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Nicogossian Judith Directeurs De Thèse 1 Nicogossian Judith UNIVERSITÉ: HUMANITIES RESEARCH PROGRAM, QUT DISCIPLINE: ANTHROPOLOGIE BIOLOGIQUE ET CULTURELLE TITRE: DE LA RECONSTRUCTION A L’AUGMENTATION DU CORPS HUMAIN EN MEDECINE RESTAURATIVE ET EN CYBERNETIQUE Directeurs de thèse : Professeur Gavin Kendall, School of Humanities and Human services, Humanities Program, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld 4059, Australia. Professeur Gilles Boetsch, Directeur de l’UMR/CNRS 6578 Adaptabilité Humaine - Biologie et Culture, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France. Senior Lecturer Barbara E. Hanna, directrice de thèse associée, QUT, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia. 2 01. « En chacun de nous, il y a comme une ascèse, une partie dirigée contre nous-mêmes. Nous sommes des déserts, mais peuplés de tribus, de faunes et de flores. (...) Et toutes ces peuplades, toutes ces foules, n'empêchent pas le désert, qui est notre ascèse même, au contraire elles l'habitent, elles passent par lui, sur lui. (...) Le désert, l'expérimentation sur soi-même, est notre seule identité, notre chance unique pour toutes les combinaisons qui nous habitent. Alors on nous dit : vous n’êtes pas des maîtres, mais vous êtes encore plus étouffants. On aurait tant voulu autre chose. » (Deleuze & Parnet, 1977 : 78) 02. « Mina - Il faudrait trouver un autre terme pour remplacer « handicap » et « invalide ». Puisqu’on n’arrête pas de voir des personnes dites handicapées ou invalides réussir et aller au-delà de leurs limites. » (Mina & Nicogossian, 2008a) 3 1.1.1 Image 1 – « Le corps bionique » (Nicogossian, 2008) 4 MOTS CLES Augmentation, autoévolution, bioculturel, bionique, biopouvoir, chirurgie plastique, cyborg, évolution, phénoménologie, prothèse, reconstruction, technologie. 5 RESUMES FRANÇAIS Aux confluences historiques et conceptuelles de la modernité, de la technologie, et de l’« humain », les textes de notre corpus négocient et interrogent de façon critique les possibilités matérielles et symboliques de la prothèse, ses aspects phénoménologiques et spéculatifs : du côté subjectiviste et conceptualiste avec une philosophie de la conscience, avec Merleau-Ponty ; et de l’autre avec les épistémologues du corps et historiens de la connaissance Canguilhem et Foucault. Le trope prometteur de la prothèse impacte sur les formations discursives et non-discursives concernant la reconstruction des corps, là où la technologie devient le corrélat de l’identité. La technologie s’humanise au contact de l’homme, et, en révélant une hybridité supérieure, elle phagocyte l’humain du même coup. Ce travail de sociologie des sciences (Latour, 1989), ou encore d’anthropologie des sciences (Hakken, 2001) ou d’anthropologie bioculturelle (Andrieu, 1993; Andrieu, 2006; Andrieu, 2007a) se propose en tant qu’exemple de la contribution potentielle que l’anthropologie biologique et culturelle peut rendre à la médecine reconstructrice et que la médecine reconstructrice peut rendre à la plastique de l’homme ; l’anthropologie biologique nous concerne dans la transformation biologique du corps humain, par l’outil de la technologie, tant dans son histoire de la reconstruction mécanique et plastique, que dans son projet d’augmentation bionique. Nous établirons une continuité archéologique, d’une terminologie foucaldienne, entre les deux pratiques. Nous questionnons les postulats au sujet des relations nature/culture, biologie/contexte social, et nous présentons une approche définitionnelle de la technologie, pierre 6 angulaire de notre travail théorique. Le trope de la technologie, en tant qu’outil adaptatif de la culture au service de la nature, opère un glissement sémantique en se plaçant au service d’une biologie à améliorer. Une des clés de notre recherche sur l’augmentation des fonctions et de l’esthétique du corps humain réside dans la redéfinition même de ces relations ; et dans l’impact de l’interpénétration entre réalité et imaginaire dans la construction de l’objet scientifique, dans la transformation du corps humain. Afin de cerner les enjeux du discours au sujet de l’« autoévolution » des corps, les théories évolutionnistes sont abordées, bien que ne représentant pas notre spécialité. Dans le cadre de l’autoévolution, et de l’augmentation bionique de l’homme, la somation culturelle du corps s’exerce par l’usage des biotechnologies, en rupture épistémologique de la pensée darwinienne, bien que l’acte d’hybridation évolutionnaire soit toujours inscrit dans un dessein de maximisation bionique/génétique du corps humain. Nous explorons les courants de la pensée cybernétique dans leurs actions de transformation