary for the “voltage recovery” excursion energy every two years ; that occurs between the time a transmission fault is z Establishing funds: in addition to getting funds from cleared and the time the transmission voltage returns to utilities, the government shall have a budget to subsidize 90% (0.9 p.u.) of the nominal voltage, as required of new renewable energy if it is necessary. In addition, with generation plants to remain on–line. approval of the central government (i.e. Ministry of Furthermore, the percentage of a reverse power from a Economic Affairs), the funds can be added to the distribution system to a transmission system is allowed to electricity rates; reach 30% of the capacity of a transformer. z Connecting renewable energy to grids: so that utilities can keep the power systems in a stable situation; z Designing procurement rates for different renewable resources: the central government shall organize a committee to design workable formulas for procurements rates, which cannot be lower than the average rate of domestic fossil fuel generation; z Providing incentives for waste heat utilization and high- potential renewable power generation; giving priorities to renewable power generation in new or remodeled public projects or buildings. z Assisting renewable energy owners in acquiring land: the renewable energy facilities and their related transmission

facilities will follow specific public utilities requirements Fig. 1. Low Voltage Ride-Through Standard in Taiwan of Urban Planning Act, Regional Planning Act, Forest Act and Fishing Port Act to acquire or use land. In addition, since the 8th Article of the Act is related to D. Feed-in Tariffs for Renewable Energy renewable energy facilities to be connected to the power grid, Based on the feed-in tariffs in Fig. 2, Taipower shall it plays an important role for the transmission and distribution procure electric power from renewable energy developers and system planning. Specifically, renewable energy facilities sign contracts with them from July 10, 2009 to December 31, shall be connected to the nearest utility grid and the utility 2010 under these tariffs for 20 years. shall procure the renewable energy from these facilities as In Taiwan, Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) shall well as supply them with sufficient electricity during the invite related ministries, scholars and experts, and other period of their maintenances. A utility cannot reject these parties to form a feed-in tariffs committee to decide the tariffs requests if it does not have reasonable reasons unless it is and the calculation formulas which shall be reviewed annually approved by the central government. A facility shall pay all of because of technical enhancement, cost variation, target its connection costs. However, a utility may add additional achievement status and so on. Finally, the tariffs shall not be requirements for keeping the power system in a stable lower than the average cost of fossil-fired generation from situation due to the connection to a renewable facility. The Taipower. Procurement price of Solar PV between 10kW and utility and the owner of renewable energy facility shall share 500kW is US$0.43/kWh with the highest procurement price in the cost of the additional requirements. A utility shall follow the renewable energy tariffs in Taiwan [4]. the article to procure renewable energy as well as to sign a 3

III. POWER SYSTEMS AND RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY IN 17 S/S substations. In addition, new transmission line of TAIWAN 2,370ckt-km in length will be built in the six years. The total investment of the plan is NT$238.9 billion or about US$7.4 A. Current and Future Power System Developments billion. The installed capacity will reach around 44.5GW to Total installed capacity of Taipower at the end of 2009 serve around 38.3GW peak load in 2015 with respective was 40,247MW, a 4.2% increase over the previous year. Of 1.81% and 3.8% annual growth rate. This transmission and this capacity, 25% came from natural gas, 22% from coal, substation plan is designed especially to stimulate and 13% from nuclear, 9% from oil, 6% from pumped storage, accommodate targeted electricity supply and load and 5% from renewable energy, 20% from independent power developments, such as nuclear, petrochemical, hydro and producers, consisting of 11% from natural gas, 8% from coal, renewable energy. In accordance with the renewable energy and 1% from renewable energy. Due to the global financial development plan, three small hydro power plants with a total crisis in 2009, which also affected the , the capacity of 102MW and a total capacity of 365MW for peak load was 31,010MW, a 1.0% drop over the previous renewable generation are planned to be connected to the year; the average load was 22,101MW, a 3.0% decrease over transmission system. the previous year. As of the end of 2009, there are 22 Extra B. Renewable Energy Developments High Voltage substations (EHV, 345/161-kV); 46 primary substations (P/S: 161/69-kV), 204 primary distribution The worldwide total installed capacity of onshore wind substations (D/S: 161/22-kV/11-kV) and 306 secondary power has reached 159,213MW in 2009, with 38,312MW substations (S/S, 69/22-kV/11-kV). By the end of 2009, total added in that year, resulting in an annual growth rate of transmission and distribution lines length reached 16,342ckt- 31.7%, the highest since 2001. The trend appears to continue km and 329,457ckt-km respectively. Table 1 presents the with total worldwide wind capacity doubles every three years. assets of Transmission systems at Taipower [5]. The top five countries (USA, China, Germany, Spain and India) represented 72.9 % of the worldwide wind capacity in the year 2009. Based on accelerated development and further improved policies, a global capacity of wind power is estimated to reach 1,900GW by 2020 [1]. In addition, total installed capacity of offshore wind capacity amounted to about 2 GW, 1.2 % of the total wind capacity worldwide. The top three countries (UK, Demark, and Netherlands) represented 81.7 % of the worldwide off-shore wind capacity in the year 2009. In recent years, worldwide installations of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have also been growing rapidly. Global solar electric capacity was 21,537MW in 2009 and the top three countries (Germany, Spain, and Japan) represented 73.8 % of the worldwide solar electric capacity in 2009 [6-7]. Taipower is also keeping pace with other developed countries in developing renewable energy developments aggressively. More recently, Taipower is planning the fourth Fig. 2. Feed-in Tariffs for Renewable Energy in Taiwan stage wind power development project with 12 WTGs and a TABLE I total installed capacity of 14.8MW at an investment of Assests of Transmission Systems at Taipower in 2009 US$44.2 million from 2012 to 2015. In addition, Taipower has been approved to invest US$112 million to develop solar Items 345kV 161kV 69kV Total PV energy from 2008 to 2011 as the first stage. The total Span Length 2,556 4,279 5,516 12,352 installed solar PV capacity is 10MW and will be completed in Overhead 3,784 4,687 4,877 13,348 2MW, 3.5MW, and 4.5MW increments from 2009 to 2011. Lines Cables 18 1,723 1,253 2,994 Since 2010, the installed capacity of renewable energy Total 3,802 6,410 6,130 16,342 has reached 3,341MW in Taiwan. Based on government Total 22 250 306 578 target, installed capacity of renewable energy is projected to Substations be around 10,858MW in 2030 as shown in Fig. 3. Of the renewable energy installed capacity, 2,502MW will come Following the long term load forecast and generation from hydro, 3,156MW from wind power, 2,500MW from development plan to meet power system reliability solar photovoltaic (PV), 1,369MW from wastes, 1331MW requirements, Taipower has developed the seventh from biogas, ocean energy, geothermal and hydrogen fuel cell. transmission and substation plan from 2010 to the end of 2015. A total of 130 new substations will be built, which includes 17 EHV substations, 10 P/S substations, 86 D/S substations, and 4

IV. ENERGY POLICY IN TAIWAN INTEGRATIONS OF B. Offshore Wind Farms RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE TRANSMISSION GRID Offshore wind power generation has greater energy potential than onshore wind power generation and has been A. Onshore Wind Farms developed very successfully in the European countries. The key issues are suitable environment, managing installation and maximizing access. [9-11]. Taipower has planned most highly potential onshore wind farms along the west coast of Taiwan. Moreover, it has investigated several possible offshore wind farms. In particular, ChungHua Offshore Wind Farm could become one of the largest wind farms in central Taiwan. Its site is around 140 square kilometers in size and more than 294 wind turbine generators (WTGs) could be installed there. If each wind turbine generator has 3.6MW of capacity, the total installed capacity would be around 1,058MW. The offshore wind farm can be separated into two development areas as shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 3. Target of installed capacity of renewable energy in 2030

Taipower has been aggressively developing its wind power along the west coast of Taiwan and islands because of the abundancy of wind resources. Most notably, PengHu has multiple renewable energy resources such as wind power, solar energy, tidal and so on. Two circuits of 161kV 200MW 66.3km HVAC submarine cable are planned to connect P/S in the west of Taiwan and PengHu P/S in PengHu islands in 2014 as shown in Fig. 4. The main purpose of planning the submarine cable is to replace high fuel cost of 12 diesel engine generators. MOEA has proposed a five-year project from 2011 to 2015 with a US$ 248 million budget to establish a low carbon dioxide island as a standard model in PengHu. The installed capacity of renewable energy will be over 56% of the load demand in 2015 and carbon dioxide reductions will be lower than 50% from the year 2005. In other words, the amount of per capita carbon dioxide emissions will be reduced to 2.1 tons from 5.4 tons from the year 2008 and thus keep pace with other leading countries. Fig. 5. ChungHua Offshore Wind Farms in Central Taiwan Currently, the capacity of existing wind power is 4.8MW and 5.4MW WTG is under construction. Moreover, Taipower, There will be six phases (i.e.30WTGs, 60-66WTGs, PengHu County and wind power developers will plan to 48WTGs, 55WTGs, 44-54WTGs, and 47WTGs) to develop deploy 32MW and 64MW wind turbine generators in five the offshore wind farm from the north to south areas. The first years. Hence, renewable energy for wind power will be one of phase considers either 36WTGs of 3.0MW each or 30WTGs the major natural resources in PengHu [8]. of 3.6MW each with a total of 108MW installed capacity in the north area of offshore. In addition, the area of phase 1 will have four 33kV of submarine cables to be connected to the onshore substation and set up to the 161kV transmission lines to the HsienShi D/S (primary distribution substation). The onshore substation further includes 33kV GIS, 161kV GIS, 33kV-161kV step-up transformer along with 3-phase 120/150MVA capacity, and so on. C. PV Sites Although solar PV technology is still evolving and has not reached mature commercial status, some solar PV system developers have been interested in deploying multiple tens-of- megawatt scale of solar PV in central and southern Taiwan. Moreover, the local government has proposed to develop a 25MW solar PV in Ping Tung County of Southern Taiwan.

Fig. 4. Submarine Cable and Wind Farms in PengHu The solar PV generation will be connected to the 11.4kV 5 distribution system. With the attractive procurement prices for B. Large Scale of Solar PV solar PV, Taiwan will face the challenges of connecting large Transient stability study is often not performed for the scale of solar PV to the power system. 69kV system. However, if the total installed capacity on the There have been 981 solar PV applications with the total same bus of renewable energy is 100MW or more and is to be installed capacity 151MW to apply for the certificates up to connected to a 161kV transmission system, the planner should October 15, 2010. 452 out of 981 applications have been perform a transient stability study. Siemens Energy, Inc., approved by the MOEA with the total installed capacity of Power Technologies International has issued the PV system 69MW. In fact, the target of 64MW for developing solar PV model in the version 32.0.5 [13]. These modules are has been reached in 2010 [12]. conventionally designated as wind modules with PVGU as the generator/converter module, PVEU as the electrical control V. IMPACT ON THE TRANSMISSION GRID module, PANEL as the mechanical module, and IRRAD as Taipower is a vertically integrated state-owned utility and the pitch module. Based on the above modules, Taipower has responsible for planning and building transmission systems: added a potential test system to simulate a solar PV transient 345kV, 161kV and 69kV around the whole island of Taiwan stability in the 161kV transmission grid. The simulations can and other remote islands. In 2002, the third route was fully be a preparation for a large scale of potential solar PV to be completed with 403 km from ShenMei E/S to LungChi E/S, connected to the 161kV transmission grids. 795MCMQ, line capacity 2,187MVA. The multi-phase re- Since the feed-in tariffs of solar PV is highly attractive for closing technology was introduced in 2007 for the 345kV developers to deploy the solar PV farms, they have been transmission line to improve stability and avoid blackouts. A recognizing the significance value of grid connection for simple system protective scheme (SPS) was installed in deploying PV systems. Although reports of solar PV have TungShan E/S in 2002. Fast SPSs were installed in LungTan been mostly for the distribution systems, the scale of the solar E/S to enhance transient stability in 2006 and 2010. PV has been getting larger. Hence, although the size of the Based on the load growth anticipated from major solar PV has not yet been very large, its LVRT capability shall construction projects, improvements of power supply be taken into consideration for a stability simulation in the bottlenecks, connections to renewable energy sites, large transmission grid [14]. customers, and new facilities to the transmission system, the C. Clusters for Renewable Energy government has approved Taipower’s seventh transmission and substation plan from 2010 through 2015. It is expected Renewable energy developers submit requests for a system that 2,370ckt-km of transmission lines and a total substation impact study and other engineering studies as part of the capacity of 23,560MVA will be completed by the end of initial process to advance their projects, some of which are 2015. In order to keep the high system reliability and to proposed for the same transmission areas. Collectively these upgrade power quality, Static Var Capacitor (SVC), Static Var wind, solar and geothermal resource projects produce the Compensator (STATCOM), Special Protection Scheme (SPS) same impact to the grid as a single large generator. California and a new system operations center are included in this plan. ISO takes into consideration clusters of new generation In this long term planning, a 66km 161kV submarine cable projects to minimize overbuilding and undue costs associated will be added into the transmission system. Furthermore, with transmission expansion [15]. Taipower is required to file a review report on the planning Based on California’s experience, Taipower has taken performance for the past two years and to propose detailed consideration for clusters of a small wind farm and solar PV actions to proceed for the next two years, and especially in the distribution system at the same transmission area to be useful to develop a large scale of wind power and solar PV in treated as a large generator. In addition, the distribution sector the next six years. shall submit the amount of those clusters of renewable energy monthly that will be helpful and reduce impacts on the A. Concentrated Wind Farms in Central Taiwan transmission system. Currently, there have been two IPPs and five wind farms in the same area of ChungPin E/S in central Taiwan and the net VI. CONCLUSIONS peak generation capacity is 1139MW. If the first stage of In the first decade of the twenty-first century, Taiwan has offshore wind farm is added to the system, take consideration been keeping pace with leading countries in the development load growth and one line contingency, it may cause the 161kV of renewable energy. Because of the complexity of connecting transmission grid to be overloaded. Furthermore, the renewable energy to the transmission grid, while keeping pace developments of wind farms will be affected in that area. In with other leading countries in developing renewable energy, order to resolve the congested transmission system, the Taiwan must carefully establish government policies, proposed planning projects are as follows. renewable energy regulations, impact on the transmission grid z Reconfiguring the neighboring 161kV transmission grid for integrations of renewable energy and other relevant in 2018. procedures. Moreover, as electric utilities around the world z Adding two 500MVA transformers in the ChungPin E/S are all undergoing rapid changes, it will be essential for in 2020. Taipower and other utilities to continually exchange experiences on connecting various renewable resources to the transmission grids. 6

VII. DISCLAIMER Chia-Chi Chu (M’96) received the BS and MS degrees in electrical engineering from National The opinions and views expressed in this paper are solely Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. and the those of the authors. They do not represent the policies or Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Cornell position of Taipower. Any errors or omissions are the sole University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A., in 1996. From 1995 to 1996, he has been a member of the responsibility of the authors. technical staff at Avant! Corporation, Fremont, CA, USA. From 1996 to 2006, he has been a VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS faculty member of Electrical Engineering at Chang The authors would like to express their appreciation to Fan- Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C. Since 2006, he is an Associate I Lin, I-Wen Hsu, Chang-Horng Huang, Cheng-Hung Professor of Electrical Engineering at National Tsing Hua University, Hsin- Chu, Taiwan, R.O.C. He was a visiting scholar at the University of California Chuang, and Tsung-Ta Yang for their expert assistance during at Berkeley in 1999. the preparation of this paper. His current research interests include power system stability, FACTS, and Microgrid Control. Dr. Chu was the recipient of the Young Author Award of the IEEE 1997 Control of Oscillations and Chaos Conference (COC’97) and IX. REFERENCES th the 8 international conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems [1] Chyou-Jong Lin, Oliver S. Yu, Chung-Liang Chang, Yuin-Hong Liu, (PEDS’2009). Yuh- Fa Chuang, Yu-Liang Lin “Challenges of Wind Farms Connection to Future Power Systems in Taiwan,” Renewable Energy, Volume 34, Chung-Liang Chang received his Ph.D. degree in Number 8, August 2009, pp.1926-1930. electrical engineering from National Taiwan [2] Workshop Summary, APEC Workshop on Renewable Energy Grid University in 1989. Since 1982, he has been with Integration Systems, APEC Energy Working Group, March 2009. the Department of System Planning of Taiwan [3] The Technical Basis the New WECC Voltage Ride-Through Standard, A Power Company, where he is the director. His White Paper Developed by the Wind Generation Task Force, June, 13, current research interests include power system 2007. measurement, stability assessment, and renewable [4] Shin-Je Li, “The Current Policy and Prospection of Renewable Energy energy. Dr. Chang is a senior member of IEEE. Development in Taiwan,” presented at Taiwan-UK Offshore Wind & Marine Energy Seminar, Taipei, Taiwan, Oct., 18, 2010. [5] 2010 Statistic Annual Report of Taiwan Power Company, Taiwan Power Yuin-Hong Liu received his Ph.D. degree in Company, April, 2010. electrical engineering from the University of Texas [6] World Wind Energy Report 2009, World Wind Energy Association at Arlington, USA. Dr. Liu is deputy director of the WWEA, March 2010. Department of System Planning of Taiwan Power [7] U.S. Solar Industry Year in Review 2009, Solar Energy Industries Company and has worked at the areas of the Association SEIA, May 12, 2010. system operation, central dispatching and system [8] http://www.cepd.gov.tw planning since he joined the company in 1983. He [9] Dan Andersson, Andreas Petersson, Evert Agneholm, and Daniel is interested in the areas of system operation and Karlsson,”Kriegers Flak 640MW Off-Shore Wind Power Grid planning, and renewable energy. Connection—A Real Project Case Study,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, No. 1, March 2007, pp. 79-85. Yuh-FaChuang received his BSEE degree from [10] H. Koch, “Large Scale Offshore Wind Farms to be Connected to the Tatung Institute of Technology in 1979. He has Transmission”, presented at the 2009 IEEE PES Power Systems been working for the Department of System Conference & Exhibition, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., March 15-18, Planning of Taiwan Power Company since 1974 2009. and is currently a manager. His major fields are [11] Richard D. Colwill, “Offshore Installation & Operations- Challenges, stability assessment and network analysis. Constraints & Opportunities,” presented at Taiwan-UK Offshore Wind & Marine Energy Seminar, Taipei, Taiwan, October 18, 2010. [12] http://www.moeaboe.gov.tw [13] Photovoltaic (PV) System Model, Version 32.0.5, Siemens Energy, Inc., Power Technologies International, October 1, 2010. [14] Eckehard Troester, “New German Grid Codes for Connecting PV System to the Medium Voltage Power Grid,” 2nd International Workshop on Concentrating Photovoltaic Power Plants: Optical Design, Production, Grid Connection, 9-10 March, 2009. [15] ISO Board Approves Small Generator Interconnection Reforms, California ISO Release, September 9, 2010.

X. BIOGRAPHIES

Chyou-Jong Lin received an MSEE degree from the University of Washington at Seattle, USA, in 1994. He was a visiting fellow of Stanford Research Institute at Menlo Park, USA, in 1997. Since 1981 he has joined with Taiwan Power Company and is currently a head of section. His research interests include computer systems application in power, system planning analysis, liberalization, and renewable energy. Mr. Lin is a member of IEEE.