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Řízení Systémů Pomocí Aktivizace Mozkových Center Diserta ční práce Řízení systém ů pomocí aktivizace mozkových center Control Systems by Means of Activation of Brain Centers Autor: Ing. Roman Žák Studijní program: Inženýrská informatika Studijní obor: Inženýrská informatika Školitel: prof. Mgr. Roman Jašek, Ph.D. Zlín, Červenec 2017 © Roman Žák Vydala Univerzita Tomáše Bati ve Zlín ě v edici Doctoral Thesis Summary. Publikace byla vydána v roce 2017 Klí čová slova: Elektroencefalografie (EEG), Rozhraní mozek – po číta č (BCI), Emotiv, Mindstorm EV3 Key words: Elektroencephalography (EEG), Brain Computer Interface (BCI), Emotiv, Mindstorm EV3 Plná verze diserta ční práce je dostupná v Knihovn ě UTB ve Zlín ě. II POD ĚKOVÁNÍ Děkuji p ředevším školiteli mé diplomové práce panu prof. Mgr. Romanu Jaškovi, Ph.D. za cenné rady a trp ělivost. Zvlášt ě pak d ěkuji svým nejbližším a p řátel ům za pomoc při psaní teoretické části diktováním a za p řipomínky spojené s testováním a lad ěním navrženého modelu. DĚKUJU JI A TÉ III ABSTRAKT Ke snímání elektrických signál ů z mozku se používá za řízení využívající výsledky posledních v ědeckých výzkum ů v oblasti neuro-technologií. Samotná komunikace je zabezpe čována bezdrátovým p řenosem signálu ze za řízení do po číta če, kde dochází k jeho dalšímu zpracování a p řípadnému využití jak p ři řízení dalších systém ů napojených na výpo četní techniku, tak p ři ovládání softwaru. Komunika ční rozhraní mezi mozkem a po číta čem je primárním těžišt ěm této práce. ABSTRACT To capture electrical signals from the brain there exists a device that is using the latest reults of neuro-technology scientific research. Communication itself is secured by wireless signal transfer from this device to the computer, where it can be further processed and eventually used to manage other systems connected with computer technology and to control the software. The communication interface between the brain and the computer is a main focus of this work. IV OBSAH POD ĚKOVÁNÍ ................................................................................... III ABSTRAKT ....................................................................................... IV ABSTRACT ........................................................................................ IV OBSAH ................................................................................................. V 1. ÚVOD ............................................................................................... 1 2. SOU ČASNÝ STAV ŘEŠENÉ PROBLEMATIKY ........................ 3 3. CÍLE DISERTA ČNÍ PRÁCE .......................................................... 5 4. TEORETICKÝ RÁMEC ................................................................. 6 4.1 Terminologie v oblasti BCI technologii. .................................... 6 4.1.1 Artefakty (Artifacts) .............................................................. 6 4.1.2 Mozek (Brain) ....................................................................... 6 4.1.3 EEG, Elektroencefalogram (Electroencephalography) ........ 7 4.1.4 ECoG, Electrocorticography ................................................. 8 4.1.5 ERP/EP – Event related Potentials / Evoked Potentials ....... 8 4.1.6 fMRI, funk ční magnetické rezonance a BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) .................................................................. 8 4.1.7 Neuronová sí ť ........................................................................ 9 4.1.8 10-20 systémy ....................................................................... 9 4.1.9 Rozhraní - Interface ............................................................. 10 4.2 Historie BCI .............................................................................. 10 4.2.1 Invazivní BCI ...................................................................... 10 4.2.2 Částe čně invazivní BCI ....................................................... 12 4.2.3 Neinvazivní BCI .................................................................. 12 4.2.4 Pokusy na zví řatech ............................................................. 13 4.2.5 Za čátky výzkumu ................................................................ 14 4.2.6 Významné výzkumné úsp ěchy ........................................... 14 V 4.2.7 Bun ěč ná kultura BCI .......................................................... 16 4.2.8 Technické prost ředky BCI .................................................. 16 4.2.9 EMOTIV EPOC headset ..................................................... 18 4.2.10 BCI Aplikace ...................................................................... 20 4.2.11 BCI2000 .............................................................................. 21 4.2.12 Soft Robotics ....................................................................... 