biologique du corps humain, de la performativité des mutilations. Ainsi technologie et techniques apparaissent-elles indissociables de la science, et de son constructionnisme social. ANGLAIS Situated at the historical and conceptual crossroads of modernity, technology and the “human”, this thesis will negotiate and critique the material and symbolic possibilities of the prosthesis, together with its phenomenological and speculative aspects. This work will be undertaken on the one hand from a subjectivist point of view, using Merleau- Ponty and his conceptualist philosophy of consciousness; and on the another from a viewpoint based on epistemologists of the body and historians of knowledge such as Canguilhem, and Foucault. The promising trope of the prosthesis has an impact on discursive and non-discursive structures related to the reconstruction of the body, where technology becomes the correlate of identity. 7 This work in Sociology of Sciences (Latour, 1989), Anthropology of Sciences (Hakken, 2001), or in Biological Anthropology (Andrieu, 1993, 2006, 2007) is proposed as an example of the potential contribution which biological and cultural anthropology can make to reconstructive medicine and which reconstructive medecine can make to human corporeality ; Biological Anthropology allows us to study the process of the human body’s biological modification, via technology and the incorporation of biomaterial into the body, through the medical history of mechanical and plastic reconstruction, and through the cybernetic project of bionic augmentation. An archeological continuity, to use Foucault’s terminology, will be established between both practices. We will question the postulates at stake in the relationships between nature and culture, biology and social context, and will present as a cornerstone of our theoretical work a wide range of definitional approaches. The trope of technology as an evolutionary adaptative tool of culture in the service of nature allows a semantic slide whereby it becomes a tool to improve one’s biology. One of the keys of our research into the transformation of the human body in medical practices is the very redefinition of those relationships; another is the impact of the interpenetration of reality and imaginary in the construction of the scientific object and the transformation of the human body. In order to locate what is at stake in the discourse on “auto-evolution”, evolutionary theories are tackled, albeit from a non-specialist outlook. In the context of auto- evolution and bionic augmentation of the human, the cultural somatic modification of the body takes place through the use of biotechnologies, and making an epistemological break with Darwinian thought, it nears the Lamarckian standpoint ; although the act of evolutionary hybridization is still inscribed within a project of bionic/genetic maximization of the human body. We investigate experiments undertaken in plastic surgery/neurology/cybernetics that act upon the human body, changing its biological nature, and the performativity of mutilations. Technology and techniques turn out to be indissociable from science, and its social constructionism. 8 SOMMAIRE 1.1.1 Image 1 – « Le corps bionique » (Nicogossian, 2008) ............................................................ 3 MOTS CLÉS ............................................................................................................................................................... 4 RÉSUMÉS .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 SOMMAIRE ................................................................................................................................................................ 8 LISTE DES TABLES D’ILLUSTRATION .......................................................................................................................... 12 LISTE DU MATÉRIEL SUPPLÉMENTAIRE (VIDÉO) ......................................................................................................... 15 LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 16 STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP..................................................................................................................... 18 REMERCIEMENTS .................................................................................................................................................... 19 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 22 I. METHODOLOGIE .............................................................................................................................................. 26 A. PRÉREQUIS MÉTHODOLOGIQUES
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