21 4.2.13 Rehabilita ční za řízení ......................................................... 22 4.2.14 CAD systémy ...................................................................... 23 4.2.15 actiCAP ............................................................................... 24 4.2.16 MoBI (Mobile Brain/Body Imaging) ................................. 27 5. ZVOLENÉ METODY ZPRACOVÁNÍ ........................................ 28 6. EXPERIMENTÁLNÍ ČÁST ......................................................... 29 6.1 Navržení architektury BCI modelu .......................................... 29 6.1.1 Signály vstupu ..................................................................... 30 6.1.2 Výstupní za řízení ................................................................ 33 6.1.3 Propojení vstupu s výstupem .............................................. 33 6.2 Popis řešení ............................................................................... 35 6.1 Testování BCI v reálných podmínkách .................................... 39 6.1.1 Testování robota d ětmi ....................................................... 39 6.1.2 Aplikace 3RO ...................................................................... 40 6.1.3 Ovládání sv ětel .................................................................... 41 6.2 Výsledky ................................................................................... 42 6.2.1 Nevýhody ............................................................................ 43 6.2.2 Výhody ................................................................................ 43 7. PŘÍNOS PRÁCE PRO V ĚDU A PRAXI ..................................... 45 7.1 Nasazení BCI systém ů .............................................................. 46 7.2 Možnosti využití ....................................................................... 47 VI 8. ZÁV ĚR ........................................................................................... 48 SEZNAM POUŽITÉ LITERATURY ................................................. 50 SEZNAM OBRÁZK Ů ......................................................................... 54 SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH SYMBOL Ů A ZKRATEK ......................... 55 PUBLIKA ČNÍ AKTIVITY AUTORA ............................................... 56 ODBORNÝ ŽIVOTOPIS AUTORA .................................................. 58 VII 1. ÚVOD Mozek je velmi složitý systém. „Frontal cortex“ je oblast, která provádí tém ěř jednu desetinu celkové aktivity mozku, zde jsou zpracovávány všechny v ědomé myšlenky a rozhodnutí. Plánování, modelování svého okolí, interpretace smyslových vstup ů až do svého vnímání reality, zpracování pam ěti a skladování a základní řízení nálad a emocí se vyskytují v mnoha funk čních oblastech rozmíst ěných po celém mozku včetn ě „visual cortex“ na zadní stran ě, „temporal cortex“ po stranách, „parietal cortex“ v horní části mozku a limbického systému hluboko uvnit ř mozku. Limbický systém řídí základní nálady a emoce a hlubší kódování dlouhodobé pam ěti, stejn ě jako kontrolu základních t ělesných funkcí jako je dýchání a srde ční tep. Většina z t ěchto hlubších funkcí úzce interaguje s r ůznými částmi mozkové kůry (vn ější vrstva, která je p řístupná pro m ěř ení EEG), avšak interakce je pom ěrn ě složitá a distribuovaná. Pro ú čely mapování správné mozkové činnosti je velmi d ůležité m ěř ení signál ů z r ůzných kortikálních struktur nacházejících se po celém povrchu mozku. Není možné, aby tyto signály byly čisté z p ředních a spánkových oblastí. Stanovení úplného duševního stavu uživatele lze velmi těžce aproximovat. Při správném pokrytí a uspo řádání elektrod je možné rekonstruovat zdrojový model všech d ůležitých oblastí mozku a vid ět jejich souhrn. Obecn ě platí, že jsou omezeny na ur čení úrovně v ědomí, množství a intenzitu zpracování a (v některých případech) nerovnováhu levé/pravé hemisféry v čelních signálech. Poskytují velmi omezený a nep řesný pohled na stav mysli uživatele. V rámci prohlubování znalostí o BCI technologiích je nutné se zabývat zejména studiem dosavadních fyziologických poznatk ů o lidském mozku. Vědecké disciplíny, které je pot řeba ve spojitosti s touto prací studovat, jsou zejména po četní neurov ědy, neuroinformatika a medicína. První ze zmín ěných se pokouší o nalezení matematického a biofyzikálního modelu vhodného k modelování základních d ějů v neuronech a neuronových sítích. Jedním z hlavních cíl ů neuroinformatiky je systematicky vyvíjet databáze pro shromaž ďování dat získaných o mozku (morfologie, anatomie částí mozku a jejich funk ční propojení, elektrofyziologie, mozkové stavy získané pomocí magnetické rezonance apod.) a jejich integrace. Dále se snaží vyvinout nástroje pro modelování, kde je cílem se co nejvíce p